Drawing lots: from egalitarianism to democracy in ancient Greece
"This book offers the first comprehensive study of drawing lots as a central institution of ancient Greek society. It reveals how an egalitarian mindset guided selection, procedure, and distribution by lot and how drawing lots was introduced for polis governance, a Greek innovation that may be...
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| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY
Oxford University Press
2024
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This book offers the first comprehensive study of drawing lots as a central institution of ancient Greek society. It reveals how an egalitarian mindset guided selection, procedure, and distribution by lot and how drawing lots was introduced for polis governance, a Greek innovation that may be relevant today. The first two parts (Irad Malkin) explore the egalitarian mindset geared towards horizontal relationships, expressed in drawing lots instead of a top-down vision of authority and sovereignty. Drawing lots presupposes equality among participants deserving equal "portions" and was used for distributing land, inheritance, booty, sacrificial meat, selecting individuals, setting turns, mixing, and reorganizing groups, and divining the will of the gods. It was a self-evident method broadly applied. Drawing lots crystallized community boundaries and emphasized its sovereignty. The guiding values were equality and fairness. The gods were the guardians of the just procedure of drawing lots, but they did not predetermine the outcome. The third part (Josine Blok) investigates the transposition of the drawing of lots to the governance of the polis. The implied egalitarianism was often in conflict with a top-down perception of society and the values of inequality, status, and merit. Drawing lots was introduced into oligarchies and democracies at an uneven pace and scale. Its use in the democracy of classical Athens was an exceptional case, eye-catching both in antiquity and today. Conclusions about the meaning of the Greek examples for drawing lots today and an appendix (Elena Iaffe) surveying the Greek vocabulary of drawing lots close the book." |
| Beschreibung: | xxii, 508 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780197753477 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "This book offers the first comprehensive study of drawing lots as a central institution of ancient Greek society. It reveals how an egalitarian mindset guided selection, procedure, and distribution by lot and how drawing lots was introduced for polis governance, a Greek innovation that may be relevant today. The first two parts (Irad Malkin) explore the egalitarian mindset geared towards horizontal relationships, expressed in drawing lots instead of a top-down vision of authority and sovereignty. Drawing lots presupposes equality among participants deserving equal "portions" and was used for distributing land, inheritance, booty, sacrificial meat, selecting individuals, setting turns, mixing, and reorganizing groups, and divining the will of the gods. It was a self-evident method broadly applied. Drawing lots crystallized community boundaries and emphasized its sovereignty. The guiding values were equality and fairness. The gods were the guardians of the just procedure of drawing lots, but they did not predetermine the outcome. The third part (Josine Blok) investigates the transposition of the drawing of lots to the governance of the polis. The implied egalitarianism was often in conflict with a top-down perception of society and the values of inequality, status, and merit. Drawing lots was introduced into oligarchies and democracies at an uneven pace and scale. Its use in the democracy of classical Athens was an exceptional case, eye-catching both in antiquity and today. Conclusions about the meaning of the Greek examples for drawing lots today and an appendix (Elena Iaffe) surveying the Greek vocabulary of drawing lots close the book." | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Preface Josine Blok, Irad Malkin Acknowledgements Irad Malkin, Josine Blök Abbreviations Introduction: Irad Malkin Greeks Drawing Lots: The Practice and the Mindset of Egalitarianism 1. An egalitarian mindset 2. From egalitarianism to democracy 3. What is new about this book? The previous discussion of the field of inquiry 4. A mindset for drawing lots 5. Vocabulary and mindset 6. Portions and fairness 7. Equality and the “middle” 8. Mixture lotteries and the egalitarian mindset 9. Mixture, equivalence, and interchangeability 10. Did Greeks draw lots to divine the will of the gods? 11. The lot and democracy, ancient and modern 12. Contents and contours: Parts I and II xiii xix xxi 1 1 4 5 - 10 11 13 15 17 20 21 26 29 PART I IRAD MALKIN THE LOTTERY MINDSET: RELIGION AND SOCIETY 1. Lotteries Divine and Human: The World of the Homeric Epics Endnote 1 : The debate about the distribution of spoils in the Iliad and the Odyssey Endnote 2: “Getting by lot” and the verb lanchano Lanchano as simply “to get”? Etymology Endnote 3: Group distribution and the verb dateomai in Homer, Hesiod, and the Homeric Hymns 95 2. When Does the Lot Reflect the Will of the Gods? Lots, Oracles, Divination, and the Notion of Moira 2.1 Lot oracles and divination 2.2 The god Hermes 41 82 91 92 94 98 106 108
