Tailships: the hunt for Soviet submarines in the Mediterranean 1970-1973
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Helion Company Limited Unit 8 Amherst Business Centre Budbrooke Road Warwick CV34 5WE England Tel. 01926 499 619 Email: info@helion.co.uk Website: www.helion.co.uk Twitter: @helionbooks Visit our blog http://blog.helion.co.uk/ Text © John Rodgaard 2023 Photographs © as individually credited Colour artwork © Anderson Subtil 2023 Maps © Paul Hewitt and Tom Cooper 2023 Designed and typeset by Farr out Publications, Wokingham, Berkshire Cover design Paul Hewitt, Battlefield Design (www.battlefield-design.co.uk) Every reasonable effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The author and publisher apologise for any errors or omissions in this work, and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. CONTENTS Abbreviations Author's Introduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 The Cold War At Sea The Unseen Struggle Takes a Turn Out of Newport The Bear and the Eagle: A Mediterranean Confrontation Arrival: Sorting Things Out Operational Planning Considerations Special Hydrographic Operations: October-December 1970 1971: The First Full Year of ITASS Operations 1972-1973: From Zenith to Nadir Continued Development Legacy Bibliography Notes About the Author ISBN 978-1-914377-09-9 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the express written consent of Helion Company Limited. We always welcome receiving book proposals from prospective authors. Note: In order to simplify the use of this book, all names, locations and geographic designations are as provided in The Times World Atlas, or other traditionally accepted major sources of reference, as of the time of described events. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 2 2 4 11 16 19 26 32 36 45 52 64 70 71 73 80
TAILSHIPS:THE HUNT FOR SOVIET SUBMARINES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, 1970-1973 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Ball, Desmond and Tanter, Richard, The Tools of Owatatsumi: Japans Ocean Surveillance and Coastal Defence Capabilities (Canberra, Australia: ANU Press, The Australian National University, 2015) Blackman, Raymond V.B. (ed.), Jane’s Fighting Ships, 1971-1972 (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1971) Ford, Christopher and Rosenberg, David, The Admirals’ Advantage: US Navy Operational Intelligence in World War II and the Cold War (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2005) Friedman, Norman, The Naval Institutes Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1989) Herrick, Robert Waring, Soviet Naval Strategy: Fifty Years of Theory and Practice (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1968) Johnson, Dominic and Tierney, Dominic, Failing to Win: Perceptions of Victory and Defeat (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2006) McCammon, Captain Peter L., Homeport Naples: USS Graham County (AGP 1176) in the Mediterranean, September 1972 to July 1974 (San Francisco: Blurb creative publishing service, second printing, 2008) Polmar, Norman, Guide to the Soviet Navy, Third Edition (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1983) Polmar, Norman, Guide to the Soviet Navy, Fourth Edition (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1986) Polmar, Norman, Guide to the Soviet Navy, Fifth Edition (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1986, 1991) Polmar, Norman, The Naval Institute Guide to The Ships and Aircraft of the US Fleet
(Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1997) Polmar, Norman, The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the US Fleet (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2013) Polmar, Norman, Brooks, Thomas A. and Fedoroff, George E., Admiral Gorshkov: The Man Who Challenged the US Navy (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2019) Polmar, Norman and Moore, K.J., Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of US and Soviet Submarines (Potomac Books, 2004) Polmar, Norman, Wertheim, Eric, Bahjat, Andrew and Watson, Bruce, Chronology of the Cold War at Sea 1945-1991 (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1998) Polmar, Norman and Whitman, Edward, Hunters and Killers Volume 2: Anti-Submarine Warfare from 1943 (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2016) Santore, John, Modern Naples: A Documentary History, 1799-1999 (New York: Italica Press, 2001) Solomon, Louis R, Transparent Oceans: The Defeat of the Soviet Submarine Force (Bethesda, Maryland: Pearl River Publishing, 2015) Winkler, David E, Cold War at Sea: High-Seas Confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2000) US Government Papers American Shipbuilding Technology and the Soviet Merchant Marine, A Staff Study, Permanent Subcommittee On Investigations of the Committee On Government Operations, United States Senate (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975) Central Intelligence Agency Memorandum for The Director of Central Intelligence, ‘Military Thought (USSR): Reconnaissance Indications of Preparation
for a Surprise Attack by US Naval Carrier Strike Large Units’, 3 June 1977 CIA Memorandum for The Director of Central Intelligence, ‘The Soviet Attack Submarine Force: Evolution and Operations’, SR IM 71-11-S, September 1971 Cryptologic Almanac 50th Anniversary Series (U) The Widowmaker: SIGINT and Submarine K-19. Derived from: NSA/CSS Manual 123-2. Dated: 24 Feb 1998, DOCID: 4110868 National Photographic Interpretation Center imagery analysis report, Soviet Primorye-Class Intelligence Collection Ships, December 1984. CIA-RDP85T00840R000100200001-5, declassified on 17 November 2010 Reconnaissance Indications of Preparation for a Surprise Attack by US Naval Carrier Strike Large Units, ‘Military Thought (USSR)’. Found in CIA Intelligence Information Special Report, 3 June 1977 The Soviet Space Program: National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 11-1-83S TS 833351, 19 Julyl983, CIARDP00B00369R000100050007-1 US Navy Command Histories ‘Escort Squadron Eight Command History 1971’, NHHC OPNAV Report 5740-1, Command History of Commander Escort Squadron Eight, Commanding Officer, USS Cascade, AD-16, AD16/00/MIN:dbt 5750 Ser: 282, Mar 7 1974 United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1970’, 24 March 1971, NHHC United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, 1972, NHHC US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1972’, NHHC ‘USS Hammerberg (DE-1015) Command History’, Navy Department Office of the Chief of Naval Operation, Division of Naval History (OP-29), Ship’s History Section 1970 Command History, USS Lester, DE-1022, 3 August 1971, NHHC Research/Scientific
Papers Carey, W., ‘Evolution of Passive Towed Array Systems’, paper presented at conference titled ‘How Did We Get Here?’, sponsored by the Acoustical Society of America, December 2001 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Project HARTWELL, ‘A Report On Security of Overseas Transport’, Vol 1 of 2. Contract No. N5 ora 07846, 21 September 1950 Normark, William R., Barnes, Neal E. and Coumes, Francis, ‘Rhone Fan, Mediterranean; Submarine Fans and Related Turbidite Systems’, ed by Arnold H. Bouma, WR. Normark and N.E. Barnes, Frontiers in Sedimentary Geology (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985). 71
EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 38 Magazines/Newspapers Articles ‘At Home Abroad - Or Homeporting Overseas’, All Hands, Ihe Bureau of Naval Personnel Career Publication (May 1973), NavPer-O, Number 676 Bidgood, Jess, ‘Newport, a City That Loves Its Mansions, Shudders at Its Newest Ones’, The New York Times, 4 December 2016. Cote, Owen R. Jr, ‘The Third Battle: Innovation in the US Navy’s Silent Cold War Struggle with Soviet Submarines’, Naval War College, Newport Papers Number 16 (Newport, Rhode Island: Naval War College, 2003) Eliot, George Fielding, ‘Polaris in the Mediterranean, The Army Times, 23 February 1963 Goldstein, Lyle J. and Zhukov, Yuri Μ., Ά Tale of Two Fleets,’ Naval War College Review, Newport, Rhode Island. This information was obtained from an article written by TV. Kasatonov, ‘Plot vyhodit V okean (‘The fleet is going to the ocean) (St Petersburg: Astra-Lyuks, 1995) Hightower, John Μ. (AP), ‘NATO May Get Mediterranean Polaris Subs’, Washington Post, Sunday, 3 Feb 1963, p. A10 Kucherov, Alex, interview with COMSIXTHFLT (Vice Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, Jr, USN), US News and World Report, 8 July 1971; United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section VIII Public Affairs, Appendix VIII-A, NHHC Raub, Patricia, ‘Discover Beautiful Rhode Island’: State Promotion of Tourism from 1927-2015, Rhode Island History (winter/ spring 2017), Volume 75, Number 1 Stillwell, Paul, The Reminiscences of Vice Admiral Thomas R. Weschler, USN (Retired), Volume II (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1995) Whitman, Edward C., ‘SOSUS: The “Secret Weapon” of Undersea
Surveillance’, Undersea Warfare Magazine (Winter 2005), Vol 7, No 2 US Government Websites https://www.state.gov/12957 US Department of State, Office of the Historian, ‘NSC-68,1950’, https://history.state.gov/milestones/ 1945-1952/NSC68 Miscellaneous Websites https://www.iusscaa.org/history.html Wikipedia, ‘Mark 24Mine’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Mark_24_mine Wikipedia, KS-1 Comet, https://en.rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ KS-l_Komet Wikipedia, ‘Tupolev-Tu-42’, https://en.rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Tupolev_Tu-142 http://www.destroyers.org/ShipboardEquipment/ bathythermograph.htm. Tin Can Sailors: The National Association of Destroyer Veterans. Columbia University’s Field Station at St David’s was co-located with the Bermuda Sound Fixing and Ranging SOFAR Station, www.sofarbda.org/index.html The CNO at the time was Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations https://12metercharters.com/about-us/sailing-history/ newport-sailing http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/escorts/de 1028.htm Salah, Mostafa and Boxer, Baruch, ‘Mediterranean Sea’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, online ed (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 7 November 2016), https://www.britannica. com/place/Mediterranean-Sea 72 National Geographic, https://www.natgeomaps.com/hm-1982mediterranean-seafloor-map Haze Grey, https://www.hazegray.org/features/russia/ssg.htm Wikipedia, ‘RPK-2 Vyuga, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ RPK-2_Vyuga Wikimedia, ‘Victor I Class Submarine’, ID DN-ST-91-00403. Date Shot: 18 Sept 1990, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Victor_I_class_submarine.jpg Wikimedia,
‘P-70 Ametist’, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:P-70_Ametist.svg Wikimedia, ‘Kresta II Class Cruiser’, https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:MarshalTimoshenkol986.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-125_Neva/Pechora. Obtained 31 March 2023 http ://www.navsource.org/archives/06/06021021 .htm SS-N-14 Silex, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metel_AntiShip_Complex Wikipedia, ‘Robert Carney, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Robert_Carney De Lorenzo, E, Manzillo, G., Soscia, Μ. and Balestrier, G.G., ‘Epidemic Of Cholera El Tor In Naples, 1973’, The Lancet, 13 April 1974, DOI: https//doi.org/10.1016/S01406736(74)93214-0 Wikipedia, ‘Mediterranean Climate’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Mediterranean_climate Wikipedia, ‘USS Wasp (CV-18) 1968-1970’, https://en.Wikipedia. org/wiki/USS_Wasp_(CV-18)#1968-1970 Lee II, S.P. (AGS-31), https://www.history.navy.mil/research/ histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/s-p-lee-ags-31.html Deep Storm website, www.deepstorm.ru National Public Radio, Munich Olympics Massacre, https://www. npr.org/2022/09/04/1116641214/munich-olympics-massacrehostage-terrorism-israel-germany Congressional Research Service, TAGOS(X) Ocean Surveillance Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11838/12. Obtained 1 March 2023 Lasky, Μ, Dolittle, R.D., Simmons, B.D. and Lemon, S.G., ‘Recent progress in towed hydrophone array research’, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Volume 29, Issue 2 (April 2004) Naval History and Heritage Command, ‘Brontstein II *FF-10370’,
https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/ histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bronstein-ii.html Lundquist, Edward H., ‘Bronstein-class Escorts Introduced New Sensors and Weapons’, Defense Media Network (30 November 2016), https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/ bronstein-class-escorts-introduced-new-sensors-and-weapons/ https://www.nukestrat.com/russia/subpatrols.htm America’s Navy, ‘AN/SQQ-89(V) Undersea Warfare/AntiSubmarine Combat System’, https://www.navy.mil/Resources/ Fact-Files/Display-FactFiles/Article/2166784/ansqq-89vundersea-warfare-anti-submarine-warfare-combat-system/ Military Aerospace Electronics, ‘Navy Says Lockheed Martin to Build AN/SQQ-89 Shipboard Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) and counter-mine systems’, https://www.militaryaerospace.com/ sensors/article/14169960/shipboard-antisubmarine-warfareasw-countermine AN/SQQ-89A(V)15 Integrated Undersea Warfare (USW) Combat System Suite, https://www.dote.osd.mil/PortaIs/97/pub/reports/ FY2013/navy/2013ansqq89a.pdf?ver=2019-08-22-111213-517
TAILSHIPS:THE HUNT FOR SOVIET SUBMARINES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, 1970-1973 US Navy Ship Deck Logs USS Andrew Jackson, October 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Clamagore, SS-343, November 1970 Deck Log, NARA USS Courtney, June 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, August 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, September 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, November 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, January 1971 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, February 1971 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, March 1971 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, January 1972, Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, February 1972, Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, March 1972, Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, April 1972, Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, May 1972, Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, June 1972, Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, July 1972, Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, August 1972, Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, September 1972, Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, October 1972, Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, November 1972, Deck Log Book, NARA USS Courtney, December 1972, Deck Log Book, NARA USS Cutlass, November 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA USS John F. Kennedy, CVA-67, October 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Lapon, December 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Lester, November 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Springfield, April 1971 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Threadfin, October 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Van Voorhis, October 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA USS Van Voorhis, November 1970 Deck Log Books, NARA NOTES Author's Introduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Incident at Sea Agreement between the Government of the United
