The Holocaust: an unfinished history
"The Holocaust is much discussed, much memorialized, and much portrayed. But there are major aspects of its history that have been overlooked. Spanning the entirety of the Holocaust, this sweeping history deepens our understanding. Dan Stone--Director of the Holocaust Research Institute at Roya...
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| Sprache: | English |
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New York ; Boston
Mariner Books
2024
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| Ausgabe: | First U.S. edition |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "The Holocaust is much discussed, much memorialized, and much portrayed. But there are major aspects of its history that have been overlooked. Spanning the entirety of the Holocaust, this sweeping history deepens our understanding. Dan Stone--Director of the Holocaust Research Institute at Royal Holloway, University of London--reveals how the idea of "industrial murder" is incomplete: many were killed where they lived in the most brutal of ways. He outlines the depth of collaboration across Europe, arguing persuasively that we need to stop thinking of the Holocaust as an exclusively German project. He also considers the nature of trauma the Holocaust engendered, and why Jewish suffering has yet to be fully reckoned with. And he makes clear that the kernel to understanding Nazi thinking and action is genocidal ideology, providing a deep analysis of its origins. Drawing on decades of research, The Holocaust: An Unfinished History upends much of what we think we know about the Holocaust. Stone draws on Nazi documents, but also on diaries, post-war testimonies, and even fiction, urging that, in our age of increasing nationalism and xenophobia, it is vital that we understand the true history of the Holocaust"-- |
| Beschreibung: | "Originally published in the United Kingdom in 2023 by Penguin Random House UK."--Title page verso |
| Beschreibung: | li, 402 Seiten 3 Illustrationen, 6 Karten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780063349032 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a List of figures and maps -- Image sources -- Introduction: What is the Holocaust? -- Before the Holocaust -- Attack on the Jews, 1933-8 -- Before the 'final solution' -- War of annihilation -- A continent-wide crime -- Camps and the mobile Holocaust -- Great is the wrath: 'liberation' and its aftermath -- Holocaust memory -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Select bibliography -- Index | |
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Contents LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS vii IMAGE SOURCES vii i INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS THE HOLOCAUST? ix CHAPTER 1 Before the Holocaust 1 CHAPTER 2 Attack on the Jews, 1933-8 35 CHAPTER 3 Before the ‘Final Solution’ 67 CHAPTER 4 War of Annihilation 103 CHAPTER 5 A Continent-wide Crime 145 CHAPTER 6 Camps and the Mobile Holocaust 189
CHAPTER 7 Great Is the Wrath: ‘Liberation’ and Its Aftermath 223 CHAPTER 8 Holocaust Memory 263 CONCLUSION 297 NOTES 305 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 369 INDEX 381
Index ‘great replacement theory,’ 280; Hitler’s ‘prophecy’ speech (January 1939), XXXV, Abetz, Otto, 142 Abramovicz, Shea, 255-6 Abterode (sub-camp of Buchenwald), 219 Acmecetca concentration camp, xi Adenauer, Konrad, 269-70 Adorno, Theodor, 207 Ahmedinejad, President, 281 74-6,106-7,109, “°;in Hungary today, xxix-xxx; IHRA working definition of, 265-6; importance of in Nazi worldview, xx-xxii, 1,3-6,12-18, 23-6,31,35-7,55- 6,87,149; increased Nazi fanaticism (1938-9), 69-70; Jewish Assets Tax, 70; Kristallnacht as turning-point in Ahubia, Abraham, 244 Alexander, Jeffrey, xlii, 268 Alexianu, Gheorghe, 175 Germany, xxxiv, 47,50-2,53-5,56-7,61, Alexievich, Svetlana, 121-2 48-9; myth of Judaeo-communism, xxii, xxix, xxxv-xxxvi, 30,38,99,108,117-19, Algerian war, xxiv, XXX, 274 Amsterdam, 63,142-3,156,301; Anne Frank House, 269; ‘Diamond Jews’ of, 259 anthropology, xlv, 14-15,17,21,24,25,302; racial, xxi, 23,55 antisemitism: anti-Israel statements 65-6,68; Kurfürstendamm riot, 45-6; law enforcing name-changes for Jews (1938), 124,125-6,155,175,283; and nationalism, xii-xiii, XX, xxxvi-xxxvii, 129,145,147-8; Nazi claims of scientific backing for, 14,18-19,21-2; and Nazi education of the young, 19-20,39-41,40; non-Jewish conflated with, 265-6,278; assimilated ‘Jews,’ 62; Nuremberg Laws (1935), 42-5, Christians defined as Jews, 62; in contemporary debates over racism, 89,268-9;as political and philosophical principle, 14-15,19,20-1,23-4; in post 289-90; as cultural code from Wilhelmine period, 25; Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew, film), 94; war period, xvii, xxiii, xxiv-xxv,
251; difference between Nazi regime and its collaborators, xxii; and discourse of radicalization of Nazi policy in late- 1930s, 57; θί regimes allied to Nazis, xi-xii, xiv-xvi, xviii, xxii-xxiii, 131-2, 166-77, 284; sexual aspect of for Nazis, 288-9; in early Nazi years, xxxiii, xxxiv, 35-6,37,38-50,153; Entebbe hostages 39,43; and stab-in-the-back legend, 9,11-12,29-30,89; stock fantasies from nineteenth-century, 97-8; (1976), xxiv-xxv; fantasies relating to Tisma articulates classic version of, 4; finance/capitalism, xxix-xxx, 30,45,74, 75; foreign observers of Nazism, 41,44-7; traditional Christian Jew-hatred, xxxiii, ‘double genocide,’ xxvi, xxix, 272,283, foreign sympathy for Nazi policies, 44-5; xlix-1, 3-4,25-6,301; trope of global Jewish influence, xviii, xxx, xxxii, xxxv, 381
INDEX 3-6,14,18-19,23,74-6,87,89,98-9, 109-10,300; as unifying force among divergent Nazi groups, 119-20; ‘Vienna model’ for Jewish policy, 52-3, 76-7; Voegelin on, 14-15 see also Holocaust victims, Jewish Antonescu, Ion, xviii, xxii, 131,171-2, 177-8,188 (7 October 1944), 206; as successor to Reinhard camps, 193,196-7,198,202; Union munitions plant at, 206 austerity policies, recent, xxx, xxxi Australia, 70,278 Austria: annexation of (Anschluss, 1938), xxxiv, 51,52-3,75,76-7; Central Office for Jewish Emigration, 52-3,76-7; DP Antonescu, Mihai, 172 appeasement policies, inter-war, xxxiii, xxxviii, 28-9,30,51,77-8,180-1 (displaced persons) camