From incarceration to repatriation: German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
"Explores the experiences and memories of the 1.5 million German POWs held by the Soviet Union in World War II and how they were used in postwar economic reconstruction."
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Ithaca ; London
Cornell University Press
[2024[
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| Schriftenreihe: | Battlegrounds: Cornell studies in military history
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Explores the experiences and memories of the 1.5 million German POWs held by the Soviet Union in World War II and how they were used in postwar economic reconstruction." |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 241 Seiten Karten, Tabellen |
| ISBN: | 9781501776021 |
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Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 1. The Soviet POW Camp System: International Law and Daily Life 2. German POWs and the Postwar Reconstruction of the USSR 13 64 3. Antifascist Reeducation and Germans as Propaganda Agents 102 4. The Politics of Repatriation 5. Commemoration of German POWs in the USSR and Russia 136 174 Conclusion Appendix 1: Calculation of Daily Calories 207 Appendix 2: Supplemental Maps and Map Creation 209 Bibliography 213 Index 229 202
Bibliography Archival Sources Russia State Archive of the Russian Federation (Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii) (GARF) Russian State Economic Archive (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv ekonomiki) (RGAE) Russian State Military Archive (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voennyi arkhiv) (RGVA) Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (Arkhiv vneshnei politiki Rossi iskoi Federatsii) (AVP RF) Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial'no-politicheskoi istorii) (RGASPI) Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv literatury i iskusstva) (RGALI) State Archive of Contemporary History of the Ulyanovsk Region (Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii UTianovskoi oblasti) (GANI UO) Research Institute of History and Culture of the Ulyanovsk Region in the name of N.M. Karamzin (Nauchno-issledovateTskii institut istorii i kul’tury UTianovskoi oblasti im. N.M. Karamzina) Germany Federal Military Archive (Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv) (BA-M) Federal Archive—Foundation Parties and Mass Organizations of the GDR (Bunde sarchiv -Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR) (BA-SAPMO) Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office (Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts) (PA AA) Archive of the German Caritas Association (Archiv des Deutschen Caritasverbandes) (ADCV) Evangelical Central Archives in Berlin (Evangelisches Zentralarchiv Berlin) (EZA) German Red Cross Archive (Archiv des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes) (DRK) United States National Archives and Records Administration
(NARA) Hoover Institution Library and Archives 213
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I N D EX Note: f and t following locators indicate figures and tables, respectively. Ackermann, Anton, 113 Adenauer, Konrad: on German POWs as symbols of German suffering, 195; repatriation of German POWs and trip to Soviet Union, 156, 164-167, 173, 205; West German press criticism of dealings between Soviets and, 169-171 Administration for Affairs of Prisoners of War and Internees (UPVI): Beria’s am nesties for prisoners, 132, 157, 205; camp reports sent to, 29; collection and distri bution of German POWs, 22-23; creation of, 22, 69; deaths suffered due to overflow of German POWs after Battle of Stalin grad and, 23-26; Gulag as model for, 21-22; structure of, 22 Administration for Affairs of Prisoners of War and Internees (UPVI)-People's Com missariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD): direction of antifascist reeducation and, 109-110; epidemics in camps and, 48 agitprop returnees, 114-115, 117-119; in East Germany, 122, 123,128, 131-135; increase in number in 1949, 128-129, 130t agitprop work: breakdown of tasks, 124-126, 125t; former Nazis and, 127-128; as goal of antifascist reeducation, 109; repatria tions during the Cold War and, 122-131; during World War II, 103 agriculture: damages from war to Soviet, 65; World War I POWs employed in, 15,16 Aleksandrov, Georgii, 178 Allied Powers. See also France; FRG; Great Britain; United States; West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany): deliber ating future of Germany, 113; failure to comply with Geneva Convention, 20; German POWs as diplomatic issue with Soviets, 143, 147-148, 151-154; retention of German POWs after war among,
148-149 All-Union Radio Committee of the Councils of Ministers of the USSR, 119 American occupation zone: agitprop return ees sent to, 125t, 129, 130t; denazification in,116-117 American Red Cross, German POW issue and, 154 antifascist propaganda. See also propaganda, Soviet: German repatriations during the Cold War and, 104, 122-131; plays written by POWs, 58; SED and activist returnees, 131-135 antifascist reeducation of German POWs, 8, 101, 102-135, 203; after German capitulation, 104, 113-122; content of, 112; directed at officer POWs, 56-57; goals of, 109, 119; leisure activities and, 54-55; qualifying for early repatriation via, 103, 135; themes of, 109; through newspapers, 57; during World War II, 103, 105-112 anti-German hate propaganda campaign, 177-178 archival sources, 10-11, 190 Archive of Foreign Policy f the Russian Federation (AVP RF), 10 Archive of the German Caritas Association (ADCV), 11 Armenia, number of German POW camps in, 89t, 90 Association of Returnees, 195 Aufbau program, June uprising and, 158 Austria, Khrushchev and removal of Soviet forces from, 164 Axis nations, deaths from World War II in, 65 229
