Stalin’s failed alliance: the struggle for collective security, 1936-1939
"In the spring of 1936, the Soviet effort to build an anti-Nazi alliance was failing. Stalin continued nevertheless to support diplomatic efforts to stop Nazi aggression in Europe. In Stalin's Failed Alliance, the sequel to Stalin's Gamble, Michael Jabara Carley continues his re-evalu...
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| Sprache: | English |
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Toronto ; Buffalo ; London
University of Toronto Press
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| Zusammenfassung: | "In the spring of 1936, the Soviet effort to build an anti-Nazi alliance was failing. Stalin continued nevertheless to support diplomatic efforts to stop Nazi aggression in Europe. In Stalin's Failed Alliance, the sequel to Stalin's Gamble, Michael Jabara Carley continues his re-evaluation of European diplomacy during the critical events between May 1936 and August 1939. This narrative history examines the great crises of the pre-war period - the Spanish Civil War, Anschluss, and Munich accords - as well as both the last Soviet efforts to organize an anti-Nazi alliance in the spring-summer of 1939 and Moscow's shocking volte-face, the signing of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact. Carley's history traces the lead-up to the outbreak of war in Europe on 1 September 1939 and sheds light on the Soviet Union's efforts to organize a defensive alliance against Nazi Germany, in effect rebuilding the anti-German Entente of the First World War. The author argues for the sincerity of Soviet overtures to the western European powers and that the non-aggression pact was a last-ditch response to the refusal of other states, especially Britain and France, to conclude an alliance with the USSR against Nazi Germany. Drawing on extensive archival research in Soviet and Western archival papers, Stalin's Failed Alliance aims to see the European crisis of the 1930s through Soviet eyes." |
| Beschreibung: | xx, 591 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781487553425 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "In the spring of 1936, the Soviet effort to build an anti-Nazi alliance was failing. Stalin continued nevertheless to support diplomatic efforts to stop Nazi aggression in Europe. In Stalin's Failed Alliance, the sequel to Stalin's Gamble, Michael Jabara Carley continues his re-evaluation of European diplomacy during the critical events between May 1936 and August 1939. This narrative history examines the great crises of the pre-war period - the Spanish Civil War, Anschluss, and Munich accords - as well as both the last Soviet efforts to organize an anti-Nazi alliance in the spring-summer of 1939 and Moscow's shocking volte-face, the signing of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact. Carley's history traces the lead-up to the outbreak of war in Europe on 1 September 1939 and sheds light on the Soviet Union's efforts to organize a defensive alliance against Nazi Germany, in effect rebuilding the anti-German Entente of the First World War. The author argues for the sincerity of Soviet overtures to the western European powers and that the non-aggression pact was a last-ditch response to the refusal of other states, especially Britain and France, to conclude an alliance with the USSR against Nazi Germany. Drawing on extensive archival research in Soviet and Western archival papers, Stalin's Failed Alliance aims to see the European crisis of the 1930s through Soviet eyes." | |
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Contents List of Illustrations and Maps Acknowledgments vii ix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Biographical Notes xiii xv 1 Introduction: The Way It Was 3 2 European Sidelights: Soviet Setbacks Everywhere, Spring-Summer 1936 10 3 Catastrophe: Civil War in Spain, 1936-1937 51 4 The Spectre of Rapallo: Soviet-German Relations, 1934-1937 97 5 The Broken Hinge: The Ruin of Franco-Soviet Relations, 1936-1937 6 Aftershocks: What to Do, June-December 1937 172 7 Whither Romania? Intermezzo, 1936-1938 195 8 The Czechoslovak Crisis: First Phase, January-May 1938 243 9 The Czechoslovak Crisis: Capitulation, June-December 1938 273 10 Despair and Hope: Fresh Efforts to Unite against Hitler, October 1938-April 1939 335 11 Last Chance: The Alliance that Never Was, May-August 1939 401 12 Epilogue: The Inevitable, Tragic End of Collective Security 477 Notes 489 Bibliography Index 567 551 128
Bibliography Unpublished Documents France Archives nationales, Paris Ministère des Affaires étrangères, Paris Ministère des Finances, Paris Service historique de lArmée de terre, Château de Vincennes Great Britain National Archives of Great Britain, Kew, Surrey Neville Chamberlain Papers, University of Birmingham British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent, Canterbury (https://archive.cartoons.ac.uk/) Russian Federation 1939 god: Ot “umirotvoreniia”k vounu (https://1939.rusarchives.ru/documents-list) Arkhiv vneshni politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii (AVPRF) Nakanune i posle Miunkhena. Arkhivnye dokumenty rasskazyvaiut. К 80-letiiuu “Miunkhenskogo sgovora” (https://munich.rusarchives.ru/o-proekte) Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial’no-politicheskoi istorii, Dokumenti I. V Stalina (https://sovdoc.rusarchives.rU/sections/personality//cards/4462/childs) Vtoraia Mirovaia voina v Arkhivnykh dokumentax, Prezidentskaia Biblioteka imeni B. N. El’tsina (https://www.prlib.ru/collections/1298142) United States Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park, NY National Archives, Bethesda, Maryland William C. Bullitt papers, Yale University
552 Bibliography Published Documents 1941 god: Dokumenty, 2 vols. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnyi Fond “Democratiia,” 1998. Documents on British Foreign Policy, 2nd series, 19 vols. London: HM Stationery Office, 1947-84; 3rd series, 9 vols. London: HM Stationery Office, 1949-57. Documents diplomatiques français, Ге série, 13 vols. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1964-84; 2e série, 19 vols. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1963-86. Documents on German Foreign Policy, series С, 7 vols.; series D, 13 vols. London, Paris, and Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1949-56. Dokumenty i materialy po istorii sovetsko-chekhoslovatskikh otnoshenii, vol. 3, iiun’ 1934 g.-mart 1939 g. Moscow: Nauka, 1978. Dokumenty i materialy po istorii sovetsko-pol’skikh otnoshenii, vols. 6-7,1933-1943 gg. Moscow: Nauka, 1969-73. Dokumenty po istorii miunkhenskogo sgovora, 1937-1939. Moscow: Politizdat, 1979. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR, 26 vols. Moscow: Politizdat, 1958-, Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatie Papers, 1936, Europe. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1954. Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatie Papers, 1938, General. Vol. 1. Washington, DC, 1955. Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatie Papers: The Soviet Union, 1933-1939. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1952. Glazami razvedki, SSSR i Evropa, 1919-1938. Moscow: IstLit, 2015. God krizisa: Dokumenty i materialy, 2 vols. Moscow: Politizdat, 1990. Khalkhin-Gol: Issledovania, dokumenty, kommentarii. Moscow: IKTs “Akademkniga,” 2009. Kollontai, Aleksandra Μ. Diplomaticheskie dnevniki,
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Ramzai”: RikhardZorge i sovetskaia voennaia razvedka v laponii, 1933-1941 gody, 2 vols. Moscow: Kuchkovo Pole, 2017. Alexander, Martin S. The Republic in Danger: General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence, 1933-1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Alphand, Hervé. L’Étonnement d’être. Paris: Fayard, 1977. Amouroux, Henri. Le peuple du désastre, 1939-1940. Paris: R. Laffont, 1976. Andrew, Christopher. Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community. London: Sceptre, 1987. Artizov, A.N., and S.V. Kudryashov, eds. 1939 god: Nachalo Vtoroi mirovoi voiny. Moscow: Fond Presidentskikh Grantov, 2019.
554 Bibliography Aster, Sidney. 1939: The Making of the Second World War. London: Simon Schuster, 1973. - ‘“Guilty Men : The Case of Neville Chamberlain.” In Boyce, Robert and Esmond Μ. Robertson, eds., Paths of War: New Essays on the Origins of the Second World War, 233-68. New York: St. Martins Press, 1989. Banac, Ivo, ed. The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933-1949. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003. Beaufre, André, 1940: The Fall of France. London: Cassell, 1967. Beevor, Antony. The Battlefor Spain. New York: Penguin, 2006. Bell, P.M.H. France and Britain, 1900-1940: Entente and Estrangement. London: Routledge, 1996. Bennett, Edward Μ. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Security: American-Soviet Relations, 1933-1939. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1985. Berstein, Serge, and Jean-Jacques Becker. Histoire de I’anti-communisme, 1917-1940. Paris: Orban, 1987. Berthon, Simon, and Joanna Potts. Warlords: The Heart of Conflict, 1939-1945. London: Politico, 2005. Bezymenskii, L.A. “‘Vtoroi Miunkhen’ : Zamysel i rezul’taty (iz arkhiva forin offisa)." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia 4 (1989): 93-110 and 5 (1989): 143-60. - “Sovetsko-Germanskie dogovory 1939g.: Novye dokumenty i starye problem.” Novaia i Noveishaia Istoriia 3 (1998): 3-26. - Gitler i Stalin pered skhvatkoi: Voennye tainy XX veka. Moscow: Veche, 2000. - Tretii front: Sekretnaia diplomatiia vtoroi mirovoi voiny. Moscow: Veche, 2003. Bilainkin, George. Maisky: Ten Years Ambassador. London: Allen Unwin, 1944. Birkenhead, Earl of. Halifax. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1965. Blatt, Joel, ed. The French Defeat
