Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia: Opportunities and Legal Challenges
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cham
Springer International Publishing AG
2023
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| Ausgabe: | 1st ed |
| Schriftenreihe: | Data Science, Machine Intelligence, and Law Series
v.2 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | DE-2070s |
| Beschreibung: | Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (255 Seiten) |
| ISBN: | 9783031196676 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations and Table of Legislation -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Estonia, the Digital State -- 1.2 The Use of AI Systems in Estonia -- 1.3 AI in Public Administration: Regulatory Issues -- 1.4 The Book's Background: The RITA 'Machine Learning in Public Service Delivery' Study -- 1.5 An Overview of This Book -- Reference -- Chapter 2: The Promise and Perils of AI and ML in Public Administration -- 2.1 Defining AI and ML -- 2.2 Advantages and Opportunities -- 2.3 Functions and Purposes of Using AI/ML in Public Administration -- 2.3.1 AI for Gathering and Investigating Facts, Finding Patterns, and Making Predictions and Decisions -- 2.3.2 AI for Applying, Interpreting, and Drafting Laws -- 2.3.3 AI as a Source for Automating Other Administrative Tasks -- 2.3.4 Evaluation -- 2.4 Deployment of AI and ML Systems in Public Service Delivery -- 2.4.1 Worldwide Application -- 2.4.2 Estonia -- 2.5 Risks -- 2.5.1 Dehumanization-Loss of Autonomy -- 2.5.2 Privacy and Data Protection -- 2.5.3 Transparency, Explainability, and Rule of Law -- 2.5.4 Effective Remedy, Due Process, and Fair Trial -- 2.5.5 Fairness and Equal Treatment -- 2.5.6 Safety and Security -- 2.5.7 Accountability and Liability -- 2.5.8 Over-Enforcement and Other Risks -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: The Regulatory Framework in Overview -- 3.1 International Law -- 3.1.1 The European Convention on Human Rights -- 3.1.2 Convention 108, on Data Protection -- 3.2 EU Law -- 3.2.1 EU Hard Law -- 3.2.2 EU Soft Law -- 3.2.3 The European Commission's Proposal for an AI Act -- 3.2.3.1 Overview -- 3.2.3.2 Estonia's Position -- 3.3 Estonia -- 3.3.1 Estonian AI Taskforce: The Report 2019 -- 3.3.2 Estonian Ministry of Justice: The 2020 Project for a Regulatory Framework -- 3.3.3 Current Legal Regulations | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 3.4 Standardization Activities at International and European Level -- References -- Chapter 4: Privacy and Data Protection: Processing Personal Data, Monitoring, and Profiling Citizens -- 4.1 AI and Personal Data -- 4.2 The Legal Framework -- 4.2.1 Fundamental Rights -- 4.2.2 EU Law -- 4.2.2.1 The GDPR -- 4.2.2.2 The Law Enforcement Directive 2016/680 (LED) -- 4.2.3 Estonian Law: The Once-Only Principle -- 4.3 AI, Data-Processing, and General Data-Protection Principles -- 4.3.1 The Seven Principles of Art. 5 GDPR -- 4.3.1.1 Lawfulness, Fairness, and Transparency -- 4.3.1.2 Purpose Limitation -- 4.3.1.3 Data Minimization -- 4.3.1.4 Accuracy -- 4.3.1.5 Storage Limitation -- 4.3.1.6 Integrity and Confidentiality (Security) -- 4.3.1.7 Accountability -- 4.3.2 Problems -- 4.3.2.1 The Purpose-Limitation Principle -- 4.3.2.2 The Data-Minimization Principle -- 4.4 Lawfulness of Data-Processing -- 4.4.1 Consent as a Legal Basis for the Processing of Personal Data -- 4.4.2 Legitimate or Public Interest -- 4.4.3 Transparency Requirements -- 4.4.4 Data-Protection Impact Assessments (DPIA) -- 4.5 Special Categories of Personal Data -- 4.6 Accountability: Who Is the Data Controller? -- 4.7 Rights of the Data Subject -- 4.7.1 The Right to Explanation -- 4.7.2 The Right to Access -- 4.7.3 The Right to Rectification -- 4.7.4 The Right to Erasure -- 4.7.5 The Right to Data Portability -- 4.7.6 Decision-Making Based on Automated Processing -- 4.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: Delegation of Administrative Powers to AI Systems -- 5.1 Regulatory Capacity of AI -- 5.2 The Legislator's Right to Delegate Administrative Duties to AI -- 5.2.1 The Constitutional Boundaries of Delegating Administrative Tasks to AI -- 5.2.1.1 Compliance with the Principles of Democracy and the Rule of Law -- 5.2.1.2 Respecting Individuals' Fundamental Rights and Freedoms | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 5.2.1.3 The State's Ability To Control the Performance of Public Functions -- 5.2.2 Necessary Scope of Legal Regulation for Using AI in Administrative Tasks -- 5.2.2.1 Why Using AI in Administrative Procedure Might Require Separate Delegation by the Legislator -- 5.2.2.2 AI Use Cases That Might Not Require Delegation -- 5.3 Emerging Legal Approaches to Delegating Administrative Tasks to AI or Automated Systems -- 5.3.1 The German Provision on Automated Administrative Decision-making -- 5.3.2 The Estonian Bill on Automated Administrative Decision-making -- 5.3.3 Critical Evaluation of the German and Estonian Legal Approaches -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Due Process, Fair Trial, Transparency, and Explainability -- 6.1 The Opaque Nature of AI Systems -- 6.2 Transparency as a Cornerstone of the Rule of Law -- 6.2.1 Transparency as a Fundamental Safeguard in Administrative and Judicial Proceedings -- 6.2.2 Transparency and Data-Protection Law -- 6.2.3 The European Commission's Proposal for an AI Act -- 6.3 Requirements for Transparency of AI Systems Employed in Rendering Administrative Acts -- 6.3.1 The Estonian Administrative Procedure Act (APA) -- 6.3.2 Applying the APA to Automated Decision-Making Systems -- 6.4 Transparency Requirements for AI Systems in Other Administrative Tasks -- 6.4.1 AI Systems as Support Tools and in Non-Intrusive Public Services -- 6.4.2 Transparency Requirements -- 6.4.3 Limits to the Principle of Transparency -- 6.5 Transparency and Judicial Review -- 6.6 The Role of Transparency in the Context of Policymaking -- 6.7 Pursuit of Transparent and Explainable AI Systems -- 6.7.1 Ways of Achieving Transparency -- 6.7.2 Intrinsic Approaches -- 6.7.3 Extrinsic Solutions -- 6.7.4 Interests Conflicting with Explainability -- 6.7.5 Analysis -- 6.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: Fairness and Equal Treatment | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 7.1 Application of International Non-discrimination Law in Estonia -- 7.1.1 An Overview -- 7.1.2 Application of the ECHR in the Context of Non-discrimination in Estonia -- 7.2 EU Non-discrimination Law -- 7.2.1 The Charter of Fundamental Rights -- 7.2.2 The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union -- 7.2.3 EU Directives -- 7.3 Estonian Non-discrimination Law -- 7.4 The Relationship of the GDPR to Non-discrimination Law -- 7.5 Challenges to Equal Treatment That Arise Through Application of AI -- 7.5.1 Forms of Discrimination in the Use of AI -- 7.5.2 Applicability of Non-discrimination Law to AI Solutions -- 7.5.3 Procedural Hurdles to Enforcement of Non-discrimination Law with Regard to AI -- 7.5.4 Solutions Aimed at Effective Non-discrimination in the Application of AI -- 7.