230 INDEX Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) railroad, POW labor and, 76, 80 Barenberg, Alan, 93 Barnes, Steven, 93, 103 Battle of Berlin, Soviet propaganda at, 111 Battle of Stalingrad: camps opened after, 89; German soldier deaths at, 23; increase in number of German POWs and, 11, 23-25, 68; increase of POWs following and need for reeducation program, 108-109; Mamev Kurgan and, 178-184, 179f, 184f; Wehrmacht soldiers urged to surrender at, 106 Belarus, number of German POW camps in, 89-90, 89t Belgium, retention of German POWs after war, 145 Bell, Wilson, 93 Belopolskii, Yakov Borisovich, 182 Beria, Lavrentii, 153; arrest of, 160; docu mentation regarding German POWs and, 10; emphasizing POW labor productivity to camp directors, 75; Gulag amnesties and, 132, 157, 205; Malenkov and, 163; "Measures to Improve the Political Situa tion in the GDR,” 158; plans for use of POWs, 71; reforms following Stalin’s death and, 132-133, 157; reports on POWs sent to, 29, 75, 76, 78, 120; succes sion after Stalin’s death and, 159-160; tracking POWs and their work assign ments, 99, 101; Western powers queries regarding POWs and, 152; on what to do with POWs, 70 Berlin Airlift, 155 Berliner Zeitung (newspaper), 57 Bild (Zeitung), 11 Bild-Zeitung (West German tabloid), coverage of return of POWs, 139-140, 170, 171 Bitburg soldiers’ cemetery, Reagan’s visit to, 188-189 Bongart, Ferdinand, 43 bonuses for POWs: based on professions, 48-49; skill-based, 49 "Boy Kolya," 1-2 Brandt, Willy, 185 Breakthrough at Stalingrad (Gerlach), 58 Brezhnev, Leonid: Beria arrest and, 160; Mamaev Kurgan and, 179, 180
Brezhnev era, cult of Great Patriotic War, 174-176, 180 British occupation zone, agitprop returnees sent to, 125t, 129, 130t Bulganin, Nikolai, 153; Beria arrest and, 160; monthly reports on POWs sent to, 75; on POW war criminals, 170; queries regarding POWs and, 152, 167 Bykova, Lialia, 199 camp life albums, 49, 55, 118 camp reports sent to Soviet leaders, 29-30, 75, 76, 78, 80-81, 120, 121-122 Caritas (Catholic relief organization): Christmas and relief packages sent to German POWs, 61; repatriates on rations, 40; repatriates on reeducation program, 103 cemetery monuments for German POWs, 205; Iseevskoe Cemetery, 192, 193-194f, 194-197, 196-197f Central Executive Committee of the Com munist Party (Comintern), authorizing creation of antifascist reeducation school, 109-110 Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War, 189 Central Museum of the National People’s Army of the GDR, 187 Chernov, N. N., 80 Chernyshev, V V, 28, 51, 75 Christian Democratic Unnion (CDU), 165 Christian religious symbolism, German commemoration of German POWs and, 197—198, 198n62 Christmas celebrations in POW camps, 57 Christmas packages sent to German POWs, 61 Chvatova, Veronika, 97 Clay, Lucius, 148 clothing provided to German POWs, 50-51 coal basins, proximity of German POW camps to, 90, 90f; in Ukraine, 98-99, 98f coal mining: German POWs working in, 69, 80, 80n67, 89, 98—99; Stalin assigning men to work in, 70 Cold War: antifascist propaganda repatria tions during, 122-131; change in Soviet representations of World War II during, 178; German POWs as bargaining chips in, 9, 11, 66-67, 136-137,
143, 147-148, 154-155, 204-205 Comintern, involvement in antifascist reeducation, 109-110 commemoration of German POWs and World War II, 174-201, 205; changed Soviet era of war commemoration, 175-176, 185—189; commemoration of deceased German POWs in Russia,
INDEX 192, 193-194f, 194-197, 196-197f; early Soviet narratives about World War II and, 174-175, 177-185; evolution of depictions in Soviet Union, 174-176, 178, 196-197, 201; Mamaev Kurgan and, 178-184, 179f, 184f; post-Soviet Russian and, 176, 190-201; Soviet portrayal of POWs as "fascist war dogs,” 175,183, 183f Commissariat of Health, 47 Communist Party (Soviet): Khrushchev and resurrecting importance of, 180, 181; Mamaev Kurgan and, 183, 184-185 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 113, 126 construction industry, German POWs working in, 7, 16, 26, 58, 66-67, 70-71, 75-76, 77t, 79, 80; in Ulyanovsk, 83-84, 84f, 85, 87 creative writing, by POWs, 58 cult of Great Patriotic War, 3,174, 175-176, 199-201 Cultural-Educational Department (Gulag), 55 Czechoslovakia, Soviet backing of commu nist coup in, 155 dairy products, POW rations and, 32-33t, 34 DavaiDavai! (Schuetz), 104 deaths: burial locations of deceased German POWs, 191-192; decrease in German POW 42, 44t; of German POWs, 2-3, 68, 138, 147,173, 173nl22, 205; of German POWs in transit, 24-26, 46, 52, 71-72; in Gulag during war, 68; from Soviet fam ine, 41-42, 44t; Soviet World War II, 65, 176; from war in Allied nations, 65; from war in Axis nations, 65 defense industries, POWs assigned to, 19, 36, 76, 77t, 78 Dengler, Gerhard, 53 Department for Repatriation Affairs, 137, 162n88 Der Spiegel (West German magazine), 11; coverage of POW question, 145-146; criticism of Adenauer, 169-170; on repatriation of German POWs labeled as war criminals by Soviets, 168-169; on return of POWs, 139-140; on Soviet propaganda work by
repatriated POWs, 145-146 Desyatnichenko, Nikolai, 1-2, 200 Die Morden Tribune (newspaper), 57 disease, tracking POW, 52 distribution camps, Soviet, 22 doctors, German POW, 48-49 231 Donetsk, German POW camps located near, 98, 99 Dulias, Gottfried: on camp conditions, 50-51; on medical care in camps, 53-54; on POW rations, 39—40 Eastern Front, 118; deaths at, 3; fear of retribution from Soviets at, 107; missing inaction at, 2n4, 166, 173nl22; prisoners used for labor/fighting at, 16, 152; Soviet POWs at, 19; viciousness of, 3 East German Military History Research Unit, 134 East German press: on fate of German POWs in Soviet Union, 137; on return of POWs, 139-143, 148-149, 171-172 East German public, return of POWs and, 142-143 East German Textile Industry, political returnees and, 132 East Germany (German Democratic Repub lic; GDR). See also Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED): agitprop returnees in, 122, 123, 128, 131—135; commemoration of German antifascists and relations with Soviet Union, 176; commemoration of German POWs in, 175; effect of politics on Soviet Union, 159-161; German POW repatriation and establishment of, 104; increase in repatriation and, 128-129, 130t; June uprising and repatriation of POWs, 156, 158-159; Khrushchev in creasing Soviet control over, 164; lobby ing for return of German POWs, 160-163; meaning of victimhood in, 195; Paulus released to, 133-134; reintegration of alleged war criminals and memory of World War II, 161-162; relations with West Germany, 185-186; release of political returnees and June uprising in, 104,132, 133;
remilitarized, 164; war commemoration and, 175, 185-189 economic productivity. See also labor productivity: Gulag cultural-educational work emphasized, 55; Soviet leaders stressing POW, 75-76 economy, Soviet. See also under labor: forced labor and, 6, 67-68; Gulag’s contribution to, 7, 100; overall contributions of Ger man POWs to, 76, 80-81, 100-101; poli cies and practices toward German POWs and Soviet, 3-4, 13-14, 63, 66, 68-69; recovery of and diminished need for POW labor, 15, 204
