Kasnorimska keramika Đerdapa:
Касноримска керамика Ђердапа
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Narodni muzej
2016
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| Schriftenreihe: | Arheološke monografije
24 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite 177-188 |
| Beschreibung: | 214 Seiten Illustrationen 28 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788672691672 |
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| adam_text | 7............................ УВОД 9 ........................... ТЕРИТОРИЈА И ИСТОРИЈА ЂЕРДАПСКОГ ЛИМЕСА. ПРИСТУП ИСТРАЖИВАЊИМА КЕРАМИКЕ ЂЕРДАПА 17........................... ТИПОЛОГИЈА КАСНОРИМСКИХ ПОСУДА ЂЕРДАПА 17 ........................... Зделе 45 ........................... Цедиљке 45 ........................... Тањири 49 ........................... Крчази 62 ........................... Пехари - шоље 71 ........................... Лонци 98 ........................... Поклопци 110 ........................... Питоси 114.............................Амфоре 127 ........................... НАЛАЗИШТА КАСНОРИМСКЕ КЕРАМИКЕ HA ЂЕРДАПСКОМ ЛИМЕСУ И СЛИКА КЕРАМИЧКЕ ЕВИДЕНЦИЈЕ 149........................... КАРАКТЕРИСТИКЕ КАСНОРИМСКЕ КЕРАМИКЕ ЂЕРДАПА 165 ........................... ЗАКЉУЧНА РАЗМАТРАЊА 177 ........................... ЛИТЕРАТУРА 189 ........................... LATE ROMAN POTTERY IN THE IRON GATES (summary) 200 ........................... APPENDIX 01: КАСНОРИМСКА КЕРАМИКА ЂЕРДАПА: ТИПОВИ, КЛАСЕ И ХРОНОЛОШКО ОПРЕДЕЉЕЊЕ / LATE ROMAN POTTERY IN THE IRON GATES: TYPES, CERAMIC CLASSES AND DATING І !
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КАСНОРИМСКА КЕРАМИКА ђЕРДАПА 189 LATE ROMAN POTTERY IN THE IRON GATES (Summary) Late Roman pottery in the Iron Gates presents shapes - main pottery types, production and distribution characteristics, appearances and phenomena ֊ of the Late Roman and Early Byzantine pottery in the Iron Gates section of the Dacia Ripensis limes. This synthesis includes pottery evidence from 24 sites out of 30 where the structures from Late Roman and Early Byzantine period have been encountered. It is over 17.000 complete or fragmented typologically indicative vessels. It has been treated as an entirety that makes possible comprehension of diverse pro blems of pottery production and distribution in this border zone also contributing to understanding of various aspects of life on the frontier in the period from the end of 3rd to the end of 6th century. Section of the Dacia Ripensis limes in the Iron Gates (Đerdap) includes the Danube basin in the present-day eastern Serbia, regions of Poreč, Ključ and Krajina from the mouth of the Porečka River to the mouth of the Timok River, i.e. to Radujevac. This region as part of northern border area of the Roman Empire represented a specific zone mainly regarding the function it had within the concept of the Empire defense, function followed by distinct administrative and economic characteristics. Also, as it was the first contact zone, ambitions, influences and elements of new populations and their cultures in the Roman provincial forms are most apparent ֊ from destruc tion, conquering to settling. Besides traditional the mes like army infrastructure
and its characteristics and research of composition and equipment of the troops, there is wide spectrum of possibilities for studying different aspects of life on the frontier but also of the entire province as well. We have tried to establish characteristics of pot tery and changes discernible in its production and distribution during three centuries, from the end of 3rd to the end of 6th century. Those results were used to perceive changes in its use and changes of consu mers and also to establish elements of everyday life. Certain current and common theses in the inter pretation of the Late Roman period are also tested - poverty, decline of purchasing power, change in the population structure, and changes in the ideological sphere, in religion - spreading of Christianity. Pro blem of continuity is the main issue of the research, together with consequences of administrative, mili tary and economic changes on the pottery, demands resulting in the main characteristics of the Late Roman pottery being cheap, simple and mass pro duced commodity. Roman province of Dacia Ripensis was estab lished by reorganization of provinces of Upper and Lower Moesia in the course of new administrative division of the Empire in the end of 3rd century (Fig. 1). New organization of government as well as mili tary and economic changes resulted from an attempt to consolidate the Empire whose instability could have been noticed already from the end of 2nd - be ginning of 3rd century and was prompted by internal as much as external factors. When Aurelian aban doned Dacia in AD 271/274 it
had far-reaching con sequences for this area. The frontier was once again on the right Danube bank and the Iron Gates region
190 became first defensive zone in this part of the Empire once again. That moment marked a new phase in the activities on the limes: in the end of 3rd - begin ning of 4th century former linear fortified border with series of fortifications of diverse shape, size and function had been restored and also new fortifica tions were built, all in the process of strengthening the border zone status once again. Reforms in the period of tetrarchy stabilized the situation in the Empire for rather short period of time. The appe arance of new forces in the lower Danube region in the second half of the 4th century, i.e. great migra tions of the Goths, revealed defensive weakness of the Danube forts, which were destroyed in the final quarter of the 4th century. Restoration of fortifica tions in the end of 4th century along with building of new strongholds was intended to reinforce the frontier but Late Roman Danube limes came to an end with invasion of the Huns in the middle of the 5th century. Reconstruction of the frontier by Jus tinian (527-565) also proved to be unsuccessful be cause of the appearance of new enemies - Avars and Slavs. By the end of 6th - beginning of 7th century fortifications on the Danube frontier were comple tely destroyed and large towns disappeared. Early Byzantine period came to an end and the Slavs took over the leading role in that territory. Different phases of the Late Roman limes of Dacia Ripensis in the Iron Gates (Kondič 1984: 131-161; Vasic, Kondič 1986: 550-558; Petrovič, Vasié 1996: 15-26) are also known on the basis of large-scale
