Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
London
Sweet & Maxwell
2012
|
Ausgabe: | 2nd ed. |
Schriftenreihe: | Contract law library
|
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Previous ed.: 2006. - Includes bibliographical references and index |
Beschreibung: | lxxv, 866 S. 24 cm |
ISBN: | 1847038034 9781847038036 |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing |c Nelson Enonchong |
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adam_text | TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface
..............................................................................................
v
Chapter Contents
.............................................................................ix
Table of Cases
............................................................................xxvii
Table of Statutes
...........................................................................lxxi
Table of Statutory Instruments
...................................................lxxiii
Table of Non-UK Statutory Material
..........................................lxxv
PARA
1.
General Introduction
..................................................1-001
I. The Three Doctrines
.................................................1-002
II. Third Party Wrongdoing
...........................................1-005
Part I DURESS
2.
The Nature of Duress
..................................................2-001
3.
Is the Pressure Illegitimate?
......................................3-001
L
Threat of Unlawful Action
1.
The General Rule
..............................................3-002
2.
Threat to Break a Contract
(a) Not Always Illegitimate
...........................3-004
(b) Relevant Factors
.......................................3-005
II. Threat of Lawful Action
...........................................3—014
1.
The General Rule
..............................................3-015
2.
When Will a Threat of Lawful Action be
Illegitimate?
......................................................3-017
(a) Where a Threat of Lawful Action is
Unlawful
...................................................3-018
(b) Where a Threat of Lawful Action is
not Unlawful
.............................................3-022
xi
xii
CONTENTS
4.
Causation
........................................................................4-001
I. Pressure and its Coercive Effects
.............................4—002
II. The Test of Causation and the Burden of
Proof.
.........................................................................4-005
1.
The Applicable Tests
........................................4-006
(a) The Barton
v
Armstrong Test
...................4-007
(b) A Different Test for Economic
Duress?
......................................................4-008
2.
The Burden of Proof.
........................................4-011
III. Evidential Factors
.....................................................4-015
1.
The Role of Objective Factors
.........................4-016
(a) The Demise of the Objective
Standard of the Reasonable
Person
........................................................4-017
(b) Objective Standard in the Case of
Economic Duress?
....................................4-019
2.
The Relevant Factors
........................................4-021
(a) Whether the Complainant
Protested
....................................................4-022
(b) Whether a Practical Alternative was
Available
...................................................4-024
(c) Whether the Complainant Received
Independent Advice
..................................4—031
(d) Whether the Complainant took
Prompt Steps to Avoid the
Transaction
................................................4—032
IV. Effect of Additional Pressure from Extraneous
Circumstances
...........................................................4—033
1.
Circumstances for Which Neither Party is
Responsible
.......................................................4—034
2.
Circumstances for Which the
Complainant is Responsible
.............................
4-O35
5.
Types of Duress
.............................................................5-001
I. Duress of the Person
.................................................5—002
II. Duress of Goods
.......................................................5-005
III. Economic Duress
......................................................5—009
CONTENTS xiii
IV. Illegitimate Threat of Legal Action
..........................5-012
1.
Illegitimate Threat of Criminal
Proceedings
.......................................................5-013
2.
Illegitimate Threat to Institute Civil
Proceedings
.......................................................5—017
V. Money Paid Under Duress to a Public
Authority
...................................................................5-018
1.
Payments made to Obtain a Service
................5—019
2.
Payments made by Way of Tax or Similar
Levies
................................................................5-022
(a) Narrow Concept of Duress in the
English Authorities
...................................5—023
(b) Wider Concept of Duress in Other
Jurisdictions
..............................................5—026
3.
The Woolwich Principle
....................................5-030
(a) The Principle
.............................................5-031
(b) The Policy Bases
......................................5-032
(c) Scope of the Principle
..............................5-033
4.
Is Duress still Relevant in this
Context?
