The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788 /:
The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule provides an original perspective on the history of the Shiites as a constituent of Lebanese society. Winter presents a history of the community before the 19th century, based primarily on Ottoman Turkish documents. From these, he examines how local Shiites w...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge, UK ; New York :
Cambridge University Press,
2010.
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization.
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Zusammenfassung: | The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule provides an original perspective on the history of the Shiites as a constituent of Lebanese society. Winter presents a history of the community before the 19th century, based primarily on Ottoman Turkish documents. From these, he examines how local Shiites were well integrated in the Ottoman system of rule, and that Lebanon as an autonomous entity only developed in the course of the 18th century through the marginalization and then violent elimination of the indigenous Shiite leaderships by an increasingly powerful Druze-Maronite emirate. As such the book recovers the Ottoman-era history of a group which has always been neglected in chronicle-based works, and in doing so, fundamentally calls into question the historic place within 'Lebanon' of what has today become the country's largest and most activist sectarian community. |
| Beschreibung: | 1 online resource (xii, 204 pages) : illustrations, maps |
| Bibliographie: | Includes bibliographical references and index. Includes bibliographical references. |
| ISBN: | 9780511677380 0511677383 0511681879 9780511681875 9786612536250 661253625X 9780511678646 0511678649 9780511676413 0511676417 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Winter, Stefan, |d 1970- |1 https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP7w8P9Xx9hF7yXgJMT3 |0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2010000249 | |
| 245 | 1 | 4 | |a The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788 / |c Stefan Winter. |
| 260 | |a Cambridge, UK ; |a New York : |b Cambridge University Press, |c 2010. | ||
| 300 | |a 1 online resource (xii, 204 pages) : |b illustrations, maps | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization | |
| 504 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index. | ||
| 504 | |a Includes bibliographical references. | ||
| 588 | 0 | |a Print version record. | |
| 505 | 0 | |a 1. Shiism in the Ottoman Empire: between confessional ambiguity and administrative pragmatism. Shiism in Turkish history ; The Ottoman emirate, the Janissaries and Bektasi Sufism ; The Kizilbas challenge ; Ebu's-Suud: the formation of a persecuting society? ; Shiism in Ottoman thought ; The Shiites of Jabal 'Amil and the clerical migration to Iran ; The Shiite holy places in Iraq ; Urban Shiism and the ashraf ; Conclusion: what ideology? -- 2. The invention of Lebanon: Ottoman governance in the coastal highlands, 1568-1636. The 'classical system' of rule ; Ottoman sovereignty in Syria ; Emir titles and iltizam tax farming ; Shiism in the Bekaa Valley ; The Harfush emirs of Baalbek ; The nexus between imperial and local interests ; The contest with Fakhr al-Din ibn Ma'n ; Conclusion: what emirate? -- 3. Mount Lebanon under Shiite rule: the Hamada emirate', 1641-1685. Shiite tribalism in Mt Lebanon ; Ottoman tax regimes in Tripoli ; The rise of the Hamadas ; The narrative of Shiite tyranny ; The Koprulu era ; The Hamadas' iltizam commissions ; The Hamadas in court ; Conclusion: the fragile consensus -- 4. The reshaping of authority: the Shiites and the state in crisis, 1685-1699. The Shiite rebellion ; The Khazins and the Maronite 'recolonization' of the Kisrawan ; The expansion of the Druze emirate ; The imperial punitive campaign ; Changing paradigms of provincial administration ; Shiism and Ottoman tribal control ; Conclusion: a new era? -- 5. Jabal Amil in the Ottoman period: the origins of 'south Lebanon', 1666-1781. Sidon and Safad under Ottoman rule ; Shiism in Jabal Amil ; Retreat in the northern mukataas ; The Ali al-Saghirs of the Bilad Bishara ; The struggle against Shihabi hegemony ; Nasif Nassar and Zahir al-Umar ; The forging of Lebanese history ; Cezzar and the Shiites ; Conclusion: a golden age? -- 6. From dependence to redundancy: the decline of Shiite rule in Tripoli and the Bekaa, 1699-1788. The Voyvodalik of the Bekaa ; The 'Kizilbas Mukataa' of Mt Lebanon ; The Hamadas and the Maronite Church ; The Lebanese Order ; The inversion of power ; The Shihabi emirate's Shiite subsidiary in Baalbek ; The 'national uprising' ; The Shiites under Shihabi rule ; Conclusion: the logic of Lebanon -- Conclusion. The triumph of Lebanism. | |