States and the Government of the Soviet Union Socialist Republics on the Prevention of Incidents on and over the High Seas was signed on 25 May 1972. See State Department website for specifics, https://www.state.gov/12957. Obtained 23 June 2020. Norman Polmar, The Naval Institute Guide to The Ships and Aircraft of the US Fleet (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2013), pp. 249-51. Polmar, The Ships and Aircraft of the US Fleet (1997), pp. 488-89. For fuller details of the ongoing confrontation and conflict between Israel and the Arab states following the 1967 war, see the Middle East@War War ofAttrition mini-series. All Hands, May 1973, Nav-Per O, Number 676, The Bureau of Naval Personnel Career Publication, p. 2. In 1974, Naval Facility (NavFac) Brawdy, Wales was established. C.G. Jefford, RAF Squadrons, A Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912 (Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988), p. 32; also, see IUSS Caesar Alumni Association, ‘The Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) History 1950-2010’, https://www.iusscaa.org/history.html. Obtained 30 June 2022. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Chapter 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Norman Polmar, Eric Wertheim, Andrew Bahjat, and Bruce Watson, Chronology of the Cold War at Sea 1945-1991 (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1998) US Department of State, Office of the Historian, ‘NSC-68,1950’ https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/NSC68 US Department of State, ‘NSC-68,1950’ ‘NSC-68’. David F. Winkler, Cold War at Sea: High-Seas
Confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2000), p. 8. Norman Polmar, Thomas A. Brooks, and George E. Fedoroff, Admiral Gorshkov: The Man Who Challenged the US Navy (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2019), p. 110. Polmar, et al., Admiral Gorshkov, p. 112. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Central Intelligence Agency Memorandum for The Director of Central Intelligence, ‘Military Thought (USSR): Reconnaissance Indications of Preparation for a Surprise Attack by US Naval Carrier Strike Large Units’, 3 June 1977, p. 4. CIA Memorandum, ‘Military Thought (USSR)’, p. 4. Polmar, et al., Admiral Gorshkov, p. 111. CIA Memorandum for The Director of Central Intelligence, ‘The Soviet Attack Submarine Force: Evolution and Operations’, SR IM 71-11-S, September 1971, p. 1. The ‘SS’ designator is NATO’s shorthand for surface-to-surface, with the letter ‘N’ designating it is a naval SS missile. Norman Friedman, The Naval Institute’s Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1989), pp. 90-91. Wikipedia, KS-1 Comet, https://en.rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/KS-l_ Komet. Obtained 31 March 2023. ‘Reconnaissance Indications of Preparation for a Surprise Attack by US Naval Carrier Strike Large Units’, Military Thought (USSR). Found in CIA Intelligence Information Special Report, 3 June 1977, p. 14 Military Thought (USSR), pp. 9-11. The Soviet Space Program: National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 11-1-83S TS 833351, 19 Julyl983, CIARDP00B00369R000100050007-1, p. 13. The Soviet Space Program, p. 13.
The US also had film-based space-based orbital systems that imaged Soviet naval facilities. During his years in US Naval Intelligence, the author was well aware of Soviet RORSAT capabilities and limitations; The Soviet Space Program. Wikipedia, ‘Tupolev-Tu-42’, https://en.rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Tupolev_Tu-142. Obtained 31 March 2023. American Shipbuilding Technology and the Soviet Merchant Marine, A Staff Study, Permanent Subcommittee On Investigations of the Committee On Government Operations, United States Senate’ (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 1. Mr George Fedoroff’s email to the author, 29 June 2020. Fedoroff, 29 June 2020. 73
EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 38 25 Military Thought (USSR), p. 6. 26 Polmar, et al., Admiral Gorshkov, p. 112. 27 Robert Waring Herrick, Soviet Naval Strategy: Fifty Years of Theory and Practice (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1968), pp. xxxii - xxxiii. 28 Norman Polmar and Edward Whitman, Hunters and Killers Volume 2: Anti-Submarine Warfare from 1943 (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2016), p. 88. 29 Owen R. Cote, Jr, The Third Battle: Innovation in the US Navy’s Silent Cold War Struggle with Soviet Submarines, Naval War College, Newport Papers Number 16 (Newport, Rhode Island: Naval War College, 2003), p. 2. 30 Raymond V.B. Blackman (ed.), Jane’s Fighting Ships, 1971-1972 (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1971), p. 441. The Midway-class carriers were the first carriers, starting in 1949, to be modified as the first warships possessing a nuclear strike capability. 31 Polmar and Whitman, Hunters and Killers, p. 89. 32 The homing torpedo, using hydrophones to listen for a submarine’s engines, was known as FIDO. For security purposes it was identified as the Mk 24 mine. ‘FIDO’, Wikipedia, ‘Mark 24 Mine’, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_24_mine. Obtained 2 July 2020. Chapter 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 74 W. Carey, ‘Evolution of Passive Towed Array Systems’. His paper was presented at a conference titled ‘How Did We Get Here?’, sponsored by the Acoustical Society of America, December 2001. Carey, ‘Evolution of Passive Towed Array Systems’. Edward C. Whitman, ‘SOSUS: The “Secret Weapon” of Undersea Surveillance’,
Undersea Warfare Magazine, Winter 2005, Vol. 7, No. 2. Whitman, ‘SOSUS’. Whitman, ‘SOSUS’. Whitman, ‘SOSUS’. Whitman, ‘SOSUS’. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Project HARTWELL, A Report On Security of Overseas Transport, Vol. 1 of 2. Contract No. N5 ora 07846,21 September 1950, p. ii. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Project HARTWELL, p. 141. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Project HARTWELL, pp. 146-47. Whitman,‘SOSUS’. Whitman,‘SOSUS’. AT T’s partners included Woods Hole, Scripps Institution and Columbia University’s Hudson Laboratory; Whitman, ‘SOSUS’. Polmar and Whitman, Hunters and Killers, p. 125. Polmar and Whitman, Hunters and Killers, p. 127. Carey, ‘Evolution of Passive Towed Array Systems’. Carey, ‘Evolution of Passive Towed Array Systems’. Columbia University’s Field Station at St David’s was co-located with the Bermuda Sound Fixing and Ranging SOFAR Station, www.sofarbda.org/index.html. Obtained 23 July 2020. Carey, ‘Evolution of Passive Towed Array Systems’. Carey, ‘Evolution of Passive Towed Array Systems’. Carey, ‘Evolution of Passive Towed Array Systems’. Carey, ‘Evolution of Passive Towed Array Systems’. The CNO at the time was Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations. Obtained 25 July 2020. Carey, ‘Evolution of Passive Towed Array Systems’. Carey, ‘Evolution of Passive Towed Array Systems’. Chapter 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Dr Dudley’s recollections from his email to the author, dated 18 May 2020. Joseph Szep’s recollections from his email to the author, dated 11 July 2022.
