Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Second Revised Edition
This volume, now in its second and revised edition, deals with the legal status of the three Baltic States - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - as a consequence of the illegality of the Soviet annexation in 1940-1991. It offers a detailed historical overview of the Soviet takeover of the Baltic States...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston
BRILL
2022
|
| Ausgabe: | 1st ed |
| Schriftenreihe: | The Erik Castrén Institute Monographs on International Law and Human Rights Series
v.20 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | DE-2070s |
| Zusammenfassung: | This volume, now in its second and revised edition, deals with the legal status of the three Baltic States - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - as a consequence of the illegality of the Soviet annexation in 1940-1991. It offers a detailed historical overview of the Soviet takeover of the Baltic States in 1939/1940 and analysis of international law as it was in force, also regionally and bilaterally, at the time. It examines the role of the continuity of the diplomatic representations of the Baltic States and other manifestations of the Western non-recognition of the Soviet annexation. Moreover, the book examines the nature of the restoration of the Baltic States in 1991 based on their State continuity claim. It also studies in detail questions such as borders, citizenship and reparation claims, and asks to what extent State continuity could or could not be restored in practice |
| Beschreibung: | Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (318 Seiten) |
| ISBN: | 9789004464896 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Intro -- Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Part 1 Ex Injuria Ius Non Oritur -- 1. Illegal Annexation, State Continuity and Identity: Concepts and Controversies -- 1 The Changing Status of Statehood in Contemporary International Law and Society: Starting Point for Analysis -- 2 Re-established States in the Practice of International Relations: Historical Perspective -- 3 State Continuity, Identity and Extinction in International Law Doctrine -- 4 Issues Raised in Legal Doctrine by World War II Annexation Cases -- a Does State Identity Always Imply State Continuity? -- b What Are the Normative Consequences of State Identity? -- c The Basis in International Law for State Identity in World War II Annexation Cases -- i Occupatio Quasi Bellica and Other Auxiliary Theories -- ii Illegality of Annexation Due to Use of Force -- iii The Relevance of the People in Determining the Illegality and Continuity of Statehood -- 5 Implications of the Illegality of Annexation for State Personality -- 2. The Legal Status of the Baltic States in International Law After 1991: Claims and Responses -- 1 The Baltic Thesis -- a The Republic of Estonia -- b Republic of Latvia -- c Republic of Lithuania -- 2 Responses to the Baltic Continuity Thesis in the Practice of the International Community -- a Restoration of Diplomatic Relations with Western Countries in 1991 -- b Subsequent Treaty Practice: Multilateral Treaties -- c Practice Related to Bilateral Treaties -- d Other Consequences of State Identity in Relations with Western States -- e Practice as Related to Membership in International Organizations -- f The Continuity Thesis of the Baltic States and the Russian Federation -- 3 The Legal Status of the Baltic States: Views in the Legal Literature | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 3. The Baltic States Between 1940 and 1991: Illegality and/or Prescription -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Illegality of Soviet Annexation -- a The Soviet Occupation and Annexation of the Baltic States in 1940: Facts -- b Soviet Occupation and Annexation of the Baltic States: Applicable Law -- c Legal Evaluation of Soviet Policy against the Baltic States in 1939/1940 -- d The Illegality of Annexation in International Law: Soviet Views -- e The Illegality of Soviet Annexation: General Conclusions -- 3 Prescription and Soviet Rule in the Illegally Annexed Baltic States -- a The Concept of Prescription in International Law -- i The Time Factor as an Objective Element in Prescription Analysis? -- ii Criteria for Prescription Analysis -- b Non-Recognition of the Soviet Annexation of the Baltic States: Law and Politics -- i Non-recognition in History -- ii The Stimson Doctrine -- iii Non-Recognition of the Soviet Annexation in the Baltic Case -- iv The Legal Duty of Non-Recognition of Illegal Annexations since 1970 -- v The Helsinki Final Act: A Western Recognition of the de facto Situation? -- vi The Legal Relevance of Inconsistencies and Controversial Aspects of Non-Recognition Policy in the Baltic Case -- vii Non-recognition and Prescription in the Baltic Case: Conclusions -- viii The Status of the Baltic Soviet Socialist Republics from the Viewpoint of International Law -- c Survival