The Bukharan crisis :: a connected history of 18th-century Central Asia /
In the first half of the eighteenth century, Central Asia's Bukharan Khanate descended into a crisis from which it would not recover. Bukharans suffered failed harvests and famine, a severe fiscal downturn, invasions from the north and the south, rebellion, and then revolution. To date, efforts...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Pittsburgh, Pa. :
University of Pittsburgh Press,
[2020]
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Central Eurasia in Context Ser.
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | DE-862 DE-863 |
| Zusammenfassung: | In the first half of the eighteenth century, Central Asia's Bukharan Khanate descended into a crisis from which it would not recover. Bukharans suffered failed harvests and famine, a severe fiscal downturn, invasions from the north and the south, rebellion, and then revolution. To date, efforts to identify the cause of this crisis have focused on the assumption that the region became isolated from early modern globalizing trends. The Bukharan Crisis exposes that explanation as a flawed relic of early Orientalist scholarship on the region. In its place, Scott Levi identifies multiple causal factors that underpinned the Bukharan crisis. Some of these were interrelated and some independent, some unfolded over long periods while others shocked the region more abruptly, but they all converged in the early eighteenth century to the detriment of the Bukharan Khanate and those dependent upon it. Levi applies an integrative framework of analysis that repositions Central Asia in recent scholarship on multiple themes in early modern Eurasian and world history. |
| Beschreibung: | 1 online resource (xiv, 208 pages) : illustrations, maps |
| Bibliographie: | Includes bibliographical references (pages 181-199) and index. |
| ISBN: | 0822987333 9780822987338 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000cam a2200000 i 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | ZDB-4-EBA-on1153892793 | ||
| 003 | OCoLC | ||
| 005 | 20241004212047.0 | ||
| 006 | m o d | ||
| 007 | cr cnu---unuuu | ||
| 008 | 200509s2020 pauab ob 001 0 eng d | ||
| 040 | |a EBLCP |b eng |e pn |c EBLCP |d N$T |d FGM |d OCLCF |d JSTOR |d COO |d P@U |d YDXIT |d YDX |d MEAUC |d OCLCQ |d OCLCO |d FAU |d UKAHL |d OCLCQ |d PSYSI |d OCLCO |d OCLCL |d SFB |d OCLCO | ||
| 019 | |a 1154079860 |a 1154567923 |a 1155211402 |a 1155329767 |a 1165398167 | ||
| 020 | |a 0822987333 | ||
| 020 | |a 9780822987338 |q (electronic bk.) | ||
| 020 | |z 9780822945970 | ||
| 020 | |z 0822945975 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1153892793 |z (OCoLC)1154079860 |z (OCoLC)1154567923 |z (OCoLC)1155211402 |z (OCoLC)1155329767 |z (OCoLC)1165398167 | ||
| 037 | |a 22573/ctv112t8k6 |b JSTOR | ||
| 043 | |a ac----- | ||
| 050 | 4 | |a DK948.83eb | |
| 072 | 7 | |a HIS |x 000000 |2 bisacsh | |
| 072 | 7 | |a HIS |x 050000 |2 bisacsh | |
| 082 | 7 | |a 958 |2 23 | |
| 049 | |a MAIN | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Levi, Scott Cameron, |e author. | |
| 245 | 1 | 4 | |a The Bukharan crisis : |b a connected history of 18th-century Central Asia / |c Scott C. Levi. |
| 264 | 1 | |a Pittsburgh, Pa. : |b University of Pittsburgh Press, |c [2020] | |
| 300 | |a 1 online resource (xiv, 208 pages) : |b illustrations, maps | ||
| 336 | |a text |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |a computer |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |a online resource |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Central Eurasia in context | |
| 588 | 0 | |a Print version record. | |
| 505 | 0 | |a Bukhara in crisis -- Silk Roads, real and imagined -- The early modern Silk Road -- The crisis revisited -- Conclusion. | |
| 504 | |a Includes bibliographical references (pages 181-199) and index. | ||
| 520 | |a In the first half of the eighteenth century, Central Asia's Bukharan Khanate descended into a crisis from which it would not recover. Bukharans suffered failed harvests and famine, a severe fiscal downturn, invasions from the north and the south, rebellion, and then revolution. To date, efforts to identify the cause of this crisis have focused on the assumption that the region became isolated from early modern globalizing trends. The Bukharan Crisis exposes that explanation as a flawed relic of early Orientalist scholarship on the region. In its place, Scott Levi identifies multiple causal factors that underpinned the Bukharan crisis. Some of these were interrelated and some independent, some unfolded over long periods while others shocked the region more abruptly, but they all converged in the early eighteenth century to the detriment of the Bukharan Khanate and those dependent upon it. Levi applies an integrative framework of analysis that repositions Central Asia in recent scholarship on multiple themes in early modern Eurasian and world history. | ||
| 651 | 0 | |a Khanate of Bukhara |x History. | |
| 651 | 0 | |a Asia, Central |x History |y 18th century. | |
| 651 | 6 | |a Asie centrale |x Histoire |y 18e siècle. | |
| 650 | 7 | |a HISTORY |x General. |2 bisacsh | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Asia |z Khanate of Bukhara |2 fast | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Central Asia |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Crises |z Khanate of Bukhara |x History |y 18th century. |2 nli | |
| 648 | 7 | |a 1700-1799 |2 fast | |
| 655 | 0 | |a Electronic books. | |
| 655 | 7 | |a History |2 fast | |
| 758 | |i has work: |a The Bukharan crisis (Text) |1 https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCH73wdXdYYTwK7hRdqgfG3 |4 https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/ontology/hasWork | ||
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Print version: |a Levi, Scott C. |t Bukharan Crisis : A Connected History of 18th Century Central Asia. |d Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press, ©2020 |z 9780822945970 |
| 830 | 0 | |a Central Eurasia in Context Ser. | |
| 966 | 4 | 0 | |l DE-862 |p ZDB-4-EBA |q FWS_PDA_EBA |u https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=2467152 |3 Volltext |
| 966 | 4 | 0 | |l DE-863 |p ZDB-4-EBA |q FWS_PDA_EBA |u https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=2467152 |3 Volltext |
| 938 | |a Askews and Holts Library Services |b ASKH |n AH38066610 | ||
| 938 | |a ProQuest Ebook Central |b EBLB |n EBL6191141 | ||
| 938 | |a EBSCOhost |b EBSC |n 2467152 | ||
| 938 | |a Project MUSE |b MUSE |n muse82260 | ||
| 938 | |a YBP Library Services |b YANK |n 16757137 | ||
| 994 | |a 92 |b GEBAY | ||
| 912 | |a ZDB-4-EBA | ||
| 049 | |a DE-862 | ||
| 049 | |a DE-863 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| DE-BY-FWS_katkey | ZDB-4-EBA-on1153892793 |
|---|---|
| _version_ | 1826942312922480640 |
| adam_text | |
| any_adam_object | |
| author | Levi, Scott Cameron |
| author_facet | Levi, Scott Cameron |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Levi, Scott Cameron |
| author_variant | s c l sc scl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | localFWS |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK948 |
| callnumber-raw | DK948.83eb |
| callnumber-search | DK948.83eb |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3948.83 _EB |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| collection | ZDB-4-EBA |
| contents | Bukhara in crisis -- Silk Roads, real and imagined -- The early modern Silk Road -- The crisis revisited -- Conclusion. |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1153892793 |
| dewey-full | 958 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 958 - Central Asia |
| dewey-raw | 958 |
| dewey-search | 958 |
| dewey-sort | 3958 |
| dewey-tens | 950 - History of Asia |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | 1700-1799 fast |
| era_facet | 1700-1799 |
| format | Electronic eBook |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>03949cam a2200649 i 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">ZDB-4-EBA-on1153892793</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">OCoLC</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20241004212047.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="006">m o d </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr cnu---unuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">200509s2020 pauab ob 001 0 eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EBLCP</subfield><subfield code="b">eng</subfield><subfield code="e">pn</subfield><subfield code="c">EBLCP</subfield><subfield code="d">N$T</subfield><subfield code="d">FGM</subfield><subfield code="d">OCLCF</subfield><subfield code="d">JSTOR</subfield><subfield code="d">COO</subfield><subfield code="d">P@U</subfield><subfield code="d">YDXIT</subfield><subfield code="d">YDX</subfield><subfield code="d">MEAUC</subfield><subfield code="d">OCLCQ</subfield><subfield code="d">OCLCO</subfield><subfield code="d">FAU</subfield><subfield code="d">UKAHL</subfield><subfield code="d">OCLCQ</subfield><subfield code="d">PSYSI</subfield><subfield code="d">OCLCO</subfield><subfield code="d">OCLCL</subfield><subfield code="d">SFB</subfield><subfield code="d">OCLCO</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="019" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1154079860</subfield><subfield code="a">1154567923</subfield><subfield code="a">1155211402</subfield><subfield code="a">1155329767</subfield><subfield code="a">1165398167</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0822987333</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780822987338</subfield><subfield code="q">(electronic bk.)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="z">9780822945970</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="z">0822945975</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1153892793</subfield><subfield code="z">(OCoLC)1154079860</subfield><subfield code="z">(OCoLC)1154567923</subfield><subfield code="z">(OCoLC)1155211402</subfield><subfield code="z">(OCoLC)1155329767</subfield><subfield code="z">(OCoLC)1165398167</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="037" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">22573/ctv112t8k6</subfield><subfield code="b">JSTOR</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="043" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ac-----</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">DK948.83eb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="072" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">HIS</subfield><subfield code="x">000000</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="072" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">HIS</subfield><subfield code="x">050000</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">958</subfield><subfield code="2">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MAIN</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Levi, Scott Cameron,</subfield><subfield code="e">author.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">The Bukharan crisis :</subfield><subfield code="b">a connected history of 18th-century Central Asia /</subfield><subfield code="c">Scott C. Levi.