investigations (Kondič J. 2013: 36-59). The studied pottery comes from 24 sites (Fig. 2) ֊ 21 fortresses, forts and watchtowers, one necropolis investigated next to the fortification (that was studied together with finds from fort), two small settlements and one town (see chapter 4). Characteristics of pottery, shapes and way of use were not unchangeable during Late Roman times and diverse characteristics could be distinguished in different periods. As excavations showed, it is pos sible to attribute and group layers and assemblages within large Late Roman horizon to several phases, according to chronologically sensitive material and analogies, setting certain historical events as border markers. The precise stratigraphy allows to link pot КАСНОРИМСКА КЕРАМИКА ђЕРДАПА tery to those time segments within which we are looking for specifics in production and distribution. First is period A dating from the end of 3rd - begin ning of 4th century, from the time when Aurelian abandoned Dacia until establishing restored and re built, reinforced frontier system; period В - 4th cen tury (to the 380s, reign of Constantine and heirs; Valentiniani reinforcement of the limes); period C - end of the 4th - first half of the 5th century, from the Gothic to the Hunnic destruction of limes, with restorations; period D - 6th century, Early Byzantine restoration of limes until Avar and Slavic destruction. The repertoire of Late Roman and Early Byzan tine vessels of the sites in the Iron Gates section of Dacia Ripensis limes was established by typological analysis. From the end of 3rd to
the end of 6th/beginning of 7th centuries 313 types of vessels were identified that were used for preparing (kitchen ware), serving (tableware), storing and transporting (storage pottery) food, and they were classified on the basis of 17.3 56 complete and fragmented vessels. This typology - including 86 bowl types, 1 strainer type, 11 plate types, 31 types of flagons, 31 beaker types, 81 pot types, 38 types of lids, 13 types of pithoi and 24 amphora types is the result of present-day level of investigation and does not represent final repertoire of the Late Roman pottery forms in this area (see chapter 3 and Appendix 1). Further analysis established features of pottery production and distribution, in total and in the dis tinct periods, i.e., production and morphological characteristics, distinct pottery classes as well as the specific types, which are the phenomenon of border zone, possibly connected with military complex. Hence it was possible to compare this region with the neighboring areas along the Danube limes as well as those in the other territorially near provinces. This pottery is simple, practical and cheap, but pic ture of its appearance, frequency and distribution is complex. Period A vessels were recorded at Ušće Porečke Reke, in Tekija, at Diana, necropolis Donje Butorke, Pontes, Rtkovo - Glamija I, Ljubičevac and Mora Vagei. Pottery of this period was also found in Velesnica and at the site Ljubičevac - Obala (Fig. 11). They represent 18.8% of all pottery finds.
КАСНОРИМСКА КЕРАМИКА ЂЕРДАПА Quality of vessels of that period is as follows: most vessels were made of clay with admixture of fine-grained sand (72.2%), smaller quantity was made of sandy clay with admixture of quartz and mica (14.6%) and smallest amount was made of clay with admixture of coarse-grained sand and gravel (1.9%). There is 11.2% vessels of fine fabric made of clay with minimum or none non-plastic admixtures. Main characteristic of that period is the appearance of vessels containing quartz and mica, which are numerous at some sites (32.8 % of total ceramics at Pontes, 5.5% at Mora Vagei). Vessels were mostly gray fired and without sur face treatment (51.8%) and there are also many ves sels without surface treatment that are red (6.5%) and reddish-brown or brown fired (7.8%) or made of buff clay (6.6%). Surface treatments are the most diverse in this period: 9.1% vessels are red-fired and red color-coated; 3.4% are glazed; 1.9% vessels are with white slip; and 8.6% are gray-fired with bur nished surface or burnished decoration. Differences at various sites are noticeable only when we consid er characteristic treatments and not typical ones there are at Pontes 12.7% burnished vessels (and 7.2% of them are bluish-gray-fired vessels), at Mora Vagei, 16.25% and at Ljubičevac they were not re corded. At Donje Butorke necropolis, with specific potteiy finds, 54% of evidence are vessels with bur nished surface. Together with coarse gray pottery, gray bur nished and red color-coated typical for this period are stamp-decorated vessels. Functional analysis revealed
that considering to tal number of period A vessels most numerous by far are pots (39.9%), then lids (24.2%), bowls (18.2%), while amphoras (6%) and flagons (4.5%) appear in considerably smaller quantity as well as plates (2.1%), beakers (2.4%) and pithoi (2.3%). Prevalence of kitchen pottery was encountered at almost all sites except at Ljubičevac where amphoras were prevail ing. Difference in the incidence of amphoras was recorded also at Pontes where they were discovered in significantly smaller quantity, as well as at Mora Vagei where they do not appear at all. Donje Butor ke necropolis is absolutely standing out considering its repertoire of vessels. 191 Forty-nine types were dated to the end of 3rd and beginning of 4th century and most abundant is the repertoire of bowls (16) and pots (11). Then fol low beakers (8) and amphoras (7). Influence of the provincial 2nd-3rd century production could be rec ognized in the forms of that period. In period A appear 29 types, which production continued also during the entire 4th century. Most numerous among them are bowls (8), lids (7) and pots (6). Period В is dated to the advanced 4th century, including rather long period of peaceful living until the first big destruction at the beginning of final quarter of the 4th century. That period was clearly stratigraphically identified at Ušće Porečke Reke, Hajdučka Vodenica, Tekija, Sip, Diana, fortification at Donje Butorke, Pontes, Rtkovo ֊ Glamija I Ljubi čevac, Mihajlovac - Blato and Mora Vagei, while certain mixing of this and later material was con firmed at Vajuga. Vessels
from the 4th century also appear at Grabovica as well as in Prahovo (Fig. 11). They represent 26.43% of the material. Technological attributes of this period pottery refer to the characteristics already established at the beginning of the Late Roman times. Largest amount of vessels was made of clay with admixture of fine grained sand (84.3%), while there is much smaller quantity of vessels of sandy fabric with admixture of quartz and mica (9.3%) as well as vessels of very coarse (3.7%), and fine fabric (2.5%). Such incidence of coarse pottery has been recorded at all sites, while vessels containing quartz and mica were recorded in greater quantity at Pontes. Largest quantity of vessels was fired to the shades of gray color and without surface treatment (54.7%) and there is also considerable quantity of reddish-brown or brownfired vessels without surface treatment (15.8%). Pottery fired to the shades of red color and without surface treatment makes 5.2%, while 0.7% vessels are with color-coated surface, 12.5% are glazed and 3.4% vessels are with white slip. Vessels with bur nished surface could be gray (3.6%) or brown-fired (0.4%). Such proportions were encountered at almost all sites. Briefly, along the coarse gray kitchen pot tery glazed ware is the most distinctive feature of the period B.