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8: Safety and Security -- 8.1 Safety Standards -- 8.2 The EU Legal Framework for Safety -- 8.3 Security Standards -- 8.4 The EU Cybersecurity Framework -- 8.5 The Estonian Cybersecurity Act -- 8.6 Risk Management -- 8.7 Safeguards for Preventing Malicious Use -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Accountability and Liability -- 9.1 Accountability and AI Systems -- 9.2 Challenges to (State) Liability Regimes -- 9.3 Liability Regimes in Estonia -- 9.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10: Intellectual Property Rights and Data Ownership -- 10.1 Protection of the Models Developed -- 10.1.1 Copyright Protection for Computer Programs and Databases -- 10.1.1.1 Computer Programs' Protection -- 10.1.1.2 Database Protection -- 10.1.2 Protection Through Patents -- 10.2 Protection of Datasets -- 10.2.1 Sui Generis Database Protection -- 10.2.2 Data Ownership -- 10.3 Trade Secrets' Protection -- 10.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11: Final Conclusions and Recommendations -- 11.1 Overview | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 11.2 Principles and Guidelines for Public Administration -- 11.2.1 Policy Goals -- 11.2.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.2.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.3 Prohibitions -- 11.3.1 Policy Goals -- 11.3.2 Comparative Overview -- 11.3.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.4 Rules for High-Risk AI Systems -- 11.4.1 Policy Goals -- 11.4.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.4.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.5 Rules for Delegation of Powers -- 11.5.1 Policy Goals -- 11.5.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.5.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.6 Transparency Mechanisms -- 11.6.1 Policy Goals -- 11.6.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.6.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.7 Clarification to Anti-Discrimination Legislation -- 11.7.1 Policy Goals -- 11.7.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.7.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.8 Algorithmic Impact Assessments -- 11.8.1 Policy Goals -- 11.8.2 Comparative Overview -- 11.8.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.9 Audits and Regulatory Inspections -- 11.9.1 Policy Goals -- 11.9.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.9.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- References -- Chapter 12: Outlook -- References -- Correction to: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia: Opportunities and Lega... -- Correction to: M. Ebers, P. K. Tupay (eds.), Data Science, Machine Intelligence, and Law volume 2, https://doi.org/10.1007/978... -- Annex: Juriidiline hinnang masinõppe ja tehisintellekti abil osutatavatele avalikele teenustele -- Sissejuhatus -- Avaliku halduse põhimõtted ja suunised -- Keelud -- Nõuded kõrge riskiga tehisintellekti süsteemidele -- Volituste delegeerimise reeglid -- Läbipaistvusmehhanismid -- Diskrimineerimisvastaste õigusaktide selgitamine -- Mõju hindamine -- Auditid, regulatiivsed kontrollid ja välised, sõltumatud järelevalveasutused -- Lõplikud soovitused individuaalsete MVPde kohta -- MVP Tööturg | |
| 505 | 8 | |a MVP Tulekahjud | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Artificial intelligence | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| any_adam_object | |
| author | Ebers, Martin |
| author_facet | Ebers, Martin |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ebers, Martin |
| author_variant | m e me |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049872875 |
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| contents | Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations and Table of Legislation -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Estonia, the Digital State -- 1.2 The Use of AI Systems in Estonia -- 1.3 AI in Public Administration: Regulatory Issues -- 1.4 The Book's Background: The RITA 'Machine Learning in Public Service Delivery' Study -- 1.5 An Overview of This Book -- Reference -- Chapter 2: The Promise and Perils of AI and ML in Public Administration -- 2.1 Defining AI and ML -- 2.2 Advantages and Opportunities -- 2.3 Functions and Purposes of Using AI/ML in Public Administration -- 2.3.1 AI for Gathering and Investigating Facts, Finding Patterns, and Making Predictions and Decisions -- 2.3.2 AI for Applying, Interpreting, and Drafting Laws -- 2.3.3 AI as a Source for Automating Other Administrative Tasks -- 2.3.4 Evaluation -- 2.4 Deployment of AI and ML Systems in Public Service Delivery -- 2.4.1 Worldwide Application -- 2.4.2 Estonia -- 2.5 Risks -- 2.5.1 Dehumanization-Loss of Autonomy -- 2.5.2 Privacy and Data Protection -- 2.5.3 Transparency, Explainability, and Rule of Law -- 2.5.4 Effective Remedy, Due Process, and Fair Trial -- 2.5.5 Fairness and Equal Treatment -- 2.5.6 Safety and Security -- 2.5.7 Accountability and Liability -- 2.5.8 Over-Enforcement and Other Risks -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: The Regulatory Framework in Overview -- 3.1 International Law -- 3.1.1 The European Convention on Human Rights -- 3.1.2 Convention 108, on Data Protection -- 3.2 EU Law -- 3.2.1 EU Hard Law -- 3.2.2 EU Soft Law -- 3.2.3 The European Commission's Proposal for an AI Act -- 3.2.3.1 Overview -- 3.2.3.2 Estonia's Position -- 3.3 Estonia -- 3.3.1 Estonian AI Taskforce: The Report 2019 -- 3.3.2 Estonian Ministry of Justice: The 2020 Project for a Regulatory Framework -- 3.3.3 Current Legal Regulations 3.4 Standardization Activities at International and European Level -- References -- Chapter 4: Privacy and Data Protection: Processing Personal Data, Monitoring, and Profiling Citizens -- 4.1 AI and Personal Data -- 4.2 The Legal Framework -- 4.2.1 Fundamental Rights -- 4.2.2 EU Law -- 4.2.2.1 The GDPR -- 4.2.2.2 The Law Enforcement Directive 2016/680 (LED) -- 4.2.3 Estonian Law: The Once-Only Principle -- 4.3 AI, Data-Processing, and General Data-Protection Principles -- 4.3.1 The Seven Principles of Art. 5 GDPR -- 4.3.1.1 Lawfulness, Fairness, and Transparency -- 4.3.1.2 Purpose Limitation -- 4.3.1.3 Data Minimization -- 4.3.1.4 Accuracy -- 4.3.1.5 Storage Limitation -- 4.3.1.6 Integrity and Confidentiality (Security) -- 4.3.1.7 Accountability -- 4.3.2 Problems -- 4.3.2.1 The Purpose-Limitation Principle -- 4.3.2.2 The Data-Minimization Principle -- 4.4 Lawfulness of Data-Processing -- 4.4.1 Consent as a Legal Basis for the Processing of Personal Data -- 4.4.2 Legitimate or Public Interest -- 4.4.3 Transparency Requirements -- 4.4.4 Data-Protection Impact Assessments (DPIA) -- 4.5 Special Categories of Personal Data -- 4.6 Accountability: Who Is the Data Controller? -- 4.7 Rights of the Data Subject -- 4.7.1 The Right to Explanation -- 4.7.2 The Right to Access -- 4.7.3 The Right to Rectification -- 4.7.4 The Right to Erasure -- 4.7.5 The Right to Data Portability -- 4.7.6 Decision-Making Based on Automated Processing -- 4.