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Index Abyssinian crisis, 13,29,108-9, ИЗ Addison, Joseph, 200 Aktay, Ali Haydar, 468 Aland Islands, 396 Albania: Italian invasion of, 387 Aleksandrovskii, Sergei S.: arrest and execution of, 248; Butenko affair and, 250; Czechoslovak crisis and, 252, 281; explanation of the purges, 170, 248; Krofta and, 246; Litvinov’s letters to, 57-8, 247, 254, 255-6, 260, 273; meetings with Benes, 247-9,283-6, 293-4, 304, 318-19; meeting with Tätärescu, 255; photograph of, 247; posthumous rehabilitation of, 248; reports from Prague, 293, 294, 307-8; on Soviet support of Czechoslovakia, 27-8, 31-2 Alexander I, king of Yugoslav, 12 Alksinis, Iakov I., 246 Alphand, Charles, 22, 37, 39, 50 Amery, Leo, 324 Angelescu, Paul, 212 Anglo-French-Soviet alliance negotiations: Baltic states guarantees, 403, 408, 415-16, 417, 418, 419,420, 423,445; British position on, 387-9, 394-5,401-2,404-8,410, 412-15, 421-4,443,444; cartoons about, 427, 428, 432, 448; definition of “indirect aggression,” 438, 439, 443; exchange of delegate lists, 446; failure of, 472-3, 474,476; fiasco in Warsaw, 463-5; French position on, 402, 404, 413, 444, 470-1; guarantees to Belgium, 420; guarantees to Greece, 420; guarantees to Holland, 416-17,424, 425, 439; guarantees to Luxembourg, 439; guarantees to Poland, 420, 424-5, 444, 455, 458, 460-1, 462; guarantees to Romania, 420,424-5, 444, 458, 460, 462; guarantees to Switzerland, 424, 425, 439; guarantees to Turkey, 420, 424; idea of “reciprocity” in, 391; Litvinov’s proposal of, 387; military conversations, 443, 455-6, 457-61, 468; Molotov’s proposals, 416-17, 420; Moscow
sessions, 418-19, 420-1, 443-5, 454-63, 469-71, 481; Polish position on, 402-3, 405; press leaks about, 426, 446; “psychological” effect on Hitler, 437; Red Army passage question, 426, 456, 460,461-5, 467, 468,469-71; Romanian position on, 402-3; Soviet position on, 402, 405-6, 408,409,439, 446-8,456-8, 469-70; staff talks, 454-63; stagnation of, 437-9,442-5, 467; Surits’s comments on, 391-2; Voroshilov’s involvement in, 447-8, 454-6, 457-63, 469-72
568 Index Anglo-German relations: Chamberlain on, 440-1; London talks, 434-5, 439-40,441; naval accord, 13,108, 112, 393,407,478; press leaks about, 439-40, 441 Anglo-Polish accord negotiations, 379-80 Anglo-Soviet relations, 83, 243, 411 Anschluss, 179, 250, 252, 254, 255, 261 Anti-Comintern Pact, 125,193, 324, 432,451 anti-fascist bloc, 356 anti-Semitism, 4,6,48,109, 200,241, 249, 340, 379 Antonescu, Victor: on British foreign policy, 244; on Czechoslovak question, 213; on French foreign policy, 205, 233, 244; meetings with Litvinov, 198, 202, 227-8; meetings with Ostrovskii, 204-6,213-14,215,224, 226-7,233-5; meeting with Thierry, 202-3; new foreign minister, 198-9; reputation of, 49; on Romanian foreign policy, 196, 209, 234; Seba affair and, 220-1, 224; Soviet-Romanian relations and, 202, 208, 234, 235; support for Titulescu’s policy, 199,200,206; trip to France, 215; trip to Warsaw, 213,215 Antonov-Ovseenko, V.A., 248-9 Arciszewski, Miroslaw, 33,227 Arion, Mihail, 199 Arosev, A. Ia„ 248-9 Astakhov, Georgii A.: meetings with Schnurre, 449,452,453-4,465-6; meeting with Coulondre, 398; meeting with Kleist, 449; meeting with Ribbentrop, 450-1; meeting with Weizsäcker, 450; Molotov’s instructions to, 452,454; reports from Berlin, 286,467; Soviet-German trade negotiations and, 431, 448-9 Attlee, Clement, 184, 301, 316, 324 Attolico, Bernardo, 97 Auden, W.H., 6 Austria: foreign policy, 232; German absorption of, 30 Babarin, Evgenii I., 448, 449 Baidukov, G.F., 175 Bailby, Léon, 373 Baker, Josephine, 11 Baldwin, Stanley, 52,174,176,433 Baltic states: negotiations of security
guarantees for, 403,408, 415-16, 418, 419,420, 423,426,445; Soviet annexation of, 486 Bargeton, Paul, 129,139,159-60 Barthou, Louis, 12,180 Beaufre, André, 464 Beaverbrook, William Maxwell Aitken, Baron, 55,73,84,179,324,365,380,423 Beck, Jôzef, 33; Czechoslovak crisis and, 213, 271,279, 305; foreign policy of, 34-6, 37,187,215-16, 228, 371, 483; French view of, 36-7; as “Hitlerite valet,” 215, 219; meeting with Antonescu, 213; meeting with Delbos, 193; meeting with Noël, 463; policy towards the USSR, 213, 372; on Polish-Romanian relations, 231, 232, 383-4; visit to Berlin, 35; visit to Bucharest, 189,230; visit to London, 379 Belgium: declaration of neutrality, 204, 209 Beliakov, A.V., 175 Beneä, Eduard: capitulation of, 313; Czechoslovak crisis and, 261,268, 283, 293-4; on dealing with the Soviet general staff, 156; domestic crisis and, 308; foreign policy of, 29, 30-1, 59, 104,107, 283, 318-19,482; French and British pressure on, 244, 272, 294-5, 306; Henlein and, 295, 302-3;
Index meetings with Aleksandrovskii, 247-9,283-6, 304-5, 306; mission to Washington, 423; Munich conference and, 321; personality of, 318-19; photograph of, 30; on Poland, 283-4, 285; preparation for war, 303-4; Red Army passage issue and, 28; resignation of, 326; on Runciman mission, 285-6; on SovietCzechoslovak Pact, 281; on Stalin’s purges, 172, 247-8 Benn, William Wedgwood, 324 Beriia, Lavrentii R, 172 Berlin-Rome axis, 232 Berthelot, Philippe, 149 Bessarabia: Romanian sovereignty over, 16; Soviet-Romanian dispute over, 17-19,40,42, 48, 208, 231,234, 235, 238-9, 256 Bessonov, Sergei A., 109, 111 Biriukov, Osip la., 303, 373 Bismarck, Otto von, 87, 88 Bliukher, Vasilii K., 324-5 Blum, Léon: attitude to Hitler, 120; criticism of, 180; “curious meeting” of 6 November, 139-40; Czechoslovak crisis and, 145, 277; Daladier and, 145,154,160, 277; foreign policy of, 132,133, 208; on formation of anti-fascist bloc, 356; Franco-Soviet relations and, 137,154-5; Girshfel’d and, 158, 297; idea for a plebiscite in Spain, 92; Maurice Thorez and, 79; meetings with Litvinov, 60-1,135; meetings with Potemkin, 66,144-5, 153-4; meeting with Gamelin, 154; meeting with Leger, 154; meeting with Rozenberg, 90-3; non-intervention relâchée, 91; on pact with Little Entente, 75, 202; photograph of, 136-, Popular Front government of, 131, 133,141,174, 251,252; resignation of, 569 256,259; on Spanish Civil War, 51-2, 64, 91, 92, 93; on Sudeten issue, 249; travel to the United States, 356 Bonnet, Georges: Anglo-Franco-Soviet alliance negotiations, 391, 392, 394, 404, 413,414, 421,426; on British
foreign policy, 298, 372; Czechoslovak crisis and, 262, 263, 266-7, 276, 277, 278, 281-2, 287-92, 296, 304, 313; Daladier and, 372-3; fear of communism, 316, 388; Franco-Soviet relations and, 260, 263, 308, 328, 329, 330, 372, 379, 381-2, 385, 388; on Hitlers preparation for war, 278; instructions to Payart, 289, 290; letters to Corbin, 421; Litvinov and, 265-6, 292, 298-9, 382, 383; manipulation of public opinion, 318; meetings with Girshfel’d, 269, 271; meetings with Halifax, 276,411; meetings with Lukasiewicz, 266-7, 271, 463; meetings with Ribbentrop, 333-4; meetings with Surits, 277, 287-8, 290, 376, 378-9, 394-5; meeting with Osuskÿ, 304; ministerial career of, 257; personality of, 263, 282, 298, 300, 314, 318; photograph of, 262·, on Polish claims against Prague, 309; on three-power declaration with Poland, 383; on tripartite agreement, 401 Bouhey, Jean, 327 Brätianu, Gheorghe L, 21-2 Bressy, Pierre, 190 Brinon, Fernand de, 275 Brodovskii, S.L, 248 Buda, Otakar, 256 Budennyi, Semen Μ., 446 Bukharin, N.I., 123 Bulgaria, 18, 85,224, 232 Bullitt, William C., 90, 399,481 Bülow, Bernhard Wilhelm von, 99 Buré, Émile, 237, 259
570 Index Butenko affair, 249-50 Butler, Rab, 418, 445, 451 Cadogan, Alexander: on Anglo-French relations, 339, 346; on Anglo-Italian relations, 339; on British rearmament, 339; defeatism of, 341; on four-power declaration, 342, 374; on German power in Europe, 339-40; government career of, 254; on Herriot, 264; hostility towards the USSR, 270, 339, 378, 387-8,417; on international relations in Europe, 342; meeting with Maiskii, 321; on Munich Agreement, 321, 341-2; on Rhineland crisis, 342; on tripartite agreement, 404,408-9, 412,419,439 Cambon, Roger, 288 Campinchi, César, 313 Capek, Karel, 27 Carol, king of Romania: criticism of, 214; Czechslovak crisis and, 256; fascist movement and, 20,219, 256-, femme fatale of, 225; foreign policy, 46,233, 237, 255; suspension of constitution by, 241; Titulescu and, 16, 23,49, 195,197,199, 240; visit to Paris and London, 239-40; visit to Warsaw, 230 Chamberlain, Hilda, 347, 358, 396,405, 410,413,438, 440 Chamberlain, Ida, 347, 358, 373-4, 378, 412,417,434, 440 Chamberlain, Neville: on Anglo-Polish accord, 379; Baldwin and, 323; cabinet of, 485; cartoons of, 378; citation from Henry IV, 327; on concessions to Molotov, 437-8; Conservative Party and, 366; Czechoslovak crisis and, 261, 262, 348; foreign policy of, 177, 178, 179, 183-5, 257, 365,407; German invasion of Poland and, 483; on guarantee of the Baltic states, 417; Hitler and, 293, 301, 302, 309, 316, 347; Labour leaders and, 184; letters to sisters, 347, 373, 378, 396, 412, 413, 417-18, 420, 424,434-5, 438,440-1; Lloyd George and, 375; Maiskiis reports on, 176-7; meeting with
Daladier, 261, 262; Munich conference, 319, 321, 329; opposition to, 320, 324, 362; personality of, 176,177; photograph of, 262; on Poland, 373,426; political career of, 174; proposal of declaration of integrity of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, 365; public accolades, 327; reception at the Soviet embassy, 358; on relations with Nazi Germany, 435, 440-1; relations with the USSR, 373, 375, 378, 380, 381, 385, 410,412, 427,435, 440, 480; return to London from Munich, 323-4; on tripartite agreement, 395, 396, 401,402,405, 407, 409-10, 411,412-13,414, 415,417-18,423,425,462; trip to Germany, 301-2; unofficial emissaries of, 441; Vansittart and, 344, 347 Chatfield, Ernie, 347 Chautemps, Camille: on Czechoslovak crisis, 265; on Franco-Soviet relations, 137,150; government of, 174, 251; meeting with Potemkin, 149-50; political rivals of, 139; support of Bonnet, 313 Chicherin, Georgii V, 38 Chicherin, Nikolai V, 38 Chilston, Aretas Akers-Douglas, Viscount, 72,110 Chilton, Henry, 85, 398-9 Chkalov, V.P., 175 Christu, Ion, 198 Churchill, Winston S.: on Anglo-Soviet relations, 178-9, 320, 411; BBC broadcast, 485; criticism of Hitler,
Index 7; on Czechoslovak crisis, 293; on enemy of the British Empire, 257-8; on French Communists, 73; German invasion of Poland and, 485; idea of “grand alliance,” 257; meetings with Maiskii, 82,178-9, 257-8, 320; opposition to Chamberlain, 320-1, 324, 378,413; political career of, 175, 485,486; on Soviet foreign policy, 358; on Spanish Civil War, 72-3, 258; on Stalin and Trotskii, 179 Ciano, Galeazzo, 85, 324 Ciuntu, Edmond, 49, 210, 215, 220, 226 Clemenceau, Georges, 336 Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea, 230 Cold War, 6 Collier, Laurence: on British policy in Spain, 340; diplomatic career of, 417; on European balance of power, 340, 341; on German expansion to the east, 393; Nazi-Soviet pact and, 482; opposition to the Foreign Office majority, 40, 338,417; on policy towards the USSR, 393-4 Colson, Louis-Antoine, 139; on alliance with the USSR, 336-7; Daladiers brief of, 161; on formation of an “eastern bloc,” 336, 337; on Franco-Soviet staff talks, 163; on French foreign policy, 337; Semenovs meeting with, 153 Comert, Pierre, 288, 303 Comintern: influence in France, 14, 65, 244, 251, 296, 304; Nazis campaign against, 111; Poland and, 193; position on colonial question, 181; Soviet Union and, 8,126,188; Spanish Civil War and, 52,60,211,243 communism: fear of spread of, 282, 316, 328, 388 Comnen, Nicolae Petrescu, 255, 256, 260,265, 266,310,319, 327 Confédération générale du travail, 181 571 Cooper, Duff, 320, 324, 347 Corbin, Charles: on Anglo-French discussions on mutual assistance, 371-2; Bonnets instructions to, 421; on British foreign policy, 185; defeatism of, 72; diplomatic
mission in London, 94,178; meetings with Maiskii, 71-2, 74, 292-3, 411; meeting with Halifax, 418; meeting with Vansittart, 345; on policy in Spain, 72; on tripartite agreement, 388,401,404, 414,415,418-19, 444 Cot, Pierre: criticism of French general staff, 131; “curious meeting” of 6 November, 139-40; enthusiasm for Soviet aviation, 157; on FrancoSoviet relations, 65,129, 136-7,151, 174; Lloyd George on, 264; meeting with Gamelin, 134-5; meeting with Girshfel’d, 134; on Mendras, 137-8; ministerial career of, 131, 257; opinion of Keller, 161; photograph of, 130; as Soviet informant, 245; Spanish Civil War and, 51 Coulondre, Robert: on Anglo-French relations, 177-8; on anti-Soviet mood in France, 77, 78; on Czechoslovak crisis, 267-8, 296, 297, 299, 310; on Daladier, 161; diplomatic career of, 76-7; Fierlinger and, 312; on Franco-Soviet relations, 330-1,436-7; intercepted report by, 80; on Litvinov’s dismissal, 398; meetings with Litvinov, 77-8, 79, 219-20, 243, 251-2, 253, 269-70, 279, 331-4; meetings with Potemkin, 167-8, 169, 177-8, 267-8, 269, 296-7, 309-10; meeting with Surits, 256; Moscow mission, 39, 290, 331, 333; on Munich agreement, 328-9; on Nazi-Soviet rapprochement, 168, 332; opinion about Potemkin, 168; on Poland, 332;
572 Index Coulondre, Robert (cont.) reaction on article in Journal de Moscou, 333; on return to Rapallo policy, 160, 329; Russophilia of, 77; on Soviet policy in Spain, 79-80; Soviet-Polish relations and, 219-20; on Stalin’s purges, 152, 165, 168, 169, 253 Cripps, Stafford, 367 Crouy-Chanel, Étienne de, 170-1 Cusin, Gaston, 52, 251 Czechoslovak crisis: Anglo-Soviet relations and, 330; British public opinion on, 366; consequences of, 322-6; Czechoslavak government during, 268, 305-8; French position on, 252,254, 256, 259, 260, 262, 265, 268, 275-7, 304, 306, 308, 313-14, 330; Great Britain and, 254,257, 261-2, 269, 276-7, 313; last weeks of, 314-19; Polish position on, 259, 260, 266-7,268,269, 270-1, 274, 309-10; Romanian factor in, 255-6,269, 310-11; Soviet response to, 253, 271, 273,296, 299,311-13,315 Czechoslovakia: Anschluss and threat to, 252; concession to the Sudeten Germans, 30,175, 244, 261,285; defence strategy, 28-9, 261,266,286; demonstrations against capitulation, 307-8; demoralization of, 325; disintegration of, 311, 322, 330, 359, 361; everyday life in, 359; fear of revolution, 28; foreign policy, 14, 26-32,232; French relations with, 29, 32,137; German occupation of, 359, 407,434; isolation of, 29; mobilization of the army, 266, 304,311; relations with Germany, 266,272,293, 356, 478; relations with Poland, 189,193, 305, 329; relations with Romania, 31, 200,218; Soviet relations with, 26-7, 31-2,218, 246-7, 254-5,256, 281-2, 295 Daily Express, 361, 362 Daily Telegraph, 378,413 Daladier, Édouard: anti-communism of, 141,161, 388; on British policy in Spain, 88;
British politicians and, 163, 316; on Colonel Simon, 138; “curious meeting” of 6 November, 139-40; Czechoslovak crisis and, 134,143, 144, 262-3,266, 277, 281-2,288, 303, 316; on danger of Soviet-German rapprochement, 428; defeatism of, 260; dirty tricks of, 156,157,167; Franco-Soviet relations and, 129, 133-8,152,154,161,174,245, 251, 262, 328, 329; Germanophilia of, 14, 131,141,160, 275,478; government of, 256-7; “horns” of, 264, 301; Lloyd George on, 180, 264; meetings with Blum, 154, 252, 277; meetings with Chamberlain, 261,262, 303; meetings with Colson, 156,161; meetings with Halifax, 276,411; meetings with Phipps, 300-1 ; meetings with Potemkin, 155-6,167; meetings with Schweisguth, 130,156; meetings with Surits, 370-1; meeting with Gamelin, 156; meeting with King Carol, 240; meeting with von Welczeck, 145; ministerial career of, 14; Munich accords and, 319,321,328; mutual assistance policy and, 479; opposition to, 372; personality of, 313-14; photograph of, 262-, plot against Blum, 65; on Polish foreign policy, 271, 371; popularity of, 323; relations with Bonnet, 372-3; reputation of, 256-7; sabotage of government policy, 151; on self-determination of the Sudeten Germans, 303; on Spanish Civil War,
Index 51; on tripartite agreement, 438, 439, 455-6; trip to London, 161; on Tukhachevkii’s arrest, 169-70,172 Danzig, Poland: crisis around, 423, 441; German claim of, 430, 431, 450, 451,452; German-Polish agreement regarding, 396 Davaz, Souad, 170 Davtian, Iakov Kh.: arrest and execution of, 194; diplomatic career of, 33; meetings with Ahmet Ferit Тек, 35; meetings with Noël, 35, 36; meeting with Slavik, 36; photograph of, 33; reports from Poland, 33, 34,186, 189, 190-1 Debeney, Marie-Eugène, 141-2 de Gaulle, Charles: on British army, 157, 481; on England, 160; on FrancoSoviet relations, 146-7,182; on Hitler, 7,146; personality of, 147; on Poland, 160,186, 197,481 Delbos, Yvon: on Anglo-Italian rapprochement, 88; on Clichy shooting, 157; Czechoslovak policy, 163, 244; diplomatic career of, 39; Franco-Soviet relations and, 137,155, 174,193, 244; influence of, 131-2; instruction to Payart, 71; Litvinov and, 162; Lloyd George on, 180; meetings with Girshfel’d, 159, 297; meetings with Potemkin, 157-8; meeting with Beck, 193; meeting with King Carol, 239-40; meeting with Surits, 192-3; meeting with von Welczeck, 145-6; on mutual assistance with Little Entente, 202; Polish press on, 192; resignation of, 251; on Spanish Civil War, 51, 64; on Stalin’s purges, 253; trip to Eastern Europe, 191,192-3, 244, 249; view of the USSR, 247 Delmas, Jules-Marie, 212, 230-1 573 Dianu, Nicolae, 361 Didelet, Henri, 359-60 Dimitrov, Georgi, 52,113, 243 Dirksen, Herbert von, 434-5,442, 444, 451 “Dirty Thirties,” 6 Dodd, Martha, 90,194 Doumenc, Joseph: on Franco-Polish mutual assistance pact, 459;
meeting with Voroshilov, 470-2, 474; mission to Moscow, 444,445,446,456, 457-61, 463, 464-5, 469, 481; on situation in Poland before the war, 464; talk with Léger, 444-5; talk with Naggiar, 455 Drax, Reginald: Halifax’s instructions to, 443, 455, 456; meeting with Maiskii, 443-4; meeting with Voroshilov, 474, 483; mission to Moscow, 446, 454-7, 459-60, 461, 464, 469,481 Dullin, Sabine, 8, 480 Dunkirk evacuation, 486 Eastern Pact, 99-100 Eden, Anthony: on Chamberlain’s foreign policy, 176,179,183; foreign policy of, 13, 59,163; on FrancoRussian collaboration, 163; at the League of Nations, 13,185-, meetings with Litvinov, 95-6; meetings with Maiskii, 81-3, 86, 93-6; meeting with Halifax, 417; ministerial career of, 174; personality of, 95,177; proposed special envoy to Moscow in 1939, 417; on Rhineland crisis, 93; on Spanish affairs, 82-3, 93-4, 95; visit to Moscow, 12, 83, 104,105 Efimov, Boris E.: “War” cartoon, 300 Egorov, Aleksandr, 28-9 Excelsior, 79 Ezhov, N.L, 254
574 Index Far East: international relations in, 404; map of, 280; Soviet-Japanese rivalry in, 279 fascism: popularity of, 282-3 Faure, Paul, 49, 51, 90,138,149,174, 317 Féquant, Philippe, 139 Fierlinger, Zdenek: Butenko affair and, 250; meetings with Coulondre, 267, 312; meetings with Potemkin, 252, 254, 261,267,268,295, 299-300, 308, 311-12; reports from Moscow, 246,296 Filipescu, Grigore, 212, 221-3,227, 230 Filotti, Eugen, 43 Finland, 101, 373, 393,419, 421,474; relations with the Soviet Union, 486 Firebrace, Roy C., 403-4 Flandin, Pierre-Étienne, 12, 36-7, 174, 338 Foreign Office: appraisals of the French government, 264; disagreements within, 40, 338, 393,417; “in a state of panic” (1939), 407; negotiations tactics, 427 four-power declaration on Czechoslovakia: Anglo-Soviet consultations about, 370; failure of, 373-4; French approval of, 370-1; idea of, 365,366; Polish response to, 370-1,372; Soviet position on, 371 Four-Power Pact of 1933, 349 Franasovici, Richard, 214 France: after Munich, 335-6; antiSemitism in, 340; anti-Soviet mood in, 77-8; change of governments, 174, 313; Clichy shooting, 156,157; containment of the USSR, 284-5; cultural life in, 10-11; defeatism of, 355; defence line, 134; elections, 14, 15; fear of communism, 141, 258, 328; foreign policy, 65, 205, 207, 216-17, 328; German invasion of, 486; German propaganda in, 78; labour movement, 77; policy of appeasement, 8; public opinion on Munich Agreement, 340; relations with Czechoslovakia, 249,252, 275-7, 281-2, 313-14; relations with Germany, 250; relations with Great Britain, 150,177-8; relations
with Poland, 135, 196, 336; relations with Romania, 200-2, 208, 214, 238, 244-5; Soviet criticism of, 78,243, 245,251, 259; Spanish Civil War and, 51-2 Franco, Francisco: Anglo-French concession to, 270; British opinion of, 92; delivery of war supplies for, 62; dictatorship of, 6; in Spanish Civil War, 51, 84-5, 88, 269-70; support from Germany, 61 Franco-German declaration of 1938, 337 François-Poncet, André, 112,279, 290 Franco-Polish relations, 267, 269, 271-2 Franco-Soviet mutual assistance pact: British attitude to, 157; conclusion of, 128; criticism of, 134; denunciation of, 328; French government’s policy on, 180, 263; French high command’s opposition to, 141; idea of extension of, 402; left movement and, 210; Lloyd George on, 180; negotiations of, 105; ratification of, 108,112; weakness of, 105, 129, 171,416 Franco-Soviet relations: cooperation in, 12,268-9; “curious meeting” of 6 November, 139-41; Czechoslavak crisis and, 138,140,160,171,257, 260, 267; deterioration of, 77, 79, 149,150,174, 238, 243-4, 245-6, 354; effort to strengthen, 246; French position on, 78, 79,135-6, 155-6; non-intervention agreement, 56; Polish pretext, 165-6; press coverage of, 149; Soviet position on, 153-5,