192 Pots make 42% of period В vessels, lids 20.2%, bowls 19.6%, amphoras 6.2%, plates 5.4%, flagons 4.1%, pithoil.2% and beakers 1%. More extensive use of kitchenware was confirmed at all sites in si milar extent. The difference is noticed at Donje Butorke, Pontes and Mihajlovac where little or none transportation pottery was found in contrast to Ljubičevac and Vajuga where this pottery predomi nates - quantity of amphoras is greatest. These data could be of some help in an attempt to determine additional functions of the limes fortifications. Fifty types are characteristic of period B. Most numerous are bowls (23 types), then pots (10) and flagons (6). Additional forty-nine types, which appear in the 4th century, had been also produced in the first half of the 5th century. Bowls are among them also most numerous (16), then pots (12) and flagons (6) and beakers (6) are following. Period C covers the time between two big de structions of structures on the limes, at the begin ning of last quarter of the 4th century and in the middle of the 5th century, so it is dated to the end of 4th - first half of the 5th century. Although some authors think that archaeological records do not cor roborate those great destructions, sometimes not even the later Hunnic destruction (Vagalinski 2012: 317), they are evident at the Iron Gates sites as well as the changes in the pottery material. That horizon has been distinguished at Pecka Bara, Hajdučka Vo denica, Tekija, Diana, fortification and necropolis at Donje Butorke, Pontes, Rtkovo - Glamija I, Vajuga, Ljubičevac, Mihajlovac ֊
Blato and Mora Vagei (Fig. 11). Vessels of period C make 20.1% of the total material from the limes. Most of the vessels (83%) were made of clay with admixture of fine-grained sand, while vessels of coarse fabric with quartz and mica (10.4%) and vessels of very coarse (4.6%) and fine fabric (1.9%) are much less frequent. The coarse pottery prevails in the material from all sites. Gray-fired vessels with out surface treatment are most frequently encoun tered in the pottery evidence (41.9%) and there is an increase in quantity of reddish-brown or brownfired vessels without surface treatment (25.4%). Vessels fired to the nuances of red color without surface treatment make 10.1% of the material, those КАСНОРИМСКА КЕРАМИКА ЂЕРДАПА red-fired and glazed 13.3% and there are 3.6% of vessels with white slip. Burnished vessels appear fired to the nuances of gray (2.7%) or brown (0.2%) color. There were also recorded vessels made of buff clay - amphoras (2.7%). In brief, distinguished fea tures, along with coarse gray pottery; represent glazed vessels as well as vessels decorated with bur nished netlike ornament. Most frequently used in this period were pots (38.4%), bowls (19%) and lids (15.3%) - kitchen pottery, while transportation and storage pottery is recorded in smaller quantity (amphoras 12.2%% and pithoi 2.4%). There are 6.9% plates, 4.4% flagons and 1.1% cups recorded in this period. The greatest exceptions in the material from certain sites con sidering complete functional picture of the region were definitely noticed in period C. The kitchen pot tery had been mostly
used at Pontes but frequency of amphoras is considerably smaller, while trans portation pottery was not recorded at the site Donje Butorke. Amount of tableware (particularly plates) is significant at Mihajlovac in contrast to Mora Vagei where alongside pots and bowls there were slightly more amphoras, while other vessels were not used so much. Amphoras are still most numer ous at Ljubičevac. Period C is characterized by 39 types of which most numerous are bowls (13), pots (8) and then follows flagons (6) and beakers (5). In this period was also recorded only one typologically indicative strainer. In addition, 12 types appear in period C that are manufactured as well later in the 6th cen tury. Most frequent among them are amphoras (5) and lids (4). In the Late Roman period have also been iden tified 29 types, which appear from the end of 3rd to the mid 5th century, either produced during the whole time or their precise dating is impossible be cause of the small number of specimens. Most numerous of them are pots (14) then lids (4) and flagons (4). Period D includes activities in the Early Byzantine times - the 6th century period. Intermit tent transformation in the pottery industry resulted from social, economic, cultural changes introduced in that period. After many years of desolation and
КАСНОРИМСКА КЕРАМИКА ЂЕРДАПА depopulation (?) as the sources describe it, or at least after economic slowdown, inclusion once again of that area in the frontier, defensive zone of the Empire instigated pottery industry of somewhat different type than it was in the Late Roman period. Impulse for development of the pottery industry in that area was the restoration of limes by Justinian. An attempt to regain variability and quality of pottery as it has had at least in the previous times was not realized. The echoes of luxurious production only reach limes, while pottery did not exceed limits of functionality regarding any of its features. This horizon of occupation has been encounte red at most fortifications on the Iron Gates limes. It was clearly distinguished and documented at Haj dučka Vodenica, Tekija, Sip, Diana, Pontes, Milutinovac, Ljubičevac, Ušće Slatinske Reke and Mora Vagei. Pottery from the 6th century has been also recorded at Ušće Porečke Reke, Rtkovo ֊ Glamija I, Vajuga, Grabovica ֊ Brzi Prun, Prahovo, Kovilovgrad, Vidrovgrad, Mokranjske Stene and Raduj evac (Fig. 11). Vessels of this period represent 21.5% of the whole pottery evidence. Pottery of this period was mostly made of clay with admixture of fine-grained sand (84.1%), while vessels of sandy fabric with admixtures of quartz and mica (7.8%), of very coarse (4.8%) and fine fabric (3.2%) were recorded in much smaller quantity. Largest amount of vessels was fired to the shades of reddish-brown and brown color (27.7%) or red color (24%) without surface treatment, but gray-fired vessels are also frequent
