Overcoming cognitive biases in strategic management and decision making:
"The persistent presence of cognitive biases has influenced rational decisions and strategic management since the 1970s. These prejudiced errors in judgment, often systematic and predictable, breach the foundational assumptions of economic theory, leading to dire consequences such as social ine...
Saved in:
| Other Authors: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Electronic eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hershey, Pennsylvania (701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA)
IGI Global
2024.
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | DE-862 DE-863 |
| Summary: | "The persistent presence of cognitive biases has influenced rational decisions and strategic management since the 1970s. These prejudiced errors in judgment, often systematic and predictable, breach the foundational assumptions of economic theory, leading to dire consequences such as social inequality, financial collapse, and governmental inefficiency. Even the brightest minds are not immune, making it crucial to address these biases head-on.Overcoming Cognitive Biases in Strategic Management and Decision Making unravels the complex tapestry of biases that infiltrate decision-making processes at all levels. From social injustice biases and reasoning errors to action-inaction and social biases, the book confronts the myriad of ways that biases manifest in critical moments. These pose a significant threat to sound decision-making in various fields, impacting professionals ranging from judges and doctors to public officials. The repercussions of unchecked biases are far-reaching, leading to flawed outcomes that echo through society. The urgent need for a strategic response to mitigate these biases and enhance decision-making processes forms the crux of the problem this book seeks to address."-- |
| Physical Description: | 20 PDFs (295 Seiten) Also available in print. |
| Format: | Mode of access: World Wide Web. |
| Bibliography: | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
| ISBN: | 9798369317679 |
| Access: | Restricted to subscribers or individual electronic text purchasers. |
Staff View
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 i 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | ZDB-98-IGB-00329974 | ||
| 003 | IGIG | ||
| 005 | 20240301134413.0 | ||
| 006 | m eo d | ||
| 007 | cr bn||||m|||a | ||
| 008 | 240301s2024 pau fob 001 0 eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9798369317679 |q PDF | ||
| 020 | |z 9798369317662 |q print | ||
| 024 | 7 | |a 10.4018/979-8-3693-1766-2 |2 doi | |
| 035 | |a (CaBNVSL)slc00005613 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1414977383 | ||
| 040 | |a CaBNVSL |b eng |e rda |c CaBNVSL |d CaBNVSL | ||
| 050 | 4 | |a BF448 |b .O94 2024e | |
| 082 | 7 | |a 153.8/3 |2 23 | |
| 245 | 0 | 0 | |a Overcoming cognitive biases in strategic management and decision making |c Enis Siniksaran, editor. |
| 264 | 1 | |a Hershey, Pennsylvania (701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA) |b IGI Global |c 2024. | |
| 300 | |a 20 PDFs (295 Seiten) | ||
| 336 | |a text |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |a electronic |2 isbdmedia | ||
| 338 | |a online resource |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 504 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index. | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Chapter 1. Beyond the odds: framing and taming base-rate neglect in organizational and consumer decision-making -- Chapter 2. Failing to reason knowns already and unknowns evidently -- Chapter 3. A look at cognitive biases violating utilitarianism -- Chapter 4. Understanding and mitigating authority bias in business and beyond -- Chapter 5. Exploring groupthink bias and polarisation bias -- Chapter 6. Groupthink in contemporary decision making: a failure to dissent -- Chapter 7. Ageism: underlying factors, consequences, and ways to combat it -- Chapter 8. Navigating the pitfalls: a literature review on overconfidence among individual investors -- Chapter 9. Overconfidence and optimism biases in insurance purchasing decisions and overcoming them through nudge -- Chapter 10. Overconfidence in decision making through the lens of gender gap -- Chapter 11. Strategic ignorance on earthquake preparedness: psychological factors and debias suggestions -- Chapter 12. Taxonomies of debiasing methods in procurement processes -- Chapter 13. Decoding algorithmic bias: definitions, sources, and mitigation strategies. | |
| 506 | |a Restricted to subscribers or individual electronic text purchasers. | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a "The persistent presence of cognitive biases has influenced rational decisions and strategic management since the 1970s. These prejudiced errors in judgment, often systematic and predictable, breach the foundational assumptions of economic theory, leading to dire consequences such as social inequality, financial collapse, and governmental inefficiency. Even the brightest minds are not immune, making it crucial to address these biases head-on.Overcoming Cognitive Biases in Strategic Management and Decision Making unravels the complex tapestry of biases that infiltrate decision-making processes at all levels. From social injustice biases and reasoning errors to action-inaction and social biases, the book confronts the myriad of ways that biases manifest in critical moments. These pose a significant threat to sound decision-making in various fields, impacting professionals ranging from judges and doctors to public officials. The repercussions of unchecked biases are far-reaching, leading to flawed outcomes that echo through society. The urgent need for a strategic response to mitigate these biases and enhance decision-making processes forms the crux of the problem this book seeks to address."-- |c Provided by publisher. | |
| 530 | |a Also available in print. | ||
| 538 | |a Mode of access: World Wide Web. | ||