of State Organs of the Baltic Republics in Exile -- i The Functioning of the Baltic Legations in 1940-1991 -- ii A Particular Estonian Development: The Government(s) in Exile -- iii The Baltic Legations and the Estonian Government in Exile: Evaluation from the Point of View of State Continuity and Prescription -- d The Baltic Peoples and Prescription -- 4 Prescription? Conclusions -- 4. The 'Occupation' of the Baltic States (1940-1991)? | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 1 The Baltic Thesis of Soviet Occupation (1940-1941, 1944-1991) -- 2 Reception of the Baltic Thesis of Soviet 'Occupation' -- 3 Development of the Concept of Occupation in International Law -- a Were/Are the 1907 Hague Rules Applicable beyond War? -- b Occupation Versus Annexation -- c The Main Requirements of the 1907 Hague Regulations for the Occupying Power and Practice in World War II -- 4 An Evaluation of the Baltic Case: Fiction and Reality in Occupation Theory -- a The Soviet Union and the Hague Regulations -- b Which Rules of Occupation Were Legally Applicable in the Case of the Baltic states? -- c Conclusions: International Legal Rules Binding the USSR during Its Occupation (Illegal Annexation) of the Baltic States -- 5 Conclusion: The Baltic States 1940-1991, Continuity or Extinction? -- Part 2 Ex Factis Oritur Ius -- 1 Introduction -- 5. Controversial Claims for Restoration of Legal Rights in the Baltic Case -- 1 The Prevailing Understanding of State Continuity in Doctrine -- 2 Special Circumstances in the Baltic Case -- 3 The Controversy about the Principle of Continuity of Citizenship and the Political Rights of Soviet Era Immigrants -- a Introduction -- b The Migration Policies of the Soviet Authorities -- c The Citizens' Congresses in Estonia and Latvia in 1990 -- d Baltic Debates about the Political Rights of Russian-Speaking Settlers in the Early 1990s -- e Baltic Nationality and Naturalization Laws -- i Estonia -- ii Latvia -- iii Lithuania -- f Acceptance by the International Community of Continuity of the Nationality Principle in Estonian and Latvian Citizenship Laws -- g Conclusion: No Unrestricted Restoration of Nationality in the Baltic Case -- 4 Changes with Respect to State Territories: Border Disputes since Restoration of the Independence of the Baltic States -- a Estonia | |
| 505 | 8 | |a i Unilateral Corrections of the State Border by the USSR -- ii The Rocky Road to Conclusion of the Estonian-Russian border treaties of 2014 -- b Latvia -- i Unilateral Changes of the State Border by the USSR -- ii The Latvian-Russian Border Dispute Since 1991 -- c The Boundaries of Lithuania -- d The Border Debate: Legal Issues -- e The Border Debate: Conclusions -- 5 The Issue of State Responsibility for Injuries Caused During Illegal Soviet Annexation -- a Introduction -- b Main Principles of the Law of State Responsibility -- c On Conditions of State Responsibility in the Case of the Baltic States: The Issue of Attributability (the International Legal Status of Today's Russia) -- d The Reparations Issue After Re-establishment of Baltic Independence -- e The Reparations Issue: Conclusions -- 6 General Conclusion from Practice: The Discrepancy between Status and Rights -- 6. State Continuity in Cases of Prolonged Illegal Annexation: Status and/or Rights? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Realist Critiques of International Law -- 3 The New Haven Approach and New Stream: Politics in International Law -- 4 Doctrinal Proposal: Status Goes beyond Legal Rights and Duties -- 5 The Domestic Analogy of Restoration in the Baltic States: No restitutio in integrum -- 6 Conclusions -- 7. The Baltic Case and Lessons from Other Cases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Illegal Annexation and State Continuity -- a The Annexation of East Timor and the Uncertainties of Non-Recognition in State Practice -- b State Continuity as a Necessary Consequence of Illegality of Annexation -- c Other Relevant Factors beside Illegality? Precedential Effects -- i Georgia 1921-1991: A Non-Recognized Claim of State Continuity -- ii The Status of Non-Recognized State Continuity Claims -- iii A Case Beyond the Baltic Precedent: Chechnya | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 3 Departures from the Effectiveness Principle and Fear of Unfulfilled Fictions -- a Legality and Effectiveness in Tibet -- 4 Concluding Observations -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- Bibliography -- Treatises -- Articles -- Index of Modern Authors -- Index of Subjects | |