(19.6%). Amphoras made of buff clay represent 14.2% of the material. There are 10.8% amphoras fired to the nuances of red color and with surface coated with white slip. The vessels with burnished surface are gray (1.1%) or brown-fired (0.1%), while glazed pottery is redfired (2.3%). In brief, brown kitchen vessels along the amphoras of various fabrics are typical for the period. Most frequent vessel types of that period are amphoras making 50.3% of material; there are 26.9% pots, 10.6% lids, 5% pithoi, 4.9% bowls and plates, while flagons and beakers together make only 2% of the material. Transportation and storage pottery is prevailing except at Pontes where kitchen 193 pottery makes 61.17% and at Mora Vagei where kitchenware makes 77.7%. Only 19 shapes are typical for period D and these are 5 bowls, 4 pots and 3 lids. Certain types cover rather long time span, from the 4th to the 6th century (20 types) or even from the end of 3rd to the 6th century (14). Their production and morpho logical characteristics are either chronologically in conclusive or they appear in small quantity, so their more precise dating was impossible. Most numer ous of those are pots (12), lids (9) and pithoi (7). Second half of the 5th century is not confirmed with certainty in the archaeological layers at the sites in this area. However, it is possible that total evacuation of this section of province was not car ried out and that some fortifications or their parts were still in use but not as military structures or segments of the defensive system. This is suggested by rather small
interventions recorded at Diana (Rankov 1987: 21-22). Pottery material from that period is difficult to distinguish by typological ana lysis but at certain sites, as we already mentioned Late Roman vessels have been recorded in clearly distinguished layers and closed assemblages of the Early Byzantine period. It is possible that in fact they indicate the stages of gradual transition from the Late Roman to the Early Byzantine period or suggest the direction where we should look for transitional shapes of pottery types belonging to this transfor mative period. Shapes of these vessels are simple having clear basic line - conical (T 46, По 6, По 17, По 18, По 22), ellipsoid (3 51, Л 53, Л 59, Л 63, К 20, П 16) or oval (Л 12, Л 40, Л 61, К 24). The rim is slightly obliquely/horizontally averted or of triangu lar shape (square in one instance). Vessel base is flat, broad and stable. They are coarse, gray, gray-brown or brown-fired and without surface treatment. Upper part of some vessels is ribbed. Next step in their evo lution is represented by typical shapes of the Early Byzantine period: 3 66, Л 66, Л 67, По 15 and По 30. Precise analysis also made possible changing of chronological determination of certain sites: vessels typical of the 6thcentury appear among the pottery from Ušće Porečke Reke thus extending period of occupation of that site or some of its sections to the Early Byzantine period and not only to the 4th-5th
194 centuries (Петровић Π. 1984: 285-291). Small amount of pottery from Pecka Bara (Ерцеговић Павловић, Минић 1984: 301-304) suggests that it is possible to date fortification to the end of 4th first half of the 5th century instead to the 3rd/4th centuries. Pottery at Sip includes also vessels from the second half of the 4th century indicating with other finds that fortification was built in the second half of the 4th century and restored but not built in the 6th century (Милошевић 1984: 357-362). In the pottery material from the fortification Rtkovo Glamija I there are vessels typical of period A and they open the possibility that first phase of fortifi cation dates from the end of 3rd - beginning of 4th century and period of intensive occupation was end of 4th ֊ first half of the 5th century when it had been assumed that fortification hadactually been built (Gabričević 1986: 71-91). Also pottery evidence from Vajuga suggests that fortification was built later i.e., in the second half of the 4th century and not in the end of 3rd - beginning of 4th century (Popovič Lj. 1984a: 109-110). Late Roman and Early Byzantine period represent stages in the evolution of Roman Empire, new, but not historically isolated phenomena whose various elements determined also by transformations hap pening in the entire Roman society point to the symptoms of decline and disintegration of that com plex. Destabilization of the Roman administration, sharp polarization in the society, pauperization of rather large segment of population, prosperous cen ters, which are not in the military zones
any more but in better protected areas of the Empire, i.e. in the interior, define also demands of the communities of that time and when pottery production is con cerned those demands are met by producing cheap products for everyday use and of evident function ality. Decline, however, does not concern the quan tity of production, which remains massive but its quality when compared to the early Roman period. Luxurious pottery with its diverse expensive tech niques of manufacture and decoration was not in the range of production in this border region. КАСНОРИМСКА КЕРАМИКА ЂЕРДАПА Satisfying demands of communities in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine period resulted in a new approach in pottery production that could be recognized as transformation of the Early Roman provincial pottery. Late Roman pottery of the Dacia Ripensis limes in the Iron Gates, mainly coarse gray kitchen pottery differs from the pottery encountered in that region in the period from the 1st to the 3rd century (Garašanin et al. 1984: 30-40; Jevremović 1987: 49-70; Bjelajac 1990a; Cvjetićanin 1996: 94-97; Цвјетићанин 2001). Different needs and standards brought about different appearance and treatment of vessels, but there are links with the preceding period. Use and development of already known shapes reveal that general knowledge and experience of predecessors were still being used. In the beginning of the Late Roman period even iden tical concept of manufacture in all aspects was used, so it could be concluded and with reason that there was a continuity of pottery production, i.e. main taining
