A Cold War exodus: how American activists mobilized to free Soviet Jews
"From twinning bar and bat mitzvahs to smuggling blue jeans across the Iron Curtain, A Cold War exodus analyzes how Cold War-era social movement activists invented the mass mobilization tactics that helped free Soviet Jews-and reshaped Jewish American culture in the process."
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York University Press
[2024]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "From twinning bar and bat mitzvahs to smuggling blue jeans across the Iron Curtain, A Cold War exodus analyzes how Cold War-era social movement activists invented the mass mobilization tactics that helped free Soviet Jews-and reshaped Jewish American culture in the process." |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 436 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781479879397 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables xv xvii List of Acronyms Introduction: Let Them Live as Jews or Let Them Leave 1 Illuminate the Past and Present 2 This Is the Matzoh of Hope 27 42 3 How to Find and Meet Russian Jews 4 From Russia, with Angst 5 We’ve Said No to PepsiCo 6 Natashas Dream 223 7 My Soviet Twin 257 Conclusion: Voices of the Vigil Acknowledgments 86 134 177 297 311 Appendix: Soviet Jewish Emigration Statistics Notes i 317 319 379 List of Interviews Bibliography 381 xlii Index 425 About the Author 437
BIBLIOGRAPHY Archives Consulted AJA American Jewish Archives, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati ajhs American Jewish Historical Society, Center for Jewish History, New York lma London Metropolitan Archives, London N l I National Library of Israel, Jerusalem NY pl New York Public Library tul Temple University Library, Philadelphia umja Nathan and Theresa Berman Upper Midwest Jewish Archives, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis wrhs Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland yua Yeshiva University Archives, Mendel Gottesman Library, New York Unpublished Primary Sources Abraham J. Bayer Papers. Personal files of Ellen Bayer. ajCong American Jewish Congress Records. RG I-77. AJHS. asj Action for Soviet Jewry (Boston) Records. RG I-487. AJHS. bacsj Bay Area Council for Soviet Jews Records. RG I-505/505A. AJHS. Bapp Rabbi Bernard A. Poupko Papers. Personal Files of Rivy Poupko Kletenik. ВНР Bonnie Heller Papers. RG umjaoi56. UJMA. bmp Bobbie Morgenstern Papers on Soviet Jewry. SCRC 403. TUL. ajb
382 CASj Chicago Action for Soviet Jewry Records. RG I-530. AJHS. ccs a Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism Records. MS 4011. WRHS. CCSA2 Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism Records, Series II. MS 5110. WRHS. gnycsj Greater New York Conference on Soviet Jewry Collection. RG I-362. AJHS. GPP Grayce Perlbinder Papers. RG P-942. AJHS. haf Rabbi Herbert A. Friedman Collection. MS-763. AJA. jbp Jacob Birnbaum Papers. Personal Files of Jacob Birnbaum. j c R c g p Jewish Community Relations Council of Greater Philadelphia Records. SCRC 230. TUL. jcrcmd Jewish Community Relations Council (MinnesotaDakotas) Records. RG umjaooi3. UMJA. jcsp Joseph and Connie Smukler Papers on Soviet Jewry. SCRC 414. TUL. jga Joel G. Ackerman Soviet Jewry collection. RG P-787. AJHS. jsas Joel Sandberg and Adele Sandberg Papers. RG P-872. AJHS. lrp Louis Rosenblum Papers. MS 4926. WRHS. mbsp Rabbi Moses B. Sachs papers. RG umjaoo46. UJMA. mdp Moshe Decter Papers. RG P-899. AJHS. mra Minnesota Rabbinical Association Records, RG umjaoo32. UJMA. MSP Morey Schapira Papers. RG P-906. AJHS. ncsj National Conference on Soviet Jewry Records. AJHS RG I-181/181A. AJHS. ncsj-UK National Council for Soviet Jewry (United Kingdom and Ireland) Records. ACC 3087. LMA. njcrac National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council Records. RG I-172. AJHS. рве Pamela B. Cohen Papers. RG P-897. AJHS. RAC Religious Action Center for Reform Judaism Soviet Jewry Collection. RG I-538. AJHS. BIBLIOGRAPHY
SASj Seattle Action for Soviet Jewry Records. RG I-507. AJHS. sssj Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry Records. Call No. 1993.099. YUA. ucsj Union of Councils for Soviet Jews Records. RG I-410/410A. AJHS. usuk United Synagogue (United Kingdom) Records. ACC 2712. LMA. wcsj Washington Committee for Soviet Jewry Records. RG I-540. AJHS. News Sources Abbreviations of Most Commonly Cited News Sources jc Jewish Chronicle (London) j E X Jewish Exponent (Philadelphia) jta Jewish Telegraphic Agency lat Los Angeles Times nyjw Jewish Week (New York) NYT New York Times wjw Jewish Week (Washington) wp Washington Post Repositories of News Sources Cited Most newspapers cited here were accessed via ProQuest Historical Newspapers. All Israeli newspapers and Los Angeles’s В’nai B’rith Messenger were accessed via the National Library of Israel Newspaper Collection, www.nli.org.il. Londons Jewish Chronicle was accessed via https://archive.thejc.com. Izvestia and Nedelya were accessed via microfilm. Trip Reports Abella, Irving, John Erb, Robert Fulford, Wendy Litwack, and John Oostrom. 11-21 April 1988. NCSJ b.54 f.2. Abramson, Carole, Rudy Appel, and Sharyn Schneider. 9-24 September 1978. ASJ b.91 f.4. Arzt, Lois, and Alvin Arzt. 29 July-2 August 1976. NCSJ b.76 f.22. Axelrad, Albert S., and Gerald Showstack. “Refusenik! An Odyssey through the Land of Spiritual Resistance.” 21-29 September 1978. ASJ b.91 f.6. Bair, Stuart, and Stephen Silberstein. May 1984. BACSJ b.38 f.105. BIBLIOGRAPHY 333