| 520 | |a This volume, now in its second and revised edition, deals with the legal status of the three Baltic States - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - as a consequence of the illegality of the Soviet annexation in 1940-1991. It offers a detailed historical overview of the Soviet takeover of the Baltic States in 1939/1940 and analysis of international law as it was in force, also regionally and bilaterally, at the time. It examines the role of the continuity of the diplomatic representations of the Baltic States and other manifestations of the Western non-recognition of the Soviet annexation. Moreover, the book examines the nature of the restoration of the Baltic States in 1991 based on their State continuity claim. It also studies in detail questions such as borders, citizenship and reparation claims, and asks to what extent State continuity could or could not be restored in practice | ||
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| author | Mälksoo, Lauri |
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| contents | Intro -- Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Part 1 Ex Injuria Ius Non Oritur -- 1. Illegal Annexation, State Continuity and Identity: Concepts and Controversies -- 1 The Changing Status of Statehood in Contemporary International Law and Society: Starting Point for Analysis -- 2 Re-established States in the Practice of International Relations: Historical Perspective -- 3 State Continuity, Identity and Extinction in International Law Doctrine -- 4 Issues Raised in Legal Doctrine by World War II Annexation Cases -- a Does State Identity Always Imply State Continuity? -- b What Are the Normative Consequences of State Identity? -- c The Basis in International Law for State Identity in World War II Annexation Cases -- i Occupatio Quasi Bellica and Other Auxiliary Theories -- ii Illegality of Annexation Due to Use of Force -- iii The Relevance of the People in Determining the Illegality and Continuity of Statehood -- 5 Implications of the Illegality of Annexation for State Personality -- 2. The Legal Status of the Baltic States in International Law After 1991: Claims and Responses -- 1 The Baltic Thesis -- a The Republic of Estonia -- b Republic of Latvia -- c Republic of Lithuania -- 2 Responses to the Baltic Continuity Thesis in the Practice of the International Community -- a Restoration of Diplomatic Relations with Western Countries in 1991 -- b Subsequent Treaty Practice: Multilateral Treaties -- c Practice Related to Bilateral Treaties -- d Other Consequences of State Identity in Relations with Western States -- e Practice as Related to Membership in International Organizations -- f The Continuity Thesis of the Baltic States and the Russian Federation -- 3 The Legal Status of the Baltic States: Views in the Legal Literature 3. The Baltic States Between 1940 and 1991: Illegality and/or Prescription -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Illegality of Soviet Annexation -- a The Soviet Occupation and Annexation of the Baltic States in 1940: Facts -- b Soviet Occupation and Annexation of the Baltic States: Applicable Law -- c Legal Evaluation of Soviet Policy against the Baltic States in 1939/1940 -- d The Illegality of Annexation in International Law: Soviet Views -- e The Illegality of Soviet Annexation: General Conclusions -- 3 Prescription and Soviet Rule in the Illegally Annexed Baltic States -- a The Concept of Prescription in International Law -- i The Time Factor as an Objective Element in Prescription Analysis? -- ii Criteria for Prescription Analysis -- b Non-Recognition of the Soviet Annexation of the Baltic States: Law and Politics -- i Non-recognition in History -- ii The Stimson Doctrine -- iii Non-Recognition of the Soviet Annexation in the Baltic Case -- iv The Legal Duty of Non-Recognition of Illegal Annexations since 1970 -- v The Helsinki Final Act: A Western Recognition of the de facto Situation? -- vi The Legal Relevance of Inconsistencies and Controversial Aspects of Non-Recognition Policy in the Baltic Case -- vii Non-recognition and Prescription in the Baltic Case: Conclusions -- viii The Status of the Baltic Soviet Socialist Republics from the Viewpoint of International Law -- c Survival of State Organs of the Baltic Republics in Exile -- i The Functioning of the Baltic Legations in 1940-1991 -- ii A Particular Estonian Development: The Government(s) in Exile -- iii The Baltic Legations and the Estonian Government in Exile: Evaluation from the Point of View of State Continuity and Prescription -- d The Baltic Peoples and Prescription -- 4 Prescription? Conclusions -- 4. The 'Occupation' of the Baltic States (1940-1991)? 1 The Baltic Thesis of Soviet Occupation (1940-1941, 1944-1991) -- 2 Reception of the Baltic Thesis of Soviet 'Occupation' -- 3 Development of the Concept of Occupation in International Law -- a Were/Are the 1907 Hague Rules Applicable beyond War? -- b Occupation Versus Annexation -- c The Main Requirements of the 1907 Hague Regulations for the Occupying Power and Practice in World War II -- 4 An Evaluation of the Baltic Case: Fiction and Reality in Occupation Theory -- a The Soviet Union and the Hague Regulations -- b Which Rules of Occupation Were Legally Applicable in the Case of the Baltic states? -- c Conclusions: International Legal Rules Binding the USSR during Its Occupation (Illegal Annexation) of the Baltic States -- 5 Conclusion: The