Verfügbarkeit: The Sun, Energy, and Climate Change

The Sun, Energy, and Climate Change:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Hossain, Eklas (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Elektronisch E-Book
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Cham Springer 2023
Ausgabe:	1st ed
Schlagworte:	Solar energy-Data processing
Online-Zugang:	DE-2070s
Beschreibung:	Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
Beschreibung:	1 Online-Ressource (416 Seiten)
ISBN:	9783031221965

Internformat

MARC


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245	1	0	\|a The Sun, Energy, and Climate Change
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505	8		\|a Intro -- Preface -- Key features of this book: -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 The Sun and the Earth -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Big Bang and the Formation of the Universe -- 1.3 The Solar System -- 1.4 The Sun -- 1.4.1 Formation of the Sun -- 1.4.2 Structure, Size, and Composition of the Sun -- 1.4.3 Temperature of the Sun -- 1.4.4 Layers of the Sun -- 1.4.4.1 The Four Outer Layers -- 1.4.4.2 The Three Inner Layers -- 1.4.5 The Solar Cycle -- 1.4.5.1 Impact of the Solar Cycle -- 1.4.6 Movement of the Sun -- 1.4.7 Solar Radiation -- 1.5 The Planets and the Moons -- 1.5.1 The Planets -- 1.5.2 Formation of the Planets -- 1.5.3 Moons of the Planets -- 1.5.4 Our Moon -- 1.5.4.1 Formation of the Moon -- 1.5.4.2 Description of the Moon -- 1.5.4.3 Phases of the Moon -- 1.5.4.4 Impact of the Moon on Earth -- 1.6 Eclipse -- 1.6.1 The Solar Eclipse -- 1.6.2 The Lunar Eclipse -- 1.7 Space Rocks -- 1.8 The Earth -- 1.8.1 The Earth's Atmosphere -- 1.8.2 Layers of the Earth -- 1.8.2.1 The Crust -- 1.8.2.2 The Mantle -- 1.8.2.3 The Core -- 1.8.2.4 Tectonic Plates -- 1.8.3 Earth's External Geography -- 1.8.3.1 Latitudes and Longitudes -- 1.8.3.2 Continents and Oceans -- 1.8.4 Polar Days and Nights -- 1.8.5 Aurora -- 1.8.6 Seasons -- 1.8.7 Earth's Magnetosphere -- 1.8.8 The Natural Cycles on Earth -- 1.8.8.1 The Carbon Cycle -- 1.8.8.2 The Nitrogen Cycle -- 1.8.8.3 The Water Cycle -- 1.9 Relationship Between the Sun and the Earth -- 1.9.1 The Solar Constant -- 1.9.2 Peak Sun Hour -- 1.9.3 Solar Resources -- 1.10 The Death of the Sun -- 1.11 Beyond the Solar System -- 1.12 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Exercise -- References -- 2 Energy Sources on Earth -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Energy and Life -- 2.2.1 Units of Energy -- 2.2.1.1 Calorie -- 2.2.1.2 Joule -- 2.2.1.3 Watt-hour (Wh)
505	8		\|a 2.2.1.4 British Thermal Unit (BTU) -- 2.2.1.5 Ton of Oil Equivalent (toe) -- 2.2.1.6 Therm -- 2.2.1.7 Ton of Coal Equivalent (tce) -- 2.2.1.8 Barrel of Oil Equivalent (BOE) -- 2.3 Conventional Energy Sources -- 2.3.1 Depletion of Resources -- 2.3.2 Emission of Harmful Gases -- 2.4 Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.1 Share of Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.2 Global Warming Potential (GWP) -- 2.4.3 Lifetime of Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.4 Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions GHGglobal -- 2.4.5 Impacts of the Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.6 Sulfate Can Counter the Greenhouse Effect -- 2.5 Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.1 Formation of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.1.1 Formation of Coal -- 2.5.1.2 Formation of Oil and Gas -- 2.5.1.3 Role of the Sun in Forming Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.2 Classification of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.2.1 Coal -- 2.5.2.2 Crude Oil -- 2.5.2.3 Natural Gas -- 2.5.3 Power to Gas Technology -- 2.5.4 Fracking -- 2.5.4.1 Concerns Related to Fracking -- 2.5.5 Overview of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.1 Emissions from Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.2 The Socio-Political Aspect of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.3 How to Make Fossil Fuels Less Harmful? -- 2.6 Non-conventional Energy Sources -- 2.6.1 Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.1 Types of Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.2 Global Share, Growth, and Prospects -- 2.6.1.3 Benefits of Using Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.4 Renewable Energy vs. Sustainable Energy -- 2.6.2 Nuclear Energy -- 2.6.2.1 Operation of a Nuclear Power Plant -- 2.6.2.2 Is Nuclear Energy Renewable? -- 2.6.2.3 History and Gradual Development -- 2.6.2.4 Global Share of Nuclear Energy -- 2.6.2.5 Cost, Space, and Safety Considerations -- 2.6.2.6 Nuclear Waste and Disaster Management -- 2.6.2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy -- 2.7 Characteristics of an Ideal Energy Source -- 2.8 The Great Mistake in the History of Energy -- 2.9 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter
505	8		\|a Exercise -- References -- 3 Energy from the Sun -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Electrical Equivalent Circuit of the Sun-Earth Duo -- 3.3 Solar Energy -- 3.3.1 Solar Light Energy -- 3.3.1.1 Working Principle of Solar Cells -- 3.3.1.2 Solar Module -- 3.3.1.3 Global Scenario of Solar PV -- 3.3.1.4 Solar PV in the USA -- 3.3.1.5 Solar PV and CHP -- 3.3.1.6 Solar Concentrators -- 3.3.2 Solar Heat Energy -- 3.3.2.1 Solar Heating and Cooling -- 3.3.2.2 Greenhouse -- 3.3.2.3 Power Tower -- 3.3.2.4 Parabolic Troughs -- 3.3.2.5 Other CSP Technologies -- 3.3.2.6 Global Scenario of CSP -- 3.3.2.7 CSP in the USA -- 3.3.3 Emissions from Various Solar Energy Technologies -- 3.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy -- 3.4 Wind Energy -- 3.4.1 Working Principle of Wind Turbine -- 3.4.2 Wind Turbines -- 3.4.3 Wind Turbine Location -- 3.4.4 Wind Speeds -- 3.4.5 Global Scenario of Wind Power -- 3.4.5.1 Wind Power in the USA -- 3.4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy -- 3.5 Ocean Energy -- 3.5.1 Wave Power -- 3.5.1.1 Formation of Waves -- 3.5.1.2 Classification of Wave Energy Technologies -- 3.5.1.3 Oscillating Water Column (OWC) -- 3.5.1.4 Point Absorber or Linear Generation Buoys -- 3.5.1.5 Attenuator: The Pelamis -- 3.5.2 Worldwide Potential for Wave Power -- 3.5.3 Tidal Power -- 3.5.3.1 Formation of Tides -- 3.5.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion -- 3.5.5 Salinity Gradient Energy -- 3.5.5.1 Pressure Retarded Osmosis -- 3.5.5.2 Reversed Electrodialysis (RED) -- 3.5.6 Obstacles for Ocean Energy -- 3.5.7 Global Scenario of Ocean Energy -- 3.5.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ocean Energy -- 3.6 Hydroelectric Power -- 3.6.1 Working Principle of a Hydroelectric Power Plant -- 3.6.2 Global Scenario of Hydropower -- 3.6.2.1 Hydropower in the USA -- 3.6.3 Electric Truck Hydropower -- 3.6.4 Is Hydropower Really Renewable?
