The Jews of Lithuania: a journey through the long twentieth century
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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London ; Chicago
Vallentine Mitchell
2024
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Physical Description: | xx, 313 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781803710655 1803710659 |
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Contents Acknowledgements vii Glossary viii Note on Place Names Maps xi xiii Introduction 1 1. Background 4 2. Jewish Life in Late Nineteenth Century Lithuania 18 3. Emigration 47 4. Lithuania 1896-1921 91 5. Inter-War Lithuania 124 6. To the Edge of the Abyss 137 7. An Outline of the Holocaust in Lithuania 148 8. A Survivors Experience of the Holocaust in Lithuania 178 9. Trying to Explain the Holocaust in Lithuania 195 10. The End of the War 255 11. Postwar 271 Conclusion 286 Bibliography 290 Index 299
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Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (University of Washington Press, 2011)
Index Note: Page numbers in italics are illustrations. References to notes are indicated by ‘n’ after the page number (250nl3). 1920 Diary (Babel) 119 Abramovitsh, Sholem Y. 20, 21, 22, 23,25,31 Abramowicz, Berent 7 acculturation 36, 131-33 Adler, Chief Rabbi Nathan 81 Adler, E.N. 81 Adversos ludaeos 199 Aesti 4-5 Afanassiev, Alexander 42 Africa, South 73-74 Agnon, Shmuel Yosef 25,28 agriculture 10, 42, 93 agunah/agunot viii, 29, 53 Akmené 82, 83, 152,154 Aksakov, Ivan 30 Aleichem, Sholem 20-21,22 Alexander II, Tsar 15-16, 38, 54, 58, 63 Alexander III, Tsar 54,60,64,68 Alexei, Tsar 7 Aliens Act 1793 (UK) 70 Aliens Act 1905 (UK) 70,98,23334 Aliens Registration Act 1914 (UK) 70 Aliens Restrictions Act 1919 (UK) 70 Alliance Israelite Universelle 82 allied governments, aware of mass murder being conducted by Nazi Germany 236-38 amber 4-5 America see United States American Jewish Committee 92, 104-5 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (“the Joint”) 111, 115 American Joint Reconstruction Foundation (‘the Foundation ) 115 Amidah viii, 227 Angel, Moses 81 Antanas, Kerys 154 anti-Judaism 196,197-98 Antin, Mary 57, 66, 69, 72, 76 antisemitism 196, 200, 214, 215, 220,287 in late nineteenth century Lithuania 56, 57-58 and Plehve’s policies 91 German 112,201-4 and crowd behaviour 120 in inter-war Lithuania 129,130 and annexation of Klaipeda (Memel) 137-39 and Lithuanian Activist Front
300 The Jews of Lithuania (LAF) 144-45,146 and Hitler 205, 206 shown by British Foreign Office 237 and Nostra Aetate 289 apology to the Jewish people for Lithuanians’ participation in the Holocaust 276 Arad, Yitzhak 158-59,165 Arendt, Hannah 212 assimilation 13-14,15,36,41 Augustine of Hippo 199 Auschwitz 236,237,241 Austria-Hungary, declared war on Serbia 102 “Auto-Emancipation” (Pinsker) 77 Babel, Isaac 119 “the Back’sche plan” 158 Baltics showing present day borders (map) xiii attracted by Nazi ideology 208-9 in the Soviet sphere of influence 271-72 Baron, Salo 50,288 Baskin, Joel 44 Bauer, Yehuda 227 Belsen 266 Ber, R. Dov 10 Bergelson, Dovid 20 Berlin, Isaiah 209 Berlin Haskalah 36-37, 38,40 Berman, Lieb 69 Berzinis, Saulis 276 Bevin, Ernest 266-67 Bialik, Hayim 22 Bidermann, Gottlob Herbert 255-57 Bielskis, Julius 114-15 Black Hundreds 91-92 Blaine, James G. 68 blood libels 7, 56-57, 94,96, 283, 287 Bloxham, Donald 159 Bolsheviks 100-101,117-19,124, 126 Bolshevism 142,155 ‘Book For Adults’ (Valancius) 57 Booth, Charles 81 Brandisauskas, Valentinas 276 Brazauskas, Algirdas 276 brichah 268 The Brief Travels of Benjamin the Third (Abramovitsh) 22, 25 Britain policy of dispersal 82 immigration controls 233-35, 266-68 British Jews 79-81 Brizgys, Bishop Vincentas 246, 247 Browning, Christopher 112 Brutzkus, Julius 92 Bubnys, Arunas 157,159 Buloff, Joseph 110 Bulota, Andrius 56 the Bund 98,100-101 Butrimonys 179-81, 182,183-84, 187-88,192 ghetto 185 mass graves 189-90 bystander 195, 196, 233, 238, 248, 249 Cantonists 13, 62-63 Casey, William J. 237-38 Catherine the Great