Baltic States 1940-1991, Continuity or Extinction? -- Part 2 Ex Factis Oritur Ius -- 1 Introduction -- 5. Controversial Claims for Restoration of Legal Rights in the Baltic Case -- 1 The Prevailing Understanding of State Continuity in Doctrine -- 2 Special Circumstances in the Baltic Case -- 3 The Controversy about the Principle of Continuity of Citizenship and the Political Rights of Soviet Era Immigrants -- a Introduction -- b The Migration Policies of the Soviet Authorities -- c The Citizens' Congresses in Estonia and Latvia in 1990 -- d Baltic Debates about the Political Rights of Russian-Speaking Settlers in the Early 1990s -- e Baltic Nationality and Naturalization Laws -- i Estonia -- ii Latvia -- iii Lithuania -- f Acceptance by the International Community of Continuity of the Nationality Principle in Estonian and Latvian Citizenship Laws -- g Conclusion: No Unrestricted Restoration of Nationality in the Baltic Case -- 4 Changes with Respect to State Territories: Border Disputes since Restoration of the Independence of the Baltic States -- a Estonia i Unilateral Corrections of the State Border by the USSR -- ii The Rocky Road to Conclusion of the Estonian-Russian border treaties of 2014 -- b Latvia -- i Unilateral Changes of the State Border by the USSR -- ii The Latvian-Russian Border Dispute Since 1991 -- c The Boundaries of Lithuania -- d The Border Debate: Legal Issues -- e The Border Debate: Conclusions -- 5 The Issue of State Responsibility for Injuries Caused During Illegal Soviet Annexation -- a Introduction -- b Main Principles of the Law of State Responsibility -- c On Conditions of State Responsibility in the Case of the Baltic States: The Issue of Attributability (the International Legal Status of Today's Russia) -- d The Reparations Issue After Re-establishment of Baltic Independence -- e The Reparations Issue: Conclusions -- 6 General Conclusion from Practice: The Discrepancy between Status and Rights -- 6. State Continuity in Cases of Prolonged Illegal Annexation: Status and/or Rights? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Realist Critiques of International Law -- 3 The New Haven Approach and New Stream: Politics in International Law -- 4 Doctrinal Proposal: Status Goes beyond Legal Rights and Duties -- 5 The Domestic Analogy of Restoration in the Baltic States: No restitutio in integrum -- 6 Conclusions -- 7. The Baltic Case and Lessons from Other Cases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Illegal Annexation and State Continuity -- a The Annexation of East Timor and the Uncertainties of Non-Recognition in State Practice -- b State Continuity as a Necessary Consequence of Illegality of Annexation -- c Other Relevant Factors beside Illegality? Precedential Effects -- i Georgia 1921-1991: A Non-Recognized Claim of State Continuity -- ii The Status of Non-Recognized State Continuity Claims -- iii A Case Beyond the Baltic Precedent: Chechnya 3 Departures from the Effectiveness Principle and Fear of Unfulfilled Fictions -- a Legality and Effectiveness in Tibet -- 4 Concluding Observations -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- Bibliography -- Treatises -- Articles -- Index of Modern Authors -- Index of Subjects |
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| dewey-full | 341.29 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
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| dewey-raw | 341.29 |
| dewey-search | 341.29 |
| dewey-sort | 3341.29 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1st ed |
| era | Geschichte 1939-1991 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1939-1991 |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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State Continuity in Cases of Prolonged Illegal Annexation: Status and/or Rights? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Realist Critiques of International Law -- 3 The New Haven Approach and New Stream: Politics in International Law -- 4 Doctrinal Proposal: Status Goes beyond Legal Rights and Duties -- 5 The Domestic Analogy of Restoration in the Baltic States: No restitutio in integrum -- 6 Conclusions -- 7. The Baltic Case and Lessons from Other Cases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Illegal Annexation and State Continuity -- a The Annexation of East Timor and the Uncertainties of Non-Recognition in State Practice -- b State Continuity as a Necessary Consequence of Illegality of Annexation -- c Other Relevant Factors beside Illegality? Precedential Effects -- i Georgia 1921-1991: A Non-Recognized Claim of State Continuity -- ii The Status of Non-Recognized State Continuity Claims -- iii A Case Beyond the Baltic Precedent: Chechnya</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3 Departures from the Effectiveness Principle and Fear of Unfulfilled Fictions -- a Legality and Effectiveness in Tibet -- 4 Concluding Observations -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- Bibliography -- Treatises -- Articles -- Index of Modern Authors -- Index of Subjects</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">This volume, now in its second and revised edition, deals with the legal status of the three Baltic States - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - as a consequence of the illegality of the Soviet annexation in 1940-1991. 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| geographic | Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Baltikum Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV049873907 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-05T17:02:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789004464896 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035213365 |