232 INDEX Ehrenburg, Ilya, 177, 178 Einsiedel, Heinrich von, 110 epidemics: German POW deaths due to, 25; ravaging Gulag, 48; Soviet POWs in Germany suffering, 19 "Eustis Program,” 115 Evangelical Central Archives in Berlin (EZA), 11 factory barracks, German POWs housed in, 23 families of POWs: hope that men alive in captivity, 149; requestinginformation from Soviets about missing German soldiers, 166-168; seeking repatriation of members, 160 famine, Soviet: deaths from, 41-42, 44t; misappropriation of rations meant for German POWs during, 45 "Fascist War Dogs,” next to entrance of "Hall of Military Glory,” 183, 184f Federal Archive Foundation Parties and Mass Organizations of the GDR (BA-SAPMO), 11 Federal Military Archive (BA-M), 11 Federal Republic of Germany: care of war graves in Russia and, 190-192; meaning of victimhood in, 195 Ferk, Leonard, 20 financial cost of POW camps, 78-79 Fischer, Karl Heinz, 141 food crisis, Soviet, 25; food provisioning and, 35-37 food industries, German POWs assigned to, 76, 77t, 78 food provisioning system in Soviet Union, 35-37, 46 footcloths (portianki), 51 forced labor in the Soviet Union: assignment of costs, 72; capture of German POWs as timely new source of, 6-7, 13, 68; demand for German POW, 74-75; Gulag as source of, 13, 67-68; intertwined with Soviet society, 8; use of World War I POWs for, 14-16 Form No. 14 documenting POW work specialties, 86 Fort Eustis (Virginia), 115 Fourth Five-Year Plan, closing of German POW camps and, 90, 100,101, 204 France: deaths from World War II, 65; percent of population lost during World War II,
65; retention of German POWs after war, 145, 148; seeking information about POWs held in Soviet Union, 152; treatment of German POWs during World War II, 20; use of World War I POWs as forced labor, 15-16 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (newspaper), 11, 139-140, 171, 188 Freies Deutschland (newspaper), 110 French occupation zone, agitprop returnees sent to, 125t, 126, 129, 130t Fuchs, Helmut, 39 fuel industry; POWs assigned to, 76, 77t, 79 GAZ-AA truck, production of, 83 general-rank POWs. See also German officer POWs: daily rations for, 32-33t, 34, 35; NKFDand, 110 Geneva Convention: failure of Allied nations to comply with, 20; POW food rations and, 36; refinement of after World War II, 21; on repatriation of prisoners, 21; Soviets refusing to ratify, 14, 18; treatment of German POWs and, 3, 4, 7, 14; on treatment of POWs, 19; UN hosting commission on, 153 geographic placement of POW camps. See GIS (Geographic Information System) mapping of German POW camps Gerlach, Heinrich, 58 German antifascists. See also National Committee for a Free Germany (NKFD): Memorial Museum of German Antifascists, 176, 185-189, 200 German Communist Party (DKP), 188 German Democratic Republic. See East Germany (German Democratic Republic; GDR) German Left, history of, 126-127 German occupation of Soviet areas, German POW camps in, 88, 88f German officer POWs. See also general-rank POWs: antifascist reeducation directed at, 56-57, 103; promoting surrender among German fighting forces, 62; treatment of, 17-18,30-31 German People’s Council, Soviet failure to return last of the POWs and, 150 German
POW camps in the Soviet Union. See also individual camps: antifascist reedu cation and corrective function of, 203; captured German weapons used by staff, 50; conditions shaped by labor needs, 63; economic function of, 66; financial cost of, 78-79; geographic placement of, 101; geographic siting of, 91, 92f, 93; goal of,
INDEX 202-203; Gulag as model for, 14; interna tional law and the World War I experi ence and, 14-21; leisure activities, 54-63; mapped in Soviet Union, 88-96, 88f, 90f, 92f, 94-97f; mapped in Ukraine, 97-101, 98f; mapping, 87-88, 209-211; medical care at, 47-54; national conditions affect ing, 11,14, 17, 63; POW capture, distribu tion, and labor classification, 21-30, 51; responsibility for, 13-14; role of ideology in, 7-8; shutting down, 90-91, 96, 96-97f, 99—100, 100t; spread of antifascist reedu cation to remote, 111-112; structure facilitating mass reeducation efforts, 120-121; supported through POW labor, 76; undersupplied, 25 German POW memoirs: on camp condi tions, 50-51; desire to return home as soon as possible, 93-94П103; on GUPVI system, 4; on matching POW work specialties with Work assignments, 86; on medical care in camps, 53-54; on quality and quantity of Wartime rations, 38-41, 43; on reeducation system in POW camps, 103-104, 112 German POWs. See also agitprop returnees; antifascist reeducation; commemoration of German POWs and World War II; ill/injured POWs; rations for German POWs: access to Russian archives and new information on, 10-11, 190; Ameri can denazification of, 115; annual de crease in number after war, 96; burial locations of deceased, 191-192; capture, distribution, and labor classification of, 21-30, 51; censored mail for, 57; compen sation for, 48-49, 195; competition over labor services, 74-75, 101; deaths en route back to Germany, 46, 52, 71-72; deaths en route to Soviet camps, 24-26; deaths in Soviet Captivity, 2-3, 68, 138, 147,
173,173nll, 205; decrease in number of deaths, 42, 44V, decreasing need for labor of, 91; depiction of at Mamaev Kurgan, 182-183; differentiated from Gulag prisoners, 14; directives delineating conditions for labor, 51-52; distrust of Soviet statistics on, 137-138, 162n88; doctors among, 48-49; families learning status of relatives via Soviet propaganda, 108; as forced labor during World War I, 16-17; German view of, 195-196; increas ing numbers of, 67, 69, 82; inequality among, 30; interaction with free Soviet 233 citizens, 8, 43, 73, 74, 191П52, 199-200; as labor source for Soviets, 68-69, 80-81, 83-87, 86t, 202; lack of information on deaths of, 138; medical care and, 47-54; Memorial Museum of German Antifas cists and, 187-188, 189; National Com mittee for a Free Germany and. Ho, 111 ; number captured by Allies, 2; nutritional dystrophy and, 27-28; as pawns in ex panding Cold War, 9, 11,66-67, 136-137, 143, 147-148, 151-154, 204-205; perme ability of camp boundaries between worksites and camps, 73-74; punishment for war and, 2, 3, 6, 42, 46, 67, 101; ra tions for (see rations for German POWs); relations between the Soviet Union and divided Germany and, 9; remaining in Soviet labor force as of 1948, 79-80; reports to central authorities on physical condition of, 29-30, 75, 76, 78, 80-81, 120,121-122; scholarly literature on, 5-6; shift in treatment after war’s end, 41; Soviet economic needs and policies and practices toward, 3-4; subsets receiving better treatment than other prisoners or Soviet citizens, 7; transition from enemies to potential allies, 51; treatment