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: Delegation of Administrative Powers to AI Systems -- 5.1 Regulatory Capacity of AI -- 5.2 The Legislator's Right to Delegate Administrative Duties to AI -- 5.2.1 The Constitutional Boundaries of Delegating Administrative Tasks to AI -- 5.2.1.1 Compliance with the Principles of Democracy and the Rule of Law -- 5.2.1.2 Respecting Individuals' Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 5.2.1.3 The State's Ability To Control the Performance of Public Functions -- 5.2.2 Necessary Scope of Legal Regulation for Using AI in Administrative Tasks -- 5.2.2.1 Why Using AI in Administrative Procedure Might Require Separate Delegation by the Legislator -- 5.2.2.2 AI Use Cases That Might Not Require Delegation -- 5.3 Emerging Legal Approaches to Delegating Administrative Tasks to AI or Automated Systems -- 5.3.1 The German Provision on Automated Administrative Decision-making -- 5.3.2 The Estonian Bill on Automated Administrative Decision-making -- 5.3.3 Critical Evaluation of the German and Estonian Legal Approaches -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Due Process, Fair Trial, Transparency, and Explainability -- 6.1 The Opaque Nature of AI Systems -- 6.2 Transparency as a Cornerstone of the Rule of Law -- 6.2.1 Transparency as a Fundamental Safeguard in Administrative and Judicial Proceedings -- 6.2.2 Transparency and Data-Protection Law -- 6.2.3 The European Commission's Proposal for an AI Act -- 6.3 Requirements for Transparency of AI Systems Employed in Rendering Administrative Acts -- 6.3.1 The Estonian Administrative Procedure Act (APA) -- 6.3.2 Applying the APA to Automated Decision-Making Systems -- 6.4 Transparency Requirements for AI Systems in Other Administrative Tasks -- 6.4.1 AI Systems as Support Tools and in Non-Intrusive Public Services -- 6.4.2 Transparency Requirements -- 6.4.3 Limits to the Principle of Transparency -- 6.5 Transparency and Judicial Review -- 6.6 The Role of Transparency in the Context of Policymaking -- 6.7 Pursuit of Transparent and Explainable AI Systems -- 6.7.1 Ways of Achieving Transparency -- 6.7.2 Intrinsic Approaches -- 6.7.3 Extrinsic Solutions -- 6.7.4 Interests Conflicting with Explainability -- 6.7.5 Analysis -- 6.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: Fairness and Equal Treatment 7.1 Application of International Non-discrimination Law in Estonia -- 7.1.1 An Overview -- 7.1.2 Application of the ECHR in the Context of Non-discrimination in Estonia -- 7.2 EU Non-discrimination Law -- 7.2.1 The Charter of Fundamental Rights -- 7.2.2 The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union -- 7.2.3 EU Directives -- 7.3 Estonian Non-discrimination Law -- 7.4 The Relationship of the GDPR to Non-discrimination Law -- 7.5 Challenges to Equal Treatment That Arise Through Application of AI -- 7.5.1 Forms of Discrimination in the Use of AI -- 7.5.2 Applicability of Non-discrimination Law to AI Solutions -- 7.5.3 Procedural Hurdles to Enforcement of Non-discrimination Law with Regard to AI -- 7.5.4 Solutions Aimed at Effective Non-discrimination in the Application of AI -- 7.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8: Safety and Security -- 8.1 Safety Standards -- 8.2 The EU Legal Framework for Safety -- 8.3 Security Standards -- 8.4 The EU Cybersecurity Framework -- 8.5 The Estonian Cybersecurity Act -- 8.6 Risk Management -- 8.7 Safeguards for Preventing Malicious Use -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Accountability and Liability -- 9.1 Accountability and AI Systems -- 9.2 Challenges to (State) Liability Regimes -- 9.3 Liability Regimes in Estonia -- 9.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10: Intellectual Property Rights and Data Ownership -- 10.1 Protection of the Models Developed -- 10.1.1 Copyright Protection for Computer Programs and Databases -- 10.1.1.1 Computer Programs' Protection -- 10.1.1.2 Database Protection -- 10.1.2 Protection Through Patents -- 10.2 Protection of Datasets -- 10.2.1 Sui Generis Database Protection -- 10.2.2 Data Ownership -- 10.3 Trade Secrets' Protection -- 10.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11: Final Conclusions and Recommendations -- 11.1 Overview 11.2 Principles and Guidelines for Public Administration -- 11.2.1 Policy Goals -- 11.2.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.2.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.3 Prohibitions -- 11.3.1 Policy Goals -- 11.3.2 Comparative Overview -- 11.3.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.4 Rules for High-Risk AI Systems -- 11.4.1 Policy Goals -- 11.4.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.4.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.5 Rules for Delegation of Powers -- 11.5.1 Policy Goals -- 11.5.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.5.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.6 Transparency Mechanisms -- 11.6.1 Policy Goals -- 11.6.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.6.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.7 Clarification to Anti-Discrimination Legislation -- 11.7.1 Policy Goals -- 11.7.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.7.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.8 Algorithmic Impact Assessments -- 11.8.1 Policy Goals -- 11.8.2 Comparative Overview -- 11.8.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.9 Audits and Regulatory Inspections -- 11.9.1 Policy Goals -- 11.9.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.9.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- References -- Chapter 12: Outlook -- References -- Correction to: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia: Opportunities and Lega... -- Correction to: M. Ebers, P. K. Tupay (eds.), Data Science, Machine Intelligence, and Law volume 2, https://doi.org/10.1007/978... -- Annex: Juriidiline hinnang masinõppe ja tehisintellekti abil osutatavatele avalikele teenustele -- Sissejuhatus -- Avaliku halduse põhimõtted ja suunised -- Keelud -- Nõuded kõrge riskiga tehisintellekti süsteemidele -- Volituste delegeerimise reeglid -- Läbipaistvusmehhanismid -- Diskrimineerimisvastaste õigusaktide selgitamine -- Mõju hindamine -- Auditid, regulatiivsed kontrollid ja välised, sõltumatud järelevalveasutused -- Lõplikud soovitused individuaalsete MVPde kohta -- MVP Tööturg MVP Tulekahjud |