| oclc_num | 1356736395 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-2070s |
| owner_facet | DE-2070s |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (318 Seiten) |
| psigel | ZDB-30-PQE ZDB-30-PQE HWR_PDA_PQE |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | BRILL |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | The Erik Castrén Institute Monographs on International Law and Human Rights Series |
| spelling | Mälksoo, Lauri Verfasser aut Illegal Annexation and State Continuity The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Second Revised Edition 1st ed Boston BRILL 2022 ©2022 1 Online-Ressource (318 Seiten) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier The Erik Castrén Institute Monographs on International Law and Human Rights Series v.20 Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources Intro -- Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Part 1 Ex Injuria Ius Non Oritur -- 1. Illegal Annexation, State Continuity and Identity: Concepts and Controversies -- 1 The Changing Status of Statehood in Contemporary International Law and Society: Starting Point for Analysis -- 2 Re-established States in the Practice of International Relations: Historical Perspective -- 3 State Continuity, Identity and Extinction in International Law Doctrine -- 4 Issues Raised in Legal Doctrine by World War II Annexation Cases -- a Does State Identity Always Imply State Continuity? -- b What Are the Normative Consequences of State Identity? -- c The Basis in International Law for State Identity in World War II Annexation Cases -- i Occupatio Quasi Bellica and Other Auxiliary Theories -- ii Illegality of Annexation Due to Use of Force -- iii The Relevance of the People in Determining the Illegality and Continuity of Statehood -- 5 Implications of the Illegality of Annexation for State Personality -- 2. The Legal Status of the Baltic States in International Law After 1991: Claims and Responses -- 1 The Baltic Thesis -- a The Republic of Estonia -- b Republic of Latvia -- c Republic of Lithuania -- 2 Responses to the Baltic Continuity Thesis in the Practice of the International Community -- a Restoration of Diplomatic Relations with Western Countries in 1991 -- b Subsequent Treaty Practice: Multilateral Treaties -- c Practice Related to Bilateral Treaties -- d Other Consequences of State Identity in Relations with Western States -- e Practice as Related to Membership in International Organizations -- f The Continuity Thesis of the Baltic States and the Russian Federation -- 3 The Legal Status of the Baltic States: Views in the Legal Literature 3. The Baltic States Between 1940 and 1991: Illegality and/or Prescription -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Illegality of Soviet Annexation -- a The Soviet Occupation and Annexation of the Baltic States in 1940: Facts -- b Soviet Occupation and Annexation of the Baltic States: Applicable Law -- c Legal Evaluation of Soviet Policy against the Baltic States in 1939/1940 -- d The Illegality of Annexation in International Law: Soviet Views -- e The Illegality of Soviet Annexation: General Conclusions -- 3 Prescription and Soviet Rule in the Illegally Annexed Baltic States -- a The Concept of Prescription in International Law -- i The Time Factor as an Objective Element in Prescription Analysis? -- ii Criteria for Prescription Analysis -- b Non-Recognition of the Soviet Annexation of the Baltic States: Law and Politics -- i Non-recognition in History -- ii The Stimson Doctrine -- iii Non-Recognition of the Soviet Annexation in the Baltic Case -- iv The Legal Duty of Non-Recognition of Illegal Annexations since 1970 -- v The Helsinki Final Act: A Western Recognition of the de facto Situation? -- vi The Legal Relevance of Inconsistencies and Controversial Aspects of Non-Recognition Policy in the Baltic Case -- vii Non-recognition and Prescription in the Baltic Case: Conclusions -- viii The Status of the Baltic Soviet Socialist Republics from the Viewpoint of International Law -- c Survival of State Organs of the Baltic Republics in Exile -- i The Functioning of the Baltic Legations in 1940-1991 -- ii A Particular Estonian Development: The Government(s) in Exile -- iii The Baltic Legations and the Estonian Government in Exile: Evaluation from the Point of View of State Continuity and Prescription -- d The Baltic Peoples and Prescription -- 4 Prescription? Conclusions -- 4. The 'Occupation' of the Baltic States (1940-1991)? 