Index 158-62,251-2, 355,479; Spanish affairs and, 65, 67-9; staff talks, 129-31,133-4,136,137,141-4,156, 161,165,426; stagnation in, 156-8; Stalin-Jouhaux discussion of, 181-3; Stalin’s purges and, 163-5,166,170-1 French Communist Party: abandonment of anti-war politics, 243; banning of, 482; in coalition government, 14, 251; elections, 120; Franco-Soviet relations and, 78,79; support for Republican Spain, 51 Front populaire, 14, 49, 78,120,150, 243, 257 Gamelin, Maurice: on British foreign policy, 152; on Colonel Simon, 142; “curious meeting” of 6 November, 139-40; defence ministers and, 145; on Franco-Polish relations, 196, 335-6; on Franco-Soviet relations, 134-5,136, 138, 142, 144, 145, 160, 335; on French prospects after Munich, 335; on German invasion of Poland, 483-4; letter from Marshal Rydz-Smigly, 335-6; meeting of senior commanders, 139; meetings with Blum, 252; meeting with Cot, 134; meeting with Potemkin, 88; meeting with Ventsov, 142-3; on Pierre belong, 142; on resistance to Nazi Germany, 316-17; Schweisguth and, 144,147, 149,150; on Soviet guarantees to Poland and Romania, 157; visit to London, 316; visit to Warsaw, 135, 215; war plans of, 317 Gârbea, Titus, 311 Gauche, Maurice, 135,163, 374 Gauquié, Henri: on Polish foreign policy, 187-8; on political situation in France, 190; view of the Soviet Union, 190; Vinogradov and, 187-8,189-90,193 575 Gel’fand, Lev B., 324 George V, king of Great Britain, 18 George VI, king of Great Britain, 178,276-7 Georges, Alphonse, 139,141,160 Gerasimov, Anton V, 311, 360 German-Italian-Japanese coalition, 245 German-Polish
non-aggression pact, 352, 407,478 Germany: Anglo-French trade negotiations with, 429; annexation of Austria, 252; anti-Czech campaign, 219; anti-Semitism in, 4; armed forces, 103-4; conscription, 201; economic situation, 118; “flirtation” with Blum, 120; foreign policy, 209, 360; invasion of France, 486; invasion of Poland, 483-5; invasion of the Soviet Union, 486-7; militarystrategic position of, 116, 286; occupation of Czechoslovakia, 326, 359-60; occupation of Memel, 367; plans for war in Europe, 101, 423, 430-1, 433,434, 436,450,453; propaganda machine, 4-5,41,97, 98,111,430; reaction to AngloFrench-Russian tripartite alliance negotiations, 433; refusal to comply with treaty of Versailles, 103; relations with Great Britain, 10,102-3,407, 486; relations with Italy, 245,412; relations with Romania, 50, 203, 363; remilitarization of Rhineland, 26,27,116-17; rise of Nazism, 4; territorial ambitions, 466. See also Molotov-Ribbentrop non-aggression pact; Polish-German relations; SovietGerman relations Gérodius, Paul-Henri, 141,153 Girshfel’d, Evgenii V.: arrest and execution of, 132, 297; on Blum government, 133; contacts in Paris, 131;
576 Index Girshfel’d, Evgenii V. (cont.) diplomatic career of, 132; on FrancoSoviet talks, 129,137-8; Herriot and, 138; meetings with Bonnet, 269, 271; meetings with Cot, 65,132-3,134-5; meetings with Delbos, 159, 161; meeting with Blum, 158; meeting with Léger, 67; meeting with Schweisguth, 130, 131; photograph of, 132·, reports on Spanish affairs, 64, 68; reputation of, 297 Goebbels, Joseph, 111 Goering, Herbert, 126,188 Goering, Hermann: attack on Sarraut government, 35; conversations with Francois-Poncet’s wife, 278; on German armed forces, 101; interview for Daily Mail, 125; meeting with Surits, 124-5; policy towards the USSR, 100,125, 126-7 Goga, Octavian, 20, 47-8, 241, 244 Gorodetsky, Gabriel, 8 Gottwald, Klement, 303-4 Great Britain: after Munich, 338-42; Cabinet meeting on 2 February 1939, 346; change of government, 174; changes in foreign policy, 361-2, 365-6; Czechoslovak crisis and, 252, 269, 286-7; domestic rallies, 84; French relations with, 150,177-8; Germanophile elements in, 175-6, 178, 276; German war with, 486; guarantee of Polish security, 373-7; Italian rapprochement with, 87, 88; Labour opposition, 84, 324; Little Entente and, 205; naval accord with Nazi Germany, 10, 407; as Perfide Albion, 25, 88,162,178, 200,289, 298, 342; policy of appeasement, 8, 233, 250; policy of containment of the USSR, 284-5; policy of “zigzags,” 83; popularity of fascism in, 282-3; position on concessions to Sudeten Germans, 294; propaganda leaflets, 483; public opinion poll on alliance with the USSR, 407, 413-14; reaction to Molotov-Ribbentrop non-aggression pact, 482;
relations with Poland, 376, 385; relations with Romania, 385; Spanish Civil War and, 52, 84-5 Greece, 3, 85, 381, 383,414,420 Greenwood, Arthur, 184, 301, 316 Grzybowski, Waclaw, 219, 268; Beck’s instructions to, 350, 351; on European situation, 329-30; on four-power declaration, 371; German invasion of Poland and, 485; meetings with Litvinov, 350-2, 361, 377; meetings with Molotov, 453,483; meetings with Potemkin, 274-5, 348-50, 375-6, 484; on Munich agreement, 329-30; on Polish-German relations, 351; on Polish position on Czechoslovakia, 361; on Polish-Soviet rapprochement, 350, 353; on situation in Danzig, 453; summer holidays, 408; tripartite agreement and, 405 Halifax, Edward Wood, Earl of: on Anglo-Polish pact, 379-80; on AngloSoviet relations, 363, 378, 382,435; on British assistance to Holland, 416-17; on British guarantee of Polish security, 375; on British guarantee to Greece, 383; on British support of France, 288; on concessions to Molotov, 437; criticism of the Soviet diplomacy, 423; on Czechoslovak crisis, 276, 277-8, 298; four-power declaration proposal, 365; German ultimatum to Romania and, 365; meetings with Dirksen, 434-5; meetings with Maiskii,
Index 293, 319-20, 355, 363, 383-4, 385, 393, 394,402-3,412, 417,421-2, 426; meeting with Bonnet, 411; meeting with Corbin, 418; meeting with Daladier, 411; meeting with Eden, 417; meeting with Litvinov, 265-6; mission to Germany, 178,179; opinion of Molotov, 438; photograph of, 262; on security guarantee to Romania, 384; tripartite agreement negotiations (1939) and, 395, 401, 402-3,406-7,409-10, 411, 415, 417-18,421-2, 425,428-9,443, 444, 456; Vansittart and, 344-5, 346-7; visit to Paris, 276 Harvey, Oliver, 443 Henderson, Nevile, 435 Henlein, Konrad, 278, 285, 293, 294 Herbette, Jean, 77 Herriot, Édouard: on Anglo-French cooperation, 314; approval of Litvinovs League speech, 314; on Czechoslovak crisis, 302; hatred of fascism, 264; Lloyd George on, 180; meeting with Litvinov, 301-2; relations with Moscow, 12,174; reputation of, 264,265; on weakness of France, 302 Heywood, T.G.G., 457, 459 Hitler, Adolf: annexation of Austria, 254; anti-Soviet speeches, 111; Czechoslovak policy of, 272, 274, 2789,286-7; diplomacy of, 107; foreign policy of, 5,107,108,112, 263, 362, 423,434; German-Soviet relations and, 6,113,434,469; idea of Lebensraum, 5; ideology of, 4; influence of, 7,116; meetings with Chamberlain, 302, 309; meeting with Lady Vansittart, 87; meeting with Lord Halifax, 178; meeting with Lord Kemsley, 442; Mein Kampf, 4,108, 329,449; Munich accords, 321; naval agreement with 577 Britain, 112; photograph, 5; Polish policy of, 36; political cartoons of, 477; rise to power, 4; speeches at the Nuremburg party rally, 109, 294; support of Franco, 85; violations of the Treaty
of Versailles, 329 Hoare, Reginald, 24-5,401, 426 Hodza, Milan, 287, 305, 306-7 Hore-Belisla, Leslie, 263, 320 Horthy, Miklos, 305 Hudson, Robert: meetings with Litvinov, 367-8; meetings with Wohlthat, 439-40, 442; visit to Moscow, 357, 363, 365-6 L’Humanité, 78,151, 191, 243, 482 Hungary: Czechoslovak crisis and, 330; Franco-Soviet relations and, 152, 199; Grzybowskis trip to, 274; idea of “eastern bloc” with, 336; Italian interests in, 85; relations with Germany, 59,103, 263, 311, 335, 356, 363; relations with Romania, 204, 224, 232, 357 Inculet, Ion: comment about Britain, 198; foreign policy of, 233; meetings with Ostrovskii, 44-5, 47,197-8,199, 211-12, 231; on principle of collective security, 211; right-wing groups and, 195; on Soviet-German relations, 200; on Soviet-Romanian relations, 199-200,212 Inönü, Ismet, 405, 406,468 Iron Guard (Romanian fascist movement): anti-French propaganda, 239; assassinations, 214; demonstrations, 219; funeral of members of, 222; King Carol and, 256; political influence of, 229,230,240, 241 Ismay, Hastings L., 444 Italy: anti-British and anti-French propaganda, 243-4; anti-Czech campaign, 219; fascism, 282; invasion of Abyssinia, 13;
578 Index Italy (cont.) invasion of Albania, 382, 387; landing at Cadiz, 88-9; Little Entente and, 205; relations with Germany, 108, 245,264, 412; relations with Great Britain, 87-8 lurenev, K.K., 248 Izvestiia, 76, 98,101,104,123,187,192, 217, 227, 234, 378,407 Jamet, Louis, 444 Janin, Maurice, 142 Japan: aggressive policy in the Far East, 83, 235, 318, 354, 376, 396, 466; Kwangtung army, 440; military conflict with the USSR, 311, 324,404, 441; occupation of China, 191,403-4; relations with Germany, 125, 245; relations with Romania, 25 Jim Crow laws (US), 6 Jones, Thomas, 52 Joublanc Rivas, Luciano José, 186-7 Jouhaux, Léon, 181-3 Journal de Moscou, 76,113,238, 239, 327, 330, 332-3, 374, 378 Kagan, Samuil B., 61, 301 Kaganovich, Lazar Μ., 39, 59, 60, 62, 68, 123, 254 Kalinin, Mikhail L, 98 Kamenev, Lev B., 38-9,173 Kammerer, F.-A., 149 Kandelaki, David V., 102,118,119,120, 121,125-6 Karakhan, Lev Μ., 43,165,248 Katyn massacre, 486 Keller, René-Aloys, 158-9,161 Kemsley, Lord, 442 Kennard, Howard William, 465 Kerillis, Henri de, 7, 133, 327 Khalkhin Gol, Battles of, 404 Kirov, Sergei Μ., 34 Kleist, Peter, 430, 431,433,434,436,449, 450,466 Kollontai, Aleksandra Μ., 393, 399-400, 481 Kotkin, Stephen, 9 Krejci, Ludvik, 28-9 Krestinskii, Nikolai N.: arrest of, 124, 157,164,165, 252, 297; briefing notes to Stalin, 32,40,63; career of, 152, 164; Chicherin and, 37; on future world war, 55; on German antiSoviet propaganda, 54; on German foreign policy, 114; instructions to Surits, 103-4; on Karakhan-Filotti conversation, 43; letter to Ostrovskii, 26; letter to Shtein, 55; letters to
Surits, 102,123-4; on Litvinov’s meeting with Titulescu, 42,43; Litvinovs relations with, 253; loyalty to the Soviet Union, 164-5; meeting with Schulenburg, 101-2; on non intervention agreement with France, 54, 56; policy on Spanish Civil War and, 54, 55-6, 60,61,63; on relations with Germany, 120-1; request for information about Kandelakis negotiations, 102; on SovietRomanian relations, 40,203-4, 206 Krofta, Kamil: on Bonnet, 282; Butenko affair and, 250; on Chamberlains meeting with Hitler, 301; Czechoslovak crisis and, 261, 293-4, 309, 325; de Lacroix and, 26; meeting with Aleksandrovskii, 246-7, 252; on mutual-assistance pact with Romania, 31; preface to Russia and the Little Entente, 218; search for allies, 26-7, 261,325 Ku Klux Klan, 6 Kuznetsov, Nikolai G., 446 Labonne, Eirik, 251 Labour Party (UK): attitude to the Soviet Union, 184; Chamberlain’s foreign policy and, 184-5
Index Lacroix, Victor de, 26, 27, 282, 294, 301, 305-6; telegram about arbitration, 307 Lake Khasan, Battle of, 279, 324 La Rocque, François de, 20,156,190 Laugier, Henri, 65 Laval, Pierre: approach to Italy, 341; fall of government of, 18,19,112; foreign policy of, 30, 208; Franco-Soviet relations and, 12, 59,104, 107,112, 128,479; Germanophilia of, 160 League of Nations: British position on, 179; decline of, 37, 323; loss of credibility, 29, 32; sessions of, 13,185; Soviet entry into, 105; Spanish Civil War and, 74 Leeper, Reginald, 338, 342 Léger, Alexis: on Czechoslovakia, 244; foreign policy of, 149; on FrancoSoviet relations, 52, 67-9; influence of, 162; on Little Entente, 202; meeting with Doumenc, 444-5; meeting with Girshfel’d, 67; meeting with Phipps, 439; meeting with Potemkin, 150-1; meeting with Schweisguth, 151; meeting with Surits, 256; on Spanish Civil War, 64-5; on Stalin, 68 Lelong, Pierre, 142 Leopold III, king of Belgium, 75,178 Little Entente: destabilization of, 29, 165, 232; great powers and, 15, 205, 207; idea of mutual assistance with France, 132, 202, 215, 216-17; members of, 14,15, 275; Poland and, 189; remilitarization of the Rhineland and, 26; Seba Affair and, 225; Soviet rapprochement with, 189-90 Litvinov, Maksim Μ.: on Abyssinian crisis, 109-10,114; on Aland Islands, 396; on Anglo-German relations, 102, 108; on Anglo-Polish relations, 376; on Anglo-Soviet relations, 354-5, 386, 391; on Anschluss, 253; on antiSoviet propaganda in Europe, 98,99, 579 111, 113-14,121, 378; on Beck, 219; on Bonnets foreign policy, 333-4, 381-2; on bourgeois press,
76; briefing notes for Stalin, 57-9, 67, 80, 287, 366, 386; on British foreign policy, 302, 331, 355-6, 365-6; Butenko affair and, 249-50; on Chamberlain, 369-70; collective security and mutual assistance policy, 31, 37-8, 59, 70,128, 250, 270, 356,480-2; conflict with Molotov, 397; criticism of policies of, 376; Czechoslovak crisis and, 255, 271, 273, 281, 282, 287, 291-2, 312, 331-2; on Daladier, 170, 333-4, 369-70; on danger of Nazi aggression, 253-4; on Delbos’s visit to Eastern Europe, 191-2, 249; dismissal of, 397-400, 401; efforts to form anti-Nazi alliance, 250, 375-6, 377, 387, 389; on European situation after Munich, 348; on Franco-Soviet relations, 14-15, 58,71,106-7,141,151,331,354, 386, 391; on French foreign policy, 209, 216-17, 245-6, 258, 260, 328, 355-6, 368, 376; on future of Europe, 368; on German foreign policy, 59,99,105, 209-10, 364, 377; on guarantee of French eastern frontiers, 426; on Hitler’s foreign policy, 110; on Hudson mission, 366-7; idea of Franco-Anglo-Soviet conference, 291; idea of six-power conference, 368, 370; on incident at the 7 November anniversary celebrations (1935), 110; on Kammerer, 149; on KandelakiSchacht negotiations, 125; on King Carol’s trip to Paris and London, 240; Kollontai on, 399-400; at the League of Nations, 13, 32, 37,122, 302, 308, 314; on Le Temps editorials, 149, 334; letters to Aleksandrovskii, 247, 254, 255-6, 273,281; letters to Maiskii, 71, 75, 86;
580 Index Litvinov, Maksim Μ. (pont.) letters to Ostrovskii, 17,18-19, 209-10,221,228-30; letters to Surits, 100, 111, 192,260-1,382; letter to Potemkin, 66; on Lord Halifax, 382; meetings with Antonescu, 198,202, 227-8; meetings with Blum, 60-1, 135; meetings with Bonnet, 265-6, 298-9, 322-3, 382, 383; meetings with Comnen, 265-6; meetings with Coulondre, 77-8, 79,219-20,243, 251-2,269-70,279, 331-4; meetings with Grzybowski, 350-2, 361, 377; meetings with Hudson, 367-8; meetings with Paul-Boncour, 301-2; meetings with Schulenburg, 56-7,113, 114-15,287; meetings with Seeds, 363-5, 370, 386; meetings with Stalin, 74, 391; meetings with Titulescu, 32, 41-2,43,48,190-1,228-9; meeting with Alphand, 22; meeting with Ciuntu, 220; meeting with Delbos, 162; meeting with Dinau, 361; meeting with Eden, 95; meeting with Halifax, 265-6; meeting with Herriot, 301-2; meeting with Lukasiewicz, 37; meeting with Molotov, 391; meeting with von Tippelskirch, 109; on Mein Kampf, 11; mistress of, 152; Molotov-Ribbentrop non-aggression pact and, 478; on Munich agreement, 328, 354; on Nazi congress in Nuremburg, 122-3; on non-intervention policy, 70-1, 73-4, 75; personality of, 387; photographs of, 11,30,196; on Poland’s rapprochement with Germany, 100; on Polish response to four-power declaration, 372; on preparation for war, 312; on press campaign against Germany, 100; on prospect of war, 355; purges and, 172-3, 376; relations with Semenov, 154; rumours about departure of, 78; on Soviet-German relations, 110-12, 118,119,121,123,209, 332; on Soviet policy in Czechoslovakia, 57-8; on Soviet
policy in Italy, 13, 270, 341; on Soviet policy in Spain, 67,75-6,95-6, 269-70; on Soviet-Polish relations, 165,187,350, 352, 353-4; on SovietRomanian relations, 16,17-18,208-9, 219-21,231,238-9,310, 357, 386; Stalin’s relations with, 9,71,250, 271, 369,376,480; on tripartite agreement (1939), 392-3,396,409; trips to Geneva, 297, 312, 316 Lloyd George, David: on Anglo-Soviet relations, 180-1,411; on Bonnet, 263; on Chamberlain’s government, 174-5,176,179, 375, 378,427; on Churchill, 175,418; on Czechoslovak crisis, 263-4; on Franco-Soviet Pact, 180; on French government, 263-4; on international situation, 179-81; Maiskii and, 174-5,179,192,427, 441; meeting with Hitler, 175; on Munich accord, 323-4; on Soviet guarantee of Poland, 375 Loizeau, Lucien, 130,131 Low, David, 378,427,474,477; cartoons of, 427,428,432,448 Low, Ivy, 152 Luciani, Georges, 151 Luftwaffe, 10,103 Lukasiewicz, Juliusz, 37,266-7,271,463 Lupescu, Madame, 225 MacDonald, Ramsay, 265 Madgearu, Virgil, 214-15 Maginot Line, 134 Maiskaia, Agniia, 86,179,297 Maiskii, Ivan Μ.: on Anglo-German relations, 441; on Anglo-Soviet relations, 83-4, 85-6; on British foreign policy, 66, 82,83,175-6,178,
Index 365, 374-5,401, 427,441, 481; on British public opinion, 84-5, 380; on Chamberlain, 176-7,184-5, 257, 301, 374, 380-1; correspondence of, 326-7; correspondence with Molotov, 419,421, 438; on Czechoslovak crisis, 293, 307; on danger of a German Mitteleuropa, 180; on FrancoSoviet relations, 93; on guarantee of Polish security, 374-5; on indirect aggression, 426; at the League of Nations, 13,185; Litvinov and, 75, 80-1, 85; meetings with Beaverbrook, 73, 380,423; meetings with Churchill, 72-3, 82,178-9, 257-8, 320, 358, 380; meetings with Corbin, 71-2, 74, 2923,411; meetings with Eden, 81-3, 93-6, 380; meetings with Halifax, 293, 319-20, 355, 363, 365, 383-4, 385, 402-3,412,417,421-2,426; meeting with Kollontai, 393; meetings with Lloyd George, 174-5,179,183,192, 380,427, 441; meetings with Masaryk, 321; meetings with Vansittart, 86-90, 288-9, 361-2, 380, 385,410-11; meeting with Cadogan, 321; meeting with Drax, 443-4; meeting with Titulescu, 245; Molotov-Ribbentrop non-aggression pact and, 478; on nature of international relations, 83; position on tripartite agreement (1939), 405,406-7,409, 411,414-15, 422, 445; on prevention of spread of fascism, 83; proposal of actions in non-intervention committee, 74-5; on Soviet-Romanian relations, 385; on Spanish affairs, 63, 66, 80-2, 85, 86, 94; on Stalin’s speech (10 March 1939), 358; trip to Geneva, 297-8 Manchester Guardian, 76,479 Mandel, Georges: on Benes, 313, 318; conflict with Blum, 133; on 581 Czechoslovak crisis, 313; on French leaders, 152-3; influence of, 216; on Litvinovs speech at the League of Nations, 314;
meetings with Surits, 276, 313-14; meeting with Girshfel’d, 152; ministerial career of, 257; relations with Soviet embassy, 245,421; support of Reynaud, 251; on tripartite agreement, 445 Maniu, Iuliu, 229, 230 Marin, Louis, 128 Marin, Vasile, 219 Masaryk, Jan, 263, 300, 304, 315, 321 Massigli, René, 162, 163 Massip, Roger, 317 Medvedev, Roy, 8 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 4,11,108,112,114, 116, 146, 232, 316, 329, 344,449,450 Memel, Lithuania: German occupation of, 367 Mendras, Edmond, 137-8,142 Merekalov, Alexei E, 279, 429-30 Metro-Vickers affair, 445 Mihalache, Ion, 46, 223-4,237-8 Mikoian, Anastas L, 453 Molotov, Viacheslav Μ.: on Anglo-Soviet relations, 410; on Butlers remarks in the House of Commons, 445-6; on commitment to common action, 436; correspondence with Astakhov, 452,454,465-6; correspondence with Maiskii, 417,419,422; correspondence with Potemkin, 408; correspondence with Surits, 122,402,422; diplomatic experience of, 416; as Foreign minister, 397; on Franco-Soviet relations, 182; on German foreign policy, 114; on guarantee to Baltic states, 408; on “indirect” aggression, 438; meetings with Grzybowski, 453,483; meetings with Naggiar, 416,424,445-6,451;
582 Index Molotov, Viacheslav Μ. (coni.) meetings with Payart, 405, 415, 416; meetings with Schulenburg, 431-2, 451-2,467, 468; meetings with Seeds, 405, 408,415-16, 421, 424,445-6,451, 472-3; meeting with Aktay, 468; meeting with Rosso, 408; on non-intervention committee, 62; personality of, 416, 438,439; photograph of, 398; on Polish-Romanian alliance, 405; on Soviet aid to Czechoslovakia, 254; on Soviet-German relations, 114,430, 449-50; on Soviet-Polish cooperation, 408; toast to Hitler, 474; tripartite agreement negotiations (1939) and, 405-6,408,415,416-17, 419-20, 421, 425, 438, 439 Molotov-Ribbentrop non-aggression pact: conclusion of, 9, 429; as consequence of the Munich accords, 476,482; international reaction to, 477-8,482; preparations for, 466; secret protocol, 484; signing of, 473, 474; spheres of influence under, 474,475 Monzie, Anatole de, 131,132 Morning Post, 76,79 Morrison, Herbert Stanley, 324 Moscicki, Ignacy, 230, 231 Moscow-Paris-London “peace front,” 245 Mo(a, Ion, 219 Munich agreement: British House of Commons’ vote on, 327; French reaction to, 7, 327, 328-9, 340; Polish view of, 329-31; significance of, 478-9; Soviet reaction to, 325, 326-9 Munich conference, 319-22; in Pathé Gazette newsreels, 321, 323 Musse, Félix-Joseph, 463 Mussolini, Benito: Abyssinian policy, 108,113; alliance with Hitler, 112; on Czechoslovak crisis, 319; intervention in Spain, 85, 89, 94,95-6; Lloyd George on, 179; Munich accords, 321; photograph of, 5; rise to power, 5 Nadolny, Rudolf, 98,100-1 Naggiar, Paul-Émile: on Anglo-Soviet alliance, 439,442; diplomatic career of,
377; meetings with Molotov, 416, 424,445-6,451; meetings with Seeds, 420,421; meeting with Doumenc, 455; meeting with Potemkin, 446; meeting with Strang, 419; on MolotovRibbentrop pact, 474,482; Palasse's report to, 436-7; telegrams to Bonnet, 421,456; tripartite alliance negotiations (1939), 426,437,461,464,465 Nazi Party: congress at Nuremberg, 122-3 Nazi-Polish non-aggression pact, 10 Nazism: rise of, 4,7 Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact. See Molotov-Ribbentrop nonaggression pact Neiman, Aleksei E, 79 Nemanov, Léon, 156 Neurath, Konstantin von, 35, 99,105, 114,126 Newton, Basil, 294 Nicolson, Harold, 52, 283 NKID (People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs): Abyssinia crisis and, 108; influence on foreign policy, 8,12; intelligence sources in, 103; interception of foreign correspondence, 80; Polish policy, 37; purges in, 377; reports on British and French foreign policy, 348; Romanian policy, 203; Soviet-German talks and, 449; Spanish Civil War and, 55 Noël, Léon: criticism of British foreign policy, 36; meetings with Beck,