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| edition | 1st ed |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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-- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations and Table of Legislation -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Estonia, the Digital State -- 1.2 The Use of AI Systems in Estonia -- 1.3 AI in Public Administration: Regulatory Issues -- 1.4 The Book's Background: The RITA 'Machine Learning in Public Service Delivery' Study -- 1.5 An Overview of This Book -- Reference -- Chapter 2: The Promise and Perils of AI and ML in Public Administration -- 2.1 Defining AI and ML -- 2.2 Advantages and Opportunities -- 2.3 Functions and Purposes of Using AI/ML in Public Administration -- 2.3.1 AI for Gathering and Investigating Facts, Finding Patterns, and Making Predictions and Decisions -- 2.3.2 AI for Applying, Interpreting, and Drafting Laws -- 2.3.3 AI as a Source for Automating Other Administrative Tasks -- 2.3.4 Evaluation -- 2.4 Deployment of AI and ML Systems in Public Service Delivery -- 2.4.1 Worldwide Application -- 2.4.2 Estonia -- 2.5 Risks -- 2.5.1 Dehumanization-Loss of Autonomy -- 2.5.2 Privacy and Data Protection -- 2.5.3 Transparency, Explainability, and Rule of Law -- 2.5.4 Effective Remedy, Due Process, and Fair Trial -- 2.5.5 Fairness and Equal Treatment -- 2.5.6 Safety and Security -- 2.5.7 Accountability and Liability -- 2.5.8 Over-Enforcement and Other Risks -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: The Regulatory Framework in Overview -- 3.1 International Law -- 3.1.1 The European Convention on Human Rights -- 3.1.2 Convention 108, on Data Protection -- 3.2 EU Law -- 3.2.1 EU Hard Law -- 3.2.2 EU Soft Law -- 3.2.3 The European Commission's Proposal for an AI Act -- 3.2.3.1 Overview -- 3.2.3.2 Estonia's Position -- 3.3 Estonia -- 3.3.1 Estonian AI Taskforce: The Report 2019 -- 3.3.2 Estonian Ministry of Justice: The 2020 Project for a Regulatory Framework -- 3.3.3 Current Legal Regulations</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3.4 Standardization Activities at International and European Level -- References -- Chapter 4: Privacy and Data Protection: Processing Personal Data, Monitoring, and Profiling Citizens -- 4.1 AI and Personal Data -- 4.2 The Legal Framework -- 4.2.1 Fundamental Rights -- 4.2.2 EU Law -- 4.2.2.1 The GDPR -- 4.2.2.2 The Law Enforcement Directive 2016/680 (LED) -- 4.2.3 Estonian Law: The Once-Only Principle -- 4.3 AI, Data-Processing, and General Data-Protection Principles -- 4.3.1 The Seven Principles of Art. 5 GDPR -- 4.3.1.1 Lawfulness, Fairness, and Transparency -- 4.3.1.2 Purpose Limitation -- 4.3.1.3 Data Minimization -- 4.3.1.4 Accuracy -- 4.3.1.5 Storage Limitation -- 4.3.1.6 Integrity and Confidentiality (Security) -- 4.3.1.7 Accountability -- 4.3.2 Problems -- 4.3.2.1 The Purpose-Limitation Principle -- 4.3.2.2 The Data-Minimization Principle -- 4.4 Lawfulness of Data-Processing -- 4.4.1 Consent as a Legal Basis for the Processing of Personal Data -- 4.4.2 Legitimate or Public Interest -- 4.4.3 Transparency Requirements -- 4.4.4 Data-Protection Impact Assessments (DPIA) -- 4.5 Special Categories of Personal Data -- 4.6 Accountability: Who Is the Data Controller? -- 4.7 Rights of the Data Subject -- 4.7.1 The Right to Explanation -- 4.7.2 The Right to Access -- 4.7.3 The Right to Rectification -- 4.7.4 The Right to Erasure -- 4.7.5 The Right to Data Portability -- 4.7.6 Decision-Making Based on Automated Processing -- 4.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: Delegation of Administrative Powers to AI Systems -- 5.1 Regulatory Capacity of AI -- 5.2 The Legislator's Right to Delegate Administrative Duties to AI -- 5.2.1 The Constitutional Boundaries of Delegating Administrative Tasks to AI -- 5.2.1.1 Compliance with the Principles of Democracy and the Rule of Law -- 5.2.1.2 Respecting Individuals' Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">5.2.1.3 The State's Ability To Control the Performance of Public Functions -- 5.2.2 Necessary Scope of Legal Regulation for Using AI in Administrative Tasks -- 5.2.2.1 Why Using AI in Administrative Procedure Might Require Separate Delegation by the Legislator -- 5.2.2.2 AI Use Cases That Might Not Require Delegation -- 5.3 Emerging Legal Approaches to Delegating Administrative Tasks to AI or Automated Systems -- 5.3.1 The German Provision on Automated Administrative Decision-making -- 5.3.2 The Estonian Bill on Automated Administrative Decision-making -- 5.3.3 Critical Evaluation of the German and Estonian Legal Approaches -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Due Process, Fair Trial, Transparency, and Explainability -- 6.1 The Opaque Nature of AI Systems -- 6.2 Transparency as a Cornerstone of the Rule of Law -- 6.2.1 Transparency as a Fundamental Safeguard in Administrative and Judicial Proceedings -- 6.2.2 Transparency and Data-Protection Law -- 6.2.3 The European Commission's Proposal for an AI Act -- 6.3 Requirements for Transparency of AI Systems Employed in Rendering Administrative Acts -- 6.3.1 The Estonian Administrative Procedure Act (APA) -- 6.3.2 Applying the APA to Automated Decision-Making Systems -- 6.4 Transparency Requirements for AI Systems in Other Administrative Tasks -- 6.4.1 AI Systems as Support Tools and in Non-Intrusive Public Services -- 6.4.2 Transparency Requirements -- 6.4.3 Limits to the Principle of Transparency -- 6.5 Transparency and Judicial Review -- 6.6 The Role of Transparency in the Context of Policymaking -- 6.7 Pursuit of Transparent and Explainable AI Systems -- 6.7.1 Ways of Achieving Transparency -- 6.7.2 Intrinsic Approaches -- 6.7.3 Extrinsic Solutions -- 6.7.4 Interests Conflicting with Explainability -- 6.7.5 Analysis -- 6.