Holdings: Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing

Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing:

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Enonchong, Nelson (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	London Sweet & Maxwell 2012
Edition:	2nd ed.
Series:	Contract law library
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Previous ed.: 2006. - Includes bibliographical references and index
Physical Description:	lxxv, 866 S. 24 cm
ISBN:	1847038034 9781847038036

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adam_text	TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Preface .............................................................................................. v Chapter Contents .............................................................................ix Table of Cases ............................................................................xxvii Table of Statutes ...........................................................................lxxi Table of Statutory Instruments ...................................................lxxiii Table of Non-UK Statutory Material ..........................................lxxv PARA 1. General Introduction ..................................................1-001 I. The Three Doctrines .................................................1-002 II. Third Party Wrongdoing ...........................................1-005 Part I DURESS 2. The Nature of Duress ..................................................2-001 3. Is the Pressure Illegitimate? ......................................3-001 L Threat of Unlawful Action 1. The General Rule ..............................................3-002 2. Threat to Break a Contract (a) Not Always Illegitimate ...........................3-004 (b) Relevant Factors .......................................3-005 II. Threat of Lawful Action ...........................................3—014 1. The General Rule ..............................................3-015 2. When Will a Threat of Lawful Action be Illegitimate? ......................................................3-017 (a) Where a Threat of Lawful Action is Unlawful ...................................................3-018 (b) Where a Threat of Lawful Action is not Unlawful .............................................3-022 xi xii CONTENTS 4. Causation ........................................................................4-001 I. Pressure and its Coercive Effects .............................4—002 II. The Test of Causation and the Burden of Proof. .........................................................................4-005 1. The Applicable Tests ........................................4-006 (a) The Barton v Armstrong Test ...................4-007 (b) A Different Test for Economic Duress? ......................................................4-008 2. The Burden of Proof. ........................................4-011 III. Evidential Factors .....................................................4-015 1. The Role of Objective Factors .........................4-016 (a) The Demise of the Objective Standard of the Reasonable Person ........................................................4-017 (b) Objective Standard in the Case of Economic Duress? ....................................4-019 2. The Relevant Factors ........................................4-021 (a) Whether the Complainant Protested ....................................................4-022 (b) Whether a Practical Alternative was Available ...................................................4-024 (c) Whether the Complainant Received Independent Advice ..................................4—031 (d) Whether the Complainant took Prompt Steps to Avoid the Transaction ................................................4—032 IV. Effect of Additional Pressure from Extraneous Circumstances ...........................................................4—033 1. Circumstances for Which Neither Party is Responsible .......................................................4—034 2. Circumstances for Which the Complainant is Responsible ............................. 4-O35 5. Types of Duress .............................................................5-001 I. Duress of the Person .................................................5—002 II. Duress of Goods .......................................................5-005 III. Economic Duress ......................................................5—009 CONTENTS xiii IV. Illegitimate Threat of Legal Action ..........................5-012 1. Illegitimate Threat of Criminal Proceedings .......................................................5-013 2. Illegitimate Threat to Institute Civil Proceedings .......................................................5—017 V. Money Paid Under Duress to a Public Authority ...................................................................5-018 1. Payments made to Obtain a Service ................5—019 2. Payments made by Way of Tax or Similar Levies ................................................................5-022 (a) Narrow Concept of Duress in the English Authorities ...................................5—023 (b) Wider Concept of Duress in Other Jurisdictions ..............................................5—026 3. The Woolwich Principle ....................................5-030 (a) The Principle .............................................5-031 (b) The Policy Bases ......................................5-032 (c) Scope of the Principle ..............................5-033 4. Is Duress still Relevant in this Context? ............................................................5-034 (a) Duress has not been Discarded by Woolwich ...................................................5-035 (b) Payments other than Taxes and Similar Charges ........................................5—036 (c) The Experience in Canada .......................5—037 VI. Unlawful Demand by a Person Other than a Public Official ...........................................................5-038 Part II UNDUE INFLUENCE 6. Introduction to Part II ................................................6-001 7. Equitable Undue Influence .........................................7-001 I. The Nature of Equitable Undue Influence ...................................................................7-002 1. The Jurisprudential Basis of Undue Influence ...........................................................7-003 2. When is the Exercise of Influence Undue? ..............................................................7-005 xiv CONTENTS II. Two Methods of