| 520 | |a The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule provides an original perspective on the history of the Shiites as a constituent of Lebanese society. Winter presents a history of the community before the 19th century, based primarily on Ottoman Turkish documents. From these, he examines how local Shiites were well integrated in the Ottoman system of rule, and that Lebanon as an autonomous entity only developed in the course of the 18th century through the marginalization and then violent elimination of the indigenous Shiite leaderships by an increasingly powerful Druze-Maronite emirate. As such the book recovers the Ottoman-era history of a group which has always been neglected in chronicle-based works, and in doing so, fundamentally calls into question the historic place within 'Lebanon' of what has today become the country's largest and most activist sectarian community. | ||
| 650 | 0 | |a Shīʿah |z Lebanon |x History. | |
| 650 | 0 | |a Shiites |x Political activity |z Lebanon. | |
| 651 | 0 | |a Lebanon |x Politics and government. |0 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85075639 | |
| 651 | 0 | |a Lebanon |x Ethnic relations. | |
| 650 | 6 | |a Chiisme |z Liban |x Histoire. | |
| 650 | 6 | |a Chiites |x Activité politique |z Liban. | |
| 651 | 6 | |a Liban |x Politique et gouvernement. | |
| 650 | 7 | |a HISTORY |x General. |2 bisacsh | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ethnic relations |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Politics and government |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Shīʻah |2 fast | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Shiites |x Political activity |2 fast | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Lebanon |2 fast |1 https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxDDwqVgXRkfpVcpBQMP | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1516-1788 |2 swd | |
| 655 | 7 | |a History |2 fast | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Print version: |a Winter, Stefan, 1970- |t Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788. |d Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2010 |z 9780521765848 |w (DLC) 2010000071 |w (OCoLC)473455656 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| DE-BY-FWS_katkey | ZDB-4-EBA-ocn648764717 |
|---|---|
| _version_ | 1816881730823389184 |
| adam_text | |
| any_adam_object | |
| author | Winter, Stefan, 1970- |
| author_GND | http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2010000249 |
| author_facet | Winter, Stefan, 1970- |
| author_role | |
| author_sort | Winter, Stefan, 1970- |
| author_variant | s w sw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | localFWS |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DS80 |
| callnumber-raw | DS80.55.S54 W56 2010eb |
| callnumber-search | DS80.55.S54 W56 2010eb |
| callnumber-sort | DS 280.55 S54 W56 42010EB |
| callnumber-subject | DS - Asia |
| classification_rvk | EH 5411 NK 4135 NM 3300 |
| collection | ZDB-4-EBA |
| contents | 1. Shiism in the Ottoman Empire: between confessional ambiguity and administrative pragmatism. Shiism in Turkish history ; The Ottoman emirate, the Janissaries and Bektasi Sufism ; The Kizilbas challenge ; Ebu's-Suud: the formation of a persecuting society? ; Shiism in Ottoman thought ; The Shiites of Jabal 'Amil and the clerical migration to Iran ; The Shiite holy places in Iraq ; Urban Shiism and the ashraf ; Conclusion: what ideology? -- 2. The invention of Lebanon: Ottoman governance in the coastal highlands, 1568-1636. The 'classical system' of rule ; Ottoman sovereignty in Syria ; Emir titles and iltizam tax farming ; Shiism in the Bekaa Valley ; The Harfush emirs of Baalbek ; The nexus between imperial and local interests ; The contest with Fakhr al-Din ibn Ma'n ; Conclusion: what emirate? -- 3. Mount Lebanon under Shiite rule: the Hamada emirate', 1641-1685. Shiite tribalism in Mt Lebanon ; Ottoman tax regimes in Tripoli ; The rise of the Hamadas ; The narrative of Shiite tyranny ; The Koprulu era ; The Hamadas' iltizam commissions ; The Hamadas in court ; Conclusion: the fragile consensus -- 4. The reshaping of authority: the Shiites and the state in crisis, 1685-1699. The Shiite rebellion ; The Khazins and the Maronite 'recolonization' of the Kisrawan ; The expansion of the Druze emirate ; The imperial punitive campaign ; Changing paradigms of provincial administration ; Shiism and Ottoman tribal control ; Conclusion: a new era? -- 5. Jabal Amil in the Ottoman period: the origins of 'south Lebanon', 1666-1781. Sidon and Safad under Ottoman rule ; Shiism in Jabal Amil ; Retreat in the northern mukataas ; The Ali al-Saghirs of the Bilad Bishara ; The struggle against Shihabi hegemony ; Nasif Nassar and Zahir al-Umar ; The forging of Lebanese history ; Cezzar and the Shiites ; Conclusion: a golden age? -- 6. From dependence to redundancy: the decline of Shiite rule in Tripoli and the Bekaa, 1699-1788. The Voyvodalik of the Bekaa ; The 'Kizilbas Mukataa' of Mt Lebanon ; The Hamadas and the Maronite Church ; The Lebanese Order ; The inversion of power ; The Shihabi emirate's Shiite subsidiary in Baalbek ; The 'national uprising' ; The Shiites under Shihabi rule ; Conclusion: the logic of Lebanon -- Conclusion. The triumph of Lebanism. |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)648764717 |