............................................................5-034
(a) Duress has not been Discarded by
Woolwich
...................................................5-035
(b) Payments other than Taxes and
Similar Charges
........................................5—036
(c) The Experience in Canada
.......................5—037
VI. Unlawful Demand by a Person Other than a
Public Official
...........................................................5-038
Part II UNDUE INFLUENCE
6.
Introduction to Part II
................................................6-001
7.
Equitable Undue Influence
.........................................7-001
I. The Nature of Equitable Undue
Influence
...................................................................7-002
1.
The Jurisprudential Basis of Undue
Influence
...........................................................7-003
2.
When is the Exercise of Influence
Undue?
..............................................................7-005
xiv CONTENTS
II. Two Methods of Proof.
.............................................7-007
III. Replacement Agreements
.........................................7-010
8.
Actual Undue Influence
I. Introduction
...............................................................8-001
II. Is the Complainant s Free Will
Impaired?
..................................................................8-003
1.
Pressure Which Impairs the
Complainant s Free Will
...................................8-004
(a) Direct Pressure
..........................................8-005
(b) Indirect Pressure
.......................................8-007
2.
Pressure Which does not Impair the
Complainant s Free Will
...................................8-017
(a) Ordinary Family or Commercial
Pressure
.....................................................8-018
(b) Pressure which Persuades....
.....................8—020
III. Is the Defendant s Conduct
Unconscionable?
.......................................................8—022
1.
When is the Defendant s Conduct
Unconscionable?
...............................................8—023
2.
Where the Defendant s Conduct is not
Unconscionable
.................................................8—029
IV. Causation
1.
The Modern Approach
......................................8—031
2.
The But For Causation Approach
.................8-032
V. Where the Transaction is Disadvantageous to
the Complainant
........................................................8—037
9.
Presumed Undue Influence
I. Introduction
...............................................................9-001
II. The Nature of Presumed Undue
Influence
...................................................................9-002
III. Basis of Relief on the Ground of Presumed
Undue Influence
.......................................................9-004
IV. The Two Prerequisites
..............................................9-008
CONTENTS xv
10.
The First Requirement: A Relationship of Influence
I. Introduction
.............................................................10-001
II. Relationships Where Influence is Presumed
(Class 2A)
...............................................................10-002
1.
The Presumption of Influence
........................10—003
2.
Relationships to Which the Presumption
of Influence Applies
.......................................10—007
(a) List of Class 2A Relationships
...............10-008
(b) Two Controversial
Relationships
...........................................10-018
(c) List of Relationships not
Closed
.....................................................10-027
III. Relationships Where Evidence of Influence is
Required (Class 2B)
1.
Not Limited to Particular Types of
Relationship
....................................................10-029
2.
What Needs to be Proved?
.............................10-032
3.
Test for a Relationship of Influence
(a) General Remarks
....................................10—033
(b) Trust and Confidence
.............................10-036
(c) Special Position of the Relationship
of Husband and Wife
..............................10-039
(d) Role of Substantial Transactional
Imbalance
................................................10-043
11.
The Second Requirement: A Transaction that Calls
for Explanation
...........................................................11—001
I. The Nature of this Requirement
.............................11-002
1.
Status of the Requirement
..............................11—003
2.
Terminology
....................................................11—005
II. When is a Transaction One that Calls for
Explanation?
...........................................................11-008
1.
A Precise Test?
................................................11-009
2.
Significance of Transactional
Imbalance
......................................-.................11—011
(a) Extent of Transactional
Disadvantage
...........................................11—012
xvi CONTENTS
(b)
Nature of Transactional
Disadvantage
...........................................11—015
III. Where There is an Explanation
..............................11-017
1.
No Presumption of Undue
Influence
.........................................................11-018
2.
Explanation by Relationship
...........................11—020
(a) Relationships in General
.........................11-021
(b) The Relationship of Husband and
Wife
.........................................................11-024
(c) Family Arrangements
..............................11—027
IV. Gifts
.......................................................................11-032
12.
Rebutting the Presumption of Undue Influence
1
The Nature of the Presumption
1.
What is Presumed?
.........................................12-001
2.