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INDEX Page numbers followed by fand t refer to figures and tables, respectively. Abramova, German, 278 Academic Committee for Soviet Jewry, 28 Action Committee of Newcomers from the Soviet Union (Israel), 17 Action for Post-Soviet Jewry, 298 Action for Soviet Jewry (ASJ), 151, 260, 278, 279, 280/, 284, 289 activists: appeals of, 16,305-6; contempo rary, lessons for, 306-7; Soviet Jewish, 4, 6, 321—22134 tactics, 10-12,29; tourism as recruiting, 91; young urban, 18 Adelman, Samuel, 93 ADL. See Anti-Defamation League Adopt-a-Family programs, 37,91, 264, 272 Adopt-a-Prisoner programs, 37, 91,195,264, 274 affordances, 37 Afghanistan (Soviet invasion of), 216, 219-21 Age of Exploration tropes, 159,160 Agier, Richard, 172-73 Agudath Israel, 17, 89, 94. See also Vaad L’Hatzolas Nidchei Yisroel AJC. See American Jewish Committee AJCongress. See American Jewish Congress AJCSJ. See American Jewish Conference on Soviet Jewry AJHS. See American Jewish Historical Society Al Tidom (“Dare Not Remain Silent”), 94-95, 266 American Greetings Corporation, 72 American Jewish Committee (AJC), 3,17, 28, 183 American Jewish Conference on Soviet Jewry (AJCSJ), 16-17, 46, 81-82; 1968 action plan, 76; creation of, 2,12,15,61; grassroots efforts to reform, 320116; reconstitution as NCSJ, 5, 324171; ritualized protests, 51-53, 60-65, 68-69,71-72, 331П14,332П31,338П136; tac tics, 15-16; tourism and, 106,112, 34711193 youth mobilizations, 233-34, 253 American Jewish Congress (AJCongress), 113-14,117,121,122,158, 201 American Jewish Historical Society (AJHS), 88, 89.345183 American Jewish Year Book, 27
Amnesty International, 263 “Am Yisroel Chai” (The Jewish people lives; Carlebach), 46, 48,306 Andropov, Yuri, 320126 anticommunism, 23-25, 94, 325183, 325—26195 Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 3, 27 antisemitism, Soviet, 12-15, 27-28, 59-60; Western misconceptions of, 323145 Archive of the American Soviet Jewry Move ment, 88 art: design contests, 222, 236, 253-56, 255/; as DIY grassroots expression, 229, 293; pro tests at Soviet art exhibitions, 214; by Soviet Jewish artists, 72,363П106; in twinning service booklets, 273,284. See also graphic design Arzt, Donna, 90 Ashery, Avrum, 74,123/, 124, 215, 216/, 225,278, 279/, 337Ш16, 372133 “The Prayer,” 75/ ASJ. See Action for Soviet Jewry Aviad, Yaacob, 116 Avigur, Shaul, 100 Babi Yar, 72,153-54 “Babi Yar” (Yevtushenko), 323149 425
baby boomers, 18, 20, 22, 231, 244, 262, 295 BACSJ. See Bay Area Council on Soviet Jewry Ballet: Bolshoi, 32, 210, 211, 212; Kirov, 211 Banana Republic, 11,15 7-5 8,15 8/, 356185 bar and bat mitzvahs, 261-62; of Soviet Jews in USSR, 265, 267, 268, 294; traditions, 285, 289; travel and, 372—73142 bar and bat mitzvah twinning, 18, 25, 32,35-36, 37, 91; adulthood and, 286-88; Americanness and, 288-93; as civic engagement, 279, 284, 292-93; coordination of, 275-81, 279/ 280/, as culminating synthesis of movement tactics, 260-63; development of, 260-61, 263-75; ending of, 259-60, 293-94; imbal ance of American and Soviet twins, 277-78; process of, 257-58; sermons, 289-93; staging of, 281-86; statistics, 261, 277-78; tourism and, 308 Battle of Jericho, 21, 44, 50-51, 53, 55, 333137 Baum, Phil, 113,117 Baumrind, Seymour, 267 Bay Area Council on Soviet Jewry (BACSJ), 16, 71,110, 216, 254 Bayer, Abraham, 267,331П14,3471119 Beckerman, Gal, 9, 37116, 37519 Begun, Iosif, 197,199, 267 Beilina, Dina, 87 Bell, Daniel, 28 Beller, Herbert, 121,125 Beller, Jane, 125 Ben-Gurion, David, 4,100 Benjamin, Sheldon, 111,219 Bergelson, Dovid, 13 Bergman, Ingrid, 195,196/ Bettelheim, Bruno, 28 Bikel, Theodore, 325—26195 Birnbaum, Freda, 320116 Birnbaum, Jacob (Yaakov), 4,16, 47-50, 53, 55, 82,106,189,320П16,331П14,332П31; SSSJ founding, 47, 233,320116 BJEs. See Boards/Bureaus of Jewish Education “Black Years” (1948-53), 12,13 В nai Akiva, 100,102 B’nai B’rith, 3,12, 27,98,112, 344161 Boards/Bureaus of Jewish Education (BJEs), 227, 231; Baltimore, 237, 245; Cleveland, 237, 245; Miami, 234, 235, 254;
New York, 249, 251^ Oakland, CA, 232; Washington, DC, 237 Bolshevik Revolution, anniversary as Soviet holiday, 77,338П136 Bond, James Bond, 105,133,135,142,143,144, 146,151 Borden, Victor, 145-46,155-56 Boretz, Alvin, 54 boycotts, 177,185; Arab League boycott of Israel, 183; Olympic Games, 215; PepsiCo, 179-85,181/ 184^ tourism to USSR, 112,178 bracelets. See Prisoner of Conscience: bracelets Brailovsky, Dahlia, 257-59 branding, 122,124, 208 Brezhnev, Leonid, 83,179,212,251,320126 briefing kits (tourist), 113-16,115^ 121-28,123/ Brochin, Jeff, 193-94 Bronstein, Harry (Herschel Tzvi), 94-95 Bush, George H. W„ 5 By Spirit Alone curriculum, 237,244 Caine, Gidon, 266,269,273 CAJE. See Coalition for Alternatives in Jewish Education calendar, 37, 44,51-52, 65, 69-70,71,72,74-80. See also holiday mobilizations; holidays; ritualized protests California Students for Soviet Jews (CSSJ), 16, 177,178,180, 363П105 camp (summer), 227, 231, 233, 234-35, 245 Canada, 17, 72, 202, 211, 212, 260, 267, 322138, 344156. See also Montreal Canadian Jewish Congress, 234, 236 Cantor, Hinda, 134 Capek (Paul), Batsheva, 344156 Carlebach, Shlomo, “Am Yisroel Chai,” 48, 306 Caron, Herbert, 1, 2, 4 Carter, Jimmy, 7, 201, 216, 219 categorical induction, 79-80 CCSA. See Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism celebrities, 6,54, 83,133,173,194,195, 205, 333—34152 Chabad-Lubavitch, 17, 89,94, 95,338П142, 339Ш47 Chemin, Albert, 61-62,331П14 Chicago, 106,183, 205, 219, 260, 265,3391153 Chicago Action for Soviet Jewry, 142, 236, 245, 254-55, 268,286,3491146 children: activism by, 224, 229, 264, 366П9;
education, 22, 59-60, 227; empowerment of, 252-56; engagement of, 11, 35, 251-53; mobilization of, 227, 252-56; protests and, INDEX
59, 229/, seders and, 59-60, 233; social movements and, 228-30. See also youth Christians, 14, 56,74, 94,186, 202, 36174; allies in the movement, 6, 224, 297, 328114, 353125; Soviet persecution of, 321133 civic engagement, 241,293, зббп9 Civil Judaism, 84, 85, 287 Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism (CCSA), 1-2,16,23 4,274,356185; creation of, 15, 28; curricula, 236; handbooks, 105-6, 108, 236; jewelry, 190; tactics, 4,15-16; tour ism and, 105,108-10 “cloak-and-dagger” language, 122,144,145. See also spy tropes Coalition for Alternatives in Jewish Education (CAJE), 234, 237 Coca-Cola, 25,180,185 cognitive logics, 35,37 cognitive praxis, 39,330П39 Cohen, Pamela B., 286 Cola Wars, 11,185 Cold War, 3, 7,8,12,291; activists’ rhetorical distancing from, 23; Jewish American expe rience of, 10,11, 21, 24, 45-46; in scholarship on Soviet Jewry movement, 19,23 Cold War culture, 23-25,210,323141; Jews and, 46,33117; spy thriller genre, 144; tourism and, 124,139-41; twinning and, 288-93 Cold War liberalism, 11, 21, 289, 304 Columbia University, 2, 27, 47,180 Comité des Quinze, 17, 88-89,104,108, 215, 3651137 “Competing for Freedom” (Olympics campaign), 221-22; poster contest, 254-55,255/ Conference on the Status of Soviet Jews (1963), 105-6 Conservative Judaism, 45,112,182,331Ш2. See also United Synagogue Youth consumer culture, 11, 21,186-87 contests, 236; art, 40, 72-73, 222, 253-56; essay, 253-54· 37ОП91 continuity crisis, 299-300, 377112 corporate sponsorship, 208, 215 creative expression, 40,145, 256 CSSJ. See California Students for Soviet Jews “cult of synthesis,” 291