by Allied nations, 20-21; as war criminals, 81, 137, 138, 146-147,150-151; work assignments for, 77-78t German Red Cross: access to Russian archives, 190; commemorating POW grave at Isheevskoe Cemetery, 192; German POW issue and, 154; packages to POWs sent by, 61 German Red Cross Archive (DRK), 11 German Reich. See also Wehrmacht: agree ing to uphold Hague and Geneva Conven tions, 18; failure to comply with Geneva Convention on Eastern Front, 19; occupa tion of Soviet farmland, 35—36; outlawing SPD and KPD, 126; treatment of Soviet POWs, 19-20, 187-188 Germans: commemoration of German POWs in Russia, 176; reconciliation with Russians, 198 German soldiers. See also Wehrmacht: depic tion of at Mamaev Kurgan, 181-182; fear of being captured by Red Army, 106-108 German War Graves Commission, 191, 192-193, 194n58 German war graves in former Soviet Union, 190-192. See also Iseevskoe Cemetery
234 INDEX Germany. See also East Germany (German Democratic Republic; FRG); GDR); German Reich; West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany: contemporary view of German POWs, 195-196; Ger man POWs and development of relations between Soviet Union and divided, 9; hostility of postwar population toward Soviets, 114, 114n44; percent of popula tion lost during World War 11, 65; treat ment of Russian POWs during World War I, 17, 107; unified (see Federal Re public of Germany); use of World War I POWs as forced labor, 15, 16, 17 GIS (Geographic Information System) mapping of German POW camps, 11, 97-98; in entire Soviet Union, 88-96, 88f, 90f, 92f, 94-97f; in Ukraine, 97-101, 98f Glasl, Emil, return to Germany, 169 Golubtsovoi, T. V., 187 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 176, 188, 190 Gorpenko, Anatolii Andreevich, 182 Götzl, Siegfried, 169 Great Britain. See also United Kingdom: continued incarceration of German POWs in the Soviet Union and, 9; retention of German POWs after war, 145 Great Patriotic War. See also World War II: cult of, 3, 174, 175-176; resurrection of cult of, 199-201 Gromyko, Andrei, 150, 152 Grotewohl, Otto, 148-149, 162-163 Gruber, Hans, on antifascist reeducation program in POW camps, 104, 112, 117-118 Gulag: antifascist reeducation of German POWs and, 102; creation of, 13; death rates during war, 68; deaths in transit, 72; decreased population of during war, 67, 68; economic contribution of, 7, 100; economic function of, 6, 7, 66, 67-68; epidemics in, 48; geographic siting of camps, 91,92f, 93; German POWs differ entiated from prisoners in, 14; growth in population
postwar, 91; isolation of prisoners from free population geographi cally, 93; leisure programs, 54-55; medical care in, 47; as model for POW camps/ treatment of POWs, 2, 4, 14, 21-22, 202; nutritional dystrophy and, 27-28; People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) and, 13, 21-22; political function of, 66; rations in, 30, 34, 35, 46; receipt of pack ages in, 60; reeducation model, 134; role of ideology in, 7-8; sanitation in, 47-48; use of tufta, 79 Gulag prisoners: Beria and amnesties for, 132, 157, 205; classification by labor capacity, 26-27; earning release, 121; food ration for, 25-26, 37; reeducation of, 102, 103 GUPVI. See Main Administration for Affairs of Prisoners of War and Internees (GUPVI) system Hague Convention: Soviet Union and, 18-19; on treatment of captives, 14,15, 17-18 "Hall of Military Glory," at Mamaev Kurgan, 183-184, 184f Harsch, Donna, 114n44 heavy industries, POWs assigned to, 76, 77t Hein, Hans, 154 Hetz, Karl, 110 Hitler, Adolf: antifascist reeducation and attitudes toward, 106; destruction of Russia and, 64; formal organizations of German POWs opposed to, 110-111; Pieck on blame for war and POW suffering and, 142 Hofman, Wigfried, 198 Holzhausen, Walter, 145 home front camps, 23 Honecker, Erich, 188, 189 Hoover Institution Library and Archives, 11 hospital camps, 23, 51 ideology: reeducation of German POWs and (see antifascist reeducation); role in camp system and Gulag, 7-8 ill/injured POWs: daily rations for, 31, 32-33t; repatriation of, 52, 53-54, 63, 71 industrial sectors: agitprop workers sent to German, 126-127, 132; World War I
POWs employed in, 16 industries prioritized for reconstruction, 69 Institute of Marxism-Leninism (GDR), 131, 187 Institute of War History (GDR), 187 international law, Soviet POW camp system and, 14-21 International Red Cross, 169 Isheevskoe Cemetery, marking mass grave of deceased German POWs at, 192, 193—194f, 194-197, 196-197f Italian POWs in Soviet Union, 5, 24 Izvestiia (newspaper), 57
INDEX Japan, percent of population lost during World War II, 65 Japanese POWs in Soviet Union, 5, 153, 166 Kaganovich, Lazar, 75, 153 Kaganovich, L Μ., 152 Karamzin, N. Μ., 10 Katyn Massacre, 176 Katyusha mobile rocket launchers, 82 Kayser, Josef, 62 Kazahstan, number of German POW camps in, 89, 89t Kehler, Ernst, 38, 118 Kerensky, Alexander, 82 Kern, Käthe, 143 Kharkov, German POW camps located near, 97 Khramstovaia, Natal’ia, 199-200 Khrushchev, Nikita, 153; final repatriation of POWs under, 136-137, 167; Mamaev Kurgan and, 180, 183; new policies for German relations, 164-167; POWs and policies toward West Germany, 172-173, 205; public memory of World War 11 and, 174,175; reforms after Stalin’s death and, 133, 157; succession after Stalin’s death and, 159-160; support for GDR and Ulricht, 163; Western powers’ queries regarding POWs and, 152 Kiev, German POW camps located near, 97 "Kill Him" (Simonov), 177 Kirsanov POW camp, 96, 97f Kohl, Helmut, 185-186, 190 Korean War, German POW issue and, 155-156 Koschorrek, Günter, on fear of being taken prisoner by Soviets, 107-108 Krasnodar trial, 146n31 Krivenko, Μ. S., 29 Kruglov, S. N.: on care of POWs, 50; reports on camps to Soviet leaders and, 29, 76, 80-81,120,121-122; use of POWs as labor force and, 28 Kyrgyzstan, number of German POW camps in, 89t, 90 labor classification: of German POWs, 22-30, 51; of Gulag prisoners, 26-27 labor contracts for German POWs, 23, 72-74 labor disputes between commercial enterprises, competition for German POW labor, 74-75 235 labor needs of Soviets, 65, 66; approach to medical care in POW