What Must be Shown to Rebut the
Presumption?
(a) Full, Free and Informed
Consent
...................................................12-003
(b) Defendant s Unimpeachable
Conduct
...................................................12-006
(c) Weight of the Evidence
Required
..................................................12-007
II. Independent Advice
................................................12-008
III. Rebutting the Presumption in the Absence of
Independent Advice
................................................12—013
IV. Pleading Both Actual and Presumed Undue
Influence
.................................................................12-015
13.
Undue Influence in Probate Law
I. Introduction
.............................................................13-001
II. There Must be Coercion
.........................................13-003
III. Differences Between Equitable and Probate
Undue Influence
.....................................................13-005
1.
When is Influence Undue?
.............................13-006
2.
Proof of Undue Influence
...............................13-009
CONTENTS xvii
IV. Relationship with Want of Knowledge and
Approval
.................................................................13-011
1.
Proof of Knowledge and Approval
................13-012
2.
A Two-Stage Approach
...................................13-014
V. Reform?
..................................................................13-017
14.
Abuse of Confidence
I Introduction
.............................................................14-001
II. The Nature of the Doctrine of Abuse of
Confidence
..............................................................14-003
1.
Basis of the Doctrine
......................................14—004
2.
Relationships Within the Doctrine
.................14—006
(a) Recognised Relationships
.......................14—007
(b) Ad Hoc Relationships
.............................14-011
3.
Scope of the Doctrine
.....................................14-013
4.
Burden of Proof
..............................................14-015
III. Fairness of the Transaction
.....................................14—019
1.
Termination of the Relationship and
Client s Consent
(a) Termination of the
Relationship
............................................14-020
(b) Principal s Consent
.................................14-024
2.
Did the Fiduciary Disclose all Material
Facts?
(a) Extent of Duty
........................................14-026
(b) Strict Duty
...............................................14-028
(c) Materiality of Non-disclosure
................14—033
3.
Did the Fiduciary Exercise Care and Due
Diligence?
.......................................................14-035
(a) Advice by Fiduciary Himself
.................14—036
(b) Independent Advice
................................14—038
4.
Are the Terms of the Transaction Fair to
the Principal?
..................................................14-041
(a) Transactions for Value
............................14-042
(b) Gifts
........................................................14-045
IV. Relationship with Cognate Doctrines
1.
Self-dealing Rule
............................................14-047
xviii CONTENTS
2.
Undue Influence
(a) Actual Undue Influence
..........................14-049
(b) Presumed Undue Influence
....................14-050
3.
Unconscionable Dealing
.................................14-059
(a) Similarities and Overlap
.........................14—060
(b) Differences
..............................................14-062
Part III UNCONSCIONABLE DEALING
15.
General Introduction to Part III
............................15-001
I. The Doctrine of Unconscionable
Dealing
....................................................................15-002
1.
The Nature of the Doctrine
............................15-003
(a) The Elements of Unconscionable
Dealing
....................................................15-004
(b) Other Instances where
Unconscionability affects the
Availability of Relief
..............................15-010
2.
Relationship with Statutory Protection
against Unfair Contracts
.................................15—014
II. Transactions with Expectant Heirs
.........................15-019
1.
Special Protection
(a) Nature of Special Protection
..................15-020
(b) Scope of Special Protection
...................15—023
(c) Policy Basis for Special
Protection
................................................15-025
2.
Abolition of Special Protection
......................15-028
16.
Special Disadvantage
.................................................16-001
I. The Nature of Special Disadvantage
......................16-002
1.
Protection of the Very Vulnerable
..................16-003
2.
What Amounts to Special
Disadvantage?
.................................................16-006
II. Types of Special Disadvantage
..............................16-010
1.
Classification
...................................................16-011
2.
Some Recognised Types of Special
Disadvantage
...................................................16—012
(a) Poverty
....................................................16-013
(b) Ignorance
................................................16—015
CONTENTS xix
(c)
Age and Illness
.......................................16-020
(d) Intoxication
.............................................16-022
(e) Weakness of Mind
..................................16-024
(f) Necessity
.................................................16-026
(g) Lack of Assistance in Risky
Transactions
............................................16—029
3.