| dewey-full | 956.92/03408829782 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 956 - Middle East (Near East) |
| dewey-raw | 956.92/03408829782 |
| dewey-search | 956.92/03408829782 |
| dewey-sort | 3956.92 103408829782 |
| dewey-tens | 950 - History of Asia |
| discipline | Geschichte Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
| era | Geschichte 1516-1788 swd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1516-1788 |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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record.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1. Shiism in the Ottoman Empire: between confessional ambiguity and administrative pragmatism. Shiism in Turkish history ; The Ottoman emirate, the Janissaries and Bektasi Sufism ; The Kizilbas challenge ; Ebu's-Suud: the formation of a persecuting society? ; Shiism in Ottoman thought ; The Shiites of Jabal 'Amil and the clerical migration to Iran ; The Shiite holy places in Iraq ; Urban Shiism and the ashraf ; Conclusion: what ideology? -- 2. The invention of Lebanon: Ottoman governance in the coastal highlands, 1568-1636. The 'classical system' of rule ; Ottoman sovereignty in Syria ; Emir titles and iltizam tax farming ; Shiism in the Bekaa Valley ; The Harfush emirs of Baalbek ; The nexus between imperial and local interests ; The contest with Fakhr al-Din ibn Ma'n ; Conclusion: what emirate? -- 3. Mount Lebanon under Shiite rule: the Hamada emirate', 1641-1685. Shiite tribalism in Mt Lebanon ; Ottoman tax regimes in Tripoli ; The rise of the Hamadas ; The narrative of Shiite tyranny ; The Koprulu era ; The Hamadas' iltizam commissions ; The Hamadas in court ; Conclusion: the fragile consensus -- 4. The reshaping of authority: the Shiites and the state in crisis, 1685-1699. The Shiite rebellion ; The Khazins and the Maronite 'recolonization' of the Kisrawan ; The expansion of the Druze emirate ; The imperial punitive campaign ; Changing paradigms of provincial administration ; Shiism and Ottoman tribal control ; Conclusion: a new era? -- 5. Jabal Amil in the Ottoman period: the origins of 'south Lebanon', 1666-1781. Sidon and Safad under Ottoman rule ; Shiism in Jabal Amil ; Retreat in the northern mukataas ; The Ali al-Saghirs of the Bilad Bishara ; The struggle against Shihabi hegemony ; Nasif Nassar and Zahir al-Umar ; The forging of Lebanese history ; Cezzar and the Shiites ; Conclusion: a golden age? -- 6. From dependence to redundancy: the decline of Shiite rule in Tripoli and the Bekaa, 1699-1788. The Voyvodalik of the Bekaa ; The 'Kizilbas Mukataa' of Mt Lebanon ; The Hamadas and the Maronite Church ; The Lebanese Order ; The inversion of power ; The Shihabi emirate's Shiite subsidiary in Baalbek ; The 'national uprising' ; The Shiites under Shihabi rule ; Conclusion: the logic of Lebanon -- Conclusion. The triumph of Lebanism.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule provides an original perspective on the history of the Shiites as a constituent of Lebanese society. Winter presents a history of the community before the 19th century, based primarily on Ottoman Turkish documents. From these, he examines how local Shiites were well integrated in the Ottoman system of rule, and that Lebanon as an autonomous entity only developed in the course of the 18th century through the marginalization and then violent elimination of the indigenous Shiite leaderships by an increasingly powerful Druze-Maronite emirate. 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| genre | History fast |
| genre_facet | History |
| geographic | Lebanon Politics and government. http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85075639 Lebanon Ethnic relations. Liban Politique et gouvernement. Lebanon fast https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxDDwqVgXRkfpVcpBQMP |
| geographic_facet | Lebanon Politics and government. Lebanon Ethnic relations. Liban Politique et gouvernement. Lebanon |