cultural consequences, 35, 38-39,133, 330П37 cultural coproduction, 35,38-41 cultural exchange, 92,362П100; protests at events, 187, 209-14, 219, 221 cultural mobilization, 10-11,36,111, 298, 306 cultural production, 10, 33, 34, 235, 256,305-9, 323143, ЗЗ2П31 cultural sociology, 33, 34-41 dance, 102-3,306; outside Moscow synagogue for Simchat Torah, 52-53; protest of Soviet cultural exchange, 209, 211, 213; at Simchat Torah rallies in US and West, 68-70 Dangerfield, Rodney, 333152 Davis, Margy-Ruth, 339152 Day of Atonement. See Yom Kippur Decter, Moshe, 28,96,106 demobilization, 298-99 denunciations (in Soviet press), 14, 87, 95,107, 126-27, 340-41П4 desecration, 80-81, 338П142 détente, 15,17,19,179,32133; cultural ex change and, 209; Soviet Jewry movement and, 7, 83,177,197; tourism and, 92,106 Detroit, 205, 209/, 339П153 diaspora, 8,100,141-42,160; diaspora building, 171 Dishler, Bernard, 91, 203-4, 209, 221 Doctors Plot, 13-14 Dorn, Dawn, 257-59 Dornan, Robert, 198-99,209 Dorph, Gail, 244 Drinan, Robert, 216 Drugova, Alla, 267 Dymshits, Mark, 83 Easter, mobilization of, 328114 emigration; as Cold War issue, 7,8, 322137; curtailed, 5; “dropout” I "freedom of choice” debate, 20,277,325189; dual residency after, 321П30; evangelical, 32133; monitor ing of, 120; return migration and, 321130; for Soviet Jews versus other Soviet citizens, 321П33,322137; statistics, 6,7-8,259,317t, 318/, 320128; success of activism for, 297-99; as symbol, for USSR, 7, 8,326196; tax, 180 empty chair, 338П142; in bar mitzvah twin nings, 258, 273, 283; origins of symbol, 61, 274; at Passover
seders, 64, 65; on synagogue pulpits, 275, 306 endogenous explanation, 35, 36-37 establishment. See factionalism; National Conference on Soviet Jewry eternal light (ner tamid), 51, 54,155 Exodus: book of, 5, 22, 50; paradigm, 22, 56, 85; symbolism of, 56 INDEX 427
Exodus (Uris), 87, 34117 “Exodus March” (1970), 82 Exodus: The Russian Jewry Simulation Game (Blaser), 245-47, 248/ exploration tropes, 159,160-62 Eyerman, Ronald, 39; Social Movements, ЗЗОП37, ззоппз9—4 Fun. See play Furst, Zev, 113 factionalism, 15-18 family heritage research, 243, 244 family reunification, 326196 fashion, 37,187-89,191,194-95, 3°8 fasting, 45,49, 52, 53,78 Father’s Day, 52 Fefer, Itzik, 13 Feinstein, Moshe, 3391146 feminism, 55,186, 232, 268, 329128 Feuer, Lewis, 105 Fish, Hamilton, 88,292 fitness culture, 201-9 Florida, no, 134,172,180, 203-4, 235-36, 257-58, 261, 264. See also Sandberg, Adele; Sandberg, Joel; Shapiro, Howard; Tabachnikoff, Barry Fodor’s, 106,119,187 Fonda, Jane, 205,206/ Foreign Affairs magazine, 2, 28 Foucault, Michel, 329128 “Four Children” (seder tradition), 232, 332121 “Four Questions” (seder tradition), 57-58, 334П68 four-step plan of activists, 4-5, 6-7 “fourth matzoh,” 62. See also Matzoh of Hope Fradkin, Vladimir, 168/, 268 framing (social movement theory), 38-40, 344П51 freedom; in American Cold War discourse, 25, 29,152, 208,227, 243, 258, 289-94,302,304; contributing to Jewish assimilation, 160, 173-74, 299, 304; taken for granted, 290 Freedom Caravan for Soviet Jews, 234-35, 269 Freedom Rally for Soviet Jews (1987), 5, 257, 258, 300-301 Freedom Runs, 200-209, 206/ 207/, 209/ 221 Freedom Seders. See seders Freedom Shields, 194,195. See also Prisoner of Conscience: medallions Freedom 25, 300-301 Friedman, Milton, 28 Frumkin, Si, 110,177-78,179-80,185; Prisoner of Conscience medallions and, 190-92 Gainsford, Doreen, 194
Gamson, William A., The Strategy ofSocial Protest, 322П37 generations, 21-22, 45,186,237-38,293-95; conflict, 2,18, 20, 46,156, 324168 Generation X, 22, 238, 261,295,37116 Geulah (Redemption) March. See Passover Youth Protest gifts: jewelry as, 192; from tourists, 87,136 Gillen, Ann, 224 Ginzburg, Alexander, 199 glasnost, 88, 32133 Glazer, Nathan, 28 Gliksene, Dalia, 278 GNYCSJ. See Greater New York Conference on Soviet Jewry Goldberg, Arthur, 2 Goldberg, Mendy, 88,103,34116 Goldmann, Nahum, 331—32119 Goldsmith, Jill, 257-59 Goldstein, Norman, 121 Goodman, Jerry, 17,91,106,117,182,183 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 5-6,320125, 321П33 Gorbunov, Luba, 257-59 graphic design, 11,74,124, 213,215, 222, 226/, 254, 269, 278,284,337Ш18,370П94. See also Ashery, Avrum; Podwal, Mark grassroots activism, 6,15-18,35, 61, 70-74; Cold War culture and, 25; conflict with Na tiv, 16, 319—20115. See also Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry; Union of Councils for Soviet Jews; Women’s Campaign for Soviet Jewry Grauer, Yanna, 278, 289, 290 Greater New York Conference on Soviet Jewry (GNYCSJ), 63, 83,107,194,195, 211, 219, 220, 249, 250/, 251/ 333П48,339П146, ЗЗ9П152 greeting cards, 44, 66, 70-74· 73/ 254. 337Ш18, 356185 Grima, Andrew, 194,196/ guerrilla theater, 45,50, 213, 253; seders as, 55, 59. 33416 Guidebook for Contacting Jews in the Soviet Union (Insiders Club), 121-24,123/ Hadassah, 62 haggadahs, 54-55, 56-59; text in “Matzoh of Hope,” 63 INDEX
Halevi, Yossi Klein, 233 Hanukkah, 76, 80,192,204; framings of, 376118; ritualized protests, 51-52, 65,78, 203,3371126 Har Zion Temple, Philadelphia, 224, 264, 265 “Have Guts, Will Travel,” 110 Hayden, Tom, 205 Hayward, Max, 96 Hebrew Academy of Cleveland, Ohio, 59-60 Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, 298 Hebrew Union College (HUC), 237, 244 Helsinki Accords, 27,106, 351172, 373157 Helsinki Watch Group, 197,199 Henzel, Leo, 218 heritage travel, 37,118-20,155,156,163, 308 Heschel, Abraham Joshua, 4,106,324170 Hillel (college student organization), 65,180 Hirsch, Ernie (Yeshayahu), 89 Hoenlein, Malcolm, 3391152 holiday mobilizations, 65-70, 83-85; bar and bat mitzvah twinning and, 272; Christian holidays, 328П14; throughout entire Jewish year, 79-80. See also calendar; holidays; ritualized protests holidays: as category, 79, 85; groupings of, 76, 79-80; mobilization of, 37, 73/; as scheduling hooks, 76; Soviet, 77,79,3381136; themed protests, 43-44, 76; in USSR, 67. See also calendar; holiday mobilizations; ritualized protests; and individual holidays Hollander, David B., 93 Holocaust, 11; accusations of Jewish Ameri can passivity during, 331П19; American response to, 3; bar mitzvah twinning and, 299; devastation of Soviet Jewish life, 12; memorialization as Jewish identity politics, 29-30, 84, 287, 304,376П93; memory, 6, 355169; pilgrimages, 156-57; sites, 153-54; songs, 48, 284-85; Soviet Jewry movement as response to, 22, 46,96-97,159-60,303; Soviet silence about, 13,355173; survivors, 22,177; travelogues and, 151-57,163,172,175. See also post-Holocaust trauma Horowitz,