Mr Szep served aboard the Courtney when it was homeported in Newport and prior to the DE’s deployment to the Mediterranean. Joseph Szep’s email sent to the author, 15 July 2022. Patricia Raub, ‘Discover Beautiful Rhode Island’·. State Promotion of Tourism from 1927-2015, Rhode Island History, winter/spring 2017, Volume 75, Number 1, p. 4. Jess Bidgood, ‘Newport, a City That Loves Its Mansions, Shudders at Its Newest Ones’, The New York Times, 4 December 2016. https://12metercharters.com/about-us/sailing-history/ newport-sailing Raub, p. 9. Joseph Szep’s email sent to the author, 18 July 2022. In the History of USS Hammerberg (DE-1015 ), Command History, Navy Department Office of the Chief of Naval Operation, Division of Naval History (OP-29), Ship’s History Section, the DE “spent two and a half months in Newport while completing major repairs to her boilers”. Mr Edward Kerins, who as a young ensign straight from the Naval Academy, Class of 1967, was the Hammerberg’s Main Propulsion Assistant. He remembers that in the yard a large hole was cut in the DE’s hull to pull out and replace what he remembers were the ship’s evaporators. Telephone interview, 11 March 2021. http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/escorts/del028.htm USS Courtney June 1970, Deck Log Book, NARA. OPNAV Report 5740-1, Command History of Commander Escort Squadron Eight, Commanding Officer, USS Cascade, AD-16, AD16/00/MIN:dbt 5750 Ser: 282, Mar 7 1974. USS Courtney, August 1970, Deck Log Book, NARA. USS Courtney, 18 June 1970, Deck Log Book, NARA. 1970 Command History, USS Lester, DE-1022, 3 August 1971, NHHC. 1970
Command History, USS Lester. ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1970’, Chronology Section, NARA; 1970 Command History, USS Lester, DE-1022, 3 August 1971, NHHC. Chapter 4 United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1970’, Intelligence Section D-2-b, 24 March 1971. 2 Mostafa Salah and Baruch Boxer, ‘Mediterranean Sea, Encyclopaedia Britannica, online edn (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 7 November 2016), https://www.britannica.com/ place/Mediterranean-Sea. Obtained 28 January 2020. 3 Salah and Boxer, ‘Mediterranean Sea. 4 National Geographic, https://www.natgeomaps.com/hm-l 982mediterranean-seafloor-map. Obtained August 2020. 5 Salah and Boxer, ‘Mediterranean Sea. 6 Salah and Boxer, ‘Mediterranean Seal 7 CIA Memorandum for Director of Central Intelligence, ‘The Soviet Attack Submarine Force: Evolution and Operations’. 8 Out-of-Area’ is a term used by the US Navy describing those Soviet air, naval and naval auxiliaries operating beyond their home waters. 9 United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section III-B-3, Anti-Submarine Warfare, NHHC. 10 Norman Polmar, Guide to the Soviet Navy, Third Edition (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1983), p. 6. 1
TAILSHIPS:THE HUNT FOR SOVIET SUBMARINES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, 1970-1973 11 Gaeta continues to be the homeport for Sixth Fleet’s flagship. Maddalena was the port where a US Navy submarine tender was moored and provided support to deployed USN SSNs. 12 Polmar, Guide to the Soviet Navy, Third Edition, p. 6. 13 Polmar, Guide to the Soviet Navy, Third Edition, p. 102. 14 Polmar, Guide to the Soviet Navy Fifth Edition, p. 401. 15 The Juliett had to surface in order to activate its radar and fire its missiles. 16 Wikipedia, ‘RPK-2 Vyuga, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPK2_Vyuga. Obtained 14 August 2020. 17 Not included are the auxiliary ships - tankers, repair, submarine rescue and fresh water ships. 18 Norman Polmar, Guide to the Soviet Navy, Fourth Edition (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1986), pp. 183-87. 19 Polmar, Guide to the Soviet Navy Fourth Edition, p. 450. 20 It was correctly assumed the NATO-designated SS-N-14 Silex was capable of striking surface ships as well as submarines with either a shape charged warhead for ships or a torpedo slung underneath its fuselage for either surface or submerged targets; https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metel_Anti-Ship_Complex. Obtained 15 August 2020. 21 Wikipedia, ‘S-125 Neva/Perchora. The NATO-designated SA-N1B Goa was a radar-guided SAM, possessing an effective range out to 14 miles. As with SAMs, the Goa could be targeted against surface ships. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-125_Neva/Pechora. Obtained 31 March 2023. 22 National Photographic Interpretation Center imagery analysis report, ‘Soviet Primorye-Class
Intelligence Collection Ships’, December 1984. CIA-RDP85T00840R000100200001-5, declassified on 17 November 2010, p. 3. 23 The ‘first salvo’ assumes the fleet attacking first has the greatest chance of victory in any given tactical action. However, this requires the attacking force to possess superior operational intelligence capability through its organic and non-organic surveillance and reconnaissance sensors. 9 Chapter 5 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 2 USS Courtney, September 1970, Deck Log Book, NARA. Image found in NavSource Naval History, http://www.navsource. org/archives/06/06021021.htm. Obtained 19 June 2021. 3 CDR Jack Flanagan, SC, USN Ret, wrote a paper to the author, titled ‘USS Lester, DE-1022,1 September 2020’. As supply officer to his DE, Jack provided a unique understanding of the logistic challenges facing CORTRON 8 ships while homeported in Naples. 4 ‘At Home Abroad - Or Homeporting Overseas’, All Hands, The Bureau of Naval Personnel Career Publication (May 1973), NavPer-О, Number 676, pp. 8-9. 5 The DEs also received UNREP from Sixth Fleet oilers or they pulled into Augusta Bay, Sicily, to take on fuel. 6 The tailships were never designed to accommodate such capabilities. 7 Flanagan’s paper to the author. 8 In addition to the DEs and Cascade homeported in Naples, there were four patrol gunboats (PGs) of the Asheville class, together with their tender, the converted Landing Ship Tank (LST) USS Graham County, AGP-1176, in September 1972. Captain Peter L. McCammon, USN Ret, Homeport Naples: USS Graham County (AGP 1176) in the Mediterranean, September