1 The Baltic Thesis of Soviet Occupation (1940-1941, 1944-1991) -- 2 Reception of the Baltic Thesis of Soviet 'Occupation' -- 3 Development of the Concept of Occupation in International Law -- a Were/Are the 1907 Hague Rules Applicable beyond War? -- b Occupation Versus Annexation -- c The Main Requirements of the 1907 Hague Regulations for the Occupying Power and Practice in World War II -- 4 An Evaluation of the Baltic Case: Fiction and Reality in Occupation Theory -- a The Soviet Union and the Hague Regulations -- b Which Rules of Occupation Were Legally Applicable in the Case of the Baltic states? -- c Conclusions: International Legal Rules Binding the USSR during Its Occupation (Illegal Annexation) of the Baltic States -- 5 Conclusion: The Baltic States 1940-1991, Continuity or Extinction? -- Part 2 Ex Factis Oritur Ius -- 1 Introduction -- 5. Controversial Claims for Restoration of Legal Rights in the Baltic Case -- 1 The Prevailing Understanding of State Continuity in Doctrine -- 2 Special Circumstances in the Baltic Case -- 3 The Controversy about the Principle of Continuity of Citizenship and the Political Rights of Soviet Era Immigrants -- a Introduction -- b The Migration Policies of the Soviet Authorities -- c The Citizens' Congresses in Estonia and Latvia in 1990 -- d Baltic Debates about the Political Rights of Russian-Speaking Settlers in the Early 1990s -- e Baltic Nationality and Naturalization Laws -- i Estonia -- ii Latvia -- iii Lithuania -- f Acceptance by the International Community of Continuity of the Nationality Principle in Estonian and Latvian Citizenship Laws -- g Conclusion: No Unrestricted Restoration of Nationality in the Baltic Case -- 4 Changes with Respect to State Territories: Border Disputes since Restoration of the Independence of the Baltic States -- a Estonia i Unilateral Corrections of the State Border by the USSR -- ii The Rocky Road to Conclusion of the Estonian-Russian border treaties of 2014 -- b Latvia -- i Unilateral Changes of the State Border by the USSR -- ii The Latvian-Russian Border Dispute Since 1991 -- c The Boundaries of Lithuania -- d The Border Debate: Legal Issues -- e The Border Debate: Conclusions -- 5 The Issue of State Responsibility for Injuries Caused During Illegal Soviet Annexation -- a Introduction -- b Main Principles of the Law of State Responsibility -- c On Conditions of State Responsibility in the Case of the Baltic States: The Issue of Attributability (the International Legal Status of Today's Russia) -- d The Reparations Issue After Re-establishment of Baltic Independence -- e The Reparations Issue: Conclusions -- 6 General Conclusion from Practice: The Discrepancy between Status and Rights -- 6. State Continuity in Cases of Prolonged Illegal Annexation: Status and/or Rights? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Realist Critiques of International Law -- 3 The New Haven Approach and New Stream: Politics in International Law -- 4 Doctrinal Proposal: Status Goes beyond Legal Rights and Duties -- 5 The Domestic Analogy of Restoration in the Baltic States: No restitutio in integrum -- 6 Conclusions -- 7. The Baltic Case and Lessons from Other Cases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Illegal Annexation and State Continuity -- a The Annexation of East Timor and the Uncertainties of Non-Recognition in State Practice -- b State Continuity as a Necessary Consequence of Illegality of Annexation -- c Other Relevant Factors beside Illegality? Precedential Effects -- i Georgia 1921-1991: A Non-Recognized Claim of State Continuity -- ii The Status of Non-Recognized State Continuity Claims -- iii A Case Beyond the Baltic Precedent: Chechnya 3 Departures from the Effectiveness Principle and Fear of Unfulfilled Fictions -- a Legality and Effectiveness in Tibet -- 4 Concluding Observations -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- Bibliography -- Treatises -- Articles -- Index of Modern Authors -- Index of Subjects This volume, now in its second and revised edition, deals with the legal status of the three Baltic States - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - as a consequence of the illegality of the Soviet annexation in 1940-1991. It offers a detailed historical overview of the Soviet takeover of the Baltic States in 1939/1940 and analysis of international law as it was in force, also regionally and bilaterally, at the time. It examines the role of the continuity of the diplomatic representations of the Baltic States and other manifestations of the Western non-recognition of the Soviet annexation. Moreover, the book examines the nature of the restoration of the Baltic States in 1991 based on their State continuity claim. It also studies in detail questions such as borders, citizenship and reparation claims, and asks to what extent State continuity could or could not be restored in practice Geschichte 1939-1991 gnd rswk-swf Eroberung (DE-588)4264420-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd rswk-swf Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Eroberung (DE-588)4264420-3 s Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 g Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 s Geschichte 1939-1991 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Mälksoo, Lauri Illegal Annexation and State Continuity Boston : BRILL,c2022 9789004464889 |