23-24 Catholic Church 238-48,276, 289 Catholics, Lithuanian 94-95, 246-48
Index cemetery old, site of in Pikeliai Plate 12 andtheshtetl 31 Central Office of Migration Affairs 75 chain migration 82-83 chazan, definition viii children, Jewish helped by Lithuanians 249 survivors sent to Britain on immigration scheme 267 Chmielnicki, Bogdan 7 Christianity 56-57,94-95,196-200 Churchill, Winston, on Soviet sphere of influence 271 Communism, associated with Jews 127,140-43,146, 202-3,217 Communist party of Lithuania (the “CPL”) 139,142 comradeship, sense of, as usable Nazi material 210-12, 215 concentration camps 171-73, 236, 237, 241, 258-60, 266 On the concept of a Science of Judaism (Wolf) 19 conscription 13,61-65, 85 conspiracy theories, about Jews 214 conversion to Christianity 13,14, 38, 63,132, 243 Cork, Mayor 85 Cork Jewish community 91 Cornelius Tacitus 4-5 Cossack and peasant rebellion 7 Council of Lithuania 9 Courland 43, 83 expulsion of Jews from 105-6, 114 Coxe, William 11 cultural resistance 227-28,233 Currie, Donald 73, 74 301 Darwinism 200 Daugirdas, Tadas 115 Davidson, Mendel 219 In Deadly Combat (Bidermann) 255 death marches 260-63 ‘decapitation plan’ 158 Defying Hitler (Haffner) 202 deicide charge 197-98 ‘Delegates Trip to Lithuania’ (Bielskis) 114-15 Dell’Acqua, Monsignor Angelo 242 ‘De Non Tolerandis Judaeis’ 7 deportation of Jews, policy of Germany 204 Depression, Great 130 Deutscher, Isaac 99 Deutsche Verwaltungfur Litauen 110 Deutschländer, Leo 109 Dieckmann, Christoph 158,168-69, 217, 218, 225-26 “Di nisrofim” (Abramovitsh) 21 "The Dispersed of Israel” (Poupko) 77 Displaced Persons (DPs) 267, 268 Displaced Persons’ Camps (DP
Camps) 263, 264-66, 268-69 ‘distressed persons’ scheme 267 divorce 29, 30, 53 Dolgorukov, Count Ivan 24 domestic violence 30 d’Ormesson, Wladmir 242 Dovidicius, Simon 283 Dubnow, Simon 8, 9, 58-59,62, 98, 104 eastern front, First World War 102-4 Eastern Yiddish 25 Eichmann, Adolf 223 Eidintas, Alfonsas 277
302 The Jews of Lithuania Eidukas, Juozapas 94 Einsatzgruppen 151-52,208 trial 273 Elkes, Doctor Elkhanan 170,224 Elyan, Larry 84 Elyan, Reverend Meyer 84 emotional intelligence, suppressed by leading Nazis 208 employment, Jewish 42, 66-67, 69, 81, 129 the enlightenment 37 Epelboim, Avrum 28 Eretz Yisrael viii, 39 Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (Gobineau) 200 Estonia, Lithuanian Jews moved to 172,173 European Volunteer Worker (EVW) schemes 267-68 Evans-Gordon, Major William 55, 69, 76, 80-81, 80n60 on Liepaja 44, 73 on poverty of the Jews 65 evil, banality of 212 execution sites in Lithuania, map xx Falkenhayn, Erich von 102 family unit, Jewish 29-30 famine of 1891 67-68 Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsie (FPO) 229 First World War 101-14, 201-2 Fishman, David 228 Folkist parties 127 Foti, Silvia 271-72, 274-75, 282-84 Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 57 France, Germany declared war on 102 Frankel, Chaim 162-63 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 101-2 Franz-Joseph, Emperor 102 Frederic, Harold 14, 16 Freud, Sigmund 120, 279 Fuchs, Tanya 141 Fulbrook, Mary 195, 196, 248 Galen, Clemens Graf von 160 Gall, Franz Joseph 201 Gediminas, Grand Duke 5 Gelezinis Vilkas 130, 216-17 General Jewish Workers’ Alliance 98, 100-101 Genocide and Resistance Research Centre 277,278 Gens, Jacob 224 German Jews 109 German military administration 109-11, 112 Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August 1914 102 andKlaipéda 125-26 ethnic Germans, and ethnic Lithuanians fled to after Soviet occupation of Lithuania 144 and Lithuanian Activist Front (LAF) 145-46 and Operation Barbarossa/ invasion of