1972 to July 1974 (San Francisco: Blurb creative publishing service, second printing, 2008). 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section IV Logistics, Section G, Maintenance of Forward Deployed Ships, paragraph 4, NHHC. The author had an apartment overlooking the NSA compound and would take a local bus first thing in the morning, arriving at Fleet Landing just before 0700 hours. On the way back in the afternoon, travel would often take 60 minutes or more. The park was named after Vice Admiral Robert Carney, USN, who was CinC, Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH) 1951-53. He later became Chief of Naval Operations. Carney Park continues to be a recreational park for US service personnel and families living in Naples. Wikipedia, ‘Robert Carney’, https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Robert_Carney. Obtained 20 April 2021. A few CORTRON 8 families had children born at the hospital. ‘At Home Abroad - Or Homeporting Overseas’, All Hands, pp. 8-9. Santore, John, Modern Naples: A Documentary History, 1799-1999 (New York: Italica Press, 2001), p. XXXII. Santore, Modern Naples, p. 245. Sanatore, Modern Naples, p. 261. CDR Jack Flanagan, USN SC Ret, Recollection of some significant moments as supply ojficer USS Lester (DE-1022), March 1972 to December 1973,1 December 2020. According to Flanagan, the NSA Housing Assistance Office suffered periodic problems of employees being ‘on the take’ to steer Americans to favoured landlords. Likewise, you might find that a seemingly inexpensive or great for the price’ residence
that was being recommended was in either a high-crime area or an area that was openly hostile to Americans. Flanagan remembers: “On Lester, officers and crew that had residences ashore were scattered all over the metropolitan area of Naples. This made for great difficulties communicating among dependents. Remember, this was the time of no terrestrial phone lines in these residences, no cell phones, no internet, etc.” David Silverthorn, email sent to the author from a former Courtney sailor, 6 July 2020. Electronics Technician First Class (ET1) Richard Eriksson, USN email dated 5 December 2009. Eriksson prolonged his stay in Naples because he obtained a transfer to the Lester prior to Van Voorhis' return to the US. Steve Magistro wrote to the author in an email dated 2 May 2021. Steve Kendall’s email to the author, dated 2 May 2021. Jack Flanagan, SC USN Ret; remembrances of his time as the supply officer onboard USS Lester, DE-1022. Stephen Edwards’ email sent to the author on 29 December 2020. Claire Kelso, ‘Thoughts on Naples, Italy, June 1971’, 28 July 2022. Jim Haddock, Captain, USN Ret., Monograph ‘My take on USS Lester and Cortron 8’, 12 December 2020. Haddock, Monograph. OT3 Jim Whyte, ‘Memories from time onboard USS Lester (March 1972 - December 1973’, 28 March 2021. OT3 Jim Whyte, ‘Memories from time onboard USS Lester (March 1972 - December 1973’, 28 March 2021. McCammon, Homeport Naples: USS Graham County (AGP 1176) in the Mediterranean, September 1972 to July 1974, p. 25. McCammon, Homeport Naples: USS Graham County, p. 25. F. De Lorenzo, G. Manzillo, Μ. Soscia,
and G.G. Balestrier, ‘Epidemic Of Cholera El Tor In Naples, 1973’, The Lancet, 13 April 1974, DOI: https//doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(74)93214-0. Edwards’ email sent to the author, 29 December 2020. Kelso, ‘Thoughts on Naples, Italy’. Kelso, ‘Thoughts on Naples, Italy’. 75
EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 38 Chapter 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 76 Comments by VADM Wendt at his change of command, 28 August 1970, as reported by Michael McGuire, Chicago Tribune, 29 August 1970; United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1970’, Section E, Public Affairs, NHHC. United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1970’, Section D, Intelligence, D-l, 24 March 1971, NHHC. The force level increase was due to the largest Soviet Navy peacetime fleet exercise, called Okean (Ocean), which occurred in April and May 1970. As a global exercise, it involved 84 warships, approximately 80 submarines (15 nuclear) and 45 naval auxiliaries, including intelligence collection ships. Additionally, it involved hundreds of aircraft. See US Naval Institute, Proceedings, Okean Massive Soviet Exercise: 50 Years Later’, https://www.usni.org/ magazines/proceedings/2020/april/okean-massive-soviet-exercise50-years-later. Obtained 31 March 2023. United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1970’, Section D Intelligence, D-2-b, 24 March 1971, NHHC. US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History’, Section D, 1970. US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1970’. United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1970’, Intelligence Section D-2-i, March 1971, NHHC. Deep Storm website. Deep Storm. United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1970’, Intelligence Section D-5-a, March 1971, NARA. Ford, Christopher Ford and Rosenberg, David, The Admirals’ Advantage: US Navy Operational Intelligence in World War II and
the Cold War (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 56. Ford and Rosenberg, The Admirals’ Advantage. Ford and Rosenberg, The Admirals’Advantage. Classic Bullseye was the name for the DoD worldwide HF/DF stations consisting of an AN/FRD-10 circularly arranged antenna array. They detected RF signals emitting from aircraft, surface ships and surfaced submarines. With more than one station detecting a signal, it was possible to determine a line of bearing and triangulate the location of the emitter. One such station was located at the US Naval Base, Rota, Spain. Desmond Ball and Richard Tanter, The Tools ofOwatatsumi: Japan’s Ocean Surveillance and Coastal Defence capabilities (Canberra, Australia: ANU Press, The Australian National University 2015). Ford and Rosenberg, The Admirals’ Advantage, pp. 56-57. Ford and Rosenberg, The Admirals’ Advantage, p. 57. United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1970’, Intelligence Section D-2-a, 24 March 1971, NHHC. Wikipedia, ‘Mediterranean Climate’, https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Mediterraneanclimate. Alex Kucherov, interview with COMSIXTHFLT (Vice Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, Jr, USN), U.S. News and World Report, 8 July 1971; United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section VIII Public Affairs, Appendix VIII-A, NHHC. US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section VIII Public Affairs, Appendix VIII-A. US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section VIII Public Affairs, Appendix VIII-A. US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section VIII Public Affairs,