same pottery tradition in that area. Pottery, particularly in periods A and B, is in forms and in techniques that could be identified as Roman as it is particularly conspicuous in the group of table ware and kitchen pottery also indicating influences of earlier provincial production. The continuity is confirmed also by fine red color-coated pottery, which still existed in the end of 3rd and the begin ning of 4th century as well as the stamped pottery from the same period. That continuity is not notice able only as link between Roman-provincial and Late Roman production and in the transition period, but also during the entire Late Roman period. Also, Early Byzantine production despite being transformed is based on the identical pottery tradition. Conserva tiveness of this craft where technological basis was difficult to change is probably the reason for this continuity but it is related in the first place to the unified ‘Roman’ population, i.e. to the predominance of pottery tradition of one (and the same) bearer. Changes, like gray burnished pottery at the end of 4th - first half of the 5th century, are explained as a result of influence of new populations. Pottery is abundant and it seems that pottery production on the limes in the Late Roman times did not decrease despite possible decline in popula-
КАСНОРИМСКА КЕРАМИКА ЂЕРДАПА tion and its impoverishment. The main impression is uniformity, pottery homogeneity, standardization especially in the first phase, which directly follows Late Roman reforms, in periods A and B. Dominant coarse gray kitchen pottery as well as the glazed pottery from the 4th century also contribute to that impression. Nevertheless, within this pottery iden tical in appearance, there is great variety of shapes, distinctions at all sites and forms characteristic only of certain sites and only in the Iron Gates. Lack of parallels for almost one third of types indicates the distinctiveness and individuality of the region. In contrast to the preceding period when part of the pottery, tableware in particular, came from different western provinces of the Empire (Bjelajac 1990a: 9-142; Nikolić-Đorđević 2000: 187-198; Cyjetićanin 2010: 8-9) and another, larger part was from big production centers in Upper Moesia (Bje lajac 1990a: 143-172; Raičković 2007), while only fraction of kitchenware was assumed to have been produced in smaller local potteries (Cyjetićanin 2010: 12-14), Late Roman potteryin the Iron Gates was mostly locally produced. Unfortunately, the ana lyses to confirm these assumptions have not been performed. Local production is indicated also by distribution of types: some of them appear only at distinct sites (for example see pottery from Tekija, Diana, Pontes or Mora Vagei) or within small region showing distinction in the distribution pattern. They indicate pottery source as well as possible distribu tion centers. Rather small
individual workshops in the rural environment appear also in the neighboring areas (Кленина 2006: 171). This new way of procu rement of pottery products when long distance pot tery trade was significantly reduced was the general characteristic of the Late Roman period (cf. Cool 2006: 229-230). General contrast between the early Roman Empire economy concentrated around cities and the Late Roman period when production be came more decentralized is for the most part also apparent as trend in the pottery production. It is considered that establishing and development of certain industries and also pottery workshops was generally parallel to the development of rural estates (Swan 1984: 19). Workshops confirmed with cer tainty in a wider area of the Lower Danube limes in 195 the Early Roman period were attached to the cities, like Singidunum (Nikolić-Đorđević 2000: 193, 195; Cyjetićanin 2000: 245-254), Viminacium (Bjelajac 1990a: 143-172; Raičković 2007) or Oescus (Кабак чиева 2000: 60). Changes noticed in relations bet ween cities, rural areas and pottery workshops in other provinces where workshops had been mostly situated in the vicinity of cities in the Early Roman time and mostly in the rural areas in the Late Roman period, the so-called ruralization of ceramic industry (Tyers 1996: 29; Hárshegyi, Ottományi 2013: 486) is also likely for this area. Small individual local workshops are indicated also by the recorded kilns: two at Pontes from the second half of the 4th century and the end of 4th century - first half of the 5th century and three at Diana dated to the 4th,
second half of 4th and first half of the 5th centuries. Kiln at Grabovica did not yield any contents, so there was no basis for dating (Paprenica 1986: 363), and some of recorded struc tures, like for example at Ljubičevac (Parović-Pešikan 1984: 138), were not pottery kilns. All the kilns are circular or ellipsoid, semi-sunken and with almost circular chamber, with corbels or one central pede stal, typical of the Late Roman times, i.e. of the 4th century (Swan 1984: Fig. XIV). Indirectly, vessels with accidental traces of glaze (Cyjetićanin 2006: 160-169) as well as tubuli with traces of glaze sug gest local production. Besides Diana and Pontes, we suppose that possible workshops in the 4th-5th cen turies were at Tekija and Mora Vagei, while size and status of Aquae allow an assumption that there was also a workshop. It is possible that besides Aquae the workshop was active as well at Diana in the 6th century (Fig. 13). Besides coarse gray kitchen pottery (Fig. 4) and coarse brown kitchen pottery (Fig. 3), particularly of the 6th century, also glazed pottery, gray burnished pottery, gray pottery of the foederati and at the beginning of Late Roman time also stamped pottery are distinguished as distinct phenomena in the Late Roman period. Late Roman glazed pottery (Figs. 5-6) is a very important group of finds, numerous and widely spread, characteristic of Dacian and Moesian pro vinces but also of the wider area of middle and lower
196 Danube basin (Cvjetićanin 2006: 177-180; Hárshe gyi, Ottományi 2013: 489-499). Extensive studies re veal that it appears at no less than 481 sites through out the Empire (Cvjetićanin 2006: 265-270), and recent investigations even enlarged that list (Mag rini, Sbarra 2009; Magrini, Sbarra 2010). It has been recorded at 17 sites in the area of the Iron Gates limes in the Late Roman times. It appears from the end of 3rd century (П 7, 3 1), it is abundant in the 4th century possibly also standardized (3 68), with noticed individualities by the end of 4th and in the first half of the 5th century. Production was spo radic and very small in the northern frontier zone in the Early Byzantine times, that is, in the 6th cen tury. Investigations of this phenomenon within wider territory, which included information about finds in the Iron Gates section of the limes, indicate its connection to the army, i.e. the units stationed in the border zones as main consumers of the glazed pottery (Cvjetićanin 2006). Gray burnished pottery is another character istic phenomenon of the Late Roman period. Gray burnished pottery from the end of 3rd - beginning of the 4th century (Fig. 7) could be considered along side glazed vessels as luxurious pottery at the begin ning of the Late Roman period, in fact as the answer to the demands and new tastes of consumers in an attempt to compensate for the lack of metal and luxurious pottery vessels. Some authors think that it was renewal of Roman tradition (Ottomanyi 1996: 113, 120; Hárshegyi, Ottományi 2013: 500) or fash ion, which had been