Soviet Union, June 1941 149-50,204 invasion of Lithuania, 21 June 1941 164-65,180 in and after World War 1 201-2 surrendered on 9 May 1945 257 get viii, 53 Gewecke, Hans 164 ghettos 149,155,172,185,186 Vilnius 165, 169, 172,174, 224, 227-28
Index Kaunas 166-67, 173,174, 249 and Jewish Councils 167-71 Siauliai 172-73,174 no help given to Jews from non Jews 226 Warsaw 236 Gilys, Jonas 246 Gobineau, Arthur de 200 Goebbels, Joseph 150 Goldberg, Lea 133 Goldbergas, Jokubas 131 Goldhagen, Daniel 112 Goldsmid, Colonel A.E. W. 81 Golenbo, Chana 247 Gordon, Judah Leib 41 Gospel of Matthew 198 Gospel of St. John 197,198 Grade, Chaim 264 graves, mass 189-90, 275 site of in Mazeikiai where most of the murdered Jews of Pikeliai are buried 155-56, Plate 17 Great Britain see Britain Great Famine of 1891 67-68 Greenbaum, Masha 142-43,152, 175n6 Greenberg, Uri Zvi 223 Gringauz, Samuel 268 Grodzienski, Hayim Ozer 115 Grunwald (Tannenberg), Battle of 5 Gryn, Rabbi Hugo 288 Guri, Haim 223 gymnazya viii Haffner, Sebastian 202,210-11 Haganah viii, ix Haidamack 12 halacha viii Hamann, Joachim 161-62,164 Hamann Rollkommando 161, 162, 303 217 Hame’asef (periodical) 40 Hanisch, Reinhold 205 Hanukkah, definition viii Haredi viii, 35 Harrison Report 266 Haskalah viii, 36-41 Hausner, Gideon 223 Hayes, Peter 201,250nl3 Hayyim, R. of Volozhin 33 Ha-zeman (periodical) 71 heder viii, 33 Heingartner, Robert Wayne 133-35 herem viii, 9 Hersch, Liebmann 52 Herzen, Alexander 62 Herzl, Theodor 77, 99 Heydrich, Reinhard 151 HibatTsiyon 39 Hilberg, Raul 195 Hilfsverein der deutschen Juden 111 Himmler, Heinrich 161, 171, 206-7, 258 Hitler, Adolf 159-60,203, 204-6, 207,215 Hitler’s Willing Executioners (Goldhagen) 112 Hollweg, Theobald Bethmann 102 Holocaust about 225,000 Jews in Lithuania before Nazi invasion of June 1941 148-49 German invasion on 22
June 1941 until December 1941 149-54, 157,159, 160-62, 165-67,182,183-84, 186-88 18,000 Jews, mostly men, murdered before the end of July 1941 151
304 The Jews of Lithuania by December 1941 only about twenty per cent of the pre-war Lithuanian Jewish population remained alive 157 January 1942 until March 1943 149, 172 April 1943 until July 1944 149, 172-73,174 estimated about 96 per cent of pre-war Jewish population of Lithuania murdered 148 need to dispose of Jews to ensure sufficient food during the war 158, 161,209-10,215 stealing Jews’ possessions, motivation for Lithuanians 180, 185, 186, 189,218-21, 225 responsibility for 204-5 and concern that German soldiers might catch infectious diseases from Jews 210 sadism, motivation for German participation in 212-13,215 antisemitism, motivation for participation in 215 Lithuanians blamed Jews for Soviet occupation 218 Pope Pius XI1 very fully informed about 239 acknowledgement of guilt to gain admission to the European Union and to NATO 273-74 Einsatzgruppen trial 273 apology to the Jewish people for Lithuanians’ participation in the Holocaust 276 efforts to bring perpetrators to justice very limited 276 how modern Lithuania has tried to deal with its wartime past 279-82 wilful forgetting of many Lithuanians about their, or their compatriots’, involvement in 279 Holy Land, longing to return to 32 Hoppe, Paul-Werner 261 hostage-taking, of Lithuanian Jews 108 Hovevey Tsiyon 39 Howard, Sir Michael 102 Howe, Irving 47, 50 Hundert, Gershon David 12, 17nl9 Hungarian Jews 258 ‘hunger plan’ 158 ICA (Jewish Colonization Association) 71 Ignatiev, Nikolai 54-55 immigration controls 233-35, 26667,268 industrialisation 41-42,95 Industrial Removal Office (IRO) 74, 81-82 Innocent III,