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: Fairness and Equal Treatment</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">7.1 Application of International Non-discrimination Law in Estonia -- 7.1.1 An Overview -- 7.1.2 Application of the ECHR in the Context of Non-discrimination in Estonia -- 7.2 EU Non-discrimination Law -- 7.2.1 The Charter of Fundamental Rights -- 7.2.2 The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union -- 7.2.3 EU Directives -- 7.3 Estonian Non-discrimination Law -- 7.4 The Relationship of the GDPR to Non-discrimination Law -- 7.5 Challenges to Equal Treatment That Arise Through Application of AI -- 7.5.1 Forms of Discrimination in the Use of AI -- 7.5.2 Applicability of Non-discrimination Law to AI Solutions -- 7.5.3 Procedural Hurdles to Enforcement of Non-discrimination Law with Regard to AI -- 7.5.4 Solutions Aimed at Effective Non-discrimination in the Application of AI -- 7.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8: Safety and Security -- 8.1 Safety Standards -- 8.2 The EU Legal Framework for Safety -- 8.3 Security Standards -- 8.4 The EU Cybersecurity Framework -- 8.5 The Estonian Cybersecurity Act -- 8.6 Risk Management -- 8.7 Safeguards for Preventing Malicious Use -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Accountability and Liability -- 9.1 Accountability and AI Systems -- 9.2 Challenges to (State) Liability Regimes -- 9.3 Liability Regimes in Estonia -- 9.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10: Intellectual Property Rights and Data Ownership -- 10.1 Protection of the Models Developed -- 10.1.1 Copyright Protection for Computer Programs and Databases -- 10.1.1.1 Computer Programs' Protection -- 10.1.1.2 Database Protection -- 10.1.2 Protection Through Patents -- 10.2 Protection of Datasets -- 10.2.1 Sui Generis Database Protection -- 10.2.2 Data Ownership -- 10.3 Trade Secrets' Protection -- 10.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11: Final Conclusions and Recommendations -- 11.1 Overview</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">11.2 Principles and Guidelines for Public Administration -- 11.2.1 Policy Goals -- 11.2.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.2.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.3 Prohibitions -- 11.3.1 Policy Goals -- 11.3.2 Comparative Overview -- 11.3.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.4 Rules for High-Risk AI Systems -- 11.4.1 Policy Goals -- 11.4.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.4.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.5 Rules for Delegation of Powers -- 11.5.1 Policy Goals -- 11.5.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.5.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.6 Transparency Mechanisms -- 11.6.1 Policy Goals -- 11.6.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.6.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.7 Clarification to Anti-Discrimination Legislation -- 11.7.1 Policy Goals -- 11.7.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.7.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.8 Algorithmic Impact Assessments -- 11.8.1 Policy Goals -- 11.8.2 Comparative Overview -- 11.8.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.9 Audits and Regulatory Inspections -- 11.9.1 Policy Goals -- 11.9.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.9.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- References -- Chapter 12: Outlook -- References -- Correction to: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia: Opportunities and Lega... -- Correction to: M. Ebers, P. K. Tupay (eds.), Data Science, Machine Intelligence, and Law volume 2, https://doi.org/10.1007/978... -- Annex: Juriidiline hinnang masinõppe ja tehisintellekti abil osutatavatele avalikele teenustele -- Sissejuhatus -- Avaliku halduse põhimõtted ja suunised -- Keelud -- Nõuded kõrge riskiga tehisintellekti süsteemidele -- Volituste delegeerimise reeglid -- Läbipaistvusmehhanismid -- Diskrimineerimisvastaste õigusaktide selgitamine -- Mõju hindamine -- Auditid, regulatiivsed kontrollid ja välised, sõltumatud järelevalveasutused -- Lõplikud soovitused individuaalsete MVPde kohta -- MVP Tööturg</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MVP Tulekahjud</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Artificial intelligence</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Tupay, Paloma Krõõt</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Druck-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="a">Ebers, Martin</subfield><subfield code="t">Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia</subfield><subfield code="d">Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2023</subfield><subfield code="z">9783031196669</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-30-PQE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035212333</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hwr/detail.action?docID=7176845</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-2070s</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-30-PQE</subfield><subfield code="q">HWR_PDA_PQE</subfield><subfield code="x">Aggregator</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV049872875 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-09-19T05:21:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783031196676 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035212333 |
| oclc_num | 1365379702 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-2070s |
| owner_facet | DE-2070s |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (255 Seiten) |
| psigel | ZDB-30-PQE ZDB-30-PQE HWR_PDA_PQE |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Springer International Publishing AG |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Data Science, Machine Intelligence, and Law Series |
| spelling | Ebers, Martin Verfasser aut Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia Opportunities and Legal Challenges 1st ed Cham Springer International Publishing AG 2023 ©2023 1 Online-Ressource (255 Seiten) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Data Science, Machine Intelligence, and Law Series v.2 Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations and Table of Legislation -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Estonia, the Digital State -- 1.2 The Use of AI Systems in Estonia -- 1.3 AI in Public Administration: Regulatory Issues -- 1.4 The Book's Background: The RITA 'Machine Learning in Public Service Delivery' Study -- 1.5 An Overview of This Book -- Reference -- Chapter 2: The Promise and Perils of AI and ML in Public Administration -- 2.1 Defining AI and ML -- 2.2 Advantages and Opportunities -- 2.3 Functions and Purposes of Using AI/ML in Public Administration -- 2.3.1 AI for Gathering and Investigating Facts, Finding Patterns, and Making Predictions and Decisions -- 2.3.2 AI for Applying, Interpreting, and Drafting Laws -- 2.3.3 AI as a Source for Automating Other Administrative Tasks -- 2.3.4 Evaluation -- 2.4 Deployment of AI and ML Systems in Public Service Delivery -- 2.4.1 Worldwide