505	8		\|a 3.6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower -- 3.7 Bioenergy -- 3.7.1 Bioenergy Sources -- 3.7.2 Bioenergy Production -- 3.7.2.1 Direct Combustion -- 3.7.2.2 Thermochemical Conversion -- 3.7.2.3 Chemical Conversion -- 3.7.2.4 Biological Conversion -- 3.7.2.5 Waste to Energy Conversion -- 3.7.3 Is Bioenergy Renewable? -- 3.7.4 Global Scenario of Bioenergy -- 3.7.4.1 Bioenergy in the USA -- 3.7.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioenergy -- 3.8 Correlation among the Energy Sources -- 3.8.1 Hybrid Renewable Power Plants -- 3.8.1.1 Solar-Wind Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.2 Solar-Hydro Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.3 Solar PV-Solar Thermal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.4 Solar-Geothermal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.5 Solar-Tidal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.6 Hydro-Wind Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.7 Solar and Storage Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.2 Fossil Fuel and Renewable Energy Hybrid Plant -- 3.8.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Hybrid EnergySource -- 3.9 Grid Integration of Renewable Energy -- 3.9.1 Inertia in Power Systems -- 3.10 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Exercise -- References -- 4 Energy Without the Sun -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of Energy at Night -- 4.3 Lunar Power -- 4.3.1 Powering Solar PV Using the Moonlight -- 4.3.2 Wrapping the Moon with Solar Modules -- 4.3.3 Placing a Nuclear Power Plant on the Moon -- 4.4 Energy Storage -- 4.4.1 Types of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.1.1 Pumped Hydro Storage -- 4.4.1.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) -- 4.4.1.3 Battery -- 4.4.1.4 Fuel Cell -- 4.4.1.5 Thermal Energy Storage -- 4.4.1.6 Flywheel -- 4.4.1.7 Ultracapacitors -- 4.4.1.8 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage -- 4.4.1.9 Hybrid Energy Storage -- 4.4.2 Comparison of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.3 Applications of Energy Storage Systems
505	8		\|a 4.4.4 Importance of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.5 Challenges of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.6 Energy Management Systems -- 4.5 Combined Heat and Power -- 4.6 Daylight Saving -- 4.7 Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.1 Production of Hydrogen -- 4.7.1.1 Steam Reforming -- 4.7.1.2 Electrolysis of Water -- 4.7.1.3 Solar-Driven Processes -- 4.7.1.4 Biological Processes -- 4.7.2 Different Types of Hydrogen -- 4.7.3 Storage and Transportation of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.4 Applications of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.5 Cost of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.6 Global Scenario of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.6.1 Hydrogen Fuel in the USA -- 4.7.7 The Challenges of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.8 The Future of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.8 Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.1 Types of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.1.1 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) -- 4.8.1.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) -- 4.8.1.3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) -- 4.8.1.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) -- 4.8.2 Energy Sources in Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.2.1 Battery -- 4.8.2.2 Ultracapacitors -- 4.8.2.3 Fuel Cell -- 4.8.2.4 Flywheel -- 4.8.2.5 Comparison Among the Energy Sources -- 4.8.3 Charging Systems of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.3.1 AC Charging -- 4.8.3.2 DC Charging -- 4.8.3.3 Wireless Charging -- 4.8.4 Diverse Applications of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.4.1 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) -- 4.8.4.2 Grid to Vehicle (G2V) -- 4.8.4.3 Vehicle to Home (V2H) -- 4.8.4.4 Vehicle to Everything (V2X) -- 4.8.4.5 Second Life of Batteries -- 4.8.5 Present and Future of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.6 Advantages of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.7 Limitations of Electric Vehicles and Probable Solutions -- 4.9 Artificial Sun -- 4.9.1 Working Principle of the Artificial Sun -- 4.9.2 Present State of the Artificial Sun -- 4.10 Artificial Photosynthesis in Artificial Leaf -- 4.10.1 Solar Fuels -- 4.11 Geothermal Energy -- 4.11.1 Geothermal Resources -- 4.11.1.1 Tectonic Plates
505	8		\|a 4.11.1.2 Ring of Fire
650		4	\|a Solar energy-Data processing
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contents	Intro -- Preface -- Key features of this book: -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 The Sun and the Earth -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Big Bang and the Formation of the Universe -- 1.3 The Solar System -- 1.4 The Sun -- 1.4.1 Formation of the Sun -- 1.4.2 Structure, Size, and Composition of the Sun -- 1.4.3 Temperature of the Sun -- 1.4.4 Layers of the Sun -- 1.4.4.1 The Four Outer Layers -- 1.4.4.2 The Three Inner Layers -- 1.4.5 The Solar Cycle -- 1.4.5.1 Impact of the Solar Cycle -- 1.4.6 Movement of the Sun -- 1.4.7 Solar Radiation -- 1.5 The Planets and the Moons -- 1.5.1 The Planets -- 1.5.2 Formation of the Planets -- 1.5.3 Moons of the Planets -- 1.5.4 Our Moon -- 1.5.4.1 Formation of the Moon -- 1.5.4.2 Description of the Moon -- 1.5.4.3 Phases of the Moon -- 1.5.4.4 Impact of the Moon on Earth -- 1.6 Eclipse -- 1.6.1 The Solar Eclipse -- 1.6.2 The Lunar Eclipse -- 1.7 Space Rocks -- 1.8 The Earth -- 1.8.1 The Earth's Atmosphere -- 1.8.2 Layers of the Earth -- 1.8.2.1 The Crust -- 1.8.2.2 The Mantle -- 1.8.2.3 The Core -- 1.8.2.4 Tectonic Plates -- 1.8.3 Earth's External Geography -- 1.8.3.1 Latitudes and Longitudes -- 1.8.3.2 Continents and Oceans -- 1.8.4 Polar Days and Nights -- 1.8.5 Aurora -- 1.8.6 Seasons -- 1.8.7 Earth's Magnetosphere -- 1.8.8 The Natural Cycles on Earth -- 1.8.8.1 The Carbon Cycle -- 1.8.8.2 The Nitrogen Cycle -- 1.8.8.3 The Water Cycle -- 1.9 Relationship Between the Sun and the Earth -- 1.9.1 The Solar Constant -- 1.9.2 Peak Sun Hour -- 1.9.3 Solar Resources -- 1.10 The Death of the Sun -- 1.11 Beyond the Solar System -- 1.12 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Exercise -- References -- 2 Energy Sources on Earth -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Energy and Life -- 2.2.1 Units of Energy -- 2.2.1.1 Calorie -- 2.2.1.2 Joule -- 2.2.1.3 Watt-hour (Wh) 2.2.1.4 British Thermal Unit (BTU) -- 2.2.1.5 Ton of Oil Equivalent (toe) -- 2.2.1.6 Therm -- 2.2.1.7 Ton of Coal Equivalent (tce) -- 2.2.1.8 Barrel of Oil Equivalent (BOE) -- 2.3 Conventional Energy Sources -- 2.3.1 Depletion of Resources -- 2.3.2 Emission of Harmful Gases -- 2.4 Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.1 Share of Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.2 Global Warming Potential (GWP) -- 2.4.3 Lifetime of Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.4 Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions GHGglobal -- 2.4.5 Impacts of the Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.6 Sulfate Can Counter the Greenhouse Effect -- 2.5 Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.1 Formation of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.1.1 Formation of Coal -- 2.5.1.2 Formation of Oil and Gas -- 2.5.1.3 Role of the Sun in Forming Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.2 Classification of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.2.1 Coal -- 2.5.2.2 Crude Oil -- 2.5.2.3 Natural Gas -- 2.5.3 Power to Gas Technology -- 2.5.4 Fracking -- 2.5.4.1 Concerns Related to Fracking -- 2.5.5 Overview of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.1 Emissions from Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.2 The Socio-Political Aspect of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.3 How to Make Fossil Fuels Less Harmful? -- 2.6 Non-conventional Energy Sources -- 2.6.1 Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.1 Types of Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.2 Global Share, Growth, and Prospects -- 2.6.1.3 Benefits of Using Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.4 Renewable Energy vs. Sustainable Energy -- 2.6.2 Nuclear Energy -- 2.6.2.1 Operation of a Nuclear Power Plant -- 2.6.2.2 Is Nuclear Energy Renewable? -- 2.6.2.3 History and Gradual Development -- 2.6.2.4 Global Share of Nuclear Energy -- 2.6.2.5 Cost, Space, and Safety Considerations -- 2.6.2.6 Nuclear Waste and Disaster Management -- 2.6.2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy -- 2.7 Characteristics of an Ideal Energy Source -- 2.8 The Great Mistake in the History of Energy -- 2.9 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter Exercise -- References -- 3 Energy from the Sun -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Electrical Equivalent Circuit of the Sun-Earth Duo -- 3.3 Solar Energy -- 3.3.1 Solar Light Energy -- 3.3.1.1 Working Principle of Solar Cells -- 3.3.1.2 Solar Module -- 3.3.1.3 Global Scenario of Solar PV -- 3.3.1.4 Solar PV in the USA -- 3.3.1.5 Solar PV and CHP -- 3.3.1.6 Solar Concentrators -- 3.3.2 Solar Heat Energy -- 3.3.2.1 Solar Heating and Cooling -- 3.3.2.2 Greenhouse -- 3.3.2.3 Power Tower -- 3.3.2.4 Parabolic Troughs -- 3.3.2.5 Other CSP Technologies -- 3.3.2.6 Global Scenario of CSP -- 3.3.2.7 CSP in the USA -- 3.3.3 Emissions from Various Solar Energy Technologies -- 3.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy -- 3.4 Wind Energy -- 3.4.1 Working Principle of Wind Turbine -- 3.4.2 Wind Turbines -- 3.4.3 Wind Turbine Location -- 3.4.4 Wind Speeds -- 3.4.5 Global Scenario of Wind Power -- 3.4.5.1 Wind Power in the USA -- 3.4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy -- 3.5 Ocean Energy -- 3.5.1 Wave Power -- 3.5.1.1 Formation of Waves -- 3.5.1.2 Classification of Wave Energy Technologies -- 3.5.1.3 Oscillating Water Column (OWC) -- 3.5.1.4 Point Absorber or Linear Generation Buoys -- 3.5.1.5 Attenuator: The Pelamis -- 3.5.2 Worldwide Potential for Wave Power -- 3.5.3 Tidal Power -- 3.5.3.1 Formation of Tides -- 3.5.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion -- 3.5.5 Salinity Gradient Energy -- 3.5.5.1 Pressure Retarded Osmosis -- 3.5.5.2 Reversed Electrodialysis (RED) -- 3.5.6 Obstacles for Ocean Energy -- 3.5.7 Global Scenario of Ocean Energy -- 3.5.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ocean Energy -- 3.6 Hydroelectric Power -- 3.6.1 Working Principle of a Hydroelectric Power Plant -- 3.6.2 Global Scenario of Hydropower -- 3.6.2.1 Hydropower in the USA -- 3.6.3 Electric Truck Hydropower -- 3.6.4 Is Hydropower Really Renewable? 3.6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower -- 3.7 Bioenergy -- 3.7.1 Bioenergy Sources -- 3.7.2 Bioenergy Production -- 3.7.2.1 Direct Combustion -- 3.7.2.2 Thermochemical Conversion -- 3.7.2.3 Chemical Conversion -- 3.7.2.4 Biological Conversion -- 3.7.2.5 Waste to Energy Conversion -- 3.7.3 Is Bioenergy Renewable? -- 3.7.4 Global Scenario of Bioenergy -- 3.7.4.1 Bioenergy in the USA -- 3.7.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioenergy -- 3.8 Correlation among the Energy Sources -- 3.8.1 Hybrid Renewable Power Plants -- 3.8.1.1 Solar-Wind Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.2 Solar-Hydro Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.3 Solar PV-Solar Thermal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.4 Solar-Geothermal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.5 Solar-Tidal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.6 Hydro-Wind Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.7 Solar and Storage Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.2 Fossil Fuel and Renewable Energy Hybrid Plant -- 3.8.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Hybrid EnergySource -- 3.9 Grid Integration of Renewable Energy -- 3.9.1 Inertia in Power Systems -- 3.10 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Exercise -- References -- 4 Energy Without the Sun -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of Energy at Night -- 4.3 Lunar Power -- 4.3.1 Powering Solar PV Using the Moonlight -- 4.3.2 Wrapping the Moon with Solar Modules -- 4.3.3 Placing a Nuclear Power Plant on the Moon -- 4.4 Energy Storage -- 4.4.1 Types of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.1.1 Pumped Hydro Storage -- 4.4.1.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) -- 4.4.1.3 Battery -- 4.4.1.4 Fuel Cell -- 4.4.1.5 Thermal Energy Storage -- 4.4.1.6 Flywheel -- 4.4.1.7 Ultracapacitors -- 4.4.1.8 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage -- 4.4.1.9 Hybrid Energy Storage -- 4.4.2 Comparison of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.3 Applications of Energy Storage Systems 4.4.4 Importance of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.5 Challenges of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.6 Energy Management Systems -- 4.5 Combined Heat and Power -- 4.6 Daylight Saving -- 4.7 Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.1 Production of Hydrogen -- 4.7.1.1 Steam Reforming -- 4.7.1.2 Electrolysis of Water -- 4.7.1.3 Solar-Driven Processes -- 4.7.1.4 Biological Processes -- 4.7.2 Different Types of Hydrogen -- 4.7.3 Storage and Transportation of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.4 Applications of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.5 Cost of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.6 Global Scenario of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.6.1 Hydrogen Fuel in the USA -- 4.7.7 The Challenges of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.8 The Future of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.8 Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.1 Types of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.1.1 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) -- 4.8.1.