Pope 199-200 intermarriage 132 Ireland Jewish population 50-51 why chosen as place of emigration 78-79, 83-86 and policy of dispersal 81-82 Isaiah 53 222 Ish-Shalom, Rosa 257-58, 266, 267, 268 Israel, State of, declared on 14 May, 1948 268 Ivinskis, Zenonas 141, 143
Index Jäger, Karl 162,167 James, John Thomas 11 jealousy, of Jews’ success by Germans 213-15 Jerusalem ofLithuania (Shneidman) 165 Jesus 197-98 Jewish autonomy, In Lithuania 125, 127, 128 Jewish Board of Guardians 81 Jewish children, helped by Lithuanians 249 Jewish Colonization Association (ICA) 74 Jewish Congregational Union’s Dispersal Committee 82 Jewish Councils xi-xii, 170, 223-25 Jewish Lads Brigade 81 Jewish partisans 175, 210, 229-30, 231 Jewish police units 170-71 Jewish refugees 267, 268-69 Jewish survivors 264-67,268-69, 271, 273 Jewish Territorial Organization (ITO) 74 “Jews: An Economic and Social Glance” (Maliauskas) 57 Jews’ Free School 81 “The Jews in the Eastern War Zone” (American Jewish Committee) 92 the Joint (American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee) 111, 115 Journal of a Tour in Germany, Sweden, Russia, and Poland, during 1813 and 1814 (James) 11 Der Judenstaat (Herzl) 77 305 Kaczerginski, Shmerke 227, 228 kahal ix, 8-9,13, 30 Kalmanovitch, Zelig 228 Kalme, Albert 144 Karaites 5-6 Karakazov, D. 15-16, 54 Karski, Jan 236 Katz, Joseph 262 Katz, Steven 18 Katz, Yisrael 219 Katzenelenbogen, Uriah 131 Kaunas 133-35,168-69, 173-74, 226 Governor 97 expulsion, May 1915 105-6 massacre of Jews in Lieutûkis Garage in June 1941 150-51, 166, Plate 13 Jewish Council 223-24, 225 Rabbi 224 ghetto 249 Lietukis Garage monument 274 kehillot 9,14 Kerensky commission 105 Kertzer, David 245 kest ix, 29 khappers ix, 62 Kiddush haChaim ix, 227 Kiddush haShem ix, 226-27 Kinderaktion 172-73 Kissileff, Count 14-15 Klaipèda (Memel) 125-26, 138-39 Klykoliai, Jews of 83
Knights, Teutonic 5 Königsberg/Kaliningrad 40 Koniuchowsky, Leyb 218, 273 Kovner, Abba 222,226,231-32 pictured among other members of the United Partisan Organisation during the
306 The Jews of Lithuania Vilnius ghetto uprising of 1943 Plate 14 Kozyr-Zirka, Oleksii 117-18 Kristallnacht 203-4 Kubiliûnas, General Petras 137, 216-17 Kurdika, Vincas 216 Kuritsky, Motl 218-19 Kuzhi incident, 1915 105 labour permit scheme 267 Landa, Rabbi Yaakov 115-16 landsman ix, 82 Lannoy, Guillebert de 6 Lantin, Barbara 49 Lavater, Johann Caspar 37, 200-201 Lebensraum 160, 209 Le Bon, Gustave 120 Le Chêne, Evelyn 264 Lefin, Mendel 36 Leizeris, Naika 132 Lenin, Vladimir Ilich 100 Lestchinsky, Jacob 75 Leverson, Jane 264-65 Lewis, Helen 259, 260-61,262 Liepâja 43-44, 73 the Great Synagogue, St. Joseph Cathedral and the Market in 1912 Plate 5 port Plate 6 Lietûkis Garage massacre of Jews in June 1941 Plate 13,150-51,166 monument 274 Lietuvos aidas 131-32 Lilienblum, Moses Leib 39 Lilienthal, Max 38 Linetski, Yitschok Yoel 20 Lipsett, E.R. 82 liquor trade 11, 28-29 ‘Lite’ xi-xii, 216 map XV Lithuania Jewish population 108,114,126, 132,139,148-49 independence after First World War 113-16,124-26 Soviet occupation 124,140-44, 146, 217-18, 235 German invasion of, 21 June 1941 148, 180 estimated about 96 per cent of pre-war Jewish population of Lithuania murdered 148 Lithuanian Activist Front (LAF) 144-46,156-57, 182 Lithuanian Jewish Council xi-xii Lithuanian language 5 Lithuanian National Council (Lietuvos Taryba) 124 Lithuanian priests 246-48 Lithuanians, who did assist Jews 248-49 Lithuanians Businessmens Union 129 Lithuanian Seimas, meeting room Plate 10 Lithuanian soldier guarding a group of Lithuanian Jews in Vilnius in July 1941 Plate 15 Lithuanian Soviet Socialist
Republic (theLSSR) 142-43 Litvaks ix, 69, 70, 74, 82 and peddling 79 and acculturation 132-33 Longerich, Peter 207 Lozansky Bogomolnaya, Rivka 178-94 Ludendorff, General 109 Lukys, Pranas 146
Index Mackeviciene, Judita 169 Madagascar, plans to deport Jews to 204 Mahshoves, Baal 66 Maimon, Solomon 25-26, 29, 33 Maimonides, Moses 26,224 Majdanek camp 231 Maliauskas, Antanas 57 malines 173-74,175 Marcus, David 48 marriage rate 67 Marrus, Michael R. 56 Maskilim ix, 24-25, 36, 38, 39,40-41 massacres by Ukrainian Cossacks 7 by Haidamack 12 of Jews in Lietûkis Garage in Kaunas in June 1941 Plate 13, 150-51,166 pogrom of 25-27 June 1941 166 at Ponary 225, 229 see also murder, mass; pogroms Matthew, Gospel 198 matzo ix, 56, 94 May Laws 54-55, 68, 85 Mazeikiai killings in August 1941 152,154 site of mass grave where most of the murdered Jews of Pikeliai are buried 155-56, Plate 17 Megilat ha-esh (Bialik) 22 Mein Kampf (Hitler) 205-6 Meitess, Arieh Leib 10 “Melamed List” 277-78 memorials to the Holocaust 274-75 “Memories of the Old Bridge” (Kurdika) 216 memory, collective 18-20 Mendelssohn, Moses 37 Mensheviks 100-101 307 mentally ill, murder of 159-60 Merkys, Antanas 218 migration, chain 82-83 mikveh ix, 31 the military, and Jews 61-65,85, 201-2 Milyukov, professor 107 minyan ix, 31 Miron, Dan 20,22-23,31 Mishell, William 166-67 mitzvah ix, 192 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 139, 140 Montefiore, Lady 14 Montefiore, Sir Moses 14-15 Motylewicz, Jerzy 27 murder, mass 149,156,204, 221, 238, 242, 287 of Pikeliai Jews 27 Nazis tried to hide evidence of 156 by December 1941 only about twenty per cent of the pre-war Jewish population alive 157 in Vilnius 165 in Kaunas 166 in Butrimonys 187 and Stahlecker 208-9 and Hitler 215 atStutthof 258 and Genocide and Resistance Research Centre 277
Museum of Genocide Victims 278 Mutual Assistance Agreement 139 Nakam 231,232-33 nationalism, Lithuanian 95, 215-16 Nazi Germany seized power in 1933 137 policy of killing the entire Jewish population in Lithuania 148
308 The Jews of Lithuania and Operation Barbarossa 14950, 158, 204 see also Germany The Nazi’s Granddaughter (Foti) 282 The New Exodus (Frederic) 16 New Testament 196-97 Nicholas 1, Tsar 13-15, 61-62, 63 Nicholas II, Tsar 91,92 Night (Wiesel) 230 Nikolaevich, Grand Duke Nikolai 104 Ninth of Av ix, 114 Niselevich, Frida 173 Der Nister 20 Noreika, Jonas 219, 271-72, 278, 282-83 Nostra Aetate 289 ‘Novy Voshkod’ 103-4 The Noyek Story (Marcus) 48 Nuremberg Laws 156 Ober Ost 109-11,112 obey, Germans need to, and participation in the Holocaust 210,215 Operation Barbarossa 149,158, 204 Orthodoxy, Jewish 116 Osborne, Francis D’Arcy 239, 242, 244 Oshry, Rabbi Ephraim 166 Ossovsky, Zalma, Rabbi of Slobodka 151 Ostjuden ix, 212 Our People (Vanagaité and Zuroff) 280-82 Ovruch 117-18 Pale of Settlement ix, 4, 35-36, 38, 48 map xiv poverty 65-66, 92-93 de facto end of 107 Palestine 77, 268 Palmach, definition ix Paneriai Forest 165, 172 Panevézys 93-97 Paper Brigade 227-28 partisans, Jewish 175,210,229-30, 231 Partyka, Joanna 11 Passover ix, 19, 49 and blood libels 56, 57,94, 96, 283, 287 Passports, 1890 Regulations 43, 44 Pasvitinys pogrom 93-97 Paul IV, Pope 243 peddling, in Ireland 79, 83, 85 Peretz, Y.L. 20 perpetrators 195, 196, 225,277 Perpetrators Victims Bystanders (Hilberg) 195 Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan 36 Phalen Commission 55,60, 92 Pikeliai (Pikeln) 4, 18,27, 35, 39, 42-43 old buildings where Jews probably lived and worked Plate 7, Plate 8 site of the old synagogue Plate 11 site of the old cemetery Plate 12 site of the mass grave in Mazeikiai where most of the murdered Jews of