Bethamie, 30 Horowitz Margareten, 63, 64 How to Find and Meet Russian Jews (American Jewish Congress), 113-16,115/, 122,158 HUC. See Hebrew Union College human rights, 19-20, 27,197, 215, 217,298, 322136, 325185; American policy, 7,11,19, 34; contributions to end of Cold War, 34, 329123, 378125; failure of appeals to, 3,17 8, 220. See also Helsinki Accords Human Rights Day, 297,3371126 humor, 251, 252,370175 identity politics, 83-85, 287, 304 IMC80. See International Monitoring Com mittee for the 1980 Olympics Insiders Club, 121-31; debriefing questionnaire, 128-31,129/, guidebook, 121-24,123/; logo, 123/, 124; outline for briefers, 125-28 institutional logics, 35, 37 International Committee for the Rescue of Georgian Jews, 211 International Monitoring Committee for the 1980 Olympics (IMC80), 215-16, 216/, 217, 220 Intourist, 9 2,17 8, 342—43129; lawsuit against, 86, 90-92 Ioffe, Alexander, 128 Ioffe, Rosa, 128 Israel: American organizations and, 16,17, 20, 82,107,109,112,116, 255,324171; Arab League boycott of, 183-85; creation of, 12,19; in curricula, 240, 247, 254; demography, 8, 38; emigration and, 15, 20, 95, 225, 252, 258, 298, 326196; holidays, 76,78,102; Jewish American independence from, 20,160, 171, 290, 305; Jewish American support for, 29-30,84,152,287,302,304; newspapers, 95, 97, 224; PepsiCo and, 183; relations with USSR, 98-99, 217; return migration from, 321П30; Soviet Jewish ties to, 12-13, 87, 97, 197, 215,223; as symbol, 156-57; tourist gifts from, 87,136. See also Ma' oz; Nativ Israel, Sherry, 346194 Ivker, Cindee, 265-66, 269,272, 273, 275 Izvestia,
116,126-27 Jackson, Henry, 320117, 320124 Jackson, Michael, 185 Jackson-Vanik Amendment to the Trade Act of 1974,7,11,109,120,182,183, 322137; Nixon and, 15,19; Soviet response to, 5, 7, 320126 Jacobs, Ginger, 67-68 Jamison, Andrew, 39; Social Movements, ЗЗОП37, 330ПП39-40 Javits, Jacob, 2 JCCGW. See Jewish Community Council of Greater Washington INDEX 429
430 JDL. See Jewish Defense League JEC. See Jewish Education Committee Jericho Marches, 50. See also Battle of Jericho Jerusalem Post, 205, 224 jewelry, 37,189-200,200/, 308,360045; as gifts, 192. See also Prisoner of Conscience: brace lets; Prisoner of Conscience: medallions Jewish Americans: communal engagement, 29; as community, 3; heritage, 245; identity and, 11; intergenerational issues, 46; meanings of Soviet Jewry movement, 22-23,303-5; meanings of USSR travel, 141-42; mobiliza tion of, 4-5, 9,16,17; politics, 19, 84, 287; search for ethnic roots, 118-19; sociology of, 29, 30-31,32719; statistics, 3-4; synthesizing Americanness and Jewishness, 291 Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (USSR), 13 Jewish Catalog, 107,269 Jewish Community Council of Greater Wash ington (JCCGW), 73/, 121,123/ 129/ 237, 241/ 297. See also Insiders Club; Teaching Soviet Jewry Jewish Defense League (JDL), 18, 95,114; as an ticommunist, 325—26195, 334П61; boycotts, 177,180; violence and, 17,32, 210 Jewish Education Committee, New York (JEC), 235-36 Jewish heritage travel. See heritage travel Jewish memory, 155, 241; collective, 240; of Holocaust, 6, 29; of Soviet Jewry movement, 300-305 Jewish Minority Research bureau, 28 Jewish national movement, in USSR, 9, 20, 63, 67, 266, 300,322138; partnership with American activists, 4, 44,108,110,126. See also refuseniks: as activist vanguard Jewishness, 14,19, 303; Americanness and, 288-89; performance of, 46; “vicarious,” Jews of Struggle: The Jewish National Move ment in the U.S.S.R. (exhibit), 300 Jokes of Oppression, The (Harris and Rabinov ich),
252 Joselit, Jenna Weissman, 261 Joshua, book of, 50-51,333П37 “Judeo-Christian,” 46, 56, 331П17 29-30,304 Jewish New Year. See Rosh Hashanah Jewish organizations, 3, 236; joint actions, 53; tourism and, 105-20; womens, 55,186; youth, 51, 53, 69,112 Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 71, 267 Jewish Theological Seminary, 100, 102 “Jewish Underground Songs from Soviet Russia” (album; Bikel), 325—26195 Jews for Urban Justice, 18 Jews ofSilence, The (Wiesel), 6, 54, 67, 96-98, 153,159; Nativ and, 97-98; uses of by activ ists, 69,113, 269, 283, 344156 Labor Zionist Movement, 61,335185 Landmarks of a People, The (Postal and Abramson), 119,161,163 Ledewitz, Jenny, 291-92,375191 legal affairs, 8, 28; professional mobilization of attorneys, 132,187; tourism as vehicle for legal aid, 88,112,137,169. See also Intourist: lawsuit against leisure culture, 186-87 “Let My People Go” (bat mitzvah prayer book let), 269,270/ Let My People Go (Tailman and Kahn), 236, 238 Kahane, Meir, 17,18,95,177,210,325183, 325—26195 Katz, Jessica, 228,366ml Katz, Label, 12,13,14-15 Kemp, Jack, 6, 215 Kendall, Donald Μ., 178-79,183 Kerry, John, 284 KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, Committee for State Security), 1, 57, 74,107, 122,125,143,144,148,149,150, 211, 224,228, 230, 246, 320126, 345179, 360П58 Khassin, Gennady, 128 Khassin, Natasha, 128 Khrushchev, Nikita, 14,92, 93,179 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1,54 Kissinger, Henry, 7,19 Klaperman, Gilbert, 93 Kohrman, Margery, 277 Kolatch, Alfred, 64 Korenfeld, Natasha, 224-27, 228, 264-66, 273, 275; “Poem of My Land,” 223, 224, 243, 272 Korey, William,
27-28,344161 Kosharovsky, Yuli, 88,103, 203-5, 208-9, 221 362182 Kroll, Aryeh, 99-102,106 Kugler, Shonny, 269,271 Kuhr, Maimon, 266-67 Kuhr, Murray, 146-47 Kuznetsov, Eduard, 83, 377117 INDEX