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) -- 4.8.1.3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) -- 4.8.1.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) -- 4.8.2 Energy Sources in Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.2.1 Battery -- 4.8.2.2 Ultracapacitors -- 4.8.2.3 Fuel Cell -- 4.8.2.4 Flywheel -- 4.8.2.5 Comparison Among the Energy Sources -- 4.8.3 Charging Systems of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.3.1 AC Charging -- 4.8.3.2 DC Charging -- 4.8.3.3 Wireless Charging -- 4.8.4 Diverse Applications of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.4.1 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) -- 4.8.4.2 Grid to Vehicle (G2V) -- 4.8.4.3 Vehicle to Home (V2H) -- 4.8.4.4 Vehicle to Everything (V2X) -- 4.8.4.5 Second Life of Batteries -- 4.8.5 Present and Future of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.6 Advantages of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.7 Limitations of Electric Vehicles and Probable Solutions -- 4.9 Artificial Sun -- 4.9.1 Working Principle of the Artificial Sun -- 4.9.2 Present State of the Artificial Sun -- 4.10 Artificial Photosynthesis in Artificial Leaf -- 4.10.1 Solar Fuels -- 4.11 Geothermal Energy -- 4.11.1 Geothermal Resources -- 4.11.1.1 Tectonic Plates 4.11.1.2 Ring of Fire
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code="c">2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">©2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource (416 Seiten)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Intro -- Preface -- Key features of this book: -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 The Sun and the Earth -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Big Bang and the Formation of the Universe -- 1.3 The Solar System -- 1.4 The Sun -- 1.4.1 Formation of the Sun -- 1.4.2 Structure, Size, and Composition of the Sun -- 1.4.3 Temperature of the Sun -- 1.4.4 Layers of the Sun -- 1.4.4.1 The Four Outer Layers -- 1.4.4.2 The Three Inner Layers -- 1.4.5 The Solar Cycle -- 1.4.5.1 Impact of the Solar Cycle -- 1.4.6 Movement of the Sun -- 1.4.7 Solar Radiation -- 1.5 The Planets and the Moons -- 1.5.1 The Planets -- 1.5.2 Formation of the Planets -- 1.5.3 Moons of the Planets -- 1.5.4 Our Moon -- 1.5.4.1 Formation of the Moon -- 1.5.4.2 Description of the Moon -- 1.5.4.3 Phases of the Moon -- 1.5.4.4 Impact of the Moon on Earth -- 1.6 Eclipse -- 1.6.1 The Solar Eclipse -- 1.6.2 The Lunar Eclipse -- 1.7 Space Rocks -- 1.8 The Earth -- 1.8.1 The Earth's Atmosphere -- 1.8.2 Layers of the Earth -- 1.8.2.1 The Crust -- 1.8.2.2 The Mantle -- 1.8.2.3 The Core -- 1.8.2.4 Tectonic Plates -- 1.8.3 Earth's External Geography -- 1.8.3.1 Latitudes and Longitudes -- 1.8.3.2 Continents and Oceans -- 1.8.4 Polar Days and Nights -- 1.8.5 Aurora -- 1.8.6 Seasons -- 1.8.7 Earth's Magnetosphere -- 1.8.8 The Natural Cycles on Earth -- 1.8.8.1 The Carbon Cycle -- 1.8.8.2 The Nitrogen Cycle -- 1.8.8.3 The Water Cycle -- 1.9 Relationship Between the Sun and the Earth -- 1.9.1 The Solar Constant -- 1.9.2 Peak Sun Hour -- 1.9.3 Solar Resources -- 1.10 The Death of the Sun -- 1.11 Beyond the Solar System -- 1.12 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Exercise -- References -- 2 Energy Sources on Earth -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Energy and Life -- 2.2.1 Units of Energy -- 2.2.1.1 Calorie -- 2.2.1.2 Joule -- 2.2.1.3 Watt-hour (Wh)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2.2.1.4 British Thermal Unit (BTU) -- 2.2.1.5 Ton of Oil Equivalent (toe) -- 2.2.1.6 Therm -- 2.2.1.7 Ton of Coal Equivalent (tce) -- 2.2.1.8 Barrel of Oil Equivalent (BOE) -- 2.3 Conventional Energy Sources -- 2.3.1 Depletion of Resources -- 2.3.2 Emission of Harmful Gases -- 2.4 Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.1 Share of Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.2 Global Warming Potential (GWP) -- 2.4.3 Lifetime of Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.4 Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions GHGglobal -- 2.4.5 Impacts of the Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.6 Sulfate Can Counter the Greenhouse Effect -- 2.5 Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.1 Formation of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.1.1 Formation of Coal -- 2.5.1.2 Formation of Oil and Gas -- 2.5.1.3 Role of the Sun in Forming Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.2 Classification of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.2.1 Coal -- 2.5.2.2 Crude Oil -- 2.5.2.3 Natural Gas -- 2.5.3 Power to Gas Technology -- 2.5.4 Fracking -- 2.5.4.1 Concerns Related to Fracking -- 2.5.5 Overview of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.1 Emissions from Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.2 The Socio-Political Aspect of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.3 How to Make Fossil Fuels Less Harmful? -- 2.6 Non-conventional Energy Sources -- 2.6.1 Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.1 Types of Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.2 Global Share, Growth, and Prospects -- 2.6.1.3 Benefits of Using Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.4 Renewable Energy vs. Sustainable Energy -- 2.6.2 Nuclear Energy -- 2.6.2.1 Operation of a Nuclear Power Plant -- 2.6.2.2 Is Nuclear Energy Renewable? -- 2.6.2.3 History and Gradual Development -- 2.6.2.4 Global Share of Nuclear Energy -- 2.6.2.5 Cost, Space, and Safety Considerations -- 2.6.2.6 Nuclear Waste and Disaster Management -- 2.6.2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy -- 2.7 Characteristics of an Ideal Energy Source -- 2.8 The Great Mistake in the History of Energy -- 2.9 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Exercise -- References -- 3 Energy from the Sun -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Electrical Equivalent Circuit of the Sun-Earth Duo -- 3.3 Solar Energy -- 3.3.1 Solar Light Energy -- 3.3.1.1 Working Principle of Solar Cells -- 3.3.1.2 Solar Module -- 3.3.1.3 Global Scenario of Solar PV -- 3.3.1.4 Solar PV in the USA -- 3.3.1.5 Solar PV and CHP -- 3.3.1.6 Solar Concentrators -- 3.3.2 Solar Heat Energy -- 3.3.2.1 Solar Heating and Cooling -- 3.3.2.2 Greenhouse -- 3.3.2.3 Power Tower -- 3.3.2.4 Parabolic Troughs -- 3.3.2.5 Other CSP Technologies -- 3.3.2.6 Global Scenario of CSP -- 3.3.2.7 CSP in the USA -- 3.3.3 Emissions from Various Solar Energy Technologies -- 3.