Pikeliai are buried Plate 17,155-56 population, 1897 108 Jews murdered in August 1941 152 Stahlecker responsible for the murder of the Jews 208 andBidermann 255-56
Index pilpul 33 pinkas 9 Pinsker, Leon 77 Pinson, Koppel 265 Pius XI, Pope 240-41 PiusXll, Pope 238-40, 241-46 Plehve, Vyacheslav Konstantinovich von 91 Pobedonostsev, Konstantin 54 Pocius, Jonas 94 Pocius, Julius 94 pogroms 35-36,47,48, 58-60, 61 Panevézys and Siauliai, 1900 9397 between 1918 and 1921 117-20 1941 151,166 Kristallnacht 203-4 Pohl, Dr. Johannes 227 Poland Third Partition of 8,12 annexation of Vilnius 114,124, 125,126,127,138 police units, Jewish 170-71 Polish Jews 228-29, 235,258 Ponary massacre 225, 229 pit 231, Plate 16 Pontius Pilate 198 Porat, Dinah 231-32 Poupko, Rabbi Israel Mayer Kagan 77 poverty, in the Pale of Settlement 65-66, 92-93 Prapuolenis, Leonas 146 Prienai pogrom 61 Princip, Gavrilo 101-2 prisoners of war, Soviet 158 privilegium 8 property, Jewish, stolen see theft of Jewish possessions 309 Protocols of the Elders of Zion 203 Prudnilova, Regina 276 Psalm 44 222 Purim X, 32 Rabinovitsh, Volf 21 Radziwill, Countess 30 Radziwill, Prince 26 railway routes for emigration 72-73 Rasputin, Grigory 91 Rastikis, General 156 Ratline 245 Reb Treytl (Spektor) 21 Red Army 124,139, 146 refugees 267-69 Reif, Khonon 152-55 religious holidays 32 Renan, Ernest 278-79 Renteln, Theodor 157 resistance spiritual 226-27, 233 physical force 226, 228-30, 233 cultural 227-28, 233 Revelation, Book of 197 revenge, physical acts of 230-31 Riegner, Gerhart 236 Rivkes, Moises 7 Rome’s Jews 243, 244, 245 Roncalli, Angelo 242 Roosevelt, President Franklin, on Soviet sphere of influence 271 Rosenberg, Alfred 145, 157, 209 Rosenberg Files 157 Russia 8,12-15, 30-31 and Liepaja
43 Jewish emigration from 98 in the First World War 102-8 expelled Jews from Lithuania 105-8,113-14 two revolutions 112-13
310 The Jews of Lithuania Red Army invaded Lithuania 124 and the Bolsheviks 126 About 12,000 Lithuanian Jews escaped to after the German invasion, June 1941 150 see also Soviet Union Russian Jews fought in First World War for Russia 103 accused of being German spies in First World War 104-5, 107 settled in Lithuania by the Soviet regime 272 Sabbath, in the shtetl 31-32 sadism 212-13,215 Sakowicz, Kazimierz 218-19,220-21 Samogitians 4-5 Satan, and Jews 197 Sayers, Joseph (JD) 1, 257 pictured on his wedding day, in 1932 Plate 3 Sayers, Michael 1, Plate 4 Scher, Aaron 98 Scher, Hiya Henna 98 Scher, Jacob 98 Scher, Myer (later Sayers) 1,4, 18, 42-43, 54, Plate 2 pictured celebrating his golden wedding, in 1948 Plate 1 working in Vainode 44 migrated to Ireland 47, 50 possible fear of conscription 64 why he emigrated 85-86 in Cork 91 became a naturalised British subject in 1901 97-98 in 1921 120-21 traded with the Baltic states 124 worried about his family in Lithuania 135-36 anxiety about Germany’s invasion of Lithuania 148 Scher, Philip 98 Scher, Zisse 97-98 Schiff, Jacob 81-82 Schlegel, Friedrich 201 Schlieffen Plan 102 Schmuckler, Rabbi Yaakov Moshe 224 Schwerzreich, Willek 231 Sedak, Baruch 174 Sephardi x Serbia, Austria-Hungary declared war on 102 Sery, Aron 118 shammes x, 32 shipping routes for emigration 72-74 Shloyme Reb Khayims (Abramovitsh) 23 Shneidman, Noah 165 shohet x, 6 Shokhet, Leizer 94 shootings, mass 148,151,162,165, 186 shtadlan x, 9-10 shtetl 19-25,26-30,31-34,35-36, 41,44 defining characteristics x, 18 Shumaite, Onna 249 Siauliai 83, 93-97,162-63,172-73,