Class of Complainant
.....................................16—030
17.
Impropriety in the Stronger Party s Conduct
.....17-001
I. The Nature of Impropriety
1.
The Requirement
............................................17-002
2.
Notice of Weaker Party s Special
Disadvantage
...................................................17-005
(a) Actual Notice
..........................................17-006
(b) Constructive Notice
................................17-007
II. Conduct Amounting to Impropriety
.......................17—010
1.
Types of Conduct
............................................17-011
(a) Conduct Amounting to Some Other
Vitiating Factor
.......................................17-012
(b) Conduct Falling Short of Another
Vitiating Factor
.......................................17-013
2.
Assessment of Conduct
..................................17—018
III. Proof of Impropriety
...............................................17-022
1.
Actual Impropriety
.........................................17—023
2.
Presumed Impropriety
....................................17—025
(a) Raising the Presumption
.........................17—026
(b) Rebutting the Presumption
.....................17-030
18.
Trans action
al
Imbalance
I. Introduction
.............................................................18-001
II. Transactional Imbalance as a Prerequisite
1.
No Relief on the Ground of Transactional
Imbalance Alone
.............................................18—002
2.
The Degree of Transactional Imbalance
Required
..........................................................18-004
xx CONTENTS
III. Transactional
Imbalance as an Evidential
Tool
.........................................................................18-007
1.
An Evidential Presumption of
Wrongdoing
(a) Raising the Presumption
.........................18—008
(b) Effect of the Presumption
.......................18-010
2.
Rebutting the Presumption
.............................18—011
(a) Economic Value
......................................18—012
(b) Non-economic Value
..............................18—016
19.
Independent Advice
I Introduction
.............................................................19-001
1.
Is Absence of Independent Advice a
Requirement for Unconscionable
Dealing?
..........................................................19-002
2.
The Role of Independent Advice
...................19-004
II. Where the Disadvantaged Party did not
Receive Advice
.......................................................19—007
III. Where the Disadvantaged Party Received
Suitable Advice
.......................................................19-010
20.
Scope of Unconscionable Dealing
..........................20-001
I. Application to Gifts
................................................20-002
1.
Uncertainty from
Langton v
Langton...........................................................
20-003
2.
Critique
οι
Langton v Langton
.......................20—004
II. Relationship with Undue Influence
........................20—009
1.
Similarities
......................................................20-010
2.
Differences
......................................................20-013
III. Comparison with the Australian
Approach
.................................................................20-016
CONTENTS xxi
Part IV THIRD PARTY DURESS, UNDUE INFLUENCE
OR UNCONSCIONABLE DEALING
21.
Introduction to Part IV
............................................21-001
I. Gifts
........................................................................21-002
II. Transactions for Value
1.
The Nature of the Problem
.............................21-004
2.
Solution
(a) Agency
....................................................21-005
(b) Other Doctrines
.......................................
21-Ό06
22.
The Doctrine of Agency
I. The Nature of the Agency Doctrine
.......................22—001
II. Circumstances when Wrongdoer may be
Regarded as the Creditor s Agent
...........................22-003
1.
The Liberal Approach
.....................................22-004
(a)
Turnbull
v
Duval
.....................................22-005
(b) Extension in Subsequent
Cases
.......................................................22-007
2.
The Strict Approach
(a) Emergence
..............................................22-010
(b) Effect of Strict Approach
........................22-012
23.
The Doctrine of Notice
.............................................23-001
I. The Effect of Notice
...............................................23-002
II. Actual Notice
..........................................................23-005
III. Constructive Notice
................................................23-008
1.
The O Brien Doctrine
(a) Development of the Doctrine
.................23-009
(b) O Brien Extension
..................................
23-ОІ0
2.