viii CONTENTS 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 The lot oracle at Delphi Delphi: Themis, the Pythia, and the lot Delphi: Beans used as lots Delphi: Mythical history and oracular procedure The oracle of Dodona What is religious about lot oracles? One’s portion in life: Moira between the concrete and the abstract 113 114 117 120 126 130 132 3. Sacrifice and Feast: Social Values and the Distribution of Meat by Lot 3.1 The lot and the sacrifice: Frequency and ubiquity 3.2 Sacrifice, equality, and sharing in the city 3.3 Expressions of citizenship and belonging 3.4 Honorific shares 3.5 The lot, the victim destined for sacrifice, and the priests 3.6 The equal feast 138 138 139 141 142 144 146 PART II IRAD MALKIN EQUAL AND FAIR: INHERITANCE, COLONIZATION, AND MIXTURE 4. Partible Inheritance by Lot 4.1 Brothers sharing an inheritance 4.2 Equality versus primogeniture 4.3 The oikos and the kleros 4.4 Inheritance at home and abroad 4.5 Poetry and myth 151 151 153 155 157 161 5. Drawing Lots on the Athenian Stage 5.1 Inheritance, sortition, booty, captives, and military procedures 5.2 The lot and Aeschylus’s Seven against Thebes 163 163 169 6. Founding Cities and Sharing in the Polis: Equality, Allotment, and Civic Mixture 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Section I: Things done 6.2.1 The setting: Greek colonization 6.2.2 Equal chances and equal outcomes: Kleros, inheritance, and colonization 6.2.3 The archaeology oikleroi in the archaic period 6.2.4 Egalitarianism and equality in a Greek colony 6.2.5 Territories and grids 6.2.6 Equal lots: Megara Hyblaia 6.2.7 Syracuse 6.2.8 Himera 6.2.9 Perimeters 176
176 182 182 188 190 191 192 195 204 205 207
CONTENTS ÎX 6.2.10 Classical colonization 208 6.2.11 Athenian klerouchies 211 6.3 Section II: Things said: The lot, the “first plot,” equality, and the unity of the kleros 214 6.3.1 The First Lots articulated 219 6.3.2 First Lots: Inclusion and exclusion 222 6.3.3 First Lots and equality: Was there an aristocracy among Greek colonists? 223 6.3.4 First Lots and equality: Social and economic differentiation 229 6.3.5 Things said: The kleros and the polis 232 6.3.6 Quasihistorical accounts: Sparta and its colony Thera 237 6.3.7 Quasihistorical accounts: The great migrations 242 6.3.8 Religion and the distribution of kleroi 243 6.3.9 Equal and fair: Isos kai homoios 245 6.3.10 Howto found a colony? Late archaic and classical inscriptions 247 6.3.11 Saving άpolis: Lottery, mixture, and social engineering 256 Endnote 1: The cui bono argument and the ancient sources 260 Endnote 2: Isomoiria 261 Endnote 3: Women and the kleros . 264 Endnote 4: Archaeology and “text-based information” 266 PART III JOSINEBLOK: DRAWING LOTS IN POLIS GOVERNANCE 7. Setting the Stage 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 The lot becomes political 7.1.2 Agents, time frame, and sources 7.2 What did poleis use the lot for? 7.2.1 Divination 7.2.2 Selection 7.2.3 Distribution 7.2.4 Procedure 7.2.5 Military command: procedure and distribution 7.3 The political background of office distribution in ancient Greece 7.3.1 Polis offices and social value (time) 7.3.2 Drawing lots for office: A special case 7.3.3 Political inequality and equality in the Greek poleis 8. Drawing Lots for Polis Office 8.1 Introducing the lot for office
8.1.1 The lot in Solon’spoliteia 8.1.2 Solon’s introduction ofthe lot: A first anchorage 8.1.3 Solon’spo/iteifl:Thecouncilandthecourt 271 271 271 276 282 284 284 286 291 295 300 300 306 309 316 316 316 322 326
X CONTENTS 8.2 Political divergence and patterns of allotment 328 8.2.1 Allotment for polis office in oligarchies 334 8.2.2 Democratic Athens 339 8.2.2.1 Cleisthenes’s constitution 339 8.2.2.2 Did Cleisthenes reintroduce allotment for political office? 342 8.2.2.3 Forerunners of Cleisthenes’s innovations 350 8.2.2.4 Reforms in the mid-fifth century: Toward full allotment 353 8.2.3 Selection for office by lot elsewhere in ancient Greece 363 8.2.3.1 Drawing lots for political office outside Athens 364 8.2.4 Drawing lots for cultic offices, in Athens and beyond 373 Endnote 1 : The historicity of Solon and his laws 379 Endnote 2: The Ath.Pol. and the Politics on Solon’s constitution 381 Endnote 3: Ath.Pol. 8.1 on the procedure in Solon’s klerosis ek prokriton 384 Endnote 4: The vocabulary of the lot in the Ancient Near East 384 Endnote 5: Solon’s council of four hundred 385 Endnote 6: The diagramma for Cyrene 386 Endnote 7: The new body politic in Cleisthenes’s system 388 Endnote 8: Allotment tokens from Athens 389 9. Drawing Lots for Governance: A Political Innovation 9.1 Drawing lots for polis governance: An evaluation 9.1.1 Ancient Greeks on selection for office by lot 9.1.2 What does selection for office by lot mean for polis governance? Some modern views 9.2 Conclusions: Drawing lots for polis governance in ancient Greece Endnote: James W. Headlam, Election by Lot at Athens (Prince Consort dissertation 1890; London 1891) 412 393 393 393 400 404 PART IV CONCLUSIONS AND ENVOI Irad Malkin Conclusions and Implications 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The mindset: Antiquity, Ubiquity, and
Religion Equality and fairness Group definition The will of the gods Lot oracles Frequency, ubiquity, and sacrifice Partible inheritance by lot New foundations Cleisthenes and the constitutive lottery Our modern democracies 419 419 423 424 424 425 426 428 430 437 438