Index 463; meetings with Davtian, 35, 36; meetings with Rydz-Smigly, 269, 270, 271; on Polish rapprochement with Germany, 314; on Romanian politics, 190; on Soviet view of Poland, 35; tripartite alliance negotiations (1939), 463, 465; Vinogradov and, 190,193 Non-Intervention Committee (1936-9): disagreements in, 74-5; London meeting of, 62,63,66; Soviet position on, 60,61-2,71-2,74,75-7,92 Olympic Games in Berlin, 54-5 O’Malley, Owen, 89 Operation Barbarossa, 486,487 Ordzhonikidze, G.K., 122 Ormesson, Andre Lefevre d’, 22-3 Osetrov, G.L, 317 Ostrovskii, Mikhail S.: arrest and death of, 242; background of, 173; on Beck, 215-16; on Bessarabia issue, 227, 235; on collapse of French prestige, 216; concerns over purges, 173; contacts in Bucharest, 23,173, 210, 225, 231; on European collective security, 211; gourmet diplomacy, 24, 211-12, 214; on hostile Bucharest press, 206, 236; Litvinov’s letters to, 18-19, 209-10, 221, 228-30, 231; meetings with Antonescu, 204-6, 213-14, 215, 224, 226-7, 233-5, 237; meetings with Delmas, 230-1; meetings with Filipescu, 221-3, 230; meetings with Inculet, 44-5,197-8,199, 205, 210, 211-12, 213, 237; meetings with Mihalache, 223-4, 237-8; meetings with Popescu Necçeçti, 225-6, 230; meetings with Tätärescu, 47-8, 210-11, 217, 235-6, 237; meetings with Thierry, 200-2; meetings with Titulescu, 16, 23,44, 207, 208; meeting with Angelescu, 212; meeting 583 with Ciuntu, 226; meeting with Hoare, 24-5; meeting with Madgearu, 214-15; meeting with Radulescu, 24; meeting with Samsonovici, 203; meeting with Semen, 19; photograph of, 17; on Polish-Romanian
relations, 234, 236; recall from Bucharest, 226, 241; reports from Bucharest, 26, 45-6, 173, 196-7, 199-200, 217, 231-3, 236-7, 241; on “Seba affair,” 218-19; on Soviet obligations to Czechoslovakia, 223; on SovietRomanian relations, 206-9, 210, 213-14, 221-4, 226, 227, 236, 237; on Spanish Civil War, 211 Osuskÿ, Stefan, 261, 276, 277, 278, 282, 288, 304 Ovey, Edmund, 481 Pact of Steel, 412 Palasse, Auguste-Antoine: Franco-Soviet cooperation and, 268-9; on Litvinov’s dismissal, 397-8; meetings with Voroshilov, 268-9, 356, 389-90; on military aid to Poland and Romania, 385,389,390; on Polish-Soviet relations, 353; purchase of Soviet anti-aircraft guns, 389; reports on Red Army, 258, 277,317-18,324,325,436; situation reports, 245-6,435-6; tripartite agreement negotiations, 446,455 Papen, Franz von, 430 Paul-Boncour, Joseph: British opinion of, 264, 265; as foreign minister, 12,128, 225, 252, 256, 257; mutual assistance pact and, 75,138, 216, 479; view of Beck, 36-7 Payart, Jean: complaints about Soviet press, 355; on Czechoslovak crisis, 287; on Franco-Soviet relations, 54, 388; meeting with Litvinov, 71; meetings with Molotov, 405, 415,416;
584 Index Payart, Jean (cant.) meetings with Potemkin, 287,290-1, 355, 386-7,401,476; reports from Moscow, 50, 56, 397, 404; on show trials, 39-40; on Soviet response to Spanish Civil War, 53-4; on SovietRomanian relations, 50, 386-7; tripartite agreement negotiations (1939), 404 Péri, Gabriel, 79,162,190,191 Pertinax (André Giraud), 149,151,259 Petibon, Jean-Louis, 143-4 Petit Parisien, 317 Phipps, Eric, 112; on Czechoslovak crisis, 304, 316, 318; meetings with Bonnet, 300, 301, 314; meetings with Daladier, 300-1; meetings with Herriot, 264, 265; meeting with Léger, 439; tripartite agreement and, 388-9 Piaf, Edith, 11 Piatakov, Georgii L., 151, 152 Pilsudski, Jozef, 34,464 Pivert, Marcel, 317 Plymouth, Ivor Windsor-Clive, Earl of, 62,63, 66,70-1,74 Podol’skii, B.G., 248 Poklevskii-Kozell, Stanislav A., 213,227 Poland: affair of weapons for Spain, 186-7; annexation of Tëâin, 259, 260,310,311,314, 321-2, 352; Anti-Comintern Pact and, 193; antiRussian/anti-Soviet attitudes in, 35, 165-6,185-6,188, 213, 270-1,464-5, 477; anti-Semitism (Madagascar plan), 249, 379; Czechoslovak crisis and, 266-7,268,269, 274,284-5, 309; Delbos’s trip to, 191-2, 249; foreign policy, 215, 223-4, 349; fourth partition of, 483-5,486; as a German “busboy” 219,235; as German “little cousins,” 310; German plans for war with, 423,430-1,433, 434,450,453; government in exile, 483; national minorities, 188; “political collusion” with Germany, 360; relations with Czechoslovakia, 35,189,193,213, 219; relations with France, 12,267, 269, 336; “track record” of, 310; tripartite agreement negotiations (1939)
and, 375, 383-4,463-5 Polish-German relations: denunciation of non-aggression pact, 392; France attitude to, 35, 166; rapprochement in, 187-9,259, 271, 272; Soviet attitude to, 223-4,284-5 Polish-Romanian relations: consolidation of, 162,189,196, 213, 221, 222, 229-30; English and French approach to, 383; Polish interests and, 221, 224, 231, 232; Romanian interests and, 231, 232-3,234; Soviet Union and, 32-3, 229, 234, 236,238-9, 405 Politburo: approval of the Soviet-German trade agreement, 118,448; response to Nuremburg Nazi congress, 123 political cartoons, 378,427,428, 432, 448,477 Pons, Silvio, 8 Popescu, Stelian, 225 Popescu Necçeçti, Alexandru, 225-6,230 Portugal: Spanish Civil War and, 62,66 Potemkin, Vladimir R: against ‘pan Poland,’ 349-50; on alliance with Nazi Germany, 485; on Beck, 274; on British diplomacy, 175; Butenko affair and, 249-50; on the “curious meeting” of 6 November, 139-40; Czechoslovak crisis and, 268,273-4,287,299, 303, 304-5, 308-9, 315; on Delbos’s visit to Eastern Europe, 191; departure for Moscow, 158; diplomatic correspondence of, 69,169, 268, 274, 315; on “fourth partition” of Poland, 329; on Franco-Soviet relations, 150,154,162,166,246,299, 372; on
Index French foreign policy, 70, 245, 259; instructions to Girshfel’d, 161,162; letter to Krestinskii, 78; meetings with Blum, 66,144-5,153-4,157-8; meetings with Coulondre, 161, 165-71, 177-8, 267-8, 269, 296-7, 309-10; meetings with Daladier, 88,155,161-2,169; meetings with Delbos, 155,157-8; meetings with Fierlinger, 252, 254, 261, 267, 299-300, 308, 311-12; meetings with Grzybowski, 274-5, 348-50, 375-6, 484, 485; meetings with Léger, 150-1; meetings with Payart, 290-1, 355, 386-7, 401,476; meetings with Schulenburg, 431, 432-3, 448; meetings with Tessan, 192; meeting with Chautemps, 149-50; meeting with Davaz, 170; meeting with Gamelin, 88; meeting with Naggiar, 446; meeting with Seeds, 409; Molotov’s telegrams to, 408; on Munich agreement, 326, 327, 330; on Polish foreign policy, 259, 274-5; on purges in the Soviet high command, 167,169,170; reputation of, 274; Rhineland crisis and, 36; on Roosevelts appeal to Hitler, 317; on rumour about Litvinovs departure, 78-9; on Soviet assistance to Czechoslovakia, 295; on SovietPolish relations, 309, 322, 349-50; on Spanish affairs, 63, 69; on tripartite agreement, 405,406, 409 Pravda, 76, 99,101,104,109, 227, 238, 355, 378 Price, G. Ward, 125 Punch (magazine), 477 purges. See Stalins purges Radek, Kark B., 151 Radek-Piatakov trial, 151-2 585 Radio Moscow: Spanish broadcasts, 56-7 Radulescu, Savel, 24, 228 Rakovskii, Kh. G., 253 Red Army: British opinion of, 257; conflict with Japan, 279; French view of, 134, 258, 277, 317-18, 324, 325, 436; passage rights across Poland and Romania, 16,18, 27, 28, 29, 50,134, 135,137, 148, 153,
154, 155, 157, 180, 181, 252, 252, 256, 260,265, 266, 267, 269, 282, 289, 290, 291, 294, 298,411, 436,444, 446,447, 455; purges in, 172, 174, 235, 236, 246, 258, 264 Reynaud, Paul: intended resignation of, 313; ministerial career, 257; on partition of Poland, 236; pro-Soviet views of, 245, 251, 263, 421 Rhineland crisis: British and French response to, 36, 338; impact on collective security, 10,13-14,19; Little Entente and, 26-7 Ribbentrop, Joachim von: diplomatic career, 87; Franco-German relations and, 333-4; on German war power, 311,423; meeting with Astakhov, 450-1; promotion of Soviet-German trade, 450-1; Soviet-German non aggression pact and, 473, 474; Vansittart on, 87; visit to Moscow, 467, 468-9 Ribes, Jean Champetier de, 313 Rodionov, Konstantin K., 360 Romania: anti-communism, 49, 210, 233; anti-fascist movement in, 20-1; anti-Semitism in, 48, 200, 241, 249; anti-Soviet sentiment in, 19, 48, 210, 215, 233, 236; Czechoslovak crisis and, 255-6, 310-11, 360-1; domestic politics, 20; end of commitment to collective security, 50; fascism in, 20, 220-1; foreign policy, 14, 25, 45-6,50,196-9, 207-8, 236-7;
586 Index Romania (cont.') government crisis, 44,49,224-5; National Christian Party, 241; National Liberal Party, 238,241; National Liberals, 238; National Peasants’ Party, 214,223,229,231,238,240,241; objections to Red Army passage, 28,29; parliamentary elections, 231,241; proposal of Soviet assistance to, 357, 364; relations with Czechoslovakia, 200,218, 237; relations with France, 200-2,208,214, 217, 237, 238, 239, 244-5; relations with Germany, 20, 201,203,207,211,215,217-18, 220-1,222, 357, 363-4,478; relations with Hungary, 232; Rhineland crisis and, 19,478; right-wing organizations, 47; Soviet press on, 215, 227. See also Bessarabia; Polish-Romanian relations; Soviet-Romanian relations Rome-Belgrade axis, 232 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 12, 309, 317, 479 Rosso, Augusto, 408 Rozenberg, Marcel’ L: arrest and execution of, 165, 297; on Blum’s proposal for plebiscite in Spain, 92; Litvinov’s instructions to, 75-6, 80; meetings with Blum, 90-3; personality of, 90; photograph of, 196; posted to Geneva, 132 Rozengol’ts, Arkadii P., 102 Runciman, Walter, Viscount, 276,277, 279,285-6,289 Ruquart, Marc, 139 Rybalko, Pavel S., 260 Rydz-Smigly, Edward, 34,148,269, 270-1, 335-6 Rykov, Aleksei L, 152 Samsonovici, Nicolae, 25,199,203 Sargent, Orme Garton: Anglo-Soviet relations and, 176, 254, 387,417; on Herriot, 264; Seeds letter to, 446; on Soviet mutual assistance policy, 270, 343; on Spanish Civil War, 52,89-90; tripartite agreement negotiations (1939) and, 408,424-5,444; on Vansittart’s memorandum, 344-5 Sarraut, Albert, 12,174 Schacht, Hjalmar, 102,108,125 Schiller, Otto, 125