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy -- 3.4 Wind Energy -- 3.4.1 Working Principle of Wind Turbine -- 3.4.2 Wind Turbines -- 3.4.3 Wind Turbine Location -- 3.4.4 Wind Speeds -- 3.4.5 Global Scenario of Wind Power -- 3.4.5.1 Wind Power in the USA -- 3.4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy -- 3.5 Ocean Energy -- 3.5.1 Wave Power -- 3.5.1.1 Formation of Waves -- 3.5.1.2 Classification of Wave Energy Technologies -- 3.5.1.3 Oscillating Water Column (OWC) -- 3.5.1.4 Point Absorber or Linear Generation Buoys -- 3.5.1.5 Attenuator: The Pelamis -- 3.5.2 Worldwide Potential for Wave Power -- 3.5.3 Tidal Power -- 3.5.3.1 Formation of Tides -- 3.5.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion -- 3.5.5 Salinity Gradient Energy -- 3.5.5.1 Pressure Retarded Osmosis -- 3.5.5.2 Reversed Electrodialysis (RED) -- 3.5.6 Obstacles for Ocean Energy -- 3.5.7 Global Scenario of Ocean Energy -- 3.5.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ocean Energy -- 3.6 Hydroelectric Power -- 3.6.1 Working Principle of a Hydroelectric Power Plant -- 3.6.2 Global Scenario of Hydropower -- 3.6.2.1 Hydropower in the USA -- 3.6.3 Electric Truck Hydropower -- 3.6.4 Is Hydropower Really Renewable?</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3.6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower -- 3.7 Bioenergy -- 3.7.1 Bioenergy Sources -- 3.7.2 Bioenergy Production -- 3.7.2.1 Direct Combustion -- 3.7.2.2 Thermochemical Conversion -- 3.7.2.3 Chemical Conversion -- 3.7.2.4 Biological Conversion -- 3.7.2.5 Waste to Energy Conversion -- 3.7.3 Is Bioenergy Renewable? -- 3.7.4 Global Scenario of Bioenergy -- 3.7.4.1 Bioenergy in the USA -- 3.7.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioenergy -- 3.8 Correlation among the Energy Sources -- 3.8.1 Hybrid Renewable Power Plants -- 3.8.1.1 Solar-Wind Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.2 Solar-Hydro Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.3 Solar PV-Solar Thermal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.4 Solar-Geothermal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.5 Solar-Tidal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.6 Hydro-Wind Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.7 Solar and Storage Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.2 Fossil Fuel and Renewable Energy Hybrid Plant -- 3.8.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Hybrid EnergySource -- 3.9 Grid Integration of Renewable Energy -- 3.9.1 Inertia in Power Systems -- 3.10 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Exercise -- References -- 4 Energy Without the Sun -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of Energy at Night -- 4.3 Lunar Power -- 4.3.1 Powering Solar PV Using the Moonlight -- 4.3.2 Wrapping the Moon with Solar Modules -- 4.3.3 Placing a Nuclear Power Plant on the Moon -- 4.4 Energy Storage -- 4.4.1 Types of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.1.1 Pumped Hydro Storage -- 4.4.1.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) -- 4.4.1.3 Battery -- 4.4.1.4 Fuel Cell -- 4.4.1.5 Thermal Energy Storage -- 4.4.1.6 Flywheel -- 4.4.1.7 Ultracapacitors -- 4.4.1.8 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage -- 4.4.1.9 Hybrid Energy Storage -- 4.4.2 Comparison of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.3 Applications of Energy Storage Systems</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">4.4.4 Importance of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.5 Challenges of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.6 Energy Management Systems -- 4.5 Combined Heat and Power -- 4.6 Daylight Saving -- 4.7 Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.1 Production of Hydrogen -- 4.7.1.1 Steam Reforming -- 4.7.1.2 Electrolysis of Water -- 4.7.1.3 Solar-Driven Processes -- 4.7.1.4 Biological Processes -- 4.7.2 Different Types of Hydrogen -- 4.7.3 Storage and Transportation of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.4 Applications of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.5 Cost of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.6 Global Scenario of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.6.1 Hydrogen Fuel in the USA -- 4.7.7 The Challenges of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.8 The Future of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.8 Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.1 Types of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.1.1 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) -- 4.8.1.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) -- 4.8.1.3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) -- 4.8.1.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) -- 4.8.2 Energy Sources in Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.2.1 Battery -- 4.8.2.2 Ultracapacitors -- 4.8.2.3 Fuel Cell -- 4.8.2.4 Flywheel -- 4.8.2.5 Comparison Among the Energy Sources -- 4.8.3 Charging Systems of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.3.1 AC Charging -- 4.8.3.2 DC Charging -- 4.8.3.3 Wireless Charging -- 4.8.4 Diverse Applications of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.4.1 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) -- 4.8.4.2 Grid to Vehicle (G2V) -- 4.8.4.3 Vehicle to Home (V2H) -- 4.8.4.4 Vehicle to Everything (V2X) 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spelling	Hossain, Eklas Verfasser aut The Sun, Energy, and Climate Change 1st ed Cham Springer 2023 ©2023 1 Online-Ressource (416 Seiten) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources Intro -- Preface -- Key features of this book: -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 The Sun and the Earth -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Big Bang and the Formation of the Universe -- 1.3 The Solar System -- 1.4 The Sun -- 1.4.1 Formation of the Sun -- 1.4.2 Structure, Size, and Composition of the Sun -- 1.4.3 Temperature of the Sun -- 1.4.4 Layers of the Sun -- 1.4.4.1 The Four Outer Layers -- 1.4.4.2 The Three Inner Layers -- 1.4.5 The Solar Cycle -- 1.4.5.1 Impact of the Solar Cycle -- 1.4.6 Movement of the Sun -- 1.4.7 Solar Radiation -- 1.5 The Planets and the Moons -- 1.5.1 The Planets -- 1.5.2 Formation of the Planets -- 1.5.3 Moons of the Planets -- 1.5.4 Our Moon -- 1.5.4.1 Formation of the Moon -- 1.5.4.2 Description of the Moon -- 1.5.4.3 Phases of the Moon -- 1.5.4.4 Impact of the Moon on Earth -- 1.6 Eclipse -- 1.6.1 The Solar Eclipse -- 1.6.2 The Lunar Eclipse -- 1.7 Space Rocks -- 1.8 The Earth -- 1.8.1 The Earth's Atmosphere -- 1.8.2 Layers of the Earth -- 1.8.2.1 The Crust -- 1.8.2.2 The Mantle -- 1.8.2.3 The Core -- 1.8.2.4 Tectonic Plates -- 1.8.3 Earth's External Geography -- 1.8.3.1 Latitudes and Longitudes -- 1.8.3.2 Continents and Oceans -- 1.8.4 Polar Days and Nights -- 1.8.5 Aurora -- 1.8.6 Seasons -- 1.8.7 Earth's Magnetosphere -- 1.8.8 The Natural Cycles on Earth -- 1.8.8.1 The Carbon Cycle -- 1.8.8.2 