CONTENTS ΧΪ Josine Blok Envoi: Drawing Lots Today: Fair Distribution and a Stronger Democracy 441 Elena laffe Appendix: A Lexicographical Survey ofLottery Practices in the Archaic and Classical Periods 447 Lexicographic overview of the key terms of lottery 448 1. Instruments used in lottery practices 448 2. Words indicating a participant in a lottery 449 3. Words for the procedure of drawing lots 449 4. Verbs of lottery practices 450 (a) Verbs related to the participants of a lottery 450 (b) Verbs indicating the type of lottery 451 (c) Verbs related to the procedure itself, e.g., the action “of” or “upon” the instrument of drawing lots 452 5. The semantic fields of the disputed key terms of lottery: lanchano and kleros 453 6. List of references for key lottery terms in archaic and classical Greek literature and inscriptions 459 Key lottery terms, excluding metaphoric usages 459 Metaphoric and idiomatic usages of lottery terms 461 Epigraphic evidence for lottery, excluding metaphorical usages (a selection up to the end of the fourth cent.) 461 Bibliography Index ofNames and Places 463 505 |
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| publisher | Oxford University Press |
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| spelling | Malkin, Irad 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)139579435 aut Drawing lots from egalitarianism to democracy in ancient Greece Irad Malkin ; Josine Blok New York, NY Oxford University Press 2024 xxii, 508 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "This book offers the first comprehensive study of drawing lots as a central institution of ancient Greek society. It reveals how an egalitarian mindset guided selection, procedure, and distribution by lot and how drawing lots was introduced for polis governance, a Greek innovation that may be relevant today. The first two parts (Irad Malkin) explore the egalitarian mindset geared towards horizontal relationships, expressed in drawing lots instead of a top-down vision of authority and sovereignty. Drawing lots presupposes equality among participants deserving equal "portions" and was used for distributing land, inheritance, booty, sacrificial meat, selecting individuals, setting turns, mixing, and reorganizing groups, and divining the will of the gods. It was a self-evident method broadly applied. Drawing lots crystallized community boundaries and emphasized its sovereignty. The guiding values were equality and fairness. The gods were the guardians of the just procedure of drawing lots, but they did not predetermine the outcome. The third part (Josine Blok) investigates the transposition of the drawing of lots to the governance of the polis. The implied egalitarianism was often in conflict with a top-down perception of society and the values of inequality, status, and merit. Drawing lots was introduced into oligarchies and democracies at an uneven pace and scale. Its use in the democracy of classical Athens was an exceptional case, eye-catching both in antiquity and today. Conclusions about the meaning of the Greek examples for drawing lots today and an appendix (Elena Iaffe) surveying the Greek vocabulary of drawing lots close the book." Losverfahren (DE-588)1214377165 gnd rswk-swf Griechenland Altertum (DE-588)4093976-5 gnd rswk-swf Equality / Greece / History / To 1500 Social participation / Greece / History / To 1500 Political participation / Greece / History / To 1500 Democracy / Greece / History / To 1500 Greece / Civilization / To 146 B.C. (DE-588)4006432-3 Bibliografie gnd-content Demokratie, Verfassungsform (DE-2581)TH000006765 gbd Losung, in Athen (DE-2581)TH000006804 gbd Partizipation, griechisch (DE-2581)TH000006813 gbd Griechenland Altertum (DE-588)4093976-5 g Losverfahren (DE-588)1214377165 s DE-604 Blok, Josine 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)11441758X aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-775348-4 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-775349-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035004718&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Malkin, Irad 1951- Blok, Josine 1953- Drawing lots from egalitarianism to democracy in ancient Greece Losverfahren (DE-588)1214377165 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1214377165 (DE-588)4093976-5 (DE-588)4006432-3 |
| title | Drawing lots from egalitarianism to democracy in ancient Greece |
| title_auth | Drawing lots from egalitarianism to democracy in ancient Greece |
| title_exact_search | Drawing lots from egalitarianism to democracy in ancient Greece |
| title_full | Drawing lots from egalitarianism to democracy in ancient Greece Irad Malkin ; Josine Blok |
| title_fullStr | Drawing lots from egalitarianism to democracy in ancient Greece Irad Malkin ; Josine Blok |
| title_full_unstemmed | Drawing lots from egalitarianism to democracy in ancient Greece Irad Malkin ; Josine Blok |
| title_short | Drawing lots |
| title_sort | drawing lots from egalitarianism to democracy in ancient greece |
| title_sub | from egalitarianism to democracy in ancient Greece |
| topic | Losverfahren (DE-588)1214377165 gnd |
| topic_facet | Losverfahren Griechenland Altertum Bibliografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035004718&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT malkinirad drawinglotsfromegalitarianismtodemocracyinancientgreece AT blokjosine drawinglotsfromegalitarianismtodemocracyinancientgreece |