camps and, 47-54; continued retention of German POWs and, 67; dictating treatment and distribu tion of German POWs, 22; shaping POW camp experience, 63; siting of German POW camps and, 94,94f, 96; in Ulyanovsk, 84-85; war’s end and, 71 labor productivity. See also economic pro ductivity: effect of famine on German POW, 43,45; ration determination and, 30,31,35 League of German Officers (BDO), 110-111 leisure activities, 54-63; antifascist reeduca tion and, 54-55; Christmas celebrations, 57; documented in POW camp albums, 55-56; for Gulag prisoners, 54-55; letters home, 59-60; outings to sites of Soviet culture, 56; relaxation camps, 62; writing fiction, plays and music, 58-59 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 57, 82; Mamaev Kurgan and, 179, 183, 185 Leningrad Blockade, nutritional dystrophy and, 27 Liebknecht, Karl, 57 Lilge, Gottfried, 43 Luhansk, German POW camps located near, 98, 99 Luxemburg, Rosa, 57 mail: censors for POW, 57; packages sent to German POWs, 60-61; POW letters home, 59-60; between POWs at different camps, 61-62 Main Administration for Affairs of Prisoners of War and Internees (GUPVI) system, 4, 13-14, 202; Antifascist Department of Education, 119-120; Antifascist Reeduca tion Department, 55,102-103; assigning POWs to industrial and reconstruction needs, 6-7; consulted for input into refining Geneva Convention, 21; efforts to improve conditions in, 50-51; efforts to keep POWs healthy, 51-52; end of, 81-82; on financial costs of POW camps, 78-79; frequent changes in conditions in, 63; German POWs sorted by ability to work and, 26; medical care at, 47-54; memoir
literature and, 4; on overall contribution of German POWs to Soviet economy, 80; rationing policy, 30; repatriation of POWs and, 45-47; requests for POW labor and, 74-75; Soviet sources on, 4-5; transition from UPVI to, 69
236 INDEX makhorka (tobacco) ration, 40, 41 Malenkov, Georgii: disagreement with Khrushchev, 163; discrediting of, 163; monthly reports on POWs sent to, 75; reforms after Stalin’s death and, 157; succession after Stalin's death and, 159, 160; Western powers queries regarding POWs and, 152 Mamaev Kurgan (Stalingrad), 178-184, 179f, 184f Mapping the Gulag, 91 "March of the Antifascists" (song), 58-59 Marshall Plan, 154-155 Maschke Commission (the Scientific Commission for the History of the German Prisoners of War), 5-6, 104 meat, POW rations for, 32-33t, 34-35 medical care for POWs, 47-54 medical-labor commission, Gulag, 26 medical supplies, shortages of and capture of, 25, 50 "Memorial-Ensemble 'to the Heroes of the Stalingrad Battle'" (Mamaev Kurgan), 178-184, 179f, 184f Memorial Museum of German Antifascists (Moscow), 176, 185-189, 200 Michelangelo, 179, 198 Mikoyan, A. I., 152, 153 mining industry. See also coal mining: extra rations for POWs working in, 35; Ger man POWs assigned to, 16, 19, 23, 26; Gulag workers in, 67; siting of camps and,97nl07 Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), 13, 157. See also People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD); German POWs assigned to, 76, 77t; participating in refining Geneva Convention, 21; responding to request for information about missing German soldiers, 166-168 mobile reeducation sessions, for repatriated POWs, 123-124 Moldova, number of German POW camps in, 89t, 90 Molotov, Vyacheslav Μ.: Beria arrest and, 160; documentation regarding German POWs and, 10; Krushchev and, 163; on number of remaining POWs, 145; objec tions
to Beria's plans for East Germany, 158; reforms after Stalin’s death and, 157; reports on political work undertaken among POWs, 120; reports on POWs sent to, 29, 75, 76, 78; on return of Ger man POWs, 71; tracking POWs and their work assignments, 101; warning Stalin of anti-Soviet campaign in UN, 153; Western powers queries regarding POWs and, 152 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 22 Moscow: POW contribution to economy in region, 81; trips by German POWs to see cultural sites in, 56; ZIS factory in, 83 Moscow State University, POW labor and, 23 Museum of German History (GDR), 187 My Odyssey thru Hell (Gruber), 104 Nachrichten (newspaper), 129 National Committee for a Free Germany (NKFD): commemoration of, 186; composition of, 110; end of, 113; former members returning to Germany, 145-146; membership of, 62, 112, 118; propaganda produced by, 111 National Democratic Party of Germany (NDPD), 123 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 154, 155, 164, 185, 205 Nazism, Desyatnichenko and crime of rehabilitation of, 1-2, 200 Neues Deutschland (East German newspa per), 11; German POW access to, 57; on German POWs, 148-149; return of POWs and, 139, 140-143, 144; supporting Soviet claims about POWs, 161 newspapers. See also individual newspapers'. camp, 57-58; censors confiscating, 57; provided to POWs, 57 Nicholas II (Russia), 15 Niekmann, Alfred, 141-142 NKVD, People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) Nuremberg trials: German POWs testifying in, 151; Paulus and, 133 nutritional content of rations, 32-33t, 34-35 nutritional dystrophy, 27-28; daily rations for POWs with, 32-33t,
34, 35; decrease in diagnosis of, 42, 44t "On Amnesty" ("Beria’s Amnesty"), 157 "On Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression" (1991), 147, 195 "On the Material Provisioning of Prisoners of War in the First Quarter of 1945 and Their Labor Exploitation," 70 "On Urgent Measure to Restore the Economy in the Regions Liberated from German Occupation,” 68-69 Order No. 55, German soldiers and, 22
INDEX Order No. 4990s, extra rations for industrial workers, 35 Ostpolitik, 185 Overmans, Rüdiger, 2n4, 173П122 packages sent to German POWs, 60-61 Paulus, Friedrich, 146; capture of, 24, 183, 183n30; League of German Officers and, 110-111; repatriation to East Germany, 133-134, 162-163 People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD): camp newspapers, 57-58; Gulag and, 6,13; GUPVI and, 6, 13, 202, 203; on nutritional dystrophy, 27-28; report on use of POW labor, 75-76; reports on status of German POWs and, 29 Peter, Kurt, 127-128 Petrov, I. A., 75 physical condition of German POWs, 243. See also ill/injured POWs; assessment of, 28, 63; orders to maximize to enhance productivity, 28-29, 45, 52; ration distri bution according to, 32-33t, 34; reports to Soviet officials on, 29-30, 75, 76, 120; returnees’ poor, 136, 137,139, 141, 144 Pieck, Wilhelm: creation of propaganda material, 106; Free Germany movement and, 186; on guilt for war, 161; political returnees and, 132,142; return to Germany after war, 113 Pieta (Michelangelo), 179,198 Poland, retention of German POWs after war, 145 Politburo, creation of Gulag and, 6, 13, 47 Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office (PA AA), 11 political function of Gulag, 66 political motivations for repatriation, 204 politics, former POWs agitprop work during Cold War and, 122, 123, 125-127 politics of repatriation, 136-173; 1949-1953, 138-156; 1953-1956, 156-173 Politodel, 62 portianki (footcloths), 51 postwar Germany: repatriated political returnees by occupation zones, 124, 125t; Soviet plans and goals for, 116; U.S.