Etridge Confirmation
(a) Extent of Confirmation
...........................23-013
(b) Etridge Clarifications
............................23-014
(c) Scope of the O Brien Doctrine
...............23-017
xxii CONTENTS
24.
Constructive
Notice: When is a Party put on
Inquiry?
.........................................................................24-001
I. The Nature of the Relationship between Surety
and Debtor
..............................................................24-002
1.
Extension of Type of Relationship
(a) Emotional Relationships
.........................24—003
(b) Etridge Extension to
Non-commercial Relationships
..............24—007
2.
The Limits of the Etridge
Extension
........................................................24-009
(a) Commercial Relationships
......................24—010
(b) Where Creditor did not have
Knowledge of Non-commercial
Relationship
............................................24-011
(c) Wrongdoing of a Third Person Other
than the Debtor
.......................................24-012
II. The Nature of the Transaction
................................24-019
1.
Straightforward Transactions
..........................24-020
2.
Less Straightforward Transactions
.................24—022
(a) Mixed Role of Surety and Joint
Borrower
.................................................24-023
(b) Ostensible Joint Borrowings
..................24-026
3.
Where the Debtor is a Company in Which
the Complainant and the Wrongdoer are
Shareholders
....................................................24-031
(a) The Pre-Etridge Approach
......................24-032
(b) The Etridge Solution
..............................24-034
(c) The Experience in Other
Jurisdictions
................................,...........24—038
4.
Outside Facts
..................................................24-041
25.
Constructive Notice: Steps to be Taken by the
Creditor
........................................................................25-001
I. The Nature of Reasonable Steps
1.
Purpose of Reasonable Steps
.........................25—002
2.
Two Alternatives
.............................................25-004
(a) Direct Explanation to Surety
..................25-005
(b) Independent Advice by a
Solicitor
...................................................25-006
CONTENTS xxiii
IL
Solicitor s Duty in the Ordinary Case
....................25-009
1.
Explanation
.....................................................25-010
(a) Preliminary Matters
................................25-011
(b) Advice on the Substance of the
Transaction
..............................................25-014
2.
No Duty to Investigate Undue Influence
or Veto Transaction
.........................................25-019
3.
Creditor s Reliance on Solicitor s
Confirmation
...................................................25-022
III. Steps to be Taken by the Creditor
..........................25-028
1.
Ordinary Cases
...............................................25-030
(a) Pre-ffiridge Transactions (up to
October
11, 2001)...................................25-031
(b) Post-Etridge Transactions (from
October
12, 2001)...................................25-044
2.
Exceptional Cases
...........................................25-054
(a) When is a Case Exceptional?
.................25-055
(b) The Law s Response
...............................25-059
IV. Where the Solicitor is Acting for the
Creditor
...................................................................25-068
26.
The Experience in Australia and Scotland
..........26-001
I. The Twin Approach in Australia
............................26-002
1.
The Special Equity Principle of Yerkey
v
Jones
...............................................................26-003
(a) Nature of the Principle
...........................26-004
(b) Scope of the Principle
............................26-007
(c) Jurisprudential Basis
...............................26—014
(d) Prescribed Steps to be Taken by the
Creditor
...................................................26-016
2.
The Amadio Principle of
Unconscionability
...........................................26—019
(a) Nature of the Principle
...........................26-020
(b) Requirements
..........................................26-022
(c) Jurisprudential Basis
...............................26-031
II. The Scottish Approach
...........................................26-036
1.
Based on the Doctrine of Good
Faith
................................................................26-037
xxiv CONTENTS
2.
Prerequisites for Creditor s Duty to take
Reasonable Steps
(a) Similarities with English Law
................26-039
(b) Possible Difference from English
Law
.........................................................26-042
3.
Steps Required of the Creditor
(a) Non-prescriptive Approach
.....................26—043
(b) Rationale for a Different
Approach
.................................................26-045
(c) Some Particular Differences in the
Creditor s Duty
.......................................26-047
III. Conclusion
..............................................................26-050
Part V REMEDIES AND DEFENCES
27.
Introduction to Part V
28.