Application -- 2.4.2 Estonia -- 2.5 Risks -- 2.5.1 Dehumanization-Loss of Autonomy -- 2.5.2 Privacy and Data Protection -- 2.5.3 Transparency, Explainability, and Rule of Law -- 2.5.4 Effective Remedy, Due Process, and Fair Trial -- 2.5.5 Fairness and Equal Treatment -- 2.5.6 Safety and Security -- 2.5.7 Accountability and Liability -- 2.5.8 Over-Enforcement and Other Risks -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: The Regulatory Framework in Overview -- 3.1 International Law -- 3.1.1 The European Convention on Human Rights -- 3.1.2 Convention 108, on Data Protection -- 3.2 EU Law -- 3.2.1 EU Hard Law -- 3.2.2 EU Soft Law -- 3.2.3 The European Commission's Proposal for an AI Act -- 3.2.3.1 Overview -- 3.2.3.2 Estonia's Position -- 3.3 Estonia -- 3.3.1 Estonian AI Taskforce: The Report 2019 -- 3.3.2 Estonian Ministry of Justice: The 2020 Project for a Regulatory Framework -- 3.3.3 Current Legal Regulations 3.4 Standardization Activities at International and European Level -- References -- Chapter 4: Privacy and Data Protection: Processing Personal Data, Monitoring, and Profiling Citizens -- 4.1 AI and Personal Data -- 4.2 The Legal Framework -- 4.2.1 Fundamental Rights -- 4.2.2 EU Law -- 4.2.2.1 The GDPR -- 4.2.2.2 The Law Enforcement Directive 2016/680 (LED) -- 4.2.3 Estonian Law: The Once-Only Principle -- 4.3 AI, Data-Processing, and General Data-Protection Principles -- 4.3.1 The Seven Principles of Art. 5 GDPR -- 4.3.1.1 Lawfulness, Fairness, and Transparency -- 4.3.1.2 Purpose Limitation -- 4.3.1.3 Data Minimization -- 4.3.1.4 Accuracy -- 4.3.1.5 Storage Limitation -- 4.3.1.6 Integrity and Confidentiality (Security) -- 4.3.1.7 Accountability -- 4.3.2 Problems -- 4.3.2.1 The Purpose-Limitation Principle -- 4.3.2.2 The Data-Minimization Principle -- 4.4 Lawfulness of Data-Processing -- 4.4.1 Consent as a Legal Basis for the Processing of Personal Data -- 4.4.2 Legitimate or Public Interest -- 4.4.3 Transparency Requirements -- 4.4.4 Data-Protection Impact Assessments (DPIA) -- 4.5 Special Categories of Personal Data -- 4.6 Accountability: Who Is the Data Controller? -- 4.7 Rights of the Data Subject -- 4.7.1 The Right to Explanation -- 4.7.2 The Right to Access -- 4.7.3 The Right to Rectification -- 4.7.4 The Right to Erasure -- 4.7.5 The Right to Data Portability -- 4.7.6 Decision-Making Based on Automated Processing -- 4.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: Delegation of Administrative Powers to AI Systems -- 5.1 Regulatory Capacity of AI -- 5.2 The Legislator's Right to Delegate Administrative Duties to AI -- 5.2.1 The Constitutional Boundaries of Delegating Administrative Tasks to AI -- 5.2.1.1 Compliance with the Principles of Democracy and the Rule of Law -- 5.2.1.2 Respecting Individuals' Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 5.2.1.3 The State's Ability To Control the Performance of Public Functions -- 5.2.2 Necessary Scope of Legal Regulation for Using AI in Administrative Tasks -- 5.2.2.1 Why Using AI in Administrative Procedure Might Require Separate Delegation by the Legislator -- 5.2.2.2 AI Use Cases That Might Not Require Delegation -- 5.3 Emerging Legal Approaches to Delegating Administrative Tasks to AI or Automated Systems -- 5.3.1 The German Provision on Automated Administrative Decision-making -- 5.3.2 The Estonian Bill on Automated Administrative Decision-making -- 5.3.3 Critical Evaluation of the German and Estonian Legal Approaches -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Due Process, Fair Trial, Transparency, and Explainability -- 6.1 The Opaque Nature of AI Systems -- 6.2 Transparency as a Cornerstone of the Rule of Law -- 6.2.1 Transparency as a Fundamental Safeguard in Administrative and Judicial Proceedings -- 6.2.2 Transparency and Data-Protection Law -- 6.2.3 The European Commission's Proposal for an AI Act -- 6.3 Requirements for Transparency of AI Systems Employed in Rendering Administrative Acts -- 6.3.1 The Estonian Administrative Procedure Act (APA) -- 6.3.2 Applying the APA to Automated Decision-Making Systems -- 6.4 Transparency Requirements for AI Systems in Other Administrative Tasks -- 6.4.1 AI Systems as Support Tools and in Non-Intrusive Public Services -- 6.4.2 Transparency Requirements -- 6.4.3 Limits to the Principle of Transparency -- 6.5 Transparency and Judicial Review -- 6.6 The Role of Transparency in the Context of Policymaking -- 6.7 Pursuit of Transparent and Explainable AI Systems -- 6.7.1 Ways of Achieving Transparency -- 6.7.2 Intrinsic Approaches -- 6.7.3 Extrinsic Solutions -- 6.7.4 Interests Conflicting with Explainability -- 6.7.5 Analysis -- 6.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: Fairness and Equal Treatment 7.1 Application of International Non-discrimination Law in Estonia -- 7.1.1 An Overview -- 7.1.2 Application of the ECHR in the Context of Non-discrimination in Estonia -- 7.2 EU Non-discrimination Law -- 7.2.1 The Charter of Fundamental Rights -- 7.2.2 The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union -- 7.2.3 EU Directives -- 7.3 Estonian Non-discrimination Law -- 7.4 The Relationship of the GDPR to Non-discrimination Law -- 7.5 Challenges to Equal Treatment That Arise Through Application of AI -- 7.5.1 Forms of Discrimination in the Use of AI -- 7.5.2 Applicability of Non-discrimination Law to AI Solutions -- 7.5.3 Procedural Hurdles to Enforcement of Non-discrimination Law with Regard to AI -- 7.5.4 Solutions Aimed at Effective Non-discrimination in the Application of AI -- 7.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8: Safety and Security -- 8.1 Safety Standards -- 8.2 The EU Legal Framework for Safety -- 8.3 Security Standards -- 8.4 The EU Cybersecurity Framework -- 8.5 The Estonian Cybersecurity Act -- 8.6 Risk Management -- 8.7 Safeguards for Preventing Malicious Use -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Accountability and Liability -- 9.1 Accountability and AI Systems -- 9.2 Challenges to (State) Liability Regimes -- 9.3 Liability Regimes in Estonia -- 9.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10: Intellectual Property Rights and Data Ownership -- 10.1 Protection of the Models Developed -- 10.1.1 Copyright Protection for Computer Programs and Databases -- 10.1.1.1 Computer Programs' Protection -- 10.1.1.2 Database Protection -- 10.1.2 Protection Through Patents -- 10.2 Protection of Datasets -- 10.2.1 Sui Generis Database Protection -- 10.2.2 Data Ownership -- 10.3 Trade Secrets' Protection -- 10.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11: Final Conclusions and Recommendations -- 11.1 Overview 11.2 Principles and Guidelines for Public Administration -- 11.2.1 Policy Goals -- 11.2.