| id | ZDB-4-EBA-ocn648764717 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-27T13:17:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780511677380 0511677383 0511681879 9780511681875 9786612536250 661253625X 9780511678646 0511678649 9780511676413 0511676417 |
| language | English |
| oclc_num | 648764717 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | MAIN DE-863 DE-BY-FWS |
| owner_facet | MAIN DE-863 DE-BY-FWS |
| physical | 1 online resource (xii, 204 pages) : illustrations, maps |
| psigel | ZDB-4-EBA |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press, |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization. |
| series2 | Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization |
| spelling | Winter, Stefan, 1970- https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP7w8P9Xx9hF7yXgJMT3 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2010000249 The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788 / Stefan Winter. Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2010. 1 online resource (xii, 204 pages) : illustrations, maps text txt rdacontent computer c rdamedia online resource cr rdacarrier Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization Includes bibliographical references and index. Includes bibliographical references. Print version record. 1. Shiism in the Ottoman Empire: between confessional ambiguity and administrative pragmatism. Shiism in Turkish history ; The Ottoman emirate, the Janissaries and Bektasi Sufism ; The Kizilbas challenge ; Ebu's-Suud: the formation of a persecuting society? ; Shiism in Ottoman thought ; The Shiites of Jabal 'Amil and the clerical migration to Iran ; The Shiite holy places in Iraq ; Urban Shiism and the ashraf ; Conclusion: what ideology? -- 2. The invention of Lebanon: Ottoman governance in the coastal highlands, 1568-1636. The 'classical system' of rule ; Ottoman sovereignty in Syria ; Emir titles and iltizam tax farming ; Shiism in the Bekaa Valley ; The Harfush emirs of Baalbek ; The nexus between imperial and local interests ; The contest with Fakhr al-Din ibn Ma'n ; Conclusion: what emirate? -- 3. Mount Lebanon under Shiite rule: the Hamada emirate', 1641-1685. Shiite tribalism in Mt Lebanon ; Ottoman tax regimes in Tripoli ; The rise of the Hamadas ; The narrative of Shiite tyranny ; The Koprulu era ; The Hamadas' iltizam commissions ; The Hamadas in court ; Conclusion: the fragile consensus -- 4. The reshaping of authority: the Shiites and the state in crisis, 1685-1699. The Shiite rebellion ; The Khazins and the Maronite 'recolonization' of the Kisrawan ; The expansion of the Druze emirate ; The imperial punitive campaign ; Changing paradigms of provincial administration ; Shiism and Ottoman tribal control ; Conclusion: a new era? -- 5. Jabal Amil in the Ottoman period: the origins of 'south Lebanon', 1666-1781. Sidon and Safad under Ottoman rule ; Shiism in Jabal Amil ; Retreat in the northern mukataas ; The Ali al-Saghirs of the Bilad Bishara ; The struggle against Shihabi hegemony ; Nasif Nassar and Zahir al-Umar ; The forging of Lebanese history ; Cezzar and the Shiites ; Conclusion: a golden age? -- 6. From dependence to redundancy: the decline of Shiite rule in Tripoli and the Bekaa, 1699-1788. The Voyvodalik of the Bekaa ; The 'Kizilbas Mukataa' of Mt Lebanon ; The Hamadas and the Maronite Church ; The Lebanese Order ; The inversion of power ; The Shihabi emirate's Shiite subsidiary in Baalbek ; The 'national uprising' ; The Shiites under Shihabi rule ; Conclusion: the logic of Lebanon -- Conclusion. The triumph of Lebanism. The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule provides an original perspective on the history of the Shiites as a constituent of Lebanese society. Winter presents a history of the community before the 19th century, based primarily on Ottoman Turkish documents. From these, he examines how local Shiites were well integrated in the Ottoman system of rule, and that Lebanon as an autonomous entity only developed in the course of the 18th century through the marginalization and then violent elimination of the indigenous Shiite leaderships by an increasingly powerful Druze-Maronite emirate. As such the book recovers the Ottoman-era history of a group which has always been neglected in chronicle-based works, and in doing so, fundamentally calls into question the historic place within 'Lebanon' of what has today become the country's largest and most activist sectarian community. Shīʿah Lebanon History. Shiites Political activity Lebanon. Lebanon Politics and government. http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85075639 Lebanon Ethnic relations. Chiisme Liban Histoire. Chiites Activité politique Liban. Liban Politique et gouvernement. HISTORY General. bisacsh Ethnic relations fast Politics and government fast Shīʻah fast Shiites Political activity fast Lebanon fast https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxDDwqVgXRkfpVcpBQMP Geschichte 1516-1788 swd History fast Print version: Winter, Stefan, 1970- Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788. Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2010 9780521765848 (DLC) 2010000071 (OCoLC)473455656 Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization. http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n42006097 FWS01 ZDB-4-EBA FWS_PDA_EBA https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=313390 Volltext |