introduced by East Germanic groups and the Sarmatians (Grünewald 1977: 165-169; Vagalinski 2002: 83). We think that it was the result of further evolution of Roman pottery tradition with possible impact of the so-called bar barian pottery traditions, which influenced the ap pearance of burnished linear motifs. Barbarian pot tery tradition was not copied but elements of pottery unfamiliar to Rome were used as stimulus for cre ating new class of pottery from the end of 3rd cen tury. But it is still in fact Roman pottery, new class coming into fashion and similar to other classes of gray pottery from the same period, numerous also in the neighboring regions (cf. Vagalinski 2002: 77; Кабакчиева 2005: 92-96; Hárshegyi, Ottományi КАСНОРИМСКА КЕРАМИКА ђЕРДАПА 2013: 501-502), spread also in the areas where no direct influences of the Goths or the Sarmatians were recorded (cf. Райков 1988: 111-125; Цвјетићанин 1988:117; Popovič S. 1989: 34; Vasić, Petkovič 2010: 9-25; Јеремић, Гојгић 2012: 50-71), and often along important communication like in the neighboring regions (Vagalinski 2002: 77). In contrast to the above-mentioned pottery, gray burnished ware from the end of 4th - first half of the 5th century (Figs. 8, 12) that was encountered in new shapes at 10 sites, shows the influences of non-Roman pottery tradition. It is mainly associated with foederati and pottery of the barbarian tribes in the border zones of the Empire (Conrad 2007: 236), although it is possible that everybody had been using it including army units with ‘barbaric’ elements, civilian population and groups
of the foederati (Poulter 2013: 37; Hárshegyi, Ottományi 2013: 507). It is the symbiosis of Roman and barbarian pottery (Nikolić-Đorđević 2000: 203; Hárshegyi, Ottományi 2013: 507), modified regarding the first group and with intensive Gothic influence and cha racteristics of the Chernyakhov culture (Бугарски, Иванишевич 2012: 491). We think that distribu tion and frequency at certain sites could be of some help also in identification of presence of newly set tled barbarian tribes or individuals. Burnished pottery of the foederati and glazed pottery appear together at nine out of ten sites, ex cept at Radujevac. That could speak in favor of the thesis that army (both limitanei and foederati) was the main consumer of both ceramic classes and that local workshops produced both classes of pottery although it is assumed for certain sites, e.g. Castra Martis, that foederati produced that pottery for themselves (Кабакчиева 2005: 102). It has been established that on certain occasions in Pannónia in the first half of the 5th century, both groups were fired in the same kilns, probably for the same cus tomers (Ottományi 1989: 540; Ottományi, Sosztarits 1998: 179, 181). Illustration of the connection between glazed pottery and foederati but also an example that lack ing of burnished foederati pottery does not mean the absence of the Eastern Germans are finds from sporadic burials from the end of 4th and first half
КАСНОРИМСКА КЕРАМИКА ЂЕРДАПА (beginning) of the 5th century at Pontes and Vajuga (Ivaniševič, Kazański 2014: 133, Fig. 2, 3), where glazed pottery was encountered together with typi cal East Germanic finds. Once again it seems that army, both limitanei and foederati, was the main consumer of both ceramic classes. Stamped pottery represents distinct group re corded on the limes mostly in layers from the be ginning of the Late Roman times (Figs. 9-10) and not in great quantity, while vessels with stamped ornament appear also in the 6th century. Stamped pottery from the end of 3rd and beginning of 4th century was recorded in forms, which are the variant of terra sigillata Drag. 37 type. There are also sim ple ellipsoid bowls with obliquely averted rim, deep bowls of composite shape and urns, frequent in the production of the 2nd and 3rd centuries. That pot tery is decorated using limited number of motifs. It is considered to be restoration of the technique known in the Early Roman pottery production, i.e. adaptation of previous tradition by local potters in order to substitute considerably reduced import of terra sigillata in that period (Бјелајац 1992: 424; Nikolič-Đordevic 2000: 200-202). It is difficult to assume in which workshops stamped pottery was produced as Late Roman pottery workshops are still not sufficiently known and they are also inade quately investigated (Бјелајац 1992: 419). Local production includes stamp-decorated pot tery characteristic of the 5th-6th centuries (БугарСКИ, Иванишевич 2012: Рис. 14), that is similar by its ornamental technique but it
does not originate from the same pottery tradition as stamped pottery from the beginning of the Late Roman period. It has been recorded at Diana (П 12) and Tekija (Špehar 2012: Fig. 47). Brown-fired vessels, mainly beakers, mostly decorated with stamped ornament covering the entire surface are related to the barbarian cera mic circle. It is a widespread opinion that this is the Gepidean pottery (Ivaniševič et al. 2006: 49, T. 26.19), while new investigations connect it to the Heruli (Бугарски, Иванишевич 2012: 494-495). Pottery analysis did not reveal distinct ornamen tal techniques and styles characteristic of only some sites but only certain forms, which appear at one site or within the micro-region. Differences in fre 197 quency of functionally diverse groups and variations in the repertoire of pottery were identified, reason ably more affluent if the pottery evidence was more abundant. We think that uniformity was the result of the sites functions - all of them except necropo lis at Donje Butorke and three settlements, were segments of the fortified frontier where army had predominant role. Exchange was taking place within this military zone, between garrisons from various fortifications as well as between the army and civilian population, merchants and craftsmen, and it was serving the army needs particularly as it seems in periods A and В and especially when glazed pottery is concerned. Individuality of production and dif ferences had to do with the taste of consumers. Changes in the army structure and new disposi tion of army units in the end of 3rdcentury