Schneider-Creusot (French arms manufacturer), 149,162 Schnurre, Karl: meetings with Astakhov, 452, 453-4,465-6; Nazi-Soviet political relations and, 449,466; Soviet-German trade talks and, 448, 451, 452,468-9; visit to Moscow, 429, 430, 431 Schulenburg, Friedrich-Werner von der: complain about Soviet press, 101; German-Soviet pact and, 432, 466, 484; meetings with Krestinskii, 101-2; meetings with Litvinov, 56-7, 98, 109,110,113,114-15,287; meetings with Molotov, 431-2, 451-2,466-7, 468,484; meetings with Potemkin, 431,432-3,448; reports from Moscow, 98,110; on Soviet aid to Spain, 60 Schweisguth, Victor-Henri: on assistance to Czechoslovakia, 144, 148; Franco-Soviet relations and, 129-31, 138-9,140, 141,147-8, 154, 159; journal entries, 144,158, 160, 169; meetings with Daladier, 156-7; meetings with Gamelin, 144,147; meetings with Girshfel’d, 130,131; meetings with Léger, 64,139, 151, 152; meetings with Semenov, 147-8, 156-7, 158, 160; meetings with Ventsov, 64,137, 138-9,144; meeting with Massigli, 162-3; report on Red Army, 138, 212; on Rydz-Smigly, 148
Index Seba, Jan, 218,219; Russia and the Little Entente in World Politics, 218-19 Seba Affair, 217-19,220-1,224, 225 Second International, 72 Second World War, 3-4, 9 Section française de l’Internationale ouvrière (SFIO), 14 Seeds, William: on Franco-Soviet pact, 416; letter to Sargent, 446; on Litvinovs dismissal, 397; meetings with Litvinov, 363-5, 370, 386; meetings with Molotov, 405,408, 415-16,424,445-6,451,472-3; meetings with Naggiar, 420,421; meetings with Potemkin, 409, 485; tripartite agreement negotiations (1939) and, 415-16,426,439, 442, 446, 456 Semen, V.A., 19 Semenov, Nikolai A.: arrest and execution of, 160; background of, 147; diplomatic career of, 147; on Franco-Soviet relations, 135,151; meetings with Schweisguth, 147-8, 156-7,158,160; meeting with Colson and Gerodius, 153-4; meeting with Gamelin, 147 Séverac, Jean-Baptiste, 90 Shaposhnikov, Boris Μ., 437,446, 461-2 Shirer, William, 55,477 Shtein, Boris E., 55 Shtern, David G„ 49 Shulze-Boysen, Harro, 101 Siegfried Line, 316 Sigurania (Romanian intelligence service), 213,231 Simon, John, 102-3,401 Simon, Louis, 137, 138, 169 Slavik, Juraj, 35, 36 Slovakia, 359 Sluch, Sergei Z., 480 587 Smirnov, Andrei A., 450 Sokolnikov, Grigorii la., 151 Soviet-German relations: Baltic states and, 450, 451,452,467; evolution of, 8-9, 97; financial agreement, 110-11,119,121; Franco-Soviet Pact and, 112; ideological factors in, 430; non-aggression pact, 9, 466, 467, 474,486; Polish issue, 430-1,450, 466; press and cultural relations, 452; Rapallo policy, 8,12, 97,100,115, 125, 129, 151, 160, 222-3, 313, 329; rapprochement
in, 98,114,124-6, 427-8,430,431-2, 435,449-52; Rhineland crisis and, 117; Soviet approach to, 99-120,123,431, 433-4; territorial questions, 450,451,452, 467; trade negotiations, 101,102, 117-20, 200, 429-30, 448-52,453-4, 468-9 Soviet-Polish relations: border incident, 453; collective security and, 372,479; development of, 32-3, 351, 353-4; economic factor in, 351-2; non-aggression pact, 309, 322, 352; press reports on, 361; tensions in, 187, 191,348-50,408 Soviet-Romanian relations: Bessarabia issue, 16, 17-19, 40, 42, 48, 208, 227, 231, 234, 235, 238-9, 256, 383; Czechoslovak crisis and, 310-11; deterioration of, 197, 203-4, 209, 214-15, 236-7, 241, 386-7; establishment of, 15-16; Germany and, 18, 20; mutual assistance negotiations, 22, 32, 40, 41-2, 43-4, 202-3, 204, 228, 238; press reports on, 361; Red Army passage issue, 16, 28, 29, 42-3, 204-5, 223, 228, 252, 266; Romanian government’s agenda, 206,210,213, 234; Soviet approach to, 208-9, 210;
588 Index Soviet-Romanian relations (cent.) Spanish Civil War and, 211; Titulescu’s role in, 16, 21, 47, 199-200, 209,210, 240-1 Soviet Union: annexation of the Baltic states, 451,486; as “Asiatic power,” 337; border fighting with Japan, 279, 404; European perception of, 7-8; foreign policy of, 8, 9, 70, 97, 358, 359; German invasion of, 5, 486-7; German press campaign against, 121-2; Lloyd George on power of, 180-1; mutual assistance policy and, 6, 59,250, 337,479-80, 481; occupation of Poland (1939), 451,486; policy in Spain, 53, 89-90, 211,270; relations with Czechoslovakia, 254-5, 256, 291, 314; relations with Italy, 13-14, 89; relations with the United States, 12; relations with Turkey, 424; resolution on control of Portuguese ports, 62-3, 66, 71; show trials, 38-9, 151-2; war with Finland, 486 Spain: Soviet relations with, 56-7, 62 Spanish Civil War: British position on, 52, 66,89; Comintern reaction to, 52; European affairs and, 59,479; French position on, 51-2, 64-5, 68-70; Germany and, 85, 87, 88; Italy and, 85, 88; League of Nations and, 74; NonIntervention Agreement, 54, 55, 56-7, 62-3, 71; outbreak of, 51; poster of, 53; prospects for European peace and, 85; public opinion in Britain about, 84; Soviet position on, 53, 56, 57-60, 127, 270 Stalin, Iosif V.: on anti-Semitism, 109; authoritarian rule of, 9, 257, 324-5; Czechoslovak crisis and, 140, 313; domestic policy of, 9; on fascism in France, 182; on Franco-Polish alliance, 271; Franco-Soviet relations and, 56,157,181-3; German invasion of the USSR and, 487; inner circle, 403; meeting with Litvinov, 74; on
moral weakness of France, 151; mutual assistance policy and, 119,480-1; personality of, 9; photographs of, 63, 473; policy towards Poland, 187; in political cartoons, 477; purges in the Soviet high command, 166; reaction to Hitler’s speech at the Nuremberg party congress, 109; realism of, 68; relations with the Turks, 485; Soviet aid to Czechoslovakia, 254-5; SovietGerman relations and, 6,8, 9,11, 387, 449,457, 469,474,485-6; Spanish Civil War and, 60,80; speech at the 18th Congress of the Communist Party (10 March 1939), 358, 367, 369; support of mutual assistance policy, 59-60; telegram to Spanish Communists, 63; Zinoviev-Kamenev trial and, 38-9 Stalins purges, x-xi; arrest of German engineer, 124; of diplomatic staff, 172-3,194, 242, 246, 248, 252-3, 297-8, 377; international reaction to, 174, 176, 190, 234-5, 246-8, 264; origin of, 39; of Red Army high command, 166,172,174, 235, 236, 246, 258, 264 Stojadinovic, Milan, 197,217,279 Stomoniakov, Boris S., 33, 34-5, 37, 377 Strang, William: on collective security, 338; diplomatic career, 417; on European security, 339; on German domination of Europe, 339; on Herriot, 264; meetings with Naggier, 419,420; meetings with Seeds, 420; mission to Moscow, 418,419,467; on relations with France, 338-9; tripartite agreement negotiations (1939), 421; Vansittarts memoranda on, 344,345
Index Stumm, Gustaf Braun von, 450 Sudeten territories, 30,175, 244, 252, 272, 278, 294, 301-2 Surits, Iakov Z.: Anschluss and, 254; on anti-Nazi entente, 103; on British foreign policy, 116-17; contacts with German politicians, 110, 114; on Czechoslovak crisis, 306-7; on Daladier, 288; diplomatic career, 99, 118-19; on Franco-Soviet pact of mutual assistance, 104; on French foreign policy, 245, 378-9, 381; on German foreign policy, 105-6, 112-13, 114, 116, 117,120, 121-2; on Hudson scandal, 441; on Laval, 113; Litvinovs correspondence with, 246, 255, 260-1, 290, 382; meetings with Blum, 251, 252; meetings with Bonnet, 287-8, 290, 318, 378-9, 394-5; meetings with Daladier, 370-1; meetings with Delbos, 192-3; meeting with Comert, 303; meeting with Coulondre, 256; meeting with Goering, 124-5; meeting with Léger, 256; meeting with Mandel, 313-14; meeting with Nadolny, 100-1; meeting with Twardowski, 111-12; Molotov-Ribbentrop non aggression pact and, 478; Molotovs correspondence with, 421, 438; on Munich agreement, 328; on Nazi opinion about elections in France, 120; on Nuremburg Nazi congress, 122,123; on Polish claims against Prague, 309; report on German military activities, 287, 288; on Rhineland crisis, 115; sources of information, 277, 292; on Soviet diplomacy, 106; on trade negotiations with Germany, 110-11,117-18; on tripartite agreement, 391-2,401-2, 405-6, 428-9 589 Tabouis, Geneviève, 90,133,141,145, 237, 245, 259, 373,418 TASS, 124, 256, 326, 327, 361, 399,407, 445, 448, 469 Tätärescu, Gheorghe L: Butenko affair and, 250; foreign policy of, 198, 200, 204, 210-11,
214-15, 233; on great powers, 48; meetings with Ostrovskii, 47-8,210-11,217, 231,235-6; meeting with Aleksandrovskii, 255; meeting with Arciszewski, 33; on relations with France, 260; reputation of, 255; right-wing groups and, 195; on role of Romania in Europe, 48; on Soviet-Romanian relations, 45,197, 235-6; on Spanish Civil War, 211; Titulescu fall and, 44, 199; tour of European capitals, 260 Taylor, A.J.P., 8, 477, 482 Тек, Ahmet Ferit, 35 Le Temps, 149,151, 333, 334, 378 Terent’ev, Aleksei V., 430 Tësin region: Polish annexation of, 310, 311,321,326 Tessan, François de, 191 Thierry, Adrien, 200-3, 216, 238, 255 Thorez, Maurice, 79 Tilea, Viorel, 363, 364 Times, 76, 283, 284, 362, 378,407, 414 Tippelskirch, Werner von, 109 Titulescu, Nicolae: Benes and, 23; communication with d’Ormesson, 22; fall of, 40, 44,49-50, 51, 59,190, 195-6,197,199; government crisis and, 45-7; meetings with Litvinov, 48, 228-9; meeting with Vinogradov, 240-1; on MoscowParis-London “peace front,” 245; mutual assistance policy and, 479; negotiations with Litvinov, 41-2, 43,46,104, 206; personality of, 49; phone call to Samsonovici, 25-6;
590 Index Titulescu, Nicolae (cont.) photograph of, 196; plans to return to power, 229, 230, 231, 240; Polish campaign against, 19, 32-3,220; political authority of, 207; relations with Ostrovskii, 44,173,207, 208, 212; reputation of, 45,47; role in Romanian foreign policy, 23,104,207; on Romanian-Japanese agreement, 25; shortcomings of, 221-2; Soviet press about, 50; Soviet-Romanian relations and, 16,21,47,199-200, 209, 210, 240-1; visit to Moscow, 203; visit to Paris, 16; vulnerable position of, 17 tripartite agreement negotiations (1939). See Anglo-French-Soviet alliance negotiations triple entente, 277 Tukhachevskii, Mikhail N.: accusations against, 152, 248; article on German rearmament, 104-5; execution of, 156,166,172,190,230, 233; foreign reaction to arrest of, 163-4,167,169, 170,176; photograph of, 164; visit to German embassy, 109 Turkey: discussion of guarantees of, 381, 383,420,424; proposed mutual assistance pact with, 45, 59, 365,439, 457; relations with France and Britain, 468; Soviet polpred in, 165 Twardowski, Fritz von, 97,109,111-12 Ukraine, 329, 337; German ambitions in, 85, 99,146, 357, 358,449,452,466; Soviet occupation of western, 484 Ullricks, Teddy J., 8 Vaida-Voevod, Alexandru, 20 Valin, Martial Henri, 446, 464 Vansittart, Robert Gilbert: on AngloFrench relations, 52, 343-4, 345-6; on Anglo-Italian rapprochement. 89; on Anglo-Soviet relations, 417; attendance of Olympic Games, 55; on British foreign policy, 178,179, 185, 344-5, 361, 362; on Cabinet meeting on 2 February 1939, 346, 347; on fate of Czechoslovakia, 288-9; on the French army, 343; on