Proof. .............................................7-007 III. Replacement Agreements .........................................7-010 8. Actual Undue Influence I. Introduction ...............................................................8-001 II. Is the Complainant s Free Will Impaired? ..................................................................8-003 1. Pressure Which Impairs the Complainant s Free Will ...................................8-004 (a) Direct Pressure ..........................................8-005 (b) Indirect Pressure .......................................8-007 2. Pressure Which does not Impair the Complainant s Free Will ...................................8-017 (a) Ordinary Family or Commercial Pressure .....................................................8-018 (b) Pressure which Persuades.... .....................8—020 III. Is the Defendant s Conduct Unconscionable? .......................................................8—022 1. When is the Defendant s Conduct Unconscionable? ...............................................8—023 2. Where the Defendant s Conduct is not Unconscionable .................................................8—029 IV. Causation 1. The Modern Approach ......................................8—031 2. The But For Causation Approach .................8-032 V. Where the Transaction is Disadvantageous to the Complainant ........................................................8—037 9. Presumed Undue Influence I. Introduction ...............................................................9-001 II. The Nature of Presumed Undue Influence ...................................................................9-002 III. Basis of Relief on the Ground of Presumed Undue Influence .......................................................9-004 IV. The Two Prerequisites ..............................................9-008 CONTENTS xv 10. The First Requirement: A Relationship of Influence I. Introduction .............................................................10-001 II. Relationships Where Influence is Presumed (Class 2A) ...............................................................10-002 1. The Presumption of Influence ........................10—003 2. Relationships to Which the Presumption of Influence Applies .......................................10—007 (a) List of Class 2A Relationships ...............10-008 (b) Two Controversial Relationships ...........................................10-018 (c) List of Relationships not Closed .....................................................10-027 III. Relationships Where Evidence of Influence is Required (Class 2B) 1. Not Limited to Particular Types of Relationship ....................................................10-029 2. What Needs to be Proved? .............................10-032 3. Test for a Relationship of Influence (a) General Remarks ....................................10—033 (b) Trust and Confidence .............................10-036 (c) Special Position of the Relationship of Husband and Wife ..............................10-039 (d) Role of Substantial Transactional Imbalance ................................................10-043 11. The Second Requirement: A Transaction that Calls for Explanation ...........................................................11—001 I. The Nature of this Requirement .............................11-002 1. Status of the Requirement ..............................11—003 2. Terminology ....................................................11—005 II. When is a Transaction One that Calls for Explanation? ...........................................................11-008 1. A Precise Test? ................................................11-009 2. Significance of Transactional Imbalance ......................................-.................11—011 (a) Extent of Transactional Disadvantage ...........................................11—012 xvi CONTENTS (b) Nature of Transactional Disadvantage ...........................................11—015 III. Where There is an Explanation ..............................11-017 1. No Presumption of Undue Influence .........................................................11-018 2. Explanation by Relationship ...........................11—020 (a) Relationships in General .........................11-021 (b) The Relationship of Husband and Wife .........................................................11-024 (c) Family Arrangements ..............................11—027 IV. Gifts .......................................................................11-032 12. Rebutting the Presumption of Undue Influence 1 The Nature of the Presumption 1. What is Presumed? .........................................12-001 2. What Must be Shown to Rebut the Presumption? (a) Full, Free and Informed Consent ...................................................12-003 (b) Defendant s Unimpeachable Conduct ...................................................12-006 (c) Weight of the Evidence Required ..................................................12-007 II. Independent Advice ................................................12-008 III. Rebutting the Presumption in the Absence of Independent Advice ................................................12—013 IV. Pleading Both Actual and Presumed Undue Influence .................................................................12-015 13. Undue Influence in Probate Law I. Introduction .............................................................13-001 II. There Must be Coercion .........................................13-003 III. Differences Between Equitable and Probate Undue Influence .....................................................13-005 1. When is Influence Undue? .............................13-006 2. Proof of Undue Influence ...............................13-009 CONTENTS xvii IV. Relationship with Want of Knowledge and Approval .................................................................13-011 1. Proof of Knowledge and Approval ................13-012 2. A Two-Stage Approach ...................................13-014 V. Reform? ..................................................................13-017 14. Abuse of Confidence I Introduction .............................................................14-001 II. The Nature of the Doctrine of Abuse of Confidence ..............................................................14-003 1. Basis of the Doctrine ......................................14—004 2. Relationships Within the Doctrine .................14—006 (a) Recognised Relationships .......................14—007 (b) Ad Hoc Relationships .............................14-011 3. Scope of the Doctrine .....................................14-013 4. Burden of Proof ..............................................14-015 III. Fairness of the Transaction .....................................14—019 1. Termination of the Relationship and Client s Consent (a) Termination of the Relationship ............................................14-020 (b) Principal s Consent .................................14-024 2. Did the Fiduciary Disclose all Material Facts? (a) Extent of Duty ........................................14-026 (b) Strict Duty ...............................................14-028 (c) Materiality of Non-disclosure ................14—033 3. Did the Fiduciary Exercise Care and Due Diligence? .......................................................14-035 (a) Advice by Fiduciary Himself .................14—036 (b) Independent Advice ................................14—038 4. Are the Terms of the Transaction Fair to the Principal? ..................................................14-041 (a) Transactions for Value ............................14-042 (b) Gifts ........................................................14-045 IV. Relationship with Cognate Doctrines 1. Self-dealing Rule ............................................14-047 xviii CONTENTS 2. Undue Influence (a) Actual Undue Influence ..........................14-049 (b) Presumed Undue Influence ....................14-050 3. Unconscionable Dealing .................................14-059 (a) Similarities and Overlap .........................14—060 (b) Differences ..............................................14-062 Part III UNCONSCIONABLE DEALING 15. General Introduction to Part III ............................15-001 I. The Doctrine of Unconscionable Dealing ....................................................................15-002 1. The Nature of the Doctrine ............................15-003 (a) The Elements of Unconscionable Dealing ....................................................15-004 (b) Other Instances where Unconscionability affects the Availability of Relief ..............................15-010 2. Relationship with Statutory Protection against Unfair Contracts .................................15—014 II. Transactions with Expectant Heirs .........................15-019 1. Special Protection (a) Nature of Special Protection ..................15-020 (b) Scope of Special Protection ...................15—023 (c) Policy Basis for Special Protection ................................................15-025 2. Abolition of Special Protection ......................15-028 16. Special Disadvantage .................................................16-001 I. The Nature of Special Disadvantage ......................16-002 1. Protection of the Very Vulnerable ..................16-003 2. What Amounts to Special Disadvantage? .................................................16-006 II. Types of Special Disadvantage ..............................16-010 1. Classification ...................................................16-011 2. Some Recognised Types of Special Disadvantage ...................................................16—012 (a) Poverty ....................................................16-013 (b) Ignorance ................................................16—015 CONTENTS xix (c) Age and Illness .......................................16-020 (d) Intoxication .............................................16-022 (e) Weakness of Mind ..................................16-024 (f) Necessity .................................................16-026 (g) Lack of Assistance in Risky Transactions ............................................16—029 3. Class of Complainant .....................................16—030 17. Impropriety in the Stronger Party s Conduct .....17-001 I. The Nature of Impropriety 1. The Requirement ............................................17-002 2. Notice of Weaker Party s Special Disadvantage ...................................................17-005 (a) Actual Notice ..........................................17-006 (b) Constructive Notice ................................17-007 II. Conduct Amounting to Impropriety .......................17—010 1. Types of Conduct ............................................17-011 (a) Conduct Amounting to Some Other Vitiating Factor .......................................17-012 (b) Conduct Falling Short of Another Vitiating Factor .......................................17-013 2. Assessment of Conduct ..................................17—018 III. Proof of Impropriety ...............................................17-022 1. Actual Impropriety .........................................17—023 2. Presumed Impropriety ....................................17—025 (a) Raising the Presumption .........................17—026 (b) Rebutting the Presumption .....................17-030 18. Trans action al Imbalance I. Introduction .............................................................18-001 II. Transactional Imbalance as a Prerequisite 1. No Relief on the Ground of Transactional Imbalance Alone .............................................18—002 2. The Degree of Transactional Imbalance Required ..........................................................18-004 xx CONTENTS III. Transactional Imbalance as an Evidential Tool .........................................................................18-007 1. An Evidential Presumption of Wrongdoing (a) Raising the Presumption .........................18—008 (b) Effect of the Presumption .......................18-010 2. Rebutting the Presumption .............................18—011 (a) Economic Value ......................................18—012 (b) Non-economic Value ..............................18—016 19. Independent Advice I Introduction .............................................................19-001 1. Is Absence of Independent Advice a Requirement for Unconscionable Dealing? ..........................................................19-002 2. The Role of Independent Advice ...................19-004 II. Where the Disadvantaged Party did not Receive Advice .......................................................19—007 III. Where the Disadvantaged Party Received Suitable Advice .......................................................19-010 20. Scope of Unconscionable Dealing ..........................20-001 I. Application to Gifts ................................................20-002 1. Uncertainty from Langton v Langton........................................................... 