medical aid, 228; professional mobilization of doctors, 132,187, 350—351170; tourism as vehicle for, 137,169, 231, 354П51 ‘Me generation,” 21 memory: collective, 240, 330П37; erasure, 34, 323149, 329124; immigrant, 244; public, 301; traumatic, 29-30 Mendelevich, Yosef, 6 Merton, Robert, 28 Miami Bureau of Jewish Education, 235,254 micromobilization. See mass mobilization Mifal Hatzolas Yehudei Rusiah (MOHIR; Enterprise for the Rescue of the Jews of Let My People Go: A Haggadah (Podwal), 269, 271/ 278, 280/ 285 Levanon, Nehemiah, 9 3, 319-20115, 3471102 Lewis, John, 5-6 LICSJ. See Long Island Committee for Soviet Jewry life-cycle events, 11,35-36,79, 268, 272-73, 308 Light, Harold (Hal), 71, no Lipset, Seymour Martin, 28 Lipstadt, Deborah, 107 Litt, Daniel, 1,109 Litvinoff, Emmanuel, 28,96 Long Island Committee for Soviet Jewry (LICSJ), 120, 229, 267, 275,374174 Lookstein, Haskell, 107 Los Angeles, 74, no, 177-78,180,198, 218, 219; Run for Soviet Jewry, 201, 204-5,206/, 208, 221 Los Angeles Jewish Federation Council, 204,278 Lowy, Faith, 289-93 Mack Trucks, Inc., 178 Making Gates: The New Soviet Jewish Crisis (CAJE), 237,369158 Mandel, Carol, no Mandel, Morris, 110 Manekofsky, Irene, 23,120,126, 220, 224-25, 349П143 349П147 Mann, Theodore, 112 Manon, Davida, 224 Ma'oz, 61, 64, 274,374163 maps: falsification of, 160; hand-drawn, 163-64, 164/; 165/ Markish, Peretz, 13 mass mobilization, 4-5, 6,298-99,303,305-9; cessation of, 299,310; continuity, 22; cultural consequences, 25,133; protest turnout, 43; tactics, 9-12,15,17,29,31-41,139,204, 232, 260 mass tourism, 33, 92; cultural
consequences, 139; systematic approach to, 98-105,106, 131-32 matzoh, 59, 61-63,335173; restrictions on bak ing, 11, 51, 63 Matzoh of Hope, 53, 61-65; revisions, 63, 81-82, 273,308; transformation for bar and bat mitzvah twinning, 281 May Day demonstrations, 2, 47-49,338П136 medallions. See Prisoner of Conscience: medallions media, 63, 94,204,212,258-59, 265,266, 292, 293; protest coverage, 47,332П20; in USSR, 87 Russia), 17, 94-95 Mikhoels, Solomon, 13 Miller, Betty, 264 Miller, Israel, 61, 68-69 Minnesota Action Committee for Soviet Jewry (also Minnesota-Dakotas Action Commit tee), 264, 272,372127 Minnesota Rabbinical Association, 71 mnemonic pasting, 3401158 mobilization: agents, 36; of children, 230-34; education system and, 229; objects, 35-36; tactics, 20-21. See also mass mobilization mobilizing gaze, 35-37, 49, 60-61, 81,186, 240, 263, 305, 306, 329128, 329П30, 366П9; educa tion and, 233, 240,370П91; institutional context channeling, 101,103; tourism and, 92-105,132 MOHIR. See Mifal Hatzolas Yehudei Rusiah Montreal, Canada, 170, 211, 212,236, 254, 266, 271 Morgenstern, Andrea, 272 Morgenstern, Bobbie, 272 Morgenthau, Hans, 28 Moshavi, Avi, 102-3 movement culture, 15,18-19, 21, 53, 273, 293; artifacts of, 24; coherence of, 283, 307; production of, 35, 252 Murash, Yulia, 291-92, 375191 MUSE. See Museum Utilization for Student Education Museum Utilization for Student Education (MUSE), 237, 244 music, 11,33, 40,185, 234, 239,325195, ЗЗ2П31, 343ПЗЗ. 344056, 375191, З76П93; use in demonstrations, 48, 51,53, 56, 213; use in twinnings, 269, 279, 284-85 Muskat, Lisa,
284-85 INDEX 431
432 na 'aseh v’nishma, 309-10 Nashpitz, Mark, 275 Natashas Dream: Children’s Handbook on Russian Jews and What We Can Do (Manon and Manekofsky), 224-27,226/, 232, 234, 264-65 National Community Relations Advisory Council (NCRAC), 61-62. See also National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council National Conference of Synagogue Youth, 193 National Conference on Soviet Jewry (NCSJ), 5,16-17, 27.77-78, 83; “adoption” programs, 264; bar and bat mitzvah twinning and, 259, 260,276-77; empty chair ritual and, 274-75; guidebook, 107,114,116-17,118-20; Intourist lawsuit, 86, 90-91; Jackson-Vanik and, 320117; Jewelry, 195,199; Nativ and, 119; Olympics and, 215-18; PepsiCo boycott and, 182-83; tourism and, 88,108,112-21,127-28, 131-32,140,178,345185 National Council for Soviet Jewry of the United Kingdom and Ireland (NCSJ-UK), 58, 72, 221, 254 National Jewish Community Relations Advi sory Council (NJCRAC), 77-77,83,112,205, 208, 216, 217, 218-19, 3471118 Nativ, 4,19, 20, 28, 217,301, 319—20115, 326П96, 357ПЮ1; AJCSJ/NCSJ and, 17,112,116,119, 323144 conflict with American organi zations, 15,16,109,116,166, 319—20115, 324169; distancing from Soviet democratic dissidents, 23, 326П100; tourism and, 88,93, 95-105,106-7,112,116,119,3416; Wiesel and, 95-98 Nazis, 3,12; comparison and contrast with Soviets, 153 NBC, 217 NCRAC. See National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council NCSJ. See National Conference on Soviet Jewry NCSJ-UK. See National Council for Soviet Jewry of the United Kingdom and Ireland Neiter, Lois, 142,148,156, 353124 ner tamid. See eternal light Neustadt,
Mordechai, 103, 341116 New Left, 18,55, 325—26195, 338П142 Newman, Ruth, 272 New York Association of New Americans, 298 New York Coordinating Committee for Soviet Jewry (NYCCSJ), 53-54, 58,3391152 New York Youth Conference for Soviet Jewry (NYYCSJ), 82 “Night of the Murdered Poets,” 13 Nixon, Richard, 7,15,19, 83,178-79 NJCRAC. See National Jewish Community Relations Advisory Council nonviolence, 17,32, 46, 55,59, 81,210, 211 Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 298 nostalgia, 195,303, 3481136, 356П80, 378122, 378П30 nuclear weapons, 1, 3, 210; arms reduction pact (1987), 5 Nudel, Ida, 6, 87,197,199 NYCCSJ. See New York Coordinating Com mittee for Soviet Jewry NYYCSJ. See New York Youth Conference for Soviet Jewry occupational activism. See professional mobilizations Office of Visas and Registration. See Otdel Viz i Registratsii Olympic Games, 195,197, 215-22, 254,3641124 365П137; boycott of, 220-21 Olympics Da, Moscow Nyet” logo, 215, 216/ 219 Operation Exodus, 298 Operation Write-On, 224,225 Orlov, Yuri, 197,199 ORT. See Womens American ORT Orthodox Judaism, 17,19,45, 62,88, 94,107, 193, 266, 3391146; Modern Orthodoxy, 42, 331П14,3391152; in USSR, 88,103, 265, 351П101. See also Agudath Israel; ChabadLubavitch; Rabbinical Council of America Otdel Viz i Registratsii (OVIR; Office of Visas and Registration), 6 pageantry, 47, 50 Park Avenue Synagogue, New York City, New York, 61, 274 Passover: as central holiday of rallies, 52-65; seders, 22,31; symbolism, 43,85 Passover protests, 37, 42,52; NYCCSJ rally (1967), 53-54; NYCCSJ rally (1968), 54. See also seders: Soviet Jewry Freedom Seders
Passover Youth Protest (1966), 48, 53, 82 path dependencies, 37,308 pen pals, 224, 225, 257; bar and bat mitzvah twinning and, 271-72,282 peoplehood, 25, 357113; data collection as a practice of, 170-71 INDEX