| 588 | |a Description based on title screen (IGI Global, viewed 03/01/2024). | ||
| 650 | 0 | |a Decision making |x Psychological aspects. | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Discrimination |x Psychological aspects. | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Prejudices |x Psychological aspects. | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Strategic planning |x Psychological aspects. | |
| 653 | |a Action-Inaction Biases. | ||
| 653 | |a Cognitive Biases. | ||
| 653 | |a Decision-Making Processes. | ||
| 653 | |a Foundational Assumptions. | ||
| 653 | |a Governmental Inefficiency. | ||
| 653 | |a Memory Biases. | ||
| 653 | |a Overcoming Cognitive Biases. | ||
| 653 | |a Rational Decisions. | ||
| 653 | |a Reasoning Errors. | ||
| 653 | |a Social Injustice Biases. | ||
| 653 | |a Sound Decision-Making. | ||
| 653 | |a Strategic Management. | ||
| 655 | 4 | |a Electronic books. | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Siniksaran, Enis |d 1961- |e editor. | |
| 710 | 2 | |a IGI Global, |e publisher. | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Print version: |z 9798369317662 |
| 966 | 4 | 0 | |l DE-862 |p ZDB-98-IGB |q FWS_PDA_IGB |u http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/979-8-3693-1766-2 |3 Volltext |
| 966 | 4 | 0 | |l DE-863 |p ZDB-98-IGB |q FWS_PDA_IGB |u http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/979-8-3693-1766-2 |3 Volltext |
| 912 | |a ZDB-98-IGB | ||
| 049 | |a DE-862 | ||
| 049 | |a DE-863 | ||
Record in the Search Index
| DE-BY-FWS_katkey | ZDB-98-IGB-00329974 |
|---|---|
| _version_ | 1826942602646126592 |
| adam_text | |
| any_adam_object | |
| author2 | Siniksaran, Enis 1961- |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | e s es |
| author_facet | Siniksaran, Enis 1961- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | localFWS |
| callnumber-first | B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion |
| callnumber-label | BF448 |
| callnumber-raw | BF448 .O94 2024e |
| callnumber-search | BF448 .O94 2024e |
| callnumber-sort | BF 3448 O94 42024E |
| callnumber-subject | BF - Psychology |
| collection | ZDB-98-IGB |
| contents | Chapter 1. Beyond the odds: framing and taming base-rate neglect in organizational and consumer decision-making -- Chapter 2. Failing to reason knowns already and unknowns evidently -- Chapter 3. A look at cognitive biases violating utilitarianism -- Chapter 4. Understanding and mitigating authority bias in business and beyond -- Chapter 5. Exploring groupthink bias and polarisation bias -- Chapter 6. Groupthink in contemporary decision making: a failure to dissent -- Chapter 7. Ageism: underlying factors, consequences, and ways to combat it -- Chapter 8. Navigating the pitfalls: a literature review on overconfidence among individual investors -- Chapter 9. Overconfidence and optimism biases in insurance purchasing decisions and overcoming them through nudge -- Chapter 10. Overconfidence in decision making through the lens of gender gap -- Chapter 11. Strategic ignorance on earthquake preparedness: psychological factors and debias suggestions -- Chapter 12. Taxonomies of debiasing methods in procurement processes -- Chapter 13. Decoding algorithmic bias: definitions, sources, and mitigation strategies. |
| ctrlnum | (CaBNVSL)slc00005613 (OCoLC)1414977383 |
| dewey-full | 153.8/3 |
| dewey-hundreds | 100 - Philosophy & psychology |
| dewey-ones | 153 - Conscious mental processes & intelligence |
| dewey-raw | 153.8/3 |
| dewey-search | 153.8/3 |
| dewey-sort | 3153.8 13 |
| dewey-tens | 150 - Psychology |
| discipline | Psychologie |
| format | Electronic eBook |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04557nam a2200601 i 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">ZDB-98-IGB-00329974</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">IGIG</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20240301134413.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="006">m eo d </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr bn||||m|||a</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">240301s2024 pau fob 001 0 eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9798369317679</subfield><subfield code="q">PDF</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="z">9798369317662</subfield><subfield code="q">print</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.4018/979-8-3693-1766-2</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(CaBNVSL)slc00005613</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1414977383</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">CaBNVSL</subfield><subfield code="b">eng</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield><subfield code="c">CaBNVSL</subfield><subfield code="d">CaBNVSL</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">BF448</subfield><subfield code="b">.O94 2024e</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">153.8/3</subfield><subfield code="2">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Overcoming cognitive biases in strategic management and decision making </subfield><subfield code="c">Enis Siniksaran, editor.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Hershey, Pennsylvania (701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA) </subfield><subfield code="b">IGI Global</subfield><subfield code="c">2024.