20-003 2. Critique οι Langton v Langton .......................20—004 II. Relationship with Undue Influence ........................20—009 1. Similarities ......................................................20-010 2. Differences ......................................................20-013 III. Comparison with the Australian Approach .................................................................20-016 CONTENTS xxi Part IV THIRD PARTY DURESS, UNDUE INFLUENCE OR UNCONSCIONABLE DEALING 21. Introduction to Part IV ............................................21-001 I. Gifts ........................................................................21-002 II. Transactions for Value 1. The Nature of the Problem .............................21-004 2. Solution (a) Agency ....................................................21-005 (b) Other Doctrines ....................................... 21-Ό06 22. The Doctrine of Agency I. The Nature of the Agency Doctrine .......................22—001 II. Circumstances when Wrongdoer may be Regarded as the Creditor s Agent ...........................22-003 1. The Liberal Approach .....................................22-004 (a) Turnbull v Duval .....................................22-005 (b) Extension in Subsequent Cases .......................................................22-007 2. The Strict Approach (a) Emergence ..............................................22-010 (b) Effect of Strict Approach ........................22-012 23. The Doctrine of Notice .............................................23-001 I. The Effect of Notice ...............................................23-002 II. Actual Notice ..........................................................23-005 III. Constructive Notice ................................................23-008 1. The O Brien Doctrine (a) Development of the Doctrine .................23-009 (b) O Brien Extension .................................. 23-ОІ0 2. Etridge Confirmation (a) Extent of Confirmation ...........................23-013 (b) Etridge Clarifications ............................23-014 (c) Scope of the O Brien Doctrine ...............23-017 xxii CONTENTS 24. Constructive Notice: When is a Party put on Inquiry? .........................................................................24-001 I. The Nature of the Relationship between Surety and Debtor ..............................................................24-002 1. Extension of Type of Relationship (a) Emotional Relationships .........................24—003 (b) Etridge Extension to Non-commercial Relationships ..............24—007 2. The Limits of the Etridge Extension ........................................................24-009 (a) Commercial Relationships ......................24—010 (b) Where Creditor did not have Knowledge of Non-commercial Relationship ............................................24-011 (c) Wrongdoing of a Third Person Other than the Debtor .......................................24-012 II. The Nature of the Transaction ................................24-019 1. Straightforward Transactions ..........................24-020 2. Less Straightforward Transactions .................24—022 (a) Mixed Role of Surety and Joint Borrower .................................................24-023 (b) Ostensible Joint Borrowings ..................24-026 3. Where the Debtor is a Company in Which the Complainant and the Wrongdoer are Shareholders ....................................................24-031 (a) The Pre-Etridge Approach ......................24-032 (b) The Etridge Solution ..............................24-034 (c) The Experience in Other Jurisdictions ................................,...........24—038 4. Outside Facts ..................................................24-041 25. Constructive Notice: Steps to be Taken by the Creditor ........................................................................25-001 I. The Nature of Reasonable Steps 1. Purpose of Reasonable Steps .........................25—002 2. Two Alternatives .............................................25-004 (a) Direct Explanation to Surety ..................25-005 (b) Independent Advice by a Solicitor ...................................................25-006 CONTENTS xxiii IL Solicitor s Duty in the Ordinary Case ....................25-009 1. Explanation .....................................................25-010 (a) Preliminary Matters ................................25-011 (b) Advice on the Substance of the Transaction ..............................................25-014 2. No Duty to Investigate Undue Influence or Veto Transaction .........................................25-019 3. Creditor s Reliance on Solicitor s Confirmation ...................................................25-022 III. Steps to be Taken by the Creditor ..........................25-028 1. Ordinary Cases ...............................................25-030 (a) Pre-ffiridge Transactions (up to October 11, 2001)...................................25-031 (b) Post-Etridge Transactions (from October 12, 2001)...................................25-044 2. Exceptional Cases ...........................................25-054 (a) When is a Case Exceptional? .................25-055 (b) The Law s Response ...............................25-059 IV. Where the Solicitor is Acting for the Creditor ...................................................................25-068 26. The Experience in Australia and Scotland ..........26-001 I. The Twin Approach in Australia ............................26-002 1. The Special Equity Principle of Yerkey v Jones ...............................................................26-003 (a) Nature of the Principle ...........................26-004 (b) Scope of the Principle ............................26-007 (c) Jurisprudential Basis ...............................26—014 (d) Prescribed Steps to be Taken by the Creditor ...................................................26-016 2. The Amadio Principle of Unconscionability ...........................................26—019 (a) Nature of the Principle ...........................26-020 (b) Requirements ..........................................26-022 (c) Jurisprudential Basis ...............................26-031 II. The Scottish Approach ...........................................26-036 1. Based on the Doctrine of Good Faith ................................................................26-037 xxiv CONTENTS 2. Prerequisites for Creditor s Duty to take Reasonable Steps (a) Similarities with English Law ................26-039 (b) Possible Difference from English Law .........................................................26-042 3. Steps Required of the Creditor (a) Non-prescriptive Approach .....................26—043 (b) Rationale for a Different Approach .................................................26-045 (c) Some Particular Differences in the Creditor s Duty .......................................26-047 III. Conclusion ..............................................................26-050 Part V REMEDIES AND DEFENCES 27. Introduction to Part V 28. Remedies ........................................................................28-001 I. Rescission ...............................................................28-002 1. The Nature of Rescission (a) Rescission in General .............................28—003 (b) Differences between Rescission at Common Law and in Equity ..................28—005 2. Proprietary Consequences of Rescission .......................................................28—011 (a) Rescission at Common Law ...................28—012 (b) Rescission in Equity ...............................28—013 (c) Intermediate Transactions ....................... 28-Ό14 3. The Requirement of Restitutio in Integrum ..........................................................28—015 4. Rescission on Terms .......................................28—020 (a) Account of Profits Received by Wrongdoer..... .........................................28—021 (b) Complainant to give Credit for Benefits Received ...................................28—022 (c) Dunbar Bank Pic v Nadeem ................... 28-Ό28 5. Changes in Value ............................................28-032 (a) Depreciation in Value .............................28-033 (b) Appreciation in Value .............................28-036 6. Conduct of the Defendant ..............................28-042 CONTENTS xxv 7. Partial Rescission (a) Overview .................................................28-045 (b) The Present State of the Authorities ..............................................28-046 (c) Should Partial Rescission be Available? ...............................................28-048 8. Severance ........................................................28-055 9. Independent Agreements ................................28—057 II. Account of Profits ..................................................28-060 III. Equitable Compensation .........................................28—063 1. The Nature and Scope of the Remedy (a) The Nature of Equitable Compensation .........................................28—064 (b) Scope of Equitable Compensation .........................................28—067 2. Relationship with Common Law Damages ..........................................................28-071 3. Limiting Doctrines (a) Remoteness .............................................28-074 (b) Causation ................................................28-075 (c) Contributory Fault ..................................28-077 4. Measure of Compensation Where Conduct is the Equitable Equivalent of Fraud ...............................................................28-078 IV. Restitution of Money Paid Under Duress .....................................................................28-081 1. The Nature of the Remedy .............................28-082 2. Who is the Proper Claimant? .........................28-084 3. Who is the Proper Defendant? .......................28-086 4. Is the Payment Unjust? ...................................28-088 V. Damages for Duress ...............................................28-089 29. Equitable Defences I. Introduction .............................................................29-001 I. Affirmation L Effect of Affirmation ......................................29-002 2. Factors Relevant for Affirmation ...................29-003 (a) Clear Intention to Affirm ........................29-004 xxvi CONTENTS (b) Intention must be Unvitiated ..................29—006 (c) Knowledge of Right to Avoid the Transaction ..............................................29-008 III. Estoppel ..................................................................29-017 1. Representation ................................................29—018 2. Detrimental Reliance ......................................29-019 3. Effect of Estoppel: Total Defence? ................29-020 IV. Delay .......................................................................29-022 V. Third Party Rights ..................................................29-027 PAGE Index .............................................................................................835
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illustrated	Not Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-10T01:23:09Z
institution	BVB
isbn	1847038034 9781847038036
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027921948
oclc_num	910100533
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-355 DE-BY-UBR
owner_facet	DE-355 DE-BY-UBR
physical	lxxv, 866 S. 24 cm
publishDate	2012
publishDateSearch	2012
publishDateSort	2012
publisher	Sweet & Maxwell
record_format	marc
series2	Contract law library
spelling	Enonchong, Nelson Verfasser aut Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing Nelson Enonchong 2nd ed. London Sweet & Maxwell 2012 lxxv, 866 S. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Contract law library Previous ed.: 2006. - Includes bibliographical references and index DE-601 pdf/application http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/toc/735446563.pdf Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027921948&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Enonchong, Nelson Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing
title	Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing
title_auth	Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing
title_exact_search	Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing
title_full	Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing Nelson Enonchong
title_fullStr	Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing Nelson Enonchong
title_full_unstemmed	Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing Nelson Enonchong
title_short	Duress, undue influence and unconscionable dealing
title_sort	duress undue influence and unconscionable dealing
url	http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/toc/735446563.pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=027921948&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT enonchongnelson duressundueinfluenceandunconscionabledealing

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