Queens Council for Soviet Jewry, 58 "People-to-People" efforts, 17-18,71-72,109, 193,264 PepsiCo, 306; boycott, 179-85,181/, 184/, 205, 306; sponsor of running races, 205; USSR distribution, 178-79 Perlbinder, Grayce, 229 Perlbinder, Lisa, 229-30 Peterson, Richard, 34, 344166 Philadelphia, 76-77, 91,178, 224, 250, 264, 300, 302; bar and bat mitzvah twinning, 260, 261, 265-66; Freedom Runs, 203, 205,207/ 208, 209, 221; tourism to USSR, 108,112,117,121, 128,131. See also Soviet Jewry Council of the JCRC of Greater Philadelphia Philadelphia Flyers, 212, 213/ photography, 165-66, 237, 244 play: board games, 249-51, 251/; puzzle books, 249, 250/; role-playing simulations, 245-49 “plight of Soviet Jewry," 12, 64, 237, 282 Rabbinical Council of America (RCA), 61, 335185; delegation to USSR (1956), 92-93, 95, РОС. See Prisoner of Conscience Podwal, Mark, 269,271/ 278, 280/ 285 “Poem of My Land” (Korenfeld), 223,224,243,272 Poland, 95,156,317t political prisoners, 6,11,13,14,18, 83, 87,112, 189,263, 274-75. See also Adopt-a-Prisoner programs; Prisoner of Conscience Porath, Jonathan, 113, 235 post-Holocaust trauma, 3,11,19,21, 25,29-30, 46,118,175, 293,303, 304; travel and, 151-57 Potok, Chaim, 136,159 Poupko, Baruch (Bernard), 95 Power ofProtest: The Movement to Free Soviet Jews (exhibit), 300 POW-MIA bracelets, 191,193,198-99 Pratt, Yehoshua, 106,107 praxis, 39-40,330П39 “Prayer, The” (Ashery), 75/ Prestin, Misha, 268 Prisoner of Conscience (РОС): bracelets, 197-200, loofi medallions, 190-95,190/ 191/ 196/, 308 professional mobilizations, 11, 22,88, 89, 305, 350-3510170; in
academia and science, 28, 132,351173 in the arts, 74, 337П118; in education, 230-32, 237; in law, 132,187; in medicine, 132,187. See also legal affairs; medical aid Project Lifeline, 111-12 publicity, 60, 71, 76,93,105,133,188,204, 212, 213, 258, 259, 266,279, 292, 293 Purim, 53, 76,78, 249,338Ш33, 368149 9 6,13 2, 343144 Rackman, Emmanuel, 93,343135 Ramm, Shoshana, 250-51; Route to Freedom game, 251/ rams horn. See shofar Rapoport, Fran, 275 RCA. See Rabbinical Council of America Reagan, Ronald, 5, 7, 292,321П33 Reagan Revolution, 11, 21 Red Scare, 4 5, 325—26195 Reform Judaism, 245. See also Union of American Hebrew Congregations Refusenik Project, 301 refuseniks, 6, 351175 as activist vanguard, 9, 175, 321—22134 “adoption,” 263; children, 226-27,243,250,264,277; databases, 166-69, 167/; origin of term, 372130; overburdened by tourists, 127-28; prominence of, 197; tourism and, 111,126-28,130 Reiff, Kay, 276 Remennick, Larissa L, 321—22134 research (in the Soviet Jewry campaign), 28 Ribicoff, Abraham, 2 Richter, Glenn, 48-49, 220, 233,331П14 Riskin, Steven (Shlomo), 42,3314 ritualized protests, 40; development of, 46, 47-52,75-78,84-85; as realization of reli gious values, 78,81; symbols and, 70. See also calendar; holiday mobilizations; holidays rituals, 35-36; emotional power of, 76; losing sanctity through mobilization, 80-81 Rodgers, Diane, 228 Roitburd, Sasha, 267 Rosenberg trial, 45 Rosenblum, Louis, 1, 2, 4,16; childrens mobilizations and, 225, 264; conflict with Nativ, 319—20115, 324П69, 3471102; creation of Cleveland Committee, 28; education and, 236; greeting
cards and, 71-72; PepsiCo boy cott and, 185; prisoner adoption and, 264; tourism and, 105-6,108-12,347П119 Rosenblum, Miriam, 111 Rosenne, Meir, 96, 98,106 Rosh Hashanah, 44, 49-50, 65-66, 70-74, 254, 331ПЮ, 332134 Route to Freedom: A Game ofEscape from the Soviet Union (Ramm), 249-51, 251/ INDEX 433
Rubin, Jackie, 254, 255/ Run for Soviet Jewry. See fitness culture; Freedom Runs SAC. See Student Action Committee for Soviet Jewry “sacred survival,” 29-30. See also Civil Judaism Safam, 284,306,375191 safari tropes, 113,157-58 Sakharov, Andrei, 23,197 Salkin, Jeffrey, 172-73 Sandberg, Adele, 107, 272 Sandberg, Joel, 107, 203-4, 272, 345П73 Sandberg, Sheryl, 272 San Francisco Jewish Community Relations Council, 63, 201 Sarna, Jonathan, 291 SCCSJ. See Southern California Council for Soviet Jews Schacter, Herschel, 93 Schapira, Morey, 220, 229/, 251-52 Schneerson, Menachem Mendel, 94,3381142, 434 343144 Schnur, Zeesy, 3391152 Schultz, George, 7, 320125 seders: home, 53; political, 31, 54-55; in schools, 59-60,233-34; Soviet Jewry Freedom Seders, 56-60,338П142; “Symbolic Seder of Redemption” (1969), 42-43; traditions, 57-58,335173; Waskow New Left Freedom seder, 55, 335178, 338П142 Senderovich, Sasha, 159,321—22134 SFCSJ. See South Florida Conference on Soviet Jewry Shapiro, Howard, 134-39,144-45,146,162 Shapiro, Josh, 3718, 371ПП16-17 Shavuot, 44,52,76,78,241,368152 Shcharansky, Anatoly (Natan Sharansky), 6, 23, 58, 83,195,197,198-99, 200/ 209, 216, 221, 230, 273, 302,320121 Shcharansky, Avital, 83,198,273 Shiffrin, Mark, 134-35 Shiffrin, Slava, 134-35 Shinbaum, Myrna, 15,17,105,117, 276-77, 348П133 Shneer, David, 323145 shofar, 49-50, 51, 53, 70, 211,331П9,332П31, 332134 Simchat Torah, 331П10; dance rallies, 44, 68-70; ritualized protests, 52, 65-66; Soviet Jews and, 66, 67 simulations, 243, 245-49,369П76 Siris (Winik), Elaine, 151-53 Sislen, Samuel H., 121, 298,3491147
Six-Day War (1967), 11,19, 99,112 SJC. See Soviet Jewry Council of the JCRC of Greater Philadelphia SJLAC. See Soviet Jewry Legal Advocacy Center Slepak, Maria, 6,128,197 Slepak, Vladimir, 6,111,127-28,143,197,199 Slezkine, Yuri, 13 Smith, Christian, 45 Smukler, Connie, 250 Smukler, Joseph, 266 Sobel, Sharon, 269,270/ 278 Sobol, Ethan, 284 Sobol, Richard, 284 social movement studies, 31-41; children in, 228-30; cultural consequences, 35, 330П37; framing theory, 38-40,344151 movement outcomes, 322137; silence on Soviet Jewry movement, 34; tactical choices, 31-34, 328—291121—22. See also tactical repertoires Solidarity Sunday (“Solidarity Day for Soviet Jews”), 82-83,339154 Somers, Susan, 109-10 Southern California Council for Soviet Jews (SCCSJ), 16,177,178,180,192,197 South Florida Conference on Soviet Jewry (SFCSJ), 107,110,134,203,235,264. See also Sandberg, Adele; Sandberg, Joel Soviet Cage, The (Korey), 27 Soviet [ewish Affairs, 27 Soviet Jewry Council of the JCRC of Greater Philadelphia (SJC), 195,212, 275; bar and bat mitzvah twinning and, 260, 265, 266, 273, 278, 281-82; cultural exchange protests, 212, 213/; Freedom Runs and, 203, 207/, 221; tour ism and, 131, 250, 265 Soviet Jewry Legal Advocacy Center (SJLAC), 90,187, 350—5117 Soviet Jewry movement: aftereffects, 330П37; characteristics of, 304-5; commemoration, 300-305; education and, 235-37; factional differences, 15-18,81; historiographic ap proaches, 18-23; impact of end of, 298-300; lessons of, 302-5; meaning to American Jews, 303-5; operation of, 309; religious politics of, 84-85; strategy, 4-5, 6-7;