| spellingShingle | Mälksoo, Lauri Illegal Annexation and State Continuity The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Second Revised Edition Intro -- Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Part 1 Ex Injuria Ius Non Oritur -- 1. Illegal Annexation, State Continuity and Identity: Concepts and Controversies -- 1 The Changing Status of Statehood in Contemporary International Law and Society: Starting Point for Analysis -- 2 Re-established States in the Practice of International Relations: Historical Perspective -- 3 State Continuity, Identity and Extinction in International Law Doctrine -- 4 Issues Raised in Legal Doctrine by World War II Annexation Cases -- a Does State Identity Always Imply State Continuity? -- b What Are the Normative Consequences of State Identity? -- c The Basis in International Law for State Identity in World War II Annexation Cases -- i Occupatio Quasi Bellica and Other Auxiliary Theories -- ii Illegality of Annexation Due to Use of Force -- iii The Relevance of the People in Determining the Illegality and Continuity of Statehood -- 5 Implications of the Illegality of Annexation for State Personality -- 2. The Legal Status of the Baltic States in International Law After 1991: Claims and Responses -- 1 The Baltic Thesis -- a The Republic of Estonia -- b Republic of Latvia -- c Republic of Lithuania -- 2 Responses to the Baltic Continuity Thesis in the Practice of the International Community -- a Restoration of Diplomatic Relations with Western Countries in 1991 -- b Subsequent Treaty Practice: Multilateral Treaties -- c Practice Related to Bilateral Treaties -- d Other Consequences of State Identity in Relations with Western States -- e Practice as Related to Membership in International Organizations -- f The Continuity Thesis of the Baltic States and the Russian Federation -- 3 The Legal Status of the Baltic States: Views in the Legal Literature 3. The Baltic States Between 1940 and 1991: Illegality and/or Prescription -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Illegality of Soviet Annexation -- a The Soviet Occupation and Annexation of the Baltic States in 1940: Facts -- b Soviet Occupation and Annexation of the Baltic States: Applicable Law -- c Legal Evaluation of Soviet Policy against the Baltic States in 1939/1940 -- d The Illegality of Annexation in International Law: Soviet Views -- e The Illegality of Soviet Annexation: General Conclusions -- 3 Prescription and Soviet Rule in the Illegally Annexed Baltic States -- a The Concept of Prescription in International Law -- i The Time Factor as an Objective Element in Prescription Analysis? -- ii Criteria for Prescription Analysis -- b Non-Recognition of the Soviet Annexation of the Baltic States: Law and Politics -- i Non-recognition in History -- ii The Stimson Doctrine -- iii Non-Recognition of the Soviet Annexation in the Baltic Case -- iv The Legal Duty of Non-Recognition of Illegal Annexations since 1970 -- v The Helsinki Final Act: A Western Recognition of the de facto Situation? -- vi The Legal Relevance of Inconsistencies and Controversial Aspects of Non-Recognition Policy in the Baltic Case -- vii Non-recognition and Prescription in the Baltic Case: Conclusions -- viii The Status of the Baltic Soviet Socialist Republics from the Viewpoint of International Law -- c Survival of State Organs of the Baltic Republics in Exile -- i The Functioning of the Baltic Legations in 1940-1991 -- ii A Particular Estonian Development: The Government(s) in Exile -- iii The Baltic Legations and the Estonian Government in Exile: Evaluation from the Point of View of State Continuity and Prescription -- d The Baltic Peoples and Prescription -- 4 Prescription? Conclusions -- 4. The 'Occupation' of the Baltic States (1940-1991)? 