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Pittsburgh, Pa. :</subfield><subfield code="b">University of Pittsburgh Press,</subfield><subfield code="c">[2020]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 online resource (xiv, 208 pages) :</subfield><subfield code="b">illustrations, maps</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">computer</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">online resource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Central Eurasia in context</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="588" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Print version record.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bukhara in crisis -- Silk Roads, real and imagined -- The early modern Silk Road -- The crisis revisited -- Conclusion.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="504" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references (pages 181-199) and index.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">In the first half of the eighteenth century, Central Asia's Bukharan Khanate descended into a crisis from which it would not recover. Bukharans suffered failed harvests and famine, a severe fiscal downturn, invasions from the north and the south, rebellion, and then revolution. To date, efforts to identify the cause of this crisis have focused on the assumption that the region became isolated from early modern globalizing trends. The Bukharan Crisis exposes that explanation as a flawed relic of early Orientalist scholarship on the region. In its place, Scott Levi identifies multiple causal factors that underpinned the Bukharan crisis. Some of these were interrelated and some independent, some unfolded over long periods while others shocked the region more abruptly, but they all converged in the early eighteenth century to the detriment of the Bukharan Khanate and those dependent upon it. Levi applies an integrative framework of analysis that repositions Central Asia in recent scholarship on multiple themes in early modern Eurasian and world history.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Khanate of Bukhara</subfield><subfield code="x">History.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Asia, Central</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">18th century.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="6"><subfield code="a">Asie centrale</subfield><subfield code="x">Histoire</subfield><subfield code="y">18e siècle.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">HISTORY</subfield><subfield code="x">General.</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Asia</subfield><subfield code="z">Khanate of Bukhara</subfield><subfield code="2">fast</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Central Asia</subfield><subfield code="2">fast</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Crises</subfield><subfield code="z">Khanate of Bukhara</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">18th century.</subfield><subfield code="2">nli</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">1700-1799</subfield><subfield code="2">fast</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Electronic books.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">History</subfield><subfield code="2">fast</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="758" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="i">has work:</subfield><subfield code="a">The Bukharan crisis (Text)</subfield><subfield code="1">https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCH73wdXdYYTwK7hRdqgfG3</subfield><subfield code="4">https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/ontology/hasWork</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Print version:</subfield><subfield code="a">Levi, Scott C.</subfield><subfield code="t">Bukharan Crisis : A Connected History of 18th Century Central Asia.</subfield><subfield code="d">Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press, ©2020</subfield><subfield code="z">9780822945970</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Central Eurasia in Context Ser.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="l">DE-862</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-4-EBA</subfield><subfield code="q">FWS_PDA_EBA</subfield><subfield code="u">https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=2467152</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="l">DE-863</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-4-EBA</subfield><subfield code="q">FWS_PDA_EBA</subfield><subfield code="u">https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=2467152</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="938" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Askews and Holts Library Services</subfield><subfield code="b">ASKH</subfield><subfield code="n">AH38066610</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="938" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ProQuest Ebook Central</subfield><subfield code="b">EBLB</subfield><subfield code="n">EBL6191141</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="938" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EBSCOhost</subfield><subfield code="b">EBSC</subfield><subfield code="n">2467152</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="938" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Project MUSE</subfield><subfield code="b">MUSE</subfield><subfield code="n">muse82260</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="938" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">YBP Library Services</subfield><subfield code="b">YANK</subfield><subfield code="n">16757137</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="994" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">92</subfield><subfield code="b">GEBAY</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-4-EBA</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-862</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-863</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | Electronic books. History fast |