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.2.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.3 Prohibitions -- 11.3.1 Policy Goals -- 11.3.2 Comparative Overview -- 11.3.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.4 Rules for High-Risk AI Systems -- 11.4.1 Policy Goals -- 11.4.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.4.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.5 Rules for Delegation of Powers -- 11.5.1 Policy Goals -- 11.5.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.5.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.6 Transparency Mechanisms -- 11.6.1 Policy Goals -- 11.6.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.6.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.7 Clarification to Anti-Discrimination Legislation -- 11.7.1 Policy Goals -- 11.7.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.7.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.8 Algorithmic Impact Assessments -- 11.8.1 Policy Goals -- 11.8.2 Comparative Overview -- 11.8.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.9 Audits and Regulatory Inspections -- 11.9.1 Policy Goals -- 11.9.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.9.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- References -- Chapter 12: Outlook -- References -- Correction to: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia: Opportunities and Lega... -- Correction to: M. Ebers, P. K. Tupay (eds.), Data Science, Machine Intelligence, and Law volume 2, https://doi.org/10.1007/978... -- Annex: Juriidiline hinnang masinõppe ja tehisintellekti abil osutatavatele avalikele teenustele -- Sissejuhatus -- Avaliku halduse põhimõtted ja suunised -- Keelud -- Nõuded kõrge riskiga tehisintellekti süsteemidele -- Volituste delegeerimise reeglid -- Läbipaistvusmehhanismid -- Diskrimineerimisvastaste õigusaktide selgitamine -- Mõju hindamine -- Auditid, regulatiivsed kontrollid ja välised, sõltumatud järelevalveasutused -- Lõplikud soovitused individuaalsete MVPde kohta -- MVP Tööturg MVP Tulekahjud Artificial intelligence Tupay, Paloma Krõõt Sonstige oth Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Ebers, Martin Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2023 9783031196669 |
| spellingShingle | Ebers, Martin Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia Opportunities and Legal Challenges Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations and Table of Legislation -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Estonia, the Digital State -- 1.2 The Use of AI Systems in Estonia -- 1.3 AI in Public Administration: Regulatory Issues -- 1.4 The Book's Background: The RITA 'Machine Learning in Public Service Delivery' Study -- 1.5 An Overview of This Book -- Reference -- Chapter 2: The Promise and Perils of AI and ML in Public Administration -- 2.1 Defining AI and ML -- 2.2 Advantages and Opportunities -- 2.3 Functions and Purposes of Using AI/ML in Public Administration -- 2.3.1 AI for Gathering and Investigating Facts, Finding Patterns, and Making Predictions and Decisions -- 2.3.2 AI for Applying, Interpreting, and Drafting Laws -- 2.3.3 AI as a Source for Automating Other Administrative Tasks -- 2.3.4 Evaluation -- 2.4 Deployment of AI and ML Systems in Public Service Delivery -- 2.4.1 Worldwide Application -- 2.4.2 Estonia -- 2.5 Risks -- 2.5.1 Dehumanization-Loss of Autonomy -- 2.5.2 Privacy and Data Protection -- 2.5.3 Transparency, Explainability, and Rule of Law -- 2.5.4 Effective Remedy, Due Process, and Fair Trial -- 2.5.5 Fairness and Equal Treatment -- 2.5.6 Safety and Security -- 2.5.7 Accountability and Liability -- 2.5.8 Over-Enforcement and Other Risks -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: The Regulatory Framework in Overview -- 3.1 International Law -- 3.1.1 The European Convention on Human Rights -- 3.1.2 Convention 108, on Data Protection -- 3.2 EU Law -- 3.2.1 EU Hard Law -- 3.2.2 EU Soft Law -- 3.2.3 The European Commission's Proposal for an AI Act -- 3.2.3.1 Overview -- 3.2.3.2 Estonia's Position -- 3.3 Estonia -- 3.3.1 Estonian AI Taskforce: The Report 2019 -- 3.3.2 Estonian Ministry of Justice: The 2020 Project for a Regulatory Framework -- 3.3.3 Current Legal Regulations 3.4 Standardization Activities at International and European Level -- References -- Chapter 4: Privacy and Data Protection: Processing Personal Data, Monitoring, and Profiling Citizens -- 4.1 AI and Personal Data -- 4.2 The Legal Framework -- 4.2.1 Fundamental Rights -- 4.2.2 EU Law -- 4.2.2.1 The GDPR -- 4.2.2.2 The Law Enforcement Directive 2016/680 (LED) -- 4.2.3 Estonian Law: The Once-Only Principle -- 4.3 AI, Data-Processing, and General Data-Protection Principles -- 4.3.1 The Seven Principles of Art. 5 GDPR -- 4.3.1.1 Lawfulness, Fairness, and Transparency -- 4.3.1.2 Purpose Limitation -- 4.3.1.3 Data Minimization -- 4.3.1.4 Accuracy -- 4.3.1.5 Storage Limitation -- 4.3.1.6 Integrity and Confidentiality (Security) -- 4.3.1.7 Accountability -- 4.3.2 Problems -- 4.3.2.1 The Purpose-Limitation Principle -- 4.3.2.2 The Data-Minimization Principle -- 4.4 Lawfulness of Data-Processing -- 4.4.1 Consent as a Legal Basis for the Processing of Personal Data -- 4.4.2 Legitimate or Public Interest -- 4.4.3 Transparency Requirements -- 4.4.4 Data-Protection Impact Assessments (DPIA) -- 4.5 Special Categories of Personal Data -- 4.6 Accountability: Who Is the Data Controller? -- 4.7 Rights of the Data Subject -- 4.7.1 The Right to Explanation -- 4.7.2 The Right to Access -- 4.7.3 The Right to Rectification -- 4.7.4 The Right to Erasure -- 4.7.5 The Right to Data Portability -- 4.7.6 Decision-Making Based on Automated Processing -- 4.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: Delegation of Administrative Powers to AI Systems -- 5.1 Regulatory Capacity of AI -- 5.2 The Legislator's Right to Delegate Administrative Duties to AI -- 5.2.1 The Constitutional Boundaries of Delegating Administrative Tasks to AI -- 5.2.1.1 Compliance with the Principles of Democracy and the Rule of Law -- 5.2.1.2 Respecting Individuals' Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 5.2.1.3 The State's Ability To Control the Performance of Public Functions -- 5.2.2 Necessary Scope of Legal Regulation for Using AI in Administrative Tasks -- 5.2.2.1 Why Using AI in Administrative Procedure Might Require Separate Delegation by the Legislator -- 5.2.2.2 AI Use Cases That Might Not Require Delegation -- 5.3 Emerging Legal Approaches to Delegating Administrative Tasks to AI or Automated Systems -- 5.3.1 The German Provision on Automated Administrative Decision-making -- 5.3.2 The Estonian Bill on Automated Administrative Decision-making -- 5.3.3 