denazification of, 116-117 postwar reconstruction of Soviet Union, German POWs and, 4, 64-101,202; mapping German POW camps, 87-88; POW Camp No. 215, 82-87; POW camps 237 in the entire Soviet Union, 88-96, 88f, 89t, 90f, 92f, 94-97f; POW camps in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 97-101, 98f, 100t; Stalin and postwar reconstruction, 70-82; war years, 67-69 POW camp life albums, 49, 55, 118 POW Camp No. 27 (Krasnogorsk): Memo rial Museum of German Antifascists at former, 185-189; wartime antifascist efforts centered in, 105-106, 110 POW Camp No. 69 (Frankfurt), repatriation of POWs and, 139 POW Camp No. 215 (Ulyanovsk), 82-87, 86t; antifascist reeducation at, 111, 112; cemetery for, 192 POW Camp No. 234 (Kuybyshev), antifascist reeducation at, 112 Pravda (newspaper), 178, 188 prisoners of war (POWs). See also German POWs: international agreements on treatment of, 14, 15; use as forced labor during First World War, 14-16 Prisoners of War in the Soviet Union, 49 propaganda, Soviet. See also agitprop; anti fascist propaganda: antifascist reeduca tion program and production of, 105-106; anti-German, 177-178; camp life albums as, 118; during Cold War, 123-124, 125; Germans and pro-Soviet, 30-31, 123-124; leaflets urging end to war, 111; leisure activities for POWs and pro-Soviet, 56; Paulus’s involvement in producing, 111; produced by the NKFD, 110, 111; radio broadcasts, 106, 119; Red Army and production of, 109; revealing status of German POWs via, 108; on treatment of soldiers who would surrender to Red Army, 106-108; urging German soldiers to surrender to Red Army,
22, 106; Wehrmacht dismissal of Soviet efforts, 106-107 Propaganda Administration of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SVAG), 115,116, 123, 139, 143 Protestant Relief Service, 61 punishment, German POW labor, recon struction of Soviet Union, and, 2,3,6, 42, 46, 67,101 Putin, Vladimir, resurrection of cult of the Great Patriotic War, 199, 200 Radio Moscow, propaganda on, 106 railways, POWs and construction and repair of, 76, 77t, 78, 80
238 INDEX rations for German POWs, 30-47; during and after famine, 41-46; calculation of daily calories and full calorie tables, 207-208; distributed according to labor category, 28-29; for enlisted German POWs from 1943 to 1947, 37, 38t; for German officer POWs, 31, 32-33t, 34-35; German POWs on quality and quantity of, 38-41, 43; increase in, 37-38, 38t, 41; labor output and size of, 30, 31, 35; misappropriation of, 45; nutritional content of, 32-33t, 34-35; ration norms, 31, 32-33t; repatriation of German POWs in 1946 and, 42, 45-47; Soviet planners and, 46; for Stalingrad German POWs, 25 Reagan, Ronald, trip to Bitburg, 188-189 reconstruction of Soviet Union. See postwar reconstruction of Soviet Union, German POWs and Red Army: capture of German soldiers in last months of the war, 82; capture of German supplies, weapons and vehicles, 50; food rations for, 36 Red Cross: camp inspections by, 18, 20; continued incarceration of German POWs in the Soviet Union and, 9; forbidden from entering POW camps, 108; Ulyanovsk State Committee, 192 Red Cross postcards, 60 “Rehabilitation of Nazism" (Russian Criminal Code), 1 relaxation camps for POWs, 62 religious symbols, in commemoration of German POWs, 197-198, 198n62 repatriation of German POWs, 203-204. See also politics of repatriation; in 1946, 42; during 1947,45-47; 1949-1953,138-156; 1953-1956, 156-173; after German capitu lation, 136; agitprop work during Cold War and, 122-131; of amnestied war criminal POWs to East Germany, 161-163; antifascist reeducation program and early, 103, 135; death of POWs on journey back to
Germany, 46, 52, 71-72; death of Stalin and, 132, 137, 156-158, 172; of final German POWs, 137; following Adenauer’s trip to Moscow, 164-167; German criticism of slow, 114; of ill/ injured POWs, 52, 53-54, 63, 71; political motivations for, 204-205; reintegration of former POWs labeled as war criminals into East and West German societies, 168-169; route for, 139; Soviet statistics on, 150-151; at war's end, 71-72 repatriation of prisoners of war, Geneva Convention on, 19, 21 Research Institute of History and Culture of the Ulyanovsk Region, 10 Revenge of the Domestic (Harsch), 114n44 Rodina Slat’ Zovet (The Motherland Calls) statue, 178, 179, 179f Romanian POWs, 24 Roosevelt, Theodore, 15 Russia. See also Soviet Union: care of war graves in Germany and in, 190-192; cult of Great Patriotic War in, 3; German POWs and war memory, 11-12; invasion of Ukraine, 201; legacy of World War II German POWs and politics in, 1-2; number of German POW camps in, 89-90, 89t; topic of World War II war dead in, 9,200-201; use of World War I POWs as forced labor, 16-17 Russian archives, opening of after collapse of Soviet Union, 10, 190 Russian Civil War, Mamaev Kurgan and, 181 Russian Federation, commemoration of German POWs in, 175, 176 Russian Military Prosecutor's Office, 147 Russian nationalism, cult of Great Patriotic War and, 199 Russians, reconciliation with Germans, 198 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 195: German POWs sent to, 71; Ministry of Culture, 180-181; Penal Code, "Counterrevolutionary Crimes," 147 Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE), 97n93 Russian
State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI), 10 Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI), 10 Russian State Economic Archive (RGAE), 10 Russian State Military Archive (RGVA), 10, 49, 97, 97n93 sanitation: in Gulag, 47-48; shortages of supplies for POW camps, 49-50 Schenck, Ernst Günther, 99 Schmidt, Elli, 143 Schmidt, Helmut, 185-186 scholarly literature on German POWs in the Soviet Union, 5-6 Schtrauch, Max, 118 Schuetz, Hans: on antifascist reeducation, 112; on antifascist work among POWs, 104; on medical care in camps, 53; on
INDEX POW rations, 39, 40; on POWs sending and receiving mail, 60; on POW work assignments, 86 Secret Plan Ro-Vu-La (play), 59 "Secret Speech," Khrushchev's, 180, 181 shoes, provided to German POWs, 50-51 Siberia, Gulag and, 91, 92f Sikin, I., 115 Simbirskii Kur’er (newspaper), 192 Simonov, Konstantin, 177 skill-based bonuses for POWs, 49 slogans, pro-Soviet, 123 Social Democratic Party (SPD), 113, 126, 165 socialism, Soviet desire to demonstrate superiority of, 182-183, 184-185 socialist Germany, Soviet desire for, 113, 143, 172, 178,202 socialist movement in Germany, 126-127 Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). See also East Germany (German Demo cratic Republic; GDR); Neues Deutschland (East German newspaper): activist return ees and, 131-135; creation of, 113-114; dissatisfaction of East German women with, 142-143; Memorial Museum of German Antifascists and, 176, 186-188; return of POWs and, 139-144, 168; World War II memory and, 161-162 Society of Friendship with the GDR, 188 Sonotdel (Gulag), 47, 48 Soviet city reconstruction, German POWs and, 71 Soviet civilians: food ration system for, 36-37; interacting with German POWs, 8, 43, 73, 74, 191152, 199-200 Soviet-German relations, political returnees promoting, 131-132, 133 Soviet occupation zone: clubs created by political returnees in, 131-132; former POWs in agitprop work in, 118-119, 122, 123-125, 128-130; Germany communists returning to, 113; SED and agitprop returnees in, 131-135; SVAG running, 116 Soviet officials, reports on POW physical condition to, 29-30, 75, 76, 78, 80-81, 120, 121-122 Soviet POWs, Nazi