| spellingShingle | Winter, Stefan, 1970- The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788 / Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization. 1. Shiism in the Ottoman Empire: between confessional ambiguity and administrative pragmatism. Shiism in Turkish history ; The Ottoman emirate, the Janissaries and Bektasi Sufism ; The Kizilbas challenge ; Ebu's-Suud: the formation of a persecuting society? ; Shiism in Ottoman thought ; The Shiites of Jabal 'Amil and the clerical migration to Iran ; The Shiite holy places in Iraq ; Urban Shiism and the ashraf ; Conclusion: what ideology? -- 2. The invention of Lebanon: Ottoman governance in the coastal highlands, 1568-1636. The 'classical system' of rule ; Ottoman sovereignty in Syria ; Emir titles and iltizam tax farming ; Shiism in the Bekaa Valley ; The Harfush emirs of Baalbek ; The nexus between imperial and local interests ; The contest with Fakhr al-Din ibn Ma'n ; Conclusion: what emirate? -- 3. Mount Lebanon under Shiite rule: the Hamada emirate', 1641-1685. Shiite tribalism in Mt Lebanon ; Ottoman tax regimes in Tripoli ; The rise of the Hamadas ; The narrative of Shiite tyranny ; The Koprulu era ; The Hamadas' iltizam commissions ; The Hamadas in court ; Conclusion: the fragile consensus -- 4. The reshaping of authority: the Shiites and the state in crisis, 1685-1699. The Shiite rebellion ; The Khazins and the Maronite 'recolonization' of the Kisrawan ; The expansion of the Druze emirate ; The imperial punitive campaign ; Changing paradigms of provincial administration ; Shiism and Ottoman tribal control ; Conclusion: a new era? -- 5. Jabal Amil in the Ottoman period: the origins of 'south Lebanon', 1666-1781. Sidon and Safad under Ottoman rule ; Shiism in Jabal Amil ; Retreat in the northern mukataas ; The Ali al-Saghirs of the Bilad Bishara ; The struggle against Shihabi hegemony ; Nasif Nassar and Zahir al-Umar ; The forging of Lebanese history ; Cezzar and the Shiites ; Conclusion: a golden age? -- 6. From dependence to redundancy: the decline of Shiite rule in Tripoli and the Bekaa, 1699-1788. The Voyvodalik of the Bekaa ; The 'Kizilbas Mukataa' of Mt Lebanon ; The Hamadas and the Maronite Church ; The Lebanese Order ; The inversion of power ; The Shihabi emirate's Shiite subsidiary in Baalbek ; The 'national uprising' ; The Shiites under Shihabi rule ; Conclusion: the logic of Lebanon -- Conclusion. The triumph of Lebanism. Shīʿah Lebanon History. Shiites Political activity Lebanon. Chiisme Liban Histoire. Chiites Activité politique Liban. HISTORY General. bisacsh Ethnic relations fast Politics and government fast Shīʻah fast Shiites Political activity fast |
| subject_GND | http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85075639 |
| title | The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788 / |
| title_auth | The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788 / |
| title_exact_search | The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788 / |
| title_full | The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788 / Stefan Winter. |
| title_fullStr | The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788 / Stefan Winter. |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788 / Stefan Winter. |
| title_short | The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule, 1516-1788 / |
| title_sort | shiites of lebanon under ottoman rule 1516 1788 |
| topic | Shīʿah Lebanon History. Shiites Political activity Lebanon. Chiisme Liban Histoire. Chiites Activité politique Liban. HISTORY General. bisacsh Ethnic relations fast Politics and government fast Shīʻah fast Shiites Political activity fast |
| topic_facet | Shīʿah Lebanon History. Shiites Political activity Lebanon. Lebanon Politics and government. Lebanon Ethnic relations. Chiisme Liban Histoire. Chiites Activité politique Liban. Liban Politique et gouvernement. HISTORY General. Ethnic relations Politics and government Shīʻah Shiites Political activity Lebanon History |
| url | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&AN=313390 |
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