Critical Evaluation of the German and Estonian Legal Approaches -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6: Due Process, Fair Trial, Transparency, and Explainability -- 6.1 The Opaque Nature of AI Systems -- 6.2 Transparency as a Cornerstone of the Rule of Law -- 6.2.1 Transparency as a Fundamental Safeguard in Administrative and Judicial Proceedings -- 6.2.2 Transparency and Data-Protection Law -- 6.2.3 The European Commission's Proposal for an AI Act -- 6.3 Requirements for Transparency of AI Systems Employed in Rendering Administrative Acts -- 6.3.1 The Estonian Administrative Procedure Act (APA) -- 6.3.2 Applying the APA to Automated Decision-Making Systems -- 6.4 Transparency Requirements for AI Systems in Other Administrative Tasks -- 6.4.1 AI Systems as Support Tools and in Non-Intrusive Public Services -- 6.4.2 Transparency Requirements -- 6.4.3 Limits to the Principle of Transparency -- 6.5 Transparency and Judicial Review -- 6.6 The Role of Transparency in the Context of Policymaking -- 6.7 Pursuit of Transparent and Explainable AI Systems -- 6.7.1 Ways of Achieving Transparency -- 6.7.2 Intrinsic Approaches -- 6.7.3 Extrinsic Solutions -- 6.7.4 Interests Conflicting with Explainability -- 6.7.5 Analysis -- 6.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: Fairness and Equal Treatment 7.1 Application of International Non-discrimination Law in Estonia -- 7.1.1 An Overview -- 7.1.2 Application of the ECHR in the Context of Non-discrimination in Estonia -- 7.2 EU Non-discrimination Law -- 7.2.1 The Charter of Fundamental Rights -- 7.2.2 The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union -- 7.2.3 EU Directives -- 7.3 Estonian Non-discrimination Law -- 7.4 The Relationship of the GDPR to Non-discrimination Law -- 7.5 Challenges to Equal Treatment That Arise Through Application of AI -- 7.5.1 Forms of Discrimination in the Use of AI -- 7.5.2 Applicability of Non-discrimination Law to AI Solutions -- 7.5.3 Procedural Hurdles to Enforcement of Non-discrimination Law with Regard to AI -- 7.5.4 Solutions Aimed at Effective Non-discrimination in the Application of AI -- 7.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8: Safety and Security -- 8.1 Safety Standards -- 8.2 The EU Legal Framework for Safety -- 8.3 Security Standards -- 8.4 The EU Cybersecurity Framework -- 8.5 The Estonian Cybersecurity Act -- 8.6 Risk Management -- 8.7 Safeguards for Preventing Malicious Use -- 8.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 9: Accountability and Liability -- 9.1 Accountability and AI Systems -- 9.2 Challenges to (State) Liability Regimes -- 9.3 Liability Regimes in Estonia -- 9.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10: Intellectual Property Rights and Data Ownership -- 10.1 Protection of the Models Developed -- 10.1.1 Copyright Protection for Computer Programs and Databases -- 10.1.1.1 Computer Programs' Protection -- 10.1.1.2 Database Protection -- 10.1.2 Protection Through Patents -- 10.2 Protection of Datasets -- 10.2.1 Sui Generis Database Protection -- 10.2.2 Data Ownership -- 10.3 Trade Secrets' Protection -- 10.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11: Final Conclusions and Recommendations -- 11.1 Overview 11.2 Principles and Guidelines for Public Administration -- 11.2.1 Policy Goals -- 11.2.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.2.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.3 Prohibitions -- 11.3.1 Policy Goals -- 11.3.2 Comparative Overview -- 11.3.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.4 Rules for High-Risk AI Systems -- 11.4.1 Policy Goals -- 11.4.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.4.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.5 Rules for Delegation of Powers -- 11.5.1 Policy Goals -- 11.5.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.5.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.6 Transparency Mechanisms -- 11.6.1 Policy Goals -- 11.6.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.6.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.7 Clarification to Anti-Discrimination Legislation -- 11.7.1 Policy Goals -- 11.7.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.7.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.8 Algorithmic Impact Assessments -- 11.8.1 Policy Goals -- 11.8.2 Comparative Overview -- 11.8.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- 11.9 Audits and Regulatory Inspections -- 11.9.1 Policy Goals -- 11.9.2 Comparative Analysis -- 11.9.3 Recommendations for Estonia -- References -- Chapter 12: Outlook -- References -- Correction to: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia: Opportunities and Lega... -- Correction to: M. Ebers, P. K. Tupay (eds.), Data Science, Machine Intelligence, and Law volume 2, https://doi.org/10.1007/978... -- Annex: Juriidiline hinnang masinõppe ja tehisintellekti abil osutatavatele avalikele teenustele -- Sissejuhatus -- Avaliku halduse põhimõtted ja suunised -- Keelud -- Nõuded kõrge riskiga tehisintellekti süsteemidele -- Volituste delegeerimise reeglid -- Läbipaistvusmehhanismid -- Diskrimineerimisvastaste õigusaktide selgitamine -- Mõju hindamine -- Auditid, regulatiivsed kontrollid ja välised, sõltumatud järelevalveasutused -- Lõplikud soovitused individuaalsete MVPde kohta -- MVP Tööturg MVP Tulekahjud Artificial intelligence |
| title | Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia Opportunities and Legal Challenges |
| title_auth | Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia Opportunities and Legal Challenges |
| title_exact_search | Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia Opportunities and Legal Challenges |
| title_full | Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia Opportunities and Legal Challenges |
| title_fullStr | Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia Opportunities and Legal Challenges |
| title_full_unstemmed | Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia Opportunities and Legal Challenges |
| title_short | Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Powered Public Service Delivery in Estonia |
| title_sort | artificial intelligence and machine learning powered public service delivery in estonia opportunities and legal challenges |
| title_sub | Opportunities and Legal Challenges |
| topic | Artificial intelligence |
| topic_facet | Artificial intelligence |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ebersmartin artificialintelligenceandmachinelearningpoweredpublicservicedeliveryinestoniaopportunitiesandlegalchallenges AT tupaypalomakroot artificialintelligenceandmachinelearningpoweredpublicservicedeliveryinestoniaopportunitiesandlegalchallenges |