Appendix VIII-A. Courtney Oceanographic Technician Chief Senior Ralph Rooney, email to the author, dated 18 September 2004. He wrote: “The ITASS suite definitely had reliability problems.” 25 Wikipedia, ‘Mediterranean Climate’. 26 Lyle J. Goldstein and Yuri Μ. Zhukov, Ά Tale of Two Fleets’, Naval War College Review, Newport, Rhode Island. This information was obtained from an article written by I.V. Kasatonov, Flot vyhodit v okean (The fleet is going to the ocean) (St Petersburg: Astra-Lyuks, 1995), p. 269. 27 Captain Eugene Razzetti, USN Ret, email to the author, 22 April 2020. Razzetti was Chief of Staff to Commander, Escort Squadron 8, 1971-73. 28 Razzetti. 29 Razzetti. 30 The Radio Collective Call Sign was ‘Argentina’ and an individual aircraft call sign would have a number, such as Argentina two, three’ (23). 31 The Radio Collective Call Sign was ‘Neckware’ and the individual aircraft call sign would have a number assigned, such as ‘Neckware one, two’ (12). 32 In 1972, the Commander of COMCORTRON 8, (then) Commander Virgil Snyder, USN, initiated an exchange/liaison programme with CTF 67 for himself and his chief staff officer to fly missions on a P-3, while a P-3 Tactical Officer would sail with one of the tailships. That was usually the squadron’s flagship, Courtney. 33 Rooney’s email to the author. 34 Wikipedia, ‘USS Wasp (CV-18) 1968-1970’, https://en. Wikipedia. org/wiki/USS_Wasp_(CV-18)#1968-1970. Obtained on 26 September 2020. Chapter 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 USS Threadfin, October 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA. According to the Sixth Fleet’s command
history for 1970, a single nuclear fast attack submarine was operating in the Mediterranean at the time, the USS Tulibee, SSN-597. It could have been a cooperative target for the tailships. Threadfin’s log entry 0000-0400,2 October stated, “underway submerged operating in company with USS Hammerberg (DE1015) and USS Courtney (DE1021) in accordance with CTF 69 MOVORD 105-70”. USS Threadfin, October 1970, Deck Log Book, NARA. USS Threadfin, October 1970. NHHC, S.P. Lee II (AGS-31), https://www.history.navy.mil/ research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/s-p-lee-ags-31.html. At night, many of these tiny fishing boats showed a small white light that bobbled about as the boat rolled with the waves. It did not dawn on those on the bridge that the fishermen would see the oncoming warship. The author, as one of the Courtney’s CIC watch supervisors, experienced passing through the Strait of Messina at night too many times to count. USS Van Voorhis, October 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA. USS Van Voorhis, October 1970. USS Van Voorhis, October 1970. USS Andrew Jackson, October 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA. USS Andrew Jackson, October 1970. USS Andrew Jackson, October 1970. Captain Eugene Razetti, USN Ret, email to the author on 16 November 2020; his response to my question was that he was aware that SSBNs operated in the Med. He stated: “I was a COMSIXTHFLT Flag Plot Watch Officer [June 1973-June 1975]. But: who they were, where they were, and what they were doing was ‘Compartmented’. Only our senior staff officers followed their movements. Our staff submariner kept a separate (folding) Med
chart, based on TS back channel traffic. He would brief the
TAILSHIPS:THE HUNT FOR SOVIET SUBMARINES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, 1970-1973 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Admiral in his cabin, or in Flag Plot after those of us with no need to know were sent out.” John Μ. Hightower (AP), ‘NATO May Get Mediterranean Polaris Subs’, Washington Post, Sunday, 3 February 1963, P.A10. The author thanks Mr Norman Polmar for a copy of the article. Eliot, George Fielding, ‘Polaris in the Mediterranean, The Army Times, 23 February 1963, p. 14. Dominic Johnson and Dominic Tierney, Failing to Win: Perceptions of Victory and Defeat (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 96. United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History, Chronology Section, 1970, NHHC. USS Van Voorhis, October 1970. The author’s diary expressed frustration that it took several months for his ship to minimize the use of the two unique radars. By July 1971, the ships did practice routine emissions control. As noted in Chapter 4, intelligence assumed Soviet Foxtrots would be operating between Crete and Libya in order to report on Sixth Fleet carrier battle groups transiting to and from the eastern Mediterranean. USS John F. Kennedy, CVA-67, October 1970, Deck Log Book, NARA. United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1970’, Section B, Operations, subsection 3a Surface, NHHC. A MODLOC is an Acronym for Miscellaneous Operational Details, Local Operations limited to established fleet operating areas. Surface Warfare Officers School, ‘Depart Head Combat Systems, Newport, Rhode Island, Information Sheet, Movement Reports,
2/96’, https://man.fas.org/dod-101/navy/docs/swos/ ops/72-7.html. Obtained on 27 August 2022. USS Courtney, October 1970, Deck Log Book, NARA. USS Courtney, October 1970. USS Courtney, October 1970. USS Clamagore, SS-343, November 1970, Deck Log, NARA. OT2 Harry Jones email to the author, 15 March 2022. Jones served aboard both the Van Voorhis and the Lester between 1970 and 1972. USS Courtney, November 1970, and USS Van Voorhis, November 1970, Deck Log Books, NARA. USS Clamagore, November 1970, Deck Log Book, NARA. USS Clamagore, November 1970. USS Clamagore, November 1970. USS Van Voorhis, November 1970, Deck Log Book, NARA. The date was provided in an email by CDR Jack Flanagan, SC USN Ret, former supply officer of the USS Lester. It was confirmed by USS Lester, November 1970, Deck Log Book, NARA. Master Chief Oceanographic Specialist Technician John Ellis, USN Ret, email to the author, 19 July 2022. USS Cutlass, November 1970, Deck Log Book, NARA. Lester was operating within a box south of Sardinia. Author’s calculations based upon Lester’s December 1970 Deck Log Book, NARA. USS Lapon, December 1970, Deck Log Book, NARA Chapters 1 2 3 4 Kucherov, interview with COMSIXTHFLT (Vice Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, Jr, USN), US News and World Report. US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section VI Intelligence, 1972, NHHC. See Soviet Fifth Eskadra OOB as composed from the author’s diary. US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section VI Intelligence. US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section VI Intelligence. 6 US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet
Command History 1971’, Section VI, Intelligence. 7 Deep Storm website, www.deepstorm.ru. Obtained 22 October 2022. 8 Deep Storm. 9 “Escort Squadron Eight began ASW tests in the Western Mediterranean.” It is safe to assume this was another ‘special hydrographic operation’. ‘Escort Squadron Eight Command History 1971’, NHHC. 10 Harry Jones email to the author, 15 March 2022. 11 USS Courtney, January 1971 Deck Log Book, NARA. 12 The Rhone Fan (named after France’s Rhone River) “is a large Plio-Pleistocene turbidite deposit. the fan is fed from the broad Rhone River delta . The Rhone Fan is elongated in a rough north-south direction.” Normark, William R., Barnes, Neal E. and Coumes, Francis, ‘Rhone Fan, Mediterranean, Submarine Fans and Related Turbidite Systems, (ed Arnold H. Bouma, W.R. Normark and N.E. Barnes), Frontiers in Sedimentary Geology (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1985), pp. 151-56. 13 US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section I, Chronology NHHC. 14 US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section III, Operations, NHHC. 15 USS Courtney, January 1971 Deck Log Book, NARA. 16 Deep Storm; these were K-147 and K-323. 17 USS Courtney, February 1971 Deck Log Book, NARA. 18 US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section I, Chronology, NHHC. 19 Grand Canyon was replaced by the USS Cascade, AD-16. Cascade would be the ‘Mother Hen’ during the rest of the squadrons Mediterranean deployment. 20 USS Courtney, March 1971 Deck Log Book, NARA. 21 US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section I, Chronology, NHHC. 22 Deep