1 The Baltic Thesis of Soviet Occupation (1940-1941, 1944-1991) -- 2 Reception of the Baltic Thesis of Soviet 'Occupation' -- 3 Development of the Concept of Occupation in International Law -- a Were/Are the 1907 Hague Rules Applicable beyond War? -- b Occupation Versus Annexation -- c The Main Requirements of the 1907 Hague Regulations for the Occupying Power and Practice in World War II -- 4 An Evaluation of the Baltic Case: Fiction and Reality in Occupation Theory -- a The Soviet Union and the Hague Regulations -- b Which Rules of Occupation Were Legally Applicable in the Case of the Baltic states? -- c Conclusions: International Legal Rules Binding the USSR during Its Occupation (Illegal Annexation) of the Baltic States -- 5 Conclusion: The Baltic States 1940-1991, Continuity or Extinction? -- Part 2 Ex Factis Oritur Ius -- 1 Introduction -- 5. Controversial Claims for Restoration of Legal Rights in the Baltic Case -- 1 The Prevailing Understanding of State Continuity in Doctrine -- 2 Special Circumstances in the Baltic Case -- 3 The Controversy about the Principle of Continuity of Citizenship and the Political Rights of Soviet Era Immigrants -- a Introduction -- b The Migration Policies of the Soviet Authorities -- c The Citizens' Congresses in Estonia and Latvia in 1990 -- d Baltic Debates about the Political Rights of Russian-Speaking Settlers in the Early 1990s -- e Baltic Nationality and Naturalization Laws -- i Estonia -- ii Latvia -- iii Lithuania -- f Acceptance by the International Community of Continuity of the Nationality Principle in Estonian and Latvian Citizenship Laws -- g Conclusion: No Unrestricted Restoration of Nationality in the Baltic Case -- 4 Changes with Respect to State Territories: Border Disputes since Restoration of the Independence of the Baltic States -- a Estonia i Unilateral Corrections of the State Border by the USSR -- ii The Rocky Road to Conclusion of the Estonian-Russian border treaties of 2014 -- b Latvia -- i Unilateral Changes of the State Border by the USSR -- ii The Latvian-Russian Border Dispute Since 1991 -- c The Boundaries of Lithuania -- d The Border Debate: Legal Issues -- e The Border Debate: Conclusions -- 5 The Issue of State Responsibility for Injuries Caused During Illegal Soviet Annexation -- a Introduction -- b Main Principles of the Law of State Responsibility -- c On Conditions of State Responsibility in the Case of the Baltic States: The Issue of Attributability (the International Legal Status of Today's Russia) -- d The Reparations Issue After Re-establishment of Baltic Independence -- e The Reparations Issue: Conclusions -- 6 General Conclusion from Practice: The Discrepancy between Status and Rights -- 6. State Continuity in Cases of Prolonged Illegal Annexation: Status and/or Rights? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Realist Critiques of International Law -- 3 The New Haven Approach and New Stream: Politics in International Law -- 4 Doctrinal Proposal: Status Goes beyond Legal Rights and Duties -- 5 The Domestic Analogy of Restoration in the Baltic States: No restitutio in integrum -- 6 Conclusions -- 7. The Baltic Case and Lessons from Other Cases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Illegal Annexation and State Continuity -- a The Annexation of East Timor and the Uncertainties of Non-Recognition in State Practice -- b State Continuity as a Necessary Consequence of Illegality of Annexation -- c Other Relevant Factors beside Illegality? Precedential Effects -- i Georgia 1921-1991: A Non-Recognized Claim of State Continuity -- ii The Status of Non-Recognized State Continuity Claims -- iii A Case Beyond the Baltic Precedent: Chechnya 3 Departures from the Effectiveness Principle and Fear of Unfulfilled Fictions -- a Legality and Effectiveness in Tibet -- 4 Concluding Observations -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- Bibliography -- Treatises -- Articles -- Index of Modern Authors -- Index of Subjects Eroberung (DE-588)4264420-3 gnd Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4264420-3 (DE-588)4027447-0 (DE-588)4004379-4 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Illegal Annexation and State Continuity The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Second Revised Edition |
| title_auth | Illegal Annexation and State Continuity The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Second Revised Edition |
| title_exact_search | Illegal Annexation and State Continuity The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Second Revised Edition |
| title_full | Illegal Annexation and State Continuity The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Second Revised Edition |
| title_fullStr | Illegal Annexation and State Continuity The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Second Revised Edition |
| title_full_unstemmed | Illegal Annexation and State Continuity The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Second Revised Edition |
| title_short | Illegal Annexation and State Continuity |
| title_sort | illegal annexation and state continuity the case of the incorporation of the baltic states by the ussr second revised edition |
| title_sub | The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Second Revised Edition |
| topic | Eroberung (DE-588)4264420-3 gnd Internationales Recht (DE-588)4027447-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Eroberung Internationales Recht Baltikum Sowjetunion |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT malksoolauri illegalannexationandstatecontinuitythecaseoftheincorporationofthebalticstatesbytheussrsecondrevisededition |