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">20 PDFs (295 Seiten)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">text</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">electronic</subfield><subfield code="2">isbdmedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">online resource</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="504" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Chapter 1. Beyond the odds: framing and taming base-rate neglect in organizational and consumer decision-making -- Chapter 2. Failing to reason knowns already and unknowns evidently -- Chapter 3. A look at cognitive biases violating utilitarianism -- Chapter 4. Understanding and mitigating authority bias in business and beyond -- Chapter 5. Exploring groupthink bias and polarisation bias -- Chapter 6. Groupthink in contemporary decision making: a failure to dissent -- Chapter 7. Ageism: underlying factors, consequences, and ways to combat it -- Chapter 8. Navigating the pitfalls: a literature review on overconfidence among individual investors -- Chapter 9. Overconfidence and optimism biases in insurance purchasing decisions and overcoming them through nudge -- Chapter 10. Overconfidence in decision making through the lens of gender gap -- Chapter 11. Strategic ignorance on earthquake preparedness: psychological factors and debias suggestions -- Chapter 12. Taxonomies of debiasing methods in procurement processes -- Chapter 13. Decoding algorithmic bias: definitions, sources, and mitigation strategies.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="506" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Restricted to subscribers or individual electronic text purchasers.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"The persistent presence of cognitive biases has influenced rational decisions and strategic management since the 1970s. These prejudiced errors in judgment, often systematic and predictable, breach the foundational assumptions of economic theory, leading to dire consequences such as social inequality, financial collapse, and governmental inefficiency. Even the brightest minds are not immune, making it crucial to address these biases head-on.Overcoming Cognitive Biases in Strategic Management and Decision Making unravels the complex tapestry of biases that infiltrate decision-making processes at all levels. From social injustice biases and reasoning errors to action-inaction and social biases, the book confronts the myriad of ways that biases manifest in critical moments. These pose a significant threat to sound decision-making in various fields, impacting professionals ranging from judges and doctors to public officials. The repercussions of unchecked biases are far-reaching, leading to flawed outcomes that echo through society. The urgent need for a strategic response to mitigate these biases and enhance decision-making processes forms the crux of the problem this book seeks to address."--</subfield><subfield code="c">Provided by publisher.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="530" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Also available in print.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="538" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mode of access: World Wide Web.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="588" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Description based on title screen (IGI Global, viewed 03/01/2024).</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Decision making</subfield><subfield code="x">Psychological aspects.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Discrimination</subfield><subfield code="x">Psychological aspects.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Prejudices</subfield><subfield code="x">Psychological aspects.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Strategic planning</subfield><subfield code="x">Psychological aspects.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Action-Inaction Biases.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cognitive Biases.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Decision-Making Processes.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Foundational Assumptions.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Governmental Inefficiency.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Memory Biases.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Overcoming Cognitive Biases.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rational Decisions.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Reasoning Errors.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Social Injustice Biases.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Sound Decision-Making.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Strategic Management.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Electronic books.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Siniksaran, Enis</subfield><subfield code="d">1961-</subfield><subfield code="e">editor.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="710" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">IGI Global,</subfield><subfield code="e">publisher.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Print version:</subfield><subfield code="z">9798369317662</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="l">DE-862</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-98-IGB</subfield><subfield code="q">FWS_PDA_IGB</subfield><subfield code="u">http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/979-8-3693-1766-2</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="l">DE-863</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-98-IGB</subfield><subfield code="q">FWS_PDA_IGB</subfield><subfield code="u">http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/979-8-3693-1766-2</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-98-IGB</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-862</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-863</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | Electronic books. |
| genre_facet | Electronic books. |
| id | ZDB-98-IGB-00329974 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-18T14:30:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9798369317679 |
| language | English |
| oclc_num | 1414977383 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-863 DE-BY-FWS |
| owner_facet | DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-863 DE-BY-FWS |
| physical | 20 PDFs (295 Seiten) Also available in print. |