continued throughout the entire Late Roman period (Ferjan čič 2013: 29). Newly established stationary troops (limitanei) were deployed along the border and they consisted of traditional allae, cohortes, as well as numeri, but there were also new formations - cunei, équités, milites, auxilia, exploratores that are gener ally classified as ripenses (Coello 1996: 16; Mirkovič 2003: 45), under the supreme command of dux re sponsible for the entire province. Number of soldiers in those units is generally considered to have been smaller than in the early Roman period (Coello 1996: 55; Pop Lazič 2013: 66). Still, certain calculations indicate that army in the Dacia Ripensis in the 6th century consisted of 11.500 men (Špehar 2010:148). Supplying provisions for the army was to some extent centralized through annonae, bureaucratic system of the Late Roman times, but individual sup plying played important part. Soldiers were, in a spe cific way, also soldiers-peasants - armed peasants (Junkelmann 1997: 85; Poulter 2013: 44). Finds from the fortifications on the Iron Gates limes dating from the 6th century indicate advanced agriculture probably as most important activity alongside stock breeding and various crafts (Špehar 2010: 149). Trade of the local character was developed. Good communication network within that region made possible continuity and intensity of trade. Road along the riverbank connected all fortifications, while distinct branch of that road was running from Ušće
198 Porečke Reke via Miroč (Gerulatis) to Egeta. Another branch was running along the Porečka river via Štubik to Aquae, or along another track via Rimski Grad to Vidrovgrad and then to Aquae. In addition, main communication was the Danube and probably rivers Porečka and Timok were also partially navi gable. The very structure of limes as linear defen sive complex, which required permanent communi cation and contacts probably facilitated circulation of goods, in this case pottery. Local shortages and deficits were compensated by import, apart from short period at the end of the 3rd and the beginning of 4th century when trade in was very small and local amphoras were prevailing. Amphoras on the Iron Gates limes indicate con tinuous supplying mostly with olive oil and wine from the Pontic, i.e. Black Sea, East Mediterranean and North African regions from the 4th century on ward, while garum from the North African region appears not before the 5th century and particularly in the 6th century. Supplying with olive oil was part of annonae militaris, the tax, which was primarily in wheat but also in olive oil and to a smaller extent in wine and fruit. Procurement as well as redistri bution within the region was organized under cen tral army control. We could not establish precisely functions of distinct fortifications within the sys tem but we assume that in the Late Roman period distribution centers were at Ušće Porečke Reke, tra ding posts at Diana, Vajuga, Ljubičevac, Egeta (?) and Aquae (where piers had important role), while market places probably existed in the
-vicinity of all larger fortifications. Trading posts in the Early Byzan tine period were at Hajdučka Vodenica, Diana, Va juga, Ljubičevac, Egeta (?) and Aquae. Production and distribution network organized in such a way made possible each workshop and trading post to provide for few nearby forts (Fig. 13). Commercial relations of this area in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine period established on the basis of transportation pottery of foreign origin were connected to the eastern parts of the Empire. Flow of goods after intensive import from Italy and later Gaul and Germany (from the 1st to the mid 3rd centuries) changed its direction and Black Sea, Asia Minor and Aegean regions took over the primacy КАСНОРИМСКА КЕРАМИКА ЂЕРДАПА and also North African region in the 6th century. Danube was certainly main transportation route via the western Black Sea ports, either the goods were arriving from the southeast or the northeast. Also, land routes from the east via Naissus and road break ing off toward the Iron Gates limes played some but probably considerably smaller part in the exchange. In contrast to the Early Roman period when there was a lively market of ceramic goods, pottery by itself in the Iron Gates was rarely exclusive objects of long distance trade in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine time because of the impoverishment of rather large segment of population. Within abun dant evidence we distinguished only few examples of imported vessels originating from the North African workshops (T 10, T 11, 3 38?). Those few fragments made possible establishing relations
between those regions but character of the contact is difficult to identify. Small quantity of those ves sels suggests that they were not objects of intensive exchange. Mortarium with stamp on the rim (3 6) could also bear witness to the contacts with East as well as to the foreign craftsmen active in the local workshops but it could not be confirmed without analysis of the chemical composition. We think that large quantity of kitchen pottery and considerably less frequent tableware, besides being partial indication of economic status of the users, tell us about changing habits in serving food, not about changes in preparation and cooking. Smal ler quantity of table pottery, which in the Early Roman period composed individual serving sets (beaker, small bowl, bowl/dish) reveals that it was customary in that time to dine together, while it once was common characteristic only of the rural areas (Cool 2006: 54). Changes in the style of serv ing food appear also in other regions in the Late Roman period (Cool 2006: 234). In period C alongside kitchen pottery, particu larly pots, larger quantity of storage pottery appears as well. This possibly speaks about different struc ture of population within the fortifications, about families settling there (Pop-Lazić 2013: 66), i.e. about civilian occupation of the forts. It is certain that civilian population lived in fortifications along side soldiers in the 6th century (Špehar 2010: 148).