Storm; at this time there were only five Foxtrot submarines and one Juliett. 23 Kucherov, interview with COMSIXTHFLT (Vice Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, Jr, USN), US News and World Report. 24 ‘Command History Escort Squadron Eight 1971’, NHHC. 25 Rooney’s email to the author. 26 Courtney and Lester participated in the NATO Exercise Dawn Patrol 71 in the Tyrrhenian Sea 28-30 April. USS Springfield, April 1971 Deck Log Book, NARA. 27 Deep Storm. 28 US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section I Chronology, p. 8, NHHC. 29 Deep Storm. 30 US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1971’, Section I Chronology, pp. 9-12. 31 Derived from the author’s notebook and nautical chart. 32 Derived from the author’s notebook and nautical chart. 5 Chapter 9 1 2 US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1972’, Section VI Intelligence, p.VI-1. US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1972’, Section VI Intelligence, p.VI-1. Tnchopping’ refers to a ship/sub/aircraft entering a different area of operations and being placed under the operational control of the new command. For example, when a ship under control of the Second Fleet passed into the 77
EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 38 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Mediterranean, it had Inchopped and would then be under the control of Sixth Fleet. ‘Outchopping’ is the opposite of this. US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1972’, Section VI Intelligence, p.VI-1. US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1972’, Section III Operations, p.III-4, NHHC. Author’s diary, 3-10 February 1972. United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1972’, Section I, Command History Chronology, 1 January to 31 December 1972, NHHC. The author learned of this after he was assigned to the Office of Naval Intelligence in the late 1970s as a Mediterranean Desk watch officer. Relating that incident during his interview with the author, Captain Spruell said he received a complement from the Leningrad on his ship-handling skills. Polmar, Guide to the Soviet Navy, Fourth Edition, p. 9. Polmar, Guide to the Soviet Navy, Third Edition, p. 363. Norman Polmar, and KJ. Moore, Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of US and Soviet Submarines (Potomac Books, 2004), p. 113. Author’s diary. ‘Cryptologic Almanac 50th Anniversary Series (U) The Widowmaker: SIGINT and Submarine K-19; Derived from: NSA/ CSS Manual 123-2. Dated 24 Feb 1998, DOCID: 4110868. US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1972’, Section VI, Intelligence, p.VI-3. According to www.deepstorm.ru, these submarines were, Foxtrots B-26, B-31, B-94, B-98, B-409 and B-416. Juliett K-318 also entered the Mediterranean. Courtneys May 1972, Deck Log Book, NARA. It should be
noted that in the intelligence section of Sixth Fleet’s 1972 history, there is no mention that this transfer of Soviet submarines occurred in May. Not possessing Hammerberg’s deck log, one can only assume that she mirrored Courtneys track. Courtneys May 1972 Deck Log Book, NARA. This was probably Juliett K-318. Courtneys May 1972 Deck Log Book, NARA. Courtney’s July 1972 Deck Log Book, NARA. Courtney, July 1972. Courtney, July 1972. Author’s diary. Author’s diary. Email to the author from CDR Mark D. Tabing, USN Ret, 28 July 2023. Author’s diary. The author, who at the time was Courtney’s CIC Watch Supervisor, heard over his sound-powered phones, the sonarman yelling ‘high speed props bearing 350’. All within the sonar shack panicked, as they though the Russian had fired a torpedo. But they were kept in the compartment by the senior chief sonarman, who kept the door closed, yelling expletives at them to stay at their stations. Courtney’s July 1972 Deck Log Book, NARA Solomon, Louis P., Transparent Oceans: The Defeat of the Soviet Submarine Force (Bethesda, Maryland: Pearl River Publishing, 2015), pp. 61-62. Solomon, Transparent Oceans, p. 61. Solomon, Transparent Oceans, pp. 60-61. Solomon, Transparent Oceans, p. 63. Solomon, Transparent Oceans, p. 63. 34 Solomon, Transparent Oceans, p. 63. 35 Solomon, Transparent Oceans, p. 63. 36 IUSS Caesar Alumni Association, ‘Brawdy American Naval Facility’, https://www.iusscaa.org/art26.pdf. Obtained on 22 December 2021. 37 Solomon, Transparent Oceans, p. 64. 38 United States Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1972’, Section
VI, Intelligence, p. VI-3. 39 National Public Radio, ‘Munich Olympics Massacre’, https://www. npr.org/2022/09/04/1116641214/munich-olympics-massacrehostage-terrorism-israel-germany. 40 Courtney s September 1972 Deck Log Book, NARA. The reason for this test is unknown. It could have been a follow-up to the August test in the Atlantic that validated the technique that ascertained the directionality of the noise field using two towed arrays. 41 Courtney’s October 1972 Deck Log Book, NARA. 42 Courtney’s October 1972 Deck Log Book. 43 National Public Radio, ‘Munich Olympics’. 44 US Sixth Fleet, ‘Sixth Fleet Command History 1972’, Section VI, Intelligence, p. VI-3. 45 Six Fleet Command History 1972, Section I, Calendar, pp. 1-1 through 1-14. 46 Sixth Fleet Command History 1972, Section VI, Intelligence, p. VI-3. 47 Haddock, Monograph. 48 ‘1973 Command History, US Sixth Fleet and Naval Striking and Support Forces Southern Europe’, 28 February 1974, Section VI Intelligence, p. VI-1. NHHC. 49 ‘At Home Abroad - Or Homeporting Overseas’, All Hands, p. 9. 50 Flanagan, Recollection. 51 Haddock, Monograph. 52 Haddock, Monograph. 53 ‘1973 Command History, US Sixth Fleet and Naval Striking and Support Forces Southern Europe’, 28 February 1974, Section III Operations, p. Ill-10, NHHC. Chapter 10 IUSS Caesar Alumni Association, ‘An Unofficial History of The Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System (SURTASS) 1972-2015’, https://www.iusscaa.org/articles/surtass_history.pdf. 2 Polmar and Moore, Cold War Submarines, p. 173. 3 Polmar and Moore, Cold War Submarines, p. 185. 4 Owen R. Cote Jr, ‘The