174, 219 Siberia, plans to deport Jews to 204 Simaité, Ona 220 Singer, Isaac Bashevis 20, 28 Skirpa, Kazys 144, 145-46 Skvireckas, Archbishop Juozapas 150, 246-47 Sladkevicius, Archbishop 248 Slezevicius, Mykolas 113
Index Slobodka murders 151 Smetona, Antanas 127, 128,140 smuggling across Russian border 71 food, into ghettos 169 Jewish books into the Vilnius ghetto 227-28 Sobibor, and murder of Vilnius’s Jews 172 Sobotin, A. 66 Social Darwinism 200 Socialism 98-100 Sonderaktion 1005 156 Sorge, Richard 150 South Africa 73-74 Soviet Union occupied Lithuania between June 1940 and June 1941 139-44, 146,217-18,235 and Operation Barbarossa, Nazi invasion of 149-50,158, 204 Lithuanian Jews escaped to 174, 225 took German troops in Lithuania prisoner 257 Baltics, Soviet sphere of influence 271-72 Spektor, Mordkhe 21 spiritual resistance 226-27, 233 S.S. Kursk, carried Jewish emigrants from Liepaja to London 73 Stahlecker, Franz Walter 208-9 Stalin, Joseph 150 Stankus, Antanas 163 St. John, Gospel 197,198 Streckenbach, Bruno 151 Striapis, Jouzas 249 Struck, Herman 109 Stutthof concentration camp 258-60,261-62, 263 311 Sugihara, Chiune 235-36 Sukkot X, 32, 34 supersessionism 197 survivors, from the Holocaust 174-75,264-67, 268, 271, 273 Sutzkever, Abraham 212-13,228 synagogue old, site of in Pikeliai Plate 11 andtheshtetl 31 Synod of the Four Lands 9 T4 action 159-60 Talmud x, 23, 32, 33 Tannenberg, Battle of 102 Taryba 111,113 taverns 28-29 Temporary Jews Shelter, London 74 Teutonic Knights 5 theft of Jewish possessions 180,185, 186,189,218-21,225 hardly any returned and no reparations paid 275-76 Third Partition of Poland 8, 12 Tiso, Joseph 240 Torah x, 37,197, 213 Totleben, Governor-General of Vilnius 59 trade 30-31,42,129, 130 traders, Jewish, in Vilnius Plate 9 Travels into Poland, Russia,
Sweden and Denmark (Coxe) 11 trefah x, 64 Trotsky, Leon 202 Turchinowitz, Father 12 Ükininkas 95-96 Ukraine Cossack and peasant rebellion 7 pogroms between 1918 and 1921 117-19,120
312 The Jews of Lithuania ultra-Orthodoxy 127 An Uncompromising Generation (Wildt) 207 United States attraction of emigrating to 76 immigration controls 234-35, 268 Uvarov, Serge 38 Valancius, Bishop 57 Vanagaité, Rûta 275, 277-78, 281, 282,284 Vehu Haor (Goldberg) 133 Vieksniai 83,152-53 Vigo dski, D r. Yankev 212-13 Vileisis, Jonas 96 Vilna Gaon 38, 288 ‘From the Vilna Ghetto to Nuremberg’ (Sutzkever) 212-13 Vilnius Lithuanian soldier guarding a group of Lithuanian Jews in July 1941 Plate 15 seized by Poland, October 1920 114,124,125,126, 127,128, 138 fell to the Bolsheviks, 1918 124 returned to Lithuania, 1939 139 German invasion of, June 1941 164-65 ghetto 165,169, 172,174, 224, 227-28 Jewish Council 225 and physical resistance 227-28 census of 1897 showed that Jews constituted 40 per cent of the population 288-89 violence 30 see also murder, mass; shootings, mass Vitkind, Avrom-Moyshe 179 Voldemaras, Augustinas 216 Vrba, Rudolf 236, 241 Vytautas 5, 6 Warsaw ghetto 236 Warsaw ghetto uprising 171 Wartime Experiences in Lithuania (Lozansky Bogomolnaya) 17980 Weizmann, Chaim 65 Wengeroff, Pauline 32 Wessely, Naftali Hirz 37 Western Yiddish 34-35 Wetzler, Alfred 236 Wetzler, Fred 241 Wiesel, Elie 31-33, 230 Wigoder, Geoffrey 49 Wigoder, Myer Joel 49, 69 Wildt, Michael 207 Wilhelm, Kaiser 102 Witte, Count 91-92, 99 Wittenberg, Yitzhak 229 Wolf, Immanuel 19 ‘Words of Peace and Truth ’(Wessely) 36-37 World History of the Jewish People (Dubnow) 58-59 The World of the Shtetl (Wiesel) 32 World War 1 101-14,201-2 Eastern Front, map xix Yablonka, Hanna 268 Yanushkevich, General
Nikolai 104, 107-8 Yeirushavitshius, Yanas 193-94 Yekopo 106,115 Yerushalmi, Eliezer 163,172-73 Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim 19 yeshiva x, 27, 33,127