treatment of, 19-20, 187-188 Soviet Union. See also Russia: agricultural reform in, 163; commemorating German antifascists, 176; commemoration of Great Patriotic War, 178-189,179f, 184f; Decree No. 1798-800s, "Provisions on 239 Prisoners of War," 19, 23; denazification in postwar Germany, 117-118; design to access coal fields of the Ruhr and access to German scientific/technological knowl edge, 116; desire to establish socialist Germany, 113, 143, 172, 178, 202; effect of East German politics on, 159-161; famine deaths in, 41-42; fear of NATO and arms buildup, 155; food crisis of 1942-1943, 25, 35-36; food provisioning system, 46; Geneva Convention and, 18, 19, 21; German POWs as diplomatic issue for, 143, 147-148, 151-154; Gulag labor and war effort, 67-68; Hague Convention provisions and, 18-19; location of POW camps in, 88-96, 88f, 89t, 90f, 92f, 94-97f; medicine shortage in, 25; percent of population lost during World War II, 65-66; rebranding of POWs as war criminals, 137, 138, 146-147; responses to queries about remaining German POWs, 151-154; statistics on German POWs, 137-138, 150—151; succession after Stalin's death, 136, 157, 159-160; war crime tribunals in, 2, 146-147; war destruction in, 64-65; war memory, 9-10, 11-12, 174, 180, 198 Spindler, Albert, 127 sports: for German POWs, 55; in the Gulag, 55 Stalin, Joseph: on adequate rations for POWs, 31; antifascist reeducation and, 110; approach to German POWs, 70-71; as barrier to complete repatriation, 172; cult of personality, 180-181; death of and repatriation of German POWs, 104, 156-157, 204, 205;
documentation re garding German POWs and, 10; fear of reindustrialized Germany and Marshall Plan, 154-155; insistence on keeping POWs after 1949, 136; interest in POW work assignments, 31, 70-71, 99, 101; Khrushchev and de-Stalinization, 180, 181, 183; Mamaev Kurgan and, 178, 180-181; mandating access to vehicles for German POWs, 50; National Democratic Party of Germany and, 123; ordering increase in POW food rations and allot ments of clothing, 37, 50; Order No. 55, 22; Paulus letter to requesting release to East Germany, 133—134; POW camp newspaper and article on, 57; public memory of World War II and, 174, 175; reforms following death of, 132-133, 157;
240 INDEX Stalin, Joseph (continued) repatriation of POWs and, 150; reports on POWs sent to, 29, 75, 76, 79, 120; succession after death of, 136,157, 159-160; vilification of Germans, 177; warned about impending anti-Soviet campaign at UN, 153; Western powers queries regard ing POWs and, 152 Stalin Automobile Factory, 82 Stalingrad, rebuilding of, 70. See also Battle of Stalingrad Stalino (Donetsk), German POW camps located near, 97-98 State Archive of Contemporary History of the Ulyanovsk Region (GANI VO), 10 State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), 10, 87n93 State Museum of Defense of TsaritsynStalingrad, 181 Stülpnagel, Carl-Heinrich von, 64 SVAG. See Propaganda Administration of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SVAG) SVAG (Propaganda Administration of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany), 115, 116, 123, 139, 143 Swedish Red Cross, German POW issue and, 154 Tägliche Rundschau (newspaper), 57 Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS), announcements about POWs, 139, 146, 147, 149, 150-151 timber industry, German POWs assigned to, 23, 69, 80 Tito, 164 TiuTpanov, Sergei, 116 tobacco ration, 40, 41 Top Secret Operation Order 00943, 34 trade unions, agitprop workers and, 126 tufta, 79 Tumarkin, Nina, 175, 179-180 Turkmenistan, number of German POW camps in, 89t, 90 typhus outbreaks, in Russian POW camps, 17 Ukraine, commemoration of German POWs in, 198n62 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 200-201 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, German POW camps in, 89-90, 89t, 97-101, 98f, 100t Ulbricht, Walter: creation of propaganda materials and, 106;
Free Germany movement and, 186; June uprising and, 133, 159; remaining in power in East Germany, 160; return to Germany after war, 113; Soviet policy of liberalization in East Germany and, 158 Ulyanovsk: automobile industry in, 82-83, 87, 198-199; German POWs and burial locations in, 191-192; POW Camp No. 215 in, 82-87 Ulyanovsk Automobile Factory (UAZ), German POWs and, 82-83, 86t, 87, 198-199 Ul’ianovskaia Pravda (newspaper), 192 Ulyanovsk ZIS (U1ZIS), 82-83 Union of Architects of the USSR, Mamaev Kurgan and, 181 Union of German Officers, 145 United Kingdom, percent of population lost during World War II, 65. See also Great Britain United Nations, continued incarceration of German POWs in the Soviet Union and, 9, 153-154 UN Commission on Prisoners of War, 153 United States: deaths from World War II, 65; denazification in postwar Germany, 116-117; end of denazification process in postwar Germany, 122; German POWs as diplomatic issue with Soviets, 151; percent of population lost during World War II, 65; reeducation of German POWs, 115, 121; retention of German POWs after war, 9, 145; Soviet assertion that all POWs repatriated and, 153-154; treatment of German POWs, 20-21 UPVI. See Administration for Affairs of Prisoners of War and Internees (UPVI) Uzbekistan, number of German POW camps in, 89t, 90 "victims," Russian and German meanings of, 194-196 Victory Day celebrations: in Russia, 199; in Soviet Union, 175 Virgin Lands Campaign, 163 vodka, ration of, 35 Vogel, Wolfgang, 196, 197f Volga-Don Canal, 76 Vorkuta (Gulag camp), 93 Voroshilovgrad (Lugansk), German POW camps
located near, 98 Vuchetich, Yevgeny Viktorovich, 182-183 Vyshinskii, Andrei, 150
INDEX war crime tribunals in the Soviet Union, 2, 146-147; West German criticism of, 168-169 war criminals: German POW convicted, 59; German POWs rebranded as, 137, 138, 146-147; number of POWs considered, 81 war graves, care of, 190-192 war memory; contemporary Russian, 12 (see also cult of Great Patriotic War); grieving and, 198n62; Soviet, 9-10, 11-12, 174, 180, 198; West German, 170, 171 Warsaw Pact, formation of, 164 Wehrmacht: casualty figures hidden or misreported by, 149-150; efforts of German POWs antifascist associations to undermine morale in, 111 ; on mortality rates of German POWs in Soviet Union, 2, 2n4; Red Army capture and confisca tion of supplies, 50 Wehrmacht Information Office (WASt), attitude toward Soviet propaganda efforts, 106-107 Western Union, formation of, 155 West German press. See also individual newspapers: on fate of German POWs in Soviet Union, 137; reintegration of former POWs labeled war criminals and, 168-172, 173; on return of POWs, 139-140,144-148 West German scholarly literature on German POWs in Soviet Union, 5-6 West Germany (Federal Republic of Ger many; FRG): Adenauer and relations with Soviet Union, 137, 164-167; AntifaMen in, 126; on antifascist program and German POW experience in the Soviet Union, 104; Christian symbols in com memoration of German POWs, 197-198, 198n62; German POW repatriation and establishment of, 104; integration with West (Westpolitik), 185; Khrushchev 241 policies toward, 172-173; meaning of victimhood in, 195; Memorial Museum of German Antifascists and, 188; rela tions with East Germany, 185-186;