| genre_facet | Electronic books. History |
| geographic | Khanate of Bukhara History. Asia, Central History 18th century. Asie centrale Histoire 18e siècle. Asia Khanate of Bukhara fast Central Asia fast |
| geographic_facet | Khanate of Bukhara History. Asia, Central History 18th century. Asie centrale Histoire 18e siècle. Asia Khanate of Bukhara Central Asia |
| id | ZDB-4-EBA-on1153892793 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-18T14:26:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0822987333 9780822987338 |
| language | English |
| oclc_num | 1153892793 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | MAIN DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-863 DE-BY-FWS |
| owner_facet | MAIN DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-863 DE-BY-FWS |
| physical | 1 online resource (xiv, 208 pages) : illustrations, maps |
| psigel | ZDB-4-EBA FWS_PDA_EBA ZDB-4-EBA |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateSearch | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | University of Pittsburgh Press, |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Central Eurasia in Context Ser. |
| series2 | Central Eurasia in context |
| spelling | Levi, Scott Cameron, author. The Bukharan crisis : a connected history of 18th-century Central Asia / Scott C. Levi. Pittsburgh, Pa. : University of Pittsburgh Press, [2020] 1 online resource (xiv, 208 pages) : illustrations, maps text txt rdacontent computer c rdamedia online resource cr rdacarrier Central Eurasia in context Print version record. Bukhara in crisis -- Silk Roads, real and imagined -- The early modern Silk Road -- The crisis revisited -- Conclusion. Includes bibliographical references (pages 181-199) and index. In the first half of the eighteenth century, Central Asia's Bukharan Khanate descended into a crisis from which it would not recover. Bukharans suffered failed harvests and famine, a severe fiscal downturn, invasions from the north and the south, rebellion, and then revolution. To date, efforts to identify the cause of this crisis have focused on the assumption that the region became isolated from early modern globalizing trends. The Bukharan Crisis exposes that explanation as a flawed relic of early Orientalist scholarship on the region. In its place, Scott Levi identifies multiple causal factors that underpinned the Bukharan crisis. Some of these were interrelated and some independent, some unfolded over long periods while others shocked the region more abruptly, but they all converged in the early eighteenth century to the detriment of the Bukharan Khanate and those dependent upon it. Levi applies an integrative framework of analysis that repositions Central Asia in recent scholarship on multiple themes in early modern Eurasian and world history. Khanate of Bukhara History. Asia, Central History 18th century. Asie centrale Histoire 18e siècle. HISTORY General. bisacsh Asia Khanate of Bukhara fast Central Asia fast Crises Khanate of Bukhara History 18th century. nli 1700-1799 fast Electronic books. History fast has work: The Bukharan crisis (Text) https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCH73wdXdYYTwK7hRdqgfG3 https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/ontology/hasWork Print version: Levi, Scott C. Bukharan Crisis : A Connected History of 18th Century Central Asia. Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press, ©2020 9780822945970 Central Eurasia in Context Ser. |
| spellingShingle | Levi, Scott Cameron The Bukharan crisis : a connected history of 18th-century Central Asia / Central Eurasia in Context Ser. Bukhara in crisis -- Silk Roads, real and imagined -- The early modern Silk Road -- The crisis revisited -- Conclusion. HISTORY General. bisacsh Crises Khanate of Bukhara History 18th century. nli |
| title | The Bukharan crisis : a connected history of 18th-century Central Asia / |
| title_auth | The Bukharan crisis : a connected history of 18th-century Central Asia / |
| title_exact_search | The Bukharan crisis : a connected history of 18th-century Central Asia / |
| title_full | The Bukharan crisis : a connected history of 18th-century Central Asia / Scott C. Levi. |
| title_fullStr | The Bukharan crisis : a connected history of 18th-century Central Asia / Scott C. Levi. |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Bukharan crisis : a connected history of 18th-century Central Asia / Scott C. Levi. |
| title_short | The Bukharan crisis : |
| title_sort | bukharan crisis a connected history of 18th century central asia |
| title_sub | a connected history of 18th-century Central Asia / |
| topic | HISTORY General. bisacsh Crises Khanate of Bukhara History 18th century. nli |
| topic_facet | Khanate of Bukhara History. Asia, Central History 18th century. Asie centrale Histoire 18e siècle. HISTORY General. Asia Khanate of Bukhara Central Asia Crises Khanate of Bukhara History 18th century. Electronic books. History |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leviscottcameron thebukharancrisisaconnectedhistoryof18thcenturycentralasia AT leviscottcameron bukharancrisisaconnectedhistoryof18thcenturycentralasia |