German domination in Europe, 87, 344; on Herriot, 265; influence of, 338; letter to Halifax, 346; meetings with Maiskii, 86-90,288-9, 361-2, 385, 410-11; meeting with Corbin, 345; Nazi-Soviet pact and, 482; as Permanent Undersecretary, 174; plan to stop Hitler, 362; on post-Munich Europe, 342-3; on Soviet policy in Spain, 87, 89; tripartite agreement negotiations (1939) and, 409,457; visit to Berlin, 87 Vansittart, Sarita, 55,87-8 Ventsov, Semen L: conversation with Petibon, 143-4; dinner with French officers, 129; diplomatic career, 129; execution of, 156; on FrancoSoviet Pact, 135; lobby for better relations with Poland, 135; meeting with Gamelin, 142-3; meeting with Schweisguth, 137; on Mendras, 143; on purges in the Red Army, 128; reports to Moscow, 138-9,151; on Simon, 142 Vichy regime, 49 Vinogradov, Boris D.: on anti-Soviet press campaign, 97; arrest and execution of, 194; Brätianu and, 21-2; on Delbos’s visit to Poland, 192; diplomatic career of, 20; on fascist propaganda in Romania, 20; on Franco-Polish relations, 193; Gauquié and, 187-8,189-90,193; meeting with Delbos, 193; meeting with Titulescu, 240-1; Noël and, 190,193; personality of, 194; reports on Poland, 188-9,192;
Index on results of the Delbos trip, 193; on Romanian political life, 21 Violette, Maurice, 137 Volkogonov, Dmitrii A., 8 Voroshilov, Kliment E.: background of, 403; Franco-Soviet relations and, 158-62, 182; German-Soviet negotiations and, 160, 433,453; meetings with Doumenc, 470-2, 474; meetings with Palasse, 268-9, 356, 389-90; meeting with Drax, 474; meeting with Firebrace, 403-4; meeting with Keller, 158-9; mobilization order, 315; negotiations of passage rights for the Red Army, 466-7; order for manoeuvres in Kiev military district, 311; personality of, 403, 404; Rybalko’s report to, 260; Shaposhnikovs report to, 437; Soviet aid to Czechoslovakia and, 28-9, 254; talk to Schweisguth, 130; tripartite agreement negotiations (1939) and, 446-7, 456, 457-63, 469-70, 483; Zinoviev-Kamenev trial and, 39 591 Watt, D.C., 393 Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 429-30, 431, 435,450 Welczeck, Johannes von, 145-6 Wiedemann, Fritz, 278 Wilson, Horace, 439, 442, 444, 446, 451 Winter War, 486 Wohlthat, Helmut, 439 Yugoslavia, 29, 132, 224, 369; collective security and, 22, 59, 255; hostility towards the USSR, 284; idea of “eastern bloc” with, 336; member of the Little Entente, 14,15; relations with France, 14, 216, 217, 232; relations with Germany, 26,100,189, 206, 285, 330, 357, 478; relations with Italy, 19, 24, 85, 217; relations with Romania, 200, 226 Zay, Jean, 51,149,174, 257, 313 Zinoviev, Grigorii E., 38-9,173 Zinoviev-Kamenev trial, 38-9 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Carley, Michael Jabara 1945- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)121707407 |
| author_facet | Carley, Michael Jabara 1945- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Carley, Michael Jabara 1945- |
| author_variant | m j c mj mjc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049658548 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1435705698 (DE-599)BVBBV049658548 |
| era | Geschichte 1936-1939 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1936-1939 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV049658548</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20241108</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">240419s2024 xx a||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781487553425</subfield><subfield code="c">Hardcover</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-4875-5342-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1435705698</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV049658548</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">HIST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Carley, Michael Jabara</subfield><subfield code="d">1945-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)121707407</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Stalin’s failed alliance</subfield><subfield code="b">the struggle for collective security, 1936-1939</subfield><subfield code="c">Michael Jabara Carley</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Toronto ; Buffalo ; London</subfield><subfield code="b">University of Toronto Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2024]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xx, 591 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"In the spring of 1936, the Soviet effort to build an anti-Nazi alliance was failing. Stalin continued nevertheless to support diplomatic efforts to stop Nazi aggression in Europe. In Stalin's Failed Alliance, the sequel to Stalin's Gamble, Michael Jabara Carley continues his re-evaluation of European diplomacy during the critical events between May 1936 and August 1939. This narrative history examines the great crises of the pre-war period - the Spanish Civil War, Anschluss, and Munich accords - as well as both the last Soviet efforts to organize an anti-Nazi alliance in the spring-summer of 1939 and Moscow's shocking volte-face, the signing of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact. Carley's history traces the lead-up to the outbreak of war in Europe on 1 September 1939 and sheds light on the Soviet Union's efforts to organize a defensive alliance against Nazi Germany, in effect rebuilding the anti-German Entente of the First World War. The author argues for the sincerity of Soviet overtures to the western European powers and that the non-aggression pact was a last-ditch response to the refusal of other states, especially Britain and France, to conclude an alliance with the USSR against Nazi Germany. 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| geographic | Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV049658548 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-18T17:01:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781487553425 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-035001861 |
| oclc_num | 1435705698 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-12 |
| physical | xx, 591 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20241108 |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | University of Toronto Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Carley, Michael Jabara 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)121707407 aut Stalin’s failed alliance the struggle for collective security, 1936-1939 Michael Jabara Carley Toronto ; Buffalo ; London University of Toronto Press [2024] xx, 591 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "In the spring of 1936, the Soviet effort to build an anti-Nazi alliance was failing. Stalin continued nevertheless to support diplomatic efforts to stop Nazi aggression in Europe. In Stalin's Failed Alliance, the sequel to Stalin's Gamble, Michael Jabara Carley continues his re-evaluation of European diplomacy during the critical events between May 1936 and August 1939. This narrative history examines the great crises of the pre-war period - the Spanish Civil War, Anschluss, and Munich accords - as well as both the last Soviet efforts to organize an anti-Nazi alliance in the spring-summer of 1939 and Moscow's shocking volte-face, the signing of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact. Carley's history traces the lead-up to the outbreak of war in Europe on 1 September 1939 and sheds light on the Soviet Union's efforts to organize a defensive alliance against Nazi Germany, in effect rebuilding the anti-German Entente of the First World War. The author argues for the sincerity of Soviet overtures to the western European powers and that the non-aggression pact was a last-ditch response to the refusal of other states, especially Britain and France, to conclude an alliance with the USSR against Nazi Germany. Drawing on extensive archival research in Soviet and Western archival papers, Stalin's Failed Alliance aims to see the European crisis of the 1930s through Soviet eyes." Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1936-1939 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Kollektive Sicherheit (DE-588)4164679-4 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 p Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Kollektive Sicherheit (DE-588)4164679-4 s Geschichte 1936-1939 z DE-604 Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-4875-5347-0 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-4875-5346-3 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035001861&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035001861&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035001861&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Carley, Michael Jabara 1945- Stalin’s failed alliance the struggle for collective security, 1936-1939 Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Kollektive Sicherheit (DE-588)4164679-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118642499 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4164679-4 (DE-588)4015701-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Stalin’s failed alliance the struggle for collective security, 1936-1939 |
| title_auth | Stalin’s failed alliance the struggle for collective security, 1936-1939 |
| title_exact_search | Stalin’s failed alliance the struggle for collective security, 1936-1939 |
| title_full | Stalin’s failed alliance the struggle for collective security, 1936-1939 Michael Jabara Carley |
| title_fullStr | Stalin’s failed alliance the struggle for collective security, 1936-1939 Michael Jabara Carley |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stalin’s failed alliance the struggle for collective security, 1936-1939 Michael Jabara Carley |
| title_short | Stalin’s failed alliance |
| title_sort | stalin s failed alliance the struggle for collective security 1936 1939 |
| title_sub | the struggle for collective security, 1936-1939 |
| topic | Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Kollektive Sicherheit (DE-588)4164679-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 Internationale Politik Außenpolitik Kollektive Sicherheit Europa Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035001861&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035001861&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=035001861&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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