relations with Soviet Union and allied nations, 185-186; repatriation and rela tions with, 128-129, 130t, 164-167, 205; requesting information about missing German soldiers, 166-168; war memory in, 170, 171 Wezel, Rolf, 20 Wilhelmina (Netherlands), 15 women: attacks on SED, 114; return of POWs and, 142-143, 165 work assignments, German PO\V( 76-78, 77-78t; matching POW specialties with, 85-86; prisoner work schedule, 54; Stalin’s interest in, 31, 70-71, 99,101 World War I: Soviet POW camp system and, 14-21; use of POWs for forced labor during, 14-16 World War II. See also commemoration of German POWs and World War II; Great Patriotic War: antifascist reeducation of German POWs during (see antifascist reeducation); reintegrating alleged war criminals into East Germany and mem ory of, 161-162; topic of war dead in contemporary Russia and, 200-201; West German war memory, 170, 171 Yeryomenko, Andrei Ivanovich, 182 Yugoslavia: Khrushchev’s trip to, 164; retention of German POWs after war, 145 Zank, Horst, 74 Zhdanov, Andrei, 120 Zhukov, Georgy, 160 ZIS-5 truck, production of, 82-83 Zyklon В gas, used by Nazis on Soviet POWs, 20 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Grunewald, Susan 1989- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1339949377 |
| author_facet | Grunewald, Susan 1989- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Grunewald, Susan 1989- |
| author_variant | s g sg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049739765 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 2795 NQ 6000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1466926917 (DE-599)BVBBV049739765 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1956 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1956 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV049739765 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-27T11:00:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501776021 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035081739 |
| oclc_num | 1466926917 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 DE-12 DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-12 DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 |
| physical | xiii, 241 Seiten Karten, Tabellen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20250120 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Cornell University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Battlegrounds: Cornell studies in military history |
| spelling | Grunewald, Susan 1989- Verfasser (DE-588)1339949377 aut From incarceration to repatriation German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Susan C. I. Grunewald German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Ithaca ; London Cornell University Press [2024[ © 2024 xiii, 241 Seiten Karten, Tabellen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Battlegrounds: Cornell studies in military history "Explores the experiences and memories of the 1.5 million German POWs held by the Soviet Union in World War II and how they were used in postwar economic reconstruction." Geschichte 1945-1956 gnd rswk-swf Repatriierung (DE-588)4177807-8 gnd rswk-swf Deutscher Kriegsgefangener (DE-588)4123056-5 gnd rswk-swf Zwangsarbeit (DE-588)4139439-2 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Prisoners of war / Soviet Union Prisoners of war / Germany World War, 1939-1945 / Prisoners and prisons, Soviet World War, 1939-1945 / Prisoners and prisons, German Reconstruction (1939-1951) / Soviet Union Prisonniers de guerre / URSS. Prisonniers de guerre / Allemagne Guerre mondiale, 1939-1945 / Prisonniers et prisons des Allemands Reconstruction, 1939-1951 / URSS. Prisoners of war Reconstruction (1939-1951) Germany Soviet Union 1939-1951 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Deutscher Kriegsgefangener (DE-588)4123056-5 s Zwangsarbeit (DE-588)4139439-2 s Repatriierung (DE-588)4177807-8 s Geschichte 1945-1956 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5017-7604-5 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-5017-7603-8 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035081739&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035081739&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035081739&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Grunewald, Susan 1989- From incarceration to repatriation German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Repatriierung (DE-588)4177807-8 gnd Deutscher Kriegsgefangener (DE-588)4123056-5 gnd Zwangsarbeit (DE-588)4139439-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4177807-8 (DE-588)4123056-5 (DE-588)4139439-2 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | From incarceration to repatriation German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union |
| title_alt | German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union |
| title_auth | From incarceration to repatriation German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union |
| title_exact_search | From incarceration to repatriation German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union |
| title_full | From incarceration to repatriation German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Susan C. I. Grunewald |
| title_fullStr | From incarceration to repatriation German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Susan C. I. Grunewald |
| title_full_unstemmed | From incarceration to repatriation German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Susan C. I. Grunewald |
| title_short | From incarceration to repatriation |
| title_sort | from incarceration to repatriation german prisoners of war in the soviet union |
| title_sub | German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union |
| topic | Repatriierung (DE-588)4177807-8 gnd Deutscher Kriegsgefangener (DE-588)4123056-5 gnd Zwangsarbeit (DE-588)4139439-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Repatriierung Deutscher Kriegsgefangener Zwangsarbeit Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035081739&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035081739&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035081739&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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