The Nitrogen Cycle -- 1.8.8.3 The Water Cycle -- 1.9 Relationship Between the Sun and the Earth -- 1.9.1 The Solar Constant -- 1.9.2 Peak Sun Hour -- 1.9.3 Solar Resources -- 1.10 The Death of the Sun -- 1.11 Beyond the Solar System -- 1.12 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Exercise -- References -- 2 Energy Sources on Earth -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Energy and Life -- 2.2.1 Units of Energy -- 2.2.1.1 Calorie -- 2.2.1.2 Joule -- 2.2.1.3 Watt-hour (Wh) 2.2.1.4 British Thermal Unit (BTU) -- 2.2.1.5 Ton of Oil Equivalent (toe) -- 2.2.1.6 Therm -- 2.2.1.7 Ton of Coal Equivalent (tce) -- 2.2.1.8 Barrel of Oil Equivalent (BOE) -- 2.3 Conventional Energy Sources -- 2.3.1 Depletion of Resources -- 2.3.2 Emission of Harmful Gases -- 2.4 Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.1 Share of Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.2 Global Warming Potential (GWP) -- 2.4.3 Lifetime of Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.4 Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions GHGglobal -- 2.4.5 Impacts of the Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.6 Sulfate Can Counter the Greenhouse Effect -- 2.5 Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.1 Formation of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.1.1 Formation of Coal -- 2.5.1.2 Formation of Oil and Gas -- 2.5.1.3 Role of the Sun in Forming Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.2 Classification of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.2.1 Coal -- 2.5.2.2 Crude Oil -- 2.5.2.3 Natural Gas -- 2.5.3 Power to Gas Technology -- 2.5.4 Fracking -- 2.5.4.1 Concerns Related to Fracking -- 2.5.5 Overview of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.1 Emissions from Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.2 The Socio-Political Aspect of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.3 How to Make Fossil Fuels Less Harmful? -- 2.6 Non-conventional Energy Sources -- 2.6.1 Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.1 Types of Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.2 Global Share, Growth, and Prospects -- 2.6.1.3 Benefits of Using Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.4 Renewable Energy vs. Sustainable Energy -- 2.6.2 Nuclear Energy -- 2.6.2.1 Operation of a Nuclear Power Plant -- 2.6.2.2 Is Nuclear Energy Renewable? -- 2.6.2.3 History and Gradual Development -- 2.6.2.4 Global Share of Nuclear Energy -- 2.6.2.5 Cost, Space, and Safety Considerations -- 2.6.2.6 Nuclear Waste and Disaster Management -- 2.6.2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy -- 2.7 Characteristics of an Ideal Energy Source -- 2.8 The Great Mistake in the History of Energy -- 2.9 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter Exercise -- References -- 3 Energy from the Sun -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Electrical Equivalent Circuit of the Sun-Earth Duo -- 3.3 Solar Energy -- 3.3.1 Solar Light Energy -- 3.3.1.1 Working Principle of Solar Cells -- 3.3.1.2 Solar Module -- 3.3.1.3 Global Scenario of Solar PV -- 3.3.1.4 Solar PV in the USA -- 3.3.1.5 Solar PV and CHP -- 3.3.1.6 Solar Concentrators -- 3.3.2 Solar Heat Energy -- 3.3.2.1 Solar Heating and Cooling -- 3.3.2.2 Greenhouse -- 3.3.2.3 Power Tower -- 3.3.2.4 Parabolic Troughs -- 3.3.2.5 Other CSP Technologies -- 3.3.2.6 Global Scenario of CSP -- 3.3.2.7 CSP in the USA -- 3.3.3 Emissions from Various Solar Energy Technologies -- 3.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy -- 3.4 Wind Energy -- 3.4.1 Working Principle of Wind Turbine -- 3.4.2 Wind Turbines -- 3.4.3 Wind Turbine Location -- 3.4.4 Wind Speeds -- 3.4.5 Global Scenario of Wind Power -- 3.4.5.1 Wind Power in the USA -- 3.4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy -- 3.5 Ocean Energy -- 3.5.1 Wave Power -- 3.5.1.1 Formation of Waves -- 3.5.1.2 Classification of Wave Energy Technologies -- 3.5.1.3 Oscillating Water Column (OWC) -- 3.5.1.4 Point Absorber or Linear Generation Buoys -- 3.5.1.5 Attenuator: The Pelamis -- 3.5.2 Worldwide Potential for Wave Power -- 3.5.3 Tidal Power -- 3.5.3.1 Formation of Tides -- 3.5.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion -- 3.5.5 Salinity Gradient Energy -- 3.5.5.1 Pressure Retarded Osmosis -- 3.5.5.2 Reversed Electrodialysis (RED) -- 3.5.6 Obstacles for Ocean Energy -- 3.5.7 Global Scenario of Ocean Energy -- 3.5.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ocean Energy -- 3.6 Hydroelectric Power -- 3.6.1 Working Principle of a Hydroelectric Power Plant -- 3.6.2 Global Scenario of Hydropower -- 3.6.2.1 Hydropower in the USA -- 3.6.3 Electric Truck Hydropower -- 3.6.4 Is Hydropower Really Renewable? 3.6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower -- 3.7 Bioenergy -- 3.7.1 Bioenergy Sources -- 3.7.2 Bioenergy Production -- 3.7.2.1 Direct Combustion -- 3.7.2.2 Thermochemical Conversion -- 3.7.2.3 Chemical Conversion -- 3.7.2.4 Biological Conversion -- 3.7.2.5 Waste to Energy Conversion -- 3.7.3 Is Bioenergy Renewable? -- 3.7.4 Global Scenario of Bioenergy -- 3.7.4.1 Bioenergy in the USA -- 3.7.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioenergy -- 3.8 Correlation among the Energy Sources -- 3.8.1 Hybrid Renewable Power Plants -- 3.8.1.1 Solar-Wind Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.2 Solar-Hydro Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.3 Solar PV-Solar Thermal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.4 Solar-Geothermal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.5 Solar-Tidal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.6 Hydro-Wind Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.7 Solar and Storage Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.2 Fossil Fuel and Renewable Energy Hybrid Plant -- 3.8.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Hybrid EnergySource -- 3.9 Grid Integration of Renewable Energy -- 3.9.1 Inertia in Power Systems -- 3.10 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Exercise -- References -- 4 Energy Without the Sun -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of Energy at Night -- 4.3 Lunar Power -- 4.3.1 Powering Solar PV Using the Moonlight -- 4.3.2 Wrapping the Moon with Solar Modules -- 4.3.3 Placing a Nuclear Power Plant on the Moon -- 4.4 Energy Storage -- 4.4.1 Types of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.1.1 Pumped Hydro Storage -- 4.4.1.