| psigel | ZDB-98-IGB FWS_PDA_IGB ZDB-98-IGB |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | IGI Global |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Overcoming cognitive biases in strategic management and decision making Enis Siniksaran, editor. Hershey, Pennsylvania (701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA) IGI Global 2024. 20 PDFs (295 Seiten) text rdacontent electronic isbdmedia online resource rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index. Chapter 1. Beyond the odds: framing and taming base-rate neglect in organizational and consumer decision-making -- Chapter 2. Failing to reason knowns already and unknowns evidently -- Chapter 3. A look at cognitive biases violating utilitarianism -- Chapter 4. Understanding and mitigating authority bias in business and beyond -- Chapter 5. Exploring groupthink bias and polarisation bias -- Chapter 6. Groupthink in contemporary decision making: a failure to dissent -- Chapter 7. Ageism: underlying factors, consequences, and ways to combat it -- Chapter 8. Navigating the pitfalls: a literature review on overconfidence among individual investors -- Chapter 9. Overconfidence and optimism biases in insurance purchasing decisions and overcoming them through nudge -- Chapter 10. Overconfidence in decision making through the lens of gender gap -- Chapter 11. Strategic ignorance on earthquake preparedness: psychological factors and debias suggestions -- Chapter 12. Taxonomies of debiasing methods in procurement processes -- Chapter 13. Decoding algorithmic bias: definitions, sources, and mitigation strategies. Restricted to subscribers or individual electronic text purchasers. "The persistent presence of cognitive biases has influenced rational decisions and strategic management since the 1970s. These prejudiced errors in judgment, often systematic and predictable, breach the foundational assumptions of economic theory, leading to dire consequences such as social inequality, financial collapse, and governmental inefficiency. Even the brightest minds are not immune, making it crucial to address these biases head-on.Overcoming Cognitive Biases in Strategic Management and Decision Making unravels the complex tapestry of biases that infiltrate decision-making processes at all levels. From social injustice biases and reasoning errors to action-inaction and social biases, the book confronts the myriad of ways that biases manifest in critical moments. These pose a significant threat to sound decision-making in various fields, impacting professionals ranging from judges and doctors to public officials. The repercussions of unchecked biases are far-reaching, leading to flawed outcomes that echo through society. The urgent need for a strategic response to mitigate these biases and enhance decision-making processes forms the crux of the problem this book seeks to address."-- Provided by publisher. Also available in print. Mode of access: World Wide Web. Description based on title screen (IGI Global, viewed 03/01/2024). Decision making Psychological aspects. Discrimination Psychological aspects. Prejudices Psychological aspects. Strategic planning Psychological aspects. Action-Inaction Biases. Cognitive Biases. Decision-Making Processes. Foundational Assumptions. Governmental Inefficiency. Memory Biases. Overcoming Cognitive Biases. Rational Decisions. Reasoning Errors. Social Injustice Biases. Sound Decision-Making. Strategic Management. Electronic books. Siniksaran, Enis 1961- editor. IGI Global, publisher. Print version: 9798369317662 |
| spellingShingle | Overcoming cognitive biases in strategic management and decision making Chapter 1. Beyond the odds: framing and taming base-rate neglect in organizational and consumer decision-making -- Chapter 2. Failing to reason knowns already and unknowns evidently -- Chapter 3. A look at cognitive biases violating utilitarianism -- Chapter 4. Understanding and mitigating authority bias in business and beyond -- Chapter 5. Exploring groupthink bias and polarisation bias -- Chapter 6. Groupthink in contemporary decision making: a failure to dissent -- Chapter 7. Ageism: underlying factors, consequences, and ways to combat it -- Chapter 8. Navigating the pitfalls: a literature review on overconfidence among individual investors -- Chapter 9. Overconfidence and optimism biases in insurance purchasing decisions and overcoming them through nudge -- Chapter 10. Overconfidence in decision making through the lens of gender gap -- Chapter 11. Strategic ignorance on earthquake preparedness: psychological factors and debias suggestions -- Chapter 12. Taxonomies of debiasing methods in procurement processes -- Chapter 13. Decoding algorithmic bias: definitions, sources, and mitigation strategies. Decision making Psychological aspects. Discrimination Psychological aspects. Prejudices Psychological aspects. Strategic planning Psychological aspects. |
| title | Overcoming cognitive biases in strategic management and decision making |
| title_auth | Overcoming cognitive biases in strategic management and decision making |
| title_exact_search | Overcoming cognitive biases in strategic management and decision making |
| title_full | Overcoming cognitive biases in strategic management and decision making Enis Siniksaran, editor. |
| title_fullStr | Overcoming cognitive biases in strategic management and decision making Enis Siniksaran, editor. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Overcoming cognitive biases in strategic management and decision making Enis Siniksaran, editor. |
| title_short | Overcoming cognitive biases in strategic management and decision making |
| title_sort | overcoming cognitive biases in strategic management and decision making |
| topic | Decision making Psychological aspects. Discrimination Psychological aspects. Prejudices Psychological aspects. Strategic planning Psychological aspects. |
| topic_facet | Decision making Psychological aspects. Discrimination Psychological aspects. Prejudices Psychological aspects. Strategic planning Psychological aspects. Electronic books. |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT siniksaranenis overcomingcognitivebiasesinstrategicmanagementanddecisionmaking AT igiglobal overcomingcognitivebiasesinstrategicmanagementanddecisionmaking |