success of, 7-9,301-З Soviet Jewry Purim Puzzler, 249, 250/ INDEX
Soviet Jewry School Kit (Eisen), 236, 238, 254 Soviet Jews: activists, 326П100; in American Jewish imagination, 17,171-72,173-76, 321—2234; bar and bat mitzvahs, 265, 267, 268,294; demographics, 321129; after fall of Soviet Union, 7-9,32130; literary represen tations of, 159; Simchat Torah and, 66, 67; treated as symbols, 17,174-75; Western discourse about, 321—22134 Soviet United Nations Mission, New York: protests at, 2, 42,47, 50, 53-54, 55, 59, 82 sports, 180,187. See also fitness culture; Freedom Runs; Olympic Games; Philadelphia Flyers Sprayregen, Joel, 154,163 spy thriller genre, 11,135,140,143-44,150· See also Bond, James Bond spy tropes, 104-5,142-51; disparaged as В-grade clichés, 148-51 SSSJ. See Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry Stalin, Josef, 12-14, 92,247, 248/ State Department. See United States Depart ment of State Steinbruck, John, 297, 32814 Steinman, Carolyn, 271 Stern, Barbara, 170 Student Action Committee for Soviet Jewry, University of Minnesota (SAC), 193-94 Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry (SSSJ), 2, 4, 18,83, 333П52; children and, 233, зббпи; cos tuming, 188/, 189; cultural exchange protests, 211-14; educational materials, 234; founding, 15 47, 320П16,332П31; generational politics and, 4 6,324168; jewelry and, 18 9-9 0; Olympics and, 217-21; PepsiCo boycott and, 180, 205; religious logic of, 81; ritualized protests, 42-44, 47-58, 60,77, 81-82, 331П14, 338П136; tactics, 15-16, 210,331П6; “thons” and runs, 202-3; tourism and, 106,345173 Sukkot, 52, 76, 78, 94, 242,333П43 synagogues, 32, 46, 47, 51, 231; bar and bat mitzvah twinning and, 257-76,
282-87, 295-95, 299; education and, 227; holiday rituals in, 59, 66,70; mobilization of, 11, 59, 63, 88,133,180,191; in USSR, 14, 67-68, 71-72, 80, 87, 93, 94, 98,113,126,155,161 Tabachnikoff, Barry, 134-39,144-45 tactical repertoires, 33-34,36,120,132, 307, 328118, 328—291121—22 tactics: in action, 25; evolution, 254; innova tion, 36-37, 76, 79-80, 328—29122, ЗЗ2П31; invention, 32-34, 305-9; mixing and match ing, 308 Tari, Ephraim, 96, 98 Taylor, Telford, 3471117 Teaching Soviet Jewry (JCCGW), 237,238-43, 241/, 252-53 Teitz, Basya (Bess), 94 Teitz, Mordechai Pinchas, 17, 94-95 Tenth of Tevet, 78 theater, 33, 97, 253; closure of Soviet Jewish, 12; protests at performances, 210-13; ritualized protest as, 46, 48, 55; staging of twinnings, 281-85. See also guerrilla theater themed protests, 188-89, 221, 269; at cultural exchange events, 212-14; holidays, 44, 47, 51, 52, 76,78, 202 35s, the. See Womens Campaign for Soviet Jewry Tiemkin, Marina, 214, 225, 228,366ml Tilly, Charles, 32-33, 328118 Tisha B’Av, 78, 80,331П13, 333П41; ritualized protests, 51, 52, 65 tourism, 33,105-20,178; activist recruitment and, 91; bar and bat mitzvah twinning and, 266; briefings, 108-9,113-16,115/, 134, 340П4; Cold War culture and, 124; debriefing, 116,128-31; demographics, 89-90; gifts, 87, 341П7; heritage, 118-20; leisure, 111,112,114,118,124,132,187; mobilization of, 11,116-17,120,131-32,139, 307-8; photography, 165-66; publicity and, 95-98; by rabbinic elites, 92-95; spy tropes and, 142-51; statistics, 88, 89/, 90, 128, 342—43129; theory of, 329128; thrill of, 35212 tourists, 37; categories
of, 125-28,130-31; connections to Soviet Jews, 155-57,170, 243; debriefing, 140; education of, 114; as emis saries, 132; harassment of, 86-87; surveil lance of, 101,125,127 travel guidebooks, 37,114,118-25,123/ travelogues, 96-98,105-6,134-39,155; spy tropes in, 142-51; themes in, 152-53,159 travel writing, 139-51, 353ПП23-24; archives, 170-71; authors of, 166-70,175-76; as self-expression, 140; spy tropes in, 142-51; themes in, 172-74 Trilling, Lionel, 28 trip reports. See travelogues Tsitlionik, Boris, 275 Tu BiShvat, 44, 76,78, 331П10 INDEX
UCSJ. See Union of Councils for Soviet Jews Underground: A Simulation of the Path of So viet Jews from Oppression to Freedom (Kutz Camp), 245-47 Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 3, 62,335185 Union of Councils for Soviet Jews (UCSJ), 16-17, 22,178, 203, 210, 224-25, 229/, 320117; creation of, 71; Olympics and, 215, 218-19; “PeopIe-to-PeopIe” framework, 71-72, 264; PepsiCo boycott and, 180-85; Prisoner of Conscience Jewelry, 192,197-200; tourism and, 88, 90,107,108-12,120-21,126-31,132; twinning and, 251, 257, 267, 273,275-77 United Jewish Appeal, 3,151 United Kingdom. See National Council for Soviet Jewry of the United Kingdom and Ireland; Women’s Campaign for Soviet Jewry United States Department of State, 3,87,92, 362П100 United Synagogue Youth (USY), 51,112-13, ]74, 235 333147 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 27, 322136, 3371126 USY. See United Synagogue Youth Vaad L’Hatzolas Nidchei Yisroel (Organization to Rescue Dispersed Jews; also called Vaad Hahatzolah), 17, 89 VIVA (Victory in Vietnam Association; later, Voices in Vital America), 191,198 walkathons, 202 Washington Committee for Soviet Jewry (WCSJ), 16, 71,120,121,224; adoption and twinning programs, 264-65, 269, 272, 274-75, 278; Prisoner of Conscience bracelets, 197-99. See also Insiders Club; Natashas Dream Waskow, Arthur, 5 4-5 5, 335178, 3381142 WCSJ. See Washington Committee for Soviet Jewry Weiss, Avraham (Avi), 43,331П13 Weiss, David, 106 Weissman, Inez, 120,126-27 Wellins, Judy, 148 Wenger, Beth, 291 Wiesel, Elie, 6, 83; The Jews of Silence, 6, 54, 67-68, 69, 96-98,113,153,159, 269, 283,306;
as literary activist, 9 6-9 8, 344150; on Soviet Jewish traditions, 67 Wolf, Robert, 110 Womens American ORT, 276-77, 351176, 374172 Womens Campaign for Soviet Jewry (the 35s), 17, 88-89,108,186, 236,254; actions by, 219, 267-68,373157; costuming, 187-89; cultural exchange protests, 211-14; Prisoner of Con science medallions, 194-95,196/ Woocher, Jonathan, 84 World Jewish Congress, 27,331—32119 Wurtman, Enid, 342127 351П175 Yaroslavsky, Zev, 177-78,180,185,190-92, 360П45, 363П105; tourism and, 110,111-12 Yeshiva University, 100,102 Yevtushenko, Yevgeny (“Babi Yar”), 323149 Yom Kippur, 52, 61,70, 76,100, 273 Youngman, Henny, 54 youth: activism by, 2, 21, 202-3, 228; engage ment of, 53, 68-69, 72-73,112,113,193, 224, 264. See also bar and bat mitzvah twinning; children; Natasha’s Dream Zalmanson, Sylva, 194-95,196/, 229,360-61П58, 377117 Zalmanson-Kuznetsov, Anat, 377117 Ziegler, Mel, 157-58 Ziegler, Patricia, 157-58 Zionism, 13, 326—271107 436 INDEX |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kelner, Shaul |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1336832908 |