Remedies
........................................................................28-001
I. Rescission
...............................................................28-002
1.
The Nature of Rescission
(a) Rescission in General
.............................28—003
(b) Differences between Rescission at
Common Law and in Equity
..................28—005
2.
Proprietary Consequences of
Rescission
.......................................................28—011
(a) Rescission at Common Law
...................28—012
(b) Rescission in Equity
...............................28—013
(c) Intermediate Transactions
.......................
28-Ό14
3.
The Requirement of Restitutio in
Integrum
..........................................................28—015
4.
Rescission on Terms
.......................................28—020
(a) Account of Profits Received by
Wrongdoer.....
.........................................28—021
(b) Complainant to give Credit for
Benefits Received
...................................28—022
(c) Dunbar Bank Pic
v Nadeem
...................
28-Ό28
5.
Changes in Value
............................................28-032
(a) Depreciation in Value
.............................28-033
(b) Appreciation in Value
.............................28-036
6.
Conduct of the Defendant
..............................28-042
CONTENTS
xxv
7.
Partial
Rescission
(a) Overview
.................................................28-045
(b) The Present State of the
Authorities
..............................................28-046
(c) Should Partial Rescission be
Available?
...............................................28-048
8.
Severance
........................................................28-055
9.
Independent Agreements
................................28—057
II. Account of Profits
..................................................28-060
III. Equitable Compensation
.........................................28—063
1.
The Nature and Scope of the Remedy
(a) The Nature of Equitable
Compensation
.........................................28—064
(b) Scope of Equitable
Compensation
.........................................28—067
2.
Relationship with Common Law
Damages
..........................................................28-071
3.
Limiting Doctrines
(a) Remoteness
.............................................28-074
(b) Causation
................................................28-075
(c) Contributory Fault
..................................28-077
4.
Measure of Compensation Where
Conduct is the Equitable Equivalent of
Fraud
...............................................................28-078
IV. Restitution of Money Paid Under
Duress
.....................................................................28-081
1.
The Nature of the Remedy
.............................28-082
2.
Who is the Proper Claimant?
.........................28-084
3.
Who is the Proper Defendant?
.......................28-086
4.
Is the Payment Unjust?
...................................28-088
V. Damages for Duress
...............................................28-089
29.
Equitable Defences
I. Introduction
.............................................................29-001
I. Affirmation
L
Effect
of Affirmation
......................................29-002
2.
Factors Relevant for Affirmation
...................29-003
(a) Clear Intention to Affirm
........................29-004
xxvi CONTENTS
(b)
Intention must be Unvitiated
..................29—006
(c) Knowledge of Right to Avoid the
Transaction
..............................................29-008
III. Estoppel
..................................................................29-017
1.
Representation
................................................29—018
2.
Detrimental Reliance
......................................29-019
3.
Effect of Estoppel: Total Defence?
................29-020
IV. Delay
.......................................................................29-022
V. Third Party Rights
..................................................29-027
PAGE
Index
.............................................................................................835
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Enonchong, Nelson |
author_facet | Enonchong, Nelson |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Enonchong, Nelson |
author_variant | n e ne |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV042487086 |
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id | DE-604.BV042487086 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T01:23:09Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 1847038034 9781847038036 |
language | English |
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spelling | Enonchong, Nelson Verfasser aut Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing Nelson Enonchong 2nd ed. London Sweet & Maxwell 2012 lxxv, 866 S. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Contract law library Previous ed.: 2006. - Includes bibliographical references and index DE-601 pdf/application http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/toc/735446563.pdf Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027921948&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Enonchong, Nelson Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing |
title | Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing |
title_auth | Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing |
title_exact_search | Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing |
title_full | Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing Nelson Enonchong |
title_fullStr | Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing Nelson Enonchong |
title_full_unstemmed | Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing Nelson Enonchong |
title_short | Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing |
title_sort | duress undue influence and unconscionable dealing |
url | http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/toc/735446563.pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027921948&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT enonchongnelson duressundueinfluenceandunconscionabledealing |
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