Third Battle: Innovation in the US Navy’s Silent Cold War Struggle with Soviet Submarines’, Newport Paper Number 16 (Newport, Rhode Island: Naval War College, 2003). 5 Polmar and Moore, Cold War Submarines, p. 286. 6 Bi-static sonar is a sonar configuration in which the sonar transmitter and receiver platforms are separated at a considerable distance. 7 An Unofficial History of SURTASS’. 8 Japanese Maritime Defense Force acquired a single SURTASS to equip its own purpose-built SWATH ship. 9 Congressional Research Service, TAGOS(X) Ocean Surveillance Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress, https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11838/12 . Obtained 1 March 2023. 10 Μ. Lasky, R.D. Dolittle, B.D. Simmons, and S.G. Lemon, ‘Recent progress in towed hydrophone array research’, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Volume 29, Issue: 2 (April 2004), pp. 374-87. 11 Naval History and Heritage Command, ‘Brontstein II 'FT-10370’, https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/ histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bronstein-ii.html. 1
TAILSHIPS:THE HUNT FOR SOVIET SUBMARINES INTHE MEDITERRANEAN, 1970-1973 12 Naval History and Heritage Command, ‘Brontstein II *FF-1037’. 13 Edward H.Lundquist, ‘Bronstein-class Escorts Introduced New Sensors and Weapons’, Defense Media Network, 30 November 2016, https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/bronstein-classescorts-introduced-new-sensors-and-weapons/. 14 Polmar and Moore, Cold War Submarines, p. 171. 15 Lundquist, ‘Bronstein-class Escorts Introduced New Sensors and Weapons’. 16 Polmar and Moore, Cold War Submarines, p. 160. 17 Polmar and Moore, Cold War Submarines, p. 159. 18 Lundquist, ‘Bronstein-class Escorts Introduced New Sensors and Weapons’. 19 Captain William Steagall, USN Ret, email to the author 2 February 2023: “As an ensign, I reported aboard [Albert David] in December 1974. The TASS was already installed. We would operate with the USS Sample!’ 20 Americas Navy, ‘AN/SQQ-89(V) Undersea Warfare/AntiSubmarine Combat System, https://www.navy.mil/Resources/ Fact-Files/Display-FactFiles/Article/2166784/ansqq-89v-underseawarfare-anti-submarine-warfare-combat-system/. Obtained 15 January 2023. 21 Military Aerospace Electronics, ‘Navy Says Lockheed Martin to Build AN/SQQ-89 Shipboard Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) and counter-mine systems’, https://www.militaryaerospace.com/ sensors/article/14169960/shipboard-antisubmarine-warfare-aswcountermine. Obtained 15 January 2023. 22 AN/SQQ-89A(V)15 Integrated Undersea Warfare (USW) Combat System Suite, https://www.dote.osd.mil/Portals/97/pub/reports/ FY2013/navy/2013ansqq89a.pdf?ver=2019-08-22-111213-517. Obtained 14
March 2023. Chapter 1Ί 1 2 3 4 5 Flanagan recounted the meeting with Admiral Weschler in an email to the author on Saturday, 27 June 2021. Stillwell, Paul, The Reminiscences of Vice Admiral Thomas R. Weschler, USN (Retired), Volume II (Annapolis, Maryland: US Naval Institute Press, 1995), p. 785. Stillwell, Reminiscences of Vice Admiral Thomas R. Weschler, p. 665. Stillwell, Reminiscences of Vice Admiral Thomas R. Weschler, p. 785. Lasky, Dolittle, Simmons and Lemon. 79 |
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| id | DE-604.BV049646729 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:39:55Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T07:27:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781914377099 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034990247 |
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| physical | 80 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten (teilweise farbig) 30 cm |
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| publishDate | 2023 |
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| series | Europe@war series |
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| spelling | Rodgaard, John Verfasser (DE-588)1330385136 aut Tailships the hunt for Soviet submarines in the Mediterranean 1970-1973 John Rodgaard Warwick Helion & Company Limited [2023] © 2023 80 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten (teilweise farbig) 30 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europe@war series No. 38 USA Navy (DE-588)14543-9 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1970-1973 gnd rswk-swf Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd rswk-swf Unterseeboot (DE-588)4078646-8 gnd rswk-swf Mittelmeer (DE-588)4074895-9 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Hammerberg (Ship) Courtney (Ship) Lester (Ship) Anti-submarine warfare / United States / History / 20th century Cold War United States / History, Naval / 20th century Guerre anti-sous-marine / Histoire / 20e siècle Guerre froide États-Unis / Histoire navale / 20e siècle Anti-submarine warfare United States / https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtxgQXMWqmjMjjwXRHgrq 1900-1999 History Naval history USA Navy (DE-588)14543-9 b Mittelmeer (DE-588)4074895-9 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Unterseeboot (DE-588)4078646-8 s Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 s Geschichte 1970-1973 z DE-604 Europe@war series No. 38 (DE-604)BV046733782 38 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034990247&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034990247&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Rodgaard, John Tailships the hunt for Soviet submarines in the Mediterranean 1970-1973 Europe@war series USA Navy (DE-588)14543-9 gnd Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd Unterseeboot (DE-588)4078646-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)14543-9 (DE-588)4075770-5 (DE-588)4078646-8 (DE-588)4074895-9 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Tailships the hunt for Soviet submarines in the Mediterranean 1970-1973 |
| title_auth | Tailships the hunt for Soviet submarines in the Mediterranean 1970-1973 |
| title_exact_search | Tailships the hunt for Soviet submarines in the Mediterranean 1970-1973 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Tailships the hunt for Soviet submarines in the Mediterranean 1970-1973 |
| title_full | Tailships the hunt for Soviet submarines in the Mediterranean 1970-1973 John Rodgaard |
| title_fullStr | Tailships the hunt for Soviet submarines in the Mediterranean 1970-1973 John Rodgaard |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tailships the hunt for Soviet submarines in the Mediterranean 1970-1973 John Rodgaard |
| title_short | Tailships |
| title_sort | tailships the hunt for soviet submarines in the mediterranean 1970 1973 |
| title_sub | the hunt for Soviet submarines in the Mediterranean 1970-1973 |
| topic | USA Navy (DE-588)14543-9 gnd Ost-West-Konflikt (DE-588)4075770-5 gnd Unterseeboot (DE-588)4078646-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | USA Navy Ost-West-Konflikt Unterseeboot Mittelmeer Sowjetunion |
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