Index Yiddish x, 18,24-25,33-34,40,104 Yishuv x, 231 YIVO x, 143, 228 Yizkor, definition x Yizkor books 26-27 Yoffe, Zalman 219 Yoke of Inheritance 5 Young Bosnia Movement 101 Ypatingasis bürys 161,165,217 313 Zakhor (Yerushalmi) 19 Zeitung der 10. Armee 110 Zemaiciu prietelius 132 ‘From Zhogger to Cork’ (Elyan) 84 2idikai 83,152 Zilazne, Mashe 53 Zionism 76-77,116-17, 127, 268 Zuroff, Efraim 274, 275 Zwartendijk, Jan 235 [ Bayerieche I Staatsbibliothek München |
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| geographic | Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Litauen |
| id | DE-604.BV050119312 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-31T18:07:45Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781803710655 1803710659 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035456193 |
| oclc_num | 1473736703 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 |
| physical | xx, 313 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20250305 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Vallentine Mitchell |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sayers, Nick Verfasser aut The Jews of Lithuania a journey through the long twentieth century Nick Sayers London ; Chicago Vallentine Mitchell 2024 xx, 313 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1941-1944 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1880-1945 gnd rswk-swf Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Jews / Lithuania / History / 20th century Jews, Lithuanian / History / 20th century Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Lithuania Lithuania / History / 20th century Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Geschichte 1880-1945 z DE-604 Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 s Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 s Geschichte 1941-1944 z Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-80371-066-2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, Kindle 978-1-80371-067-9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035456193&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035456193&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035456193&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Sayers, Nick The Jews of Lithuania a journey through the long twentieth century Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4073091-8 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4028814-6 (DE-588)4074266-0 |
| title | The Jews of Lithuania a journey through the long twentieth century |
| title_auth | The Jews of Lithuania a journey through the long twentieth century |
| title_exact_search | The Jews of Lithuania a journey through the long twentieth century |
| title_full | The Jews of Lithuania a journey through the long twentieth century Nick Sayers |
| title_fullStr | The Jews of Lithuania a journey through the long twentieth century Nick Sayers |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Jews of Lithuania a journey through the long twentieth century Nick Sayers |
| title_short | The Jews of Lithuania |
| title_sort | the jews of lithuania a journey through the long twentieth century |
| title_sub | a journey through the long twentieth century |
| topic | Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Judenvernichtung Juden Judenverfolgung Litauen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035456193&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035456193&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035456193&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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