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) -- 4.4.1.3 Battery -- 4.4.1.4 Fuel Cell -- 4.4.1.5 Thermal Energy Storage -- 4.4.1.6 Flywheel -- 4.4.1.7 Ultracapacitors -- 4.4.1.8 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage -- 4.4.1.9 Hybrid Energy Storage -- 4.4.2 Comparison of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.3 Applications of Energy Storage Systems 4.4.4 Importance of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.5 Challenges of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.6 Energy Management Systems -- 4.5 Combined Heat and Power -- 4.6 Daylight Saving -- 4.7 Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.1 Production of Hydrogen -- 4.7.1.1 Steam Reforming -- 4.7.1.2 Electrolysis of Water -- 4.7.1.3 Solar-Driven Processes -- 4.7.1.4 Biological Processes -- 4.7.2 Different Types of Hydrogen -- 4.7.3 Storage and Transportation of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.4 Applications of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.5 Cost of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.6 Global Scenario of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.6.1 Hydrogen Fuel in the USA -- 4.7.7 The Challenges of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.8 The Future of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.8 Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.1 Types of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.1.1 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) -- 4.8.1.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) -- 4.8.1.3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) -- 4.8.1.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) -- 4.8.2 Energy Sources in Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.2.1 Battery -- 4.8.2.2 Ultracapacitors -- 4.8.2.3 Fuel Cell -- 4.8.2.4 Flywheel -- 4.8.2.5 Comparison Among the Energy Sources -- 4.8.3 Charging Systems of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.3.1 AC Charging -- 4.8.3.2 DC Charging -- 4.8.3.3 Wireless Charging -- 4.8.4 Diverse Applications of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.4.1 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) -- 4.8.4.2 Grid to Vehicle (G2V) -- 4.8.4.3 Vehicle to Home (V2H) -- 4.8.4.4 Vehicle to Everything (V2X) -- 4.8.4.5 Second Life of Batteries -- 4.8.5 Present and Future of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.6 Advantages of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.7 Limitations of Electric Vehicles and Probable Solutions -- 4.9 Artificial Sun -- 4.9.1 Working Principle of the Artificial Sun -- 4.9.2 Present State of the Artificial Sun -- 4.10 Artificial Photosynthesis in Artificial Leaf -- 4.10.1 Solar Fuels -- 4.11 Geothermal Energy -- 4.11.1 Geothermal Resources -- 4.11.1.1 Tectonic Plates 4.11.1.2 Ring of Fire Solar energy-Data processing Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Hossain, Eklas The Sun, Energy, and Climate Change Cham : Springer,c2023 9783031221958
spellingShingle	Hossain, Eklas The Sun, Energy, and Climate Change Intro -- Preface -- Key features of this book: -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 The Sun and the Earth -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Big Bang and the Formation of the Universe -- 1.3 The Solar System -- 1.4 The Sun -- 1.4.1 Formation of the Sun -- 1.4.2 Structure, Size, and Composition of the Sun -- 1.4.3 Temperature of the Sun -- 1.4.4 Layers of the Sun -- 1.4.4.1 The Four Outer Layers -- 1.4.4.2 The Three Inner Layers -- 1.4.5 The Solar Cycle -- 1.4.5.1 Impact of the Solar Cycle -- 1.4.6 Movement of the Sun -- 1.4.7 Solar Radiation -- 1.5 The Planets and the Moons -- 1.5.1 The Planets -- 1.5.2 Formation of the Planets -- 1.5.3 Moons of the Planets -- 1.5.4 Our Moon -- 1.5.4.1 Formation of the Moon -- 1.5.4.2 Description of the Moon -- 1.5.4.3 Phases of the Moon -- 1.5.4.4 Impact of the Moon on Earth -- 1.6 Eclipse -- 1.6.1 The Solar Eclipse -- 1.6.2 The Lunar Eclipse -- 1.7 Space Rocks -- 1.8 The Earth -- 1.8.1 The Earth's Atmosphere -- 1.8.2 Layers of the Earth -- 1.8.2.1 The Crust -- 1.8.2.2 The Mantle -- 1.8.2.3 The Core -- 1.8.2.4 Tectonic Plates -- 1.8.3 Earth's External Geography -- 1.8.3.1 Latitudes and Longitudes -- 1.8.3.2 Continents and Oceans -- 1.8.4 Polar Days and Nights -- 1.8.5 Aurora -- 1.8.6 Seasons -- 1.8.7 Earth's Magnetosphere -- 1.8.8 The Natural Cycles on Earth -- 1.8.8.1 The Carbon Cycle -- 1.8.8.2 The Nitrogen Cycle -- 1.8.8.3 The Water Cycle -- 1.9 Relationship Between the Sun and the Earth -- 1.9.1 The Solar Constant -- 1.9.2 Peak Sun Hour -- 1.9.3 Solar Resources -- 1.10 The Death of the Sun -- 1.11 Beyond the Solar System -- 1.12 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Exercise -- References -- 2 Energy Sources on Earth -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Energy and Life -- 2.2.1 Units of Energy -- 2.2.1.1 Calorie -- 2.2.1.2 Joule -- 2.2.1.3 Watt-hour (Wh) 2.2.1.4 British Thermal Unit (BTU) -- 2.2.1.5 Ton of Oil Equivalent (toe) -- 2.2.1.6 Therm -- 2.2.1.7 Ton of Coal Equivalent (tce) -- 2.2.1.8 Barrel of Oil Equivalent (BOE) -- 2.3 Conventional Energy Sources -- 2.3.1 Depletion of Resources -- 2.3.2 Emission of Harmful Gases -- 2.4 Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.1 Share of Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.2 Global Warming Potential (GWP) -- 2.4.3 Lifetime of Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.4 Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions GHGglobal -- 2.4.5 Impacts of the Greenhouse Gases -- 2.4.6 Sulfate Can Counter the Greenhouse Effect -- 2.5 Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.1 Formation of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.1.1 Formation of Coal -- 2.5.1.2 Formation of Oil and Gas -- 2.5.1.3 Role of the Sun in Forming Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.2 Classification of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.2.1 Coal -- 2.5.2.2 Crude Oil -- 2.5.2.3 Natural Gas -- 2.5.3 Power to Gas Technology -- 2.5.4 Fracking -- 2.5.4.1 Concerns Related to Fracking -- 2.5.5 Overview of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.1 Emissions from Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.2 The Socio-Political Aspect of Fossil Fuels -- 2.5.5.3 How to Make Fossil Fuels Less Harmful? -- 2.6 Non-conventional Energy Sources -- 2.6.1 Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.1 Types of Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.2 Global Share, Growth, and Prospects -- 2.6.1.3 Benefits of Using Renewable Energy -- 2.6.1.4 Renewable Energy vs. Sustainable Energy -- 2.6.2 Nuclear Energy -- 2.6.2.1 Operation of a Nuclear Power Plant -- 2.6.2.2 Is Nuclear Energy Renewable? -- 2.6.2.3 History and Gradual Development -- 2.6.2.4 Global Share of Nuclear Energy -- 2.6.2.5 Cost, Space, and Safety Considerations -- 2.6.2.6 Nuclear Waste and Disaster Management -- 2.6.2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy -- 2.7 Characteristics of an Ideal Energy Source -- 2.8 The Great Mistake in the History of Energy -- 2.9 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter Exercise -- References -- 3 Energy from the Sun -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Electrical Equivalent Circuit of the Sun-Earth Duo -- 3.3 