КАСНОРИМСКА КЕРАМИКА ђЕРДАПА Pottery evidence from the limes in Dacia Ripensis reveals general similarity to the neighboring border zones. It is reflected in all characteristics of the pottery production, dominance of coarse gray kitchen pottery, as in the phenomena -like glazed, gray burnished, gray burnished foederati ware, but also in the direct morphological parallels (cf. Póczy 1957:29-139; Ottományi 1989: 492-570; Hárshegyi, Ottományi 2013: 471-528; Böttger 1982: 33-148; Nikolić-Đorđević 2000: 11-244; Кленина 2006; Кузманов 2005: 128-180; Conrad 2007:209-264; Кузманов, Грудев 2013: 337-388). At the same time, the encountered differences relate in fact to the kitchen pottery and segment of local tableware, its forms and raw materials used. These differences are under standable: the pottery was mostly local product. We do not speak her about highly advanced manufac tures with mass production that supply large terri tories, which have disappeared at the beginning of the Late Roman period. Pottery was produced in smaller local workshops and production was the result of potters’ skills as well as identification of local needs and means of consumers, obviously of similar status. Differences could be also noticed between assem blages from the limes and the sites in the interior (Цвјетићанин 1988: 103-119; Цвјетићанин 1988a: 121-130; Bjelajac 1990a: 161-190; Popovié M. 1999: 73-138; Milinković 2002: 71-133; Popovié M., Bikić 2009: 35-95; Јеремић, Гојгић 2012: 50-71; Радиновић 2012: 105-133). They are particularly conspicuous from the second half of the 4th century with
further ruralization of pottery craft and incre asing number of individual workshops. Of course, it does not concern transportation pottery, which is not so frequent in the interior, as those sites were not an integral part of organized supplying system. Something that also distinguishes the Iron Gates is the minimal number of Mediterranean fine pot tery, terra sigillata as well as red color-coated pottery. It seems that they reached Moesia Secunda in some what larger quantity (cf. Conrad 2007: 223-232; Кабакчиева 2013: 389-434; Кузманов, Грудев 2013: 338, 363, T. 1.1-3) and their appearance more up stream was not the part of established trade route. 199 Of course, it should be taken into account that actu al scope of trade and one evident in archaeological records are in delicate relationship. Sites in the in terior are closer to the Mediterranean influences as it is conspicuous in the appearance of luxurious Mediterranean pottery (Popovié M. 1999: 107; Po povié M., Bikić 2009: 72-73; Bikić, Ivaniševič 2012: 42-43; Радиновић 2012: 107-108), and in some instances also pottery of Macedonian provenance (Радиновић 2012: 105-133). The new aesthetics and transformation in the religious climate of the Late Roman period are not discernible in the Iron Gates pottery. As we already said characteristic African sigillata with Christian symbols encountered in the neighboring areas (Böt tger 1982: T.35. 196, Opriş2003: 147-149; Ончевска Тодоровска 2010: 92-99), has not been recorded. Representations having Christian meaning were not recorded in kitchen, table and storage pottery
and only one find of cross-like stamp on the pithos rim Пи 66, could rather be explained as workshop mark and not Christian symbol (cf. Ончевска Тодоровска 2010: pithos with cross-like stamp T. 39.1). * * * Late Roman and Early Byzantine pottery in the Iron Gates section of Dacia Ripensis is the entirety, which supplements complex picture of the limes pottery but also of the Late Roman pottery in gen eral. Investigations of Late Roman pottery from the Iron Gates section of Dacia Ripensis have identified types of vessels, frequency of forms and functional groups, more precise chronologies, characteristic pottery classes, distinctions of certain sites as well as complete picture of pottery in this region. How ever, production details, workshops, organization of production and distribution remain the questions requiring further investigations, which might help in understanding complex picture of pottery pro duction and distribution on the limes. Within that picture the army, limitanei and foederati alike, have important place, which from the aspect of produc tion and distribution of pottery also requires fur ther investigations.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Cvjetićanin, Tatjana 1963- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1072548429 |
| author_facet | Cvjetićanin, Tatjana 1963- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Cvjetićanin, Tatjana 1963- |
| author_variant | t c tc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044659646 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)992119094 (DE-599)BSZ48279433X |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Eisernes Tor, Donau (DE-588)4092445-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Eisernes Tor, Donau |
| id | DE-604.BV044659646 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:58:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788672691672 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030057166 |
| oclc_num | 992119094 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 214 Seiten Illustrationen 28 cm |
| psigel | gbd_JL_Z1612 |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Narodni muzej |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Arheološke monografije |
| series2 | Arheološke monografije |
| spelling | 880-01 Cvjetićanin, Tatjana 1963- Verfasser (DE-588)1072548429 aut 880-02 Kasnorimska keramika Đerdapa Tatjana Cvjetićanin Late Roman pottery in the Iron Gates 880-03 Beograd Narodni muzej 2016 214 Seiten Illustrationen 28 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 880-04 Arheološke monografije 24 Literaturverzeichnis Seite 177-188 Text serbisch. - Englische Zusammenfassung: Late Roman pottery in the Iron Gates Kyrillisch Keramikgefäß (DE-588)4136239-1 gnd rswk-swf Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Eisernes Tor, Donau (DE-588)4092445-2 gnd rswk-swf Eisernes Tor, Donau (DE-588)4092445-2 g Keramikgefäß (DE-588)4136239-1 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s DE-604 Arheološke monografije 24 (DE-604)BV021635004 24 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030057166&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030057166&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030057166&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 100-01/(N Цвјетићанин, Татјана ut 245-02/(N Касноримска керамика Ђердапа Татјана Цвјетићанин 264-03/(N Београд Народни музей 2016 490-04/(N Археолошке монографије |
| spellingShingle | Cvjetićanin, Tatjana 1963- Kasnorimska keramika Đerdapa Arheološke monografije Keramikgefäß (DE-588)4136239-1 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4136239-1 (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4092445-2 |
| title | Kasnorimska keramika Đerdapa |
| title_alt | Late Roman pottery in the Iron Gates |
| title_auth | Kasnorimska keramika Đerdapa |
| title_exact_search | Kasnorimska keramika Đerdapa |
| title_full | Kasnorimska keramika Đerdapa Tatjana Cvjetićanin |
| title_fullStr | Kasnorimska keramika Đerdapa Tatjana Cvjetićanin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kasnorimska keramika Đerdapa Tatjana Cvjetićanin |
| title_short | Kasnorimska keramika Đerdapa |
| title_sort | kasnorimska keramika derdapa |
| topic | Keramikgefäß (DE-588)4136239-1 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Keramikgefäß Römerzeit Funde Eisernes Tor, Donau |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030057166&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030057166&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030057166&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV021635004 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cvjeticanintatjana kasnorimskakeramikađerdapa AT cvjeticanintatjana lateromanpotteryintheirongates |