| author_facet | Kelner, Shaul |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kelner, Shaul |
| author_variant | s k sk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049762448 |
| contents | List of figures and tables -- List of acronyms -- Introduction: Let them live as Jews or let them leave -- 1 Illuminate the past and present -- 2 This is the matzoh of hope -- 3 How to find and meet Russian Jews -- 4 From Russia, with angst -- 5 We've said no to PepsiCo -- 6 Natasha's dream -- 7 My Soviet twin -- Conclusion: Voices of the vigil -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix: Soviet Jewish Emigration Statistics -- Notes -- List of Interviews |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1450740198 (DE-599)BVBBV049762448 |
| dewey-full | 305.8924073 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 305 - Groups of people |
| dewey-raw | 305.8924073 |
| dewey-search | 305.8924073 |
| dewey-sort | 3305.8924073 |
| dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Soziologie |
| era | Geschichte 1964-1991 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1964-1991 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV049762448 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-29T17:01:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781479879397 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xviii, 436 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm |
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| publisher | New York University Press |
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| spelling | Kelner, Shaul Verfasser (DE-588)1336832908 aut A Cold War exodus how American activists mobilized to free Soviet Jews Shaul Kelner New York New York University Press [2024] © 2024 xviii, 436 Seiten Illustrationen 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "From twinning bar and bat mitzvahs to smuggling blue jeans across the Iron Curtain, A Cold War exodus analyzes how Cold War-era social movement activists invented the mass mobilization tactics that helped free Soviet Jews-and reshaped Jewish American culture in the process." Geschichte 1964-1991 gnd rswk-swf Aktivismus (DE-588)4000973-7 gnd rswk-swf Soziale Bewegung (DE-588)4055707-8 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Jews / Soviet Union / Migrations Jews / Soviet Union / Social conditions Antisemitism / Soviet Union Soviet Union / Ethnic relations Refuseniks Social movements / United States Protest movements / United States Cold War / Diplomatic history United States / Foreign relations / Soviet Union Soviet Union / Foreign relations / United States USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Soziale Bewegung (DE-588)4055707-8 s Aktivismus (DE-588)4000973-7 s Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 s Geschichte 1964-1991 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4798-7280-0 (DE-604)BV049670040 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4798-5910-8 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035103836&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035103836&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035103836&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Kelner, Shaul A Cold War exodus how American activists mobilized to free Soviet Jews List of figures and tables -- List of acronyms -- Introduction: Let them live as Jews or let them leave -- 1 Illuminate the past and present -- 2 This is the matzoh of hope -- 3 How to find and meet Russian Jews -- 4 From Russia, with angst -- 5 We've said no to PepsiCo -- 6 Natasha's dream -- 7 My Soviet twin -- Conclusion: Voices of the vigil -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix: Soviet Jewish Emigration Statistics -- Notes -- List of Interviews Aktivismus (DE-588)4000973-7 gnd Soziale Bewegung (DE-588)4055707-8 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4000973-7 (DE-588)4055707-8 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4003920-1 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | A Cold War exodus how American activists mobilized to free Soviet Jews |
| title_alt | List of figures and tables -- List of acronyms -- Introduction: Let them live as Jews or let them leave -- 1 Illuminate the past and present -- 2 This is the matzoh of hope -- 3 How to find and meet Russian Jews -- 4 From Russia, with angst -- 5 We've said no to PepsiCo -- 6 Natasha's dream -- 7 My Soviet twin -- Conclusion: Voices of the vigil -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix: Soviet Jewish Emigration Statistics -- Notes -- List of Interviews |
| title_auth | A Cold War exodus how American activists mobilized to free Soviet Jews |
| title_exact_search | A Cold War exodus how American activists mobilized to free Soviet Jews |
| title_full | A Cold War exodus how American activists mobilized to free Soviet Jews Shaul Kelner |
| title_fullStr | A Cold War exodus how American activists mobilized to free Soviet Jews Shaul Kelner |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Cold War exodus how American activists mobilized to free Soviet Jews Shaul Kelner |
| title_short | A Cold War exodus |
| title_sort | a cold war exodus how american activists mobilized to free soviet jews |
| title_sub | how American activists mobilized to free Soviet Jews |
| topic | Aktivismus (DE-588)4000973-7 gnd Soziale Bewegung (DE-588)4055707-8 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd Auswanderung (DE-588)4003920-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Aktivismus Soziale Bewegung Juden Auswanderung USA Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035103836&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035103836&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035103836&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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