Solar Energy -- 3.3.1 Solar Light Energy -- 3.3.1.1 Working Principle of Solar Cells -- 3.3.1.2 Solar Module -- 3.3.1.3 Global Scenario of Solar PV -- 3.3.1.4 Solar PV in the USA -- 3.3.1.5 Solar PV and CHP -- 3.3.1.6 Solar Concentrators -- 3.3.2 Solar Heat Energy -- 3.3.2.1 Solar Heating and Cooling -- 3.3.2.2 Greenhouse -- 3.3.2.3 Power Tower -- 3.3.2.4 Parabolic Troughs -- 3.3.2.5 Other CSP Technologies -- 3.3.2.6 Global Scenario of CSP -- 3.3.2.7 CSP in the USA -- 3.3.3 Emissions from Various Solar Energy Technologies -- 3.3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy -- 3.4 Wind Energy -- 3.4.1 Working Principle of Wind Turbine -- 3.4.2 Wind Turbines -- 3.4.3 Wind Turbine Location -- 3.4.4 Wind Speeds -- 3.4.5 Global Scenario of Wind Power -- 3.4.5.1 Wind Power in the USA -- 3.4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy -- 3.5 Ocean Energy -- 3.5.1 Wave Power -- 3.5.1.1 Formation of Waves -- 3.5.1.2 Classification of Wave Energy Technologies -- 3.5.1.3 Oscillating Water Column (OWC) -- 3.5.1.4 Point Absorber or Linear Generation Buoys -- 3.5.1.5 Attenuator: The Pelamis -- 3.5.2 Worldwide Potential for Wave Power -- 3.5.3 Tidal Power -- 3.5.3.1 Formation of Tides -- 3.5.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion -- 3.5.5 Salinity Gradient Energy -- 3.5.5.1 Pressure Retarded Osmosis -- 3.5.5.2 Reversed Electrodialysis (RED) -- 3.5.6 Obstacles for Ocean Energy -- 3.5.7 Global Scenario of Ocean Energy -- 3.5.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ocean Energy -- 3.6 Hydroelectric Power -- 3.6.1 Working Principle of a Hydroelectric Power Plant -- 3.6.2 Global Scenario of Hydropower -- 3.6.2.1 Hydropower in the USA -- 3.6.3 Electric Truck Hydropower -- 3.6.4 Is Hydropower Really Renewable? 3.6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower -- 3.7 Bioenergy -- 3.7.1 Bioenergy Sources -- 3.7.2 Bioenergy Production -- 3.7.2.1 Direct Combustion -- 3.7.2.2 Thermochemical Conversion -- 3.7.2.3 Chemical Conversion -- 3.7.2.4 Biological Conversion -- 3.7.2.5 Waste to Energy Conversion -- 3.7.3 Is Bioenergy Renewable? -- 3.7.4 Global Scenario of Bioenergy -- 3.7.4.1 Bioenergy in the USA -- 3.7.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioenergy -- 3.8 Correlation among the Energy Sources -- 3.8.1 Hybrid Renewable Power Plants -- 3.8.1.1 Solar-Wind Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.2 Solar-Hydro Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.3 Solar PV-Solar Thermal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.4 Solar-Geothermal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.5 Solar-Tidal Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.6 Hydro-Wind Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.1.7 Solar and Storage Hybrid Power Plant -- 3.8.2 Fossil Fuel and Renewable Energy Hybrid Plant -- 3.8.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Hybrid EnergySource -- 3.9 Grid Integration of Renewable Energy -- 3.9.1 Inertia in Power Systems -- 3.10 Conclusion -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Key Messages from This Chapter -- Exercise -- References -- 4 Energy Without the Sun -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of Energy at Night -- 4.3 Lunar Power -- 4.3.1 Powering Solar PV Using the Moonlight -- 4.3.2 Wrapping the Moon with Solar Modules -- 4.3.3 Placing a Nuclear Power Plant on the Moon -- 4.4 Energy Storage -- 4.4.1 Types of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.1.1 Pumped Hydro Storage -- 4.4.1.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) -- 4.4.1.3 Battery -- 4.4.1.4 Fuel Cell -- 4.4.1.5 Thermal Energy Storage -- 4.4.1.6 Flywheel -- 4.4.1.7 Ultracapacitors -- 4.4.1.8 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage -- 4.4.1.9 Hybrid Energy Storage -- 4.4.2 Comparison of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.3 Applications of Energy Storage Systems 4.4.4 Importance of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.5 Challenges of Energy Storage Systems -- 4.4.6 Energy Management Systems -- 4.5 Combined Heat and Power -- 4.6 Daylight Saving -- 4.7 Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.1 Production of Hydrogen -- 4.7.1.1 Steam Reforming -- 4.7.1.2 Electrolysis of Water -- 4.7.1.3 Solar-Driven Processes -- 4.7.1.4 Biological Processes -- 4.7.2 Different Types of Hydrogen -- 4.7.3 Storage and Transportation of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.4 Applications of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.5 Cost of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.6 Global Scenario of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.6.1 Hydrogen Fuel in the USA -- 4.7.7 The Challenges of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.7.8 The Future of Hydrogen Fuel -- 4.8 Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.1 Types of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.1.1 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) -- 4.8.1.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) -- 4.8.1.3 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) -- 4.8.1.4 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) -- 4.8.2 Energy Sources in Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.2.1 Battery -- 4.8.2.2 Ultracapacitors -- 4.8.2.3 Fuel Cell -- 4.8.2.4 Flywheel -- 4.8.2.5 Comparison Among the Energy Sources -- 4.8.3 Charging Systems of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.3.1 AC Charging -- 4.8.3.2 DC Charging -- 4.8.3.3 Wireless Charging -- 4.8.4 Diverse Applications of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.4.1 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) -- 4.8.4.2 Grid to Vehicle (G2V) -- 4.8.4.3 Vehicle to Home (V2H) -- 4.8.4.4 Vehicle to Everything (V2X) -- 4.8.4.5 Second Life of Batteries -- 4.8.5 Present and Future of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.6 Advantages of Electric Vehicles -- 4.8.7 Limitations of Electric Vehicles and Probable Solutions -- 4.9 Artificial Sun -- 4.9.1 Working Principle of the Artificial Sun -- 4.9.2 Present State of the Artificial Sun -- 4.10 Artificial Photosynthesis in Artificial Leaf -- 4.10.1 Solar Fuels -- 4.11 Geothermal Energy -- 4.11.1 Geothermal Resources -- 4.11.1.1 Tectonic Plates 4.11.1.2 Ring of Fire Solar energy-Data processing
title	The Sun, Energy, and Climate Change
title_auth	The Sun, Energy, and Climate Change
title_exact_search	The Sun, Energy, and Climate Change
title_full	The Sun, Energy, and Climate Change
title_fullStr	The Sun, Energy, and Climate Change
title_full_unstemmed	The Sun, Energy, and Climate Change
title_short	The Sun, Energy, and Climate Change
title_sort	the sun energy and climate change
topic	Solar energy-Data processing
topic_facet	Solar energy-Data processing
work_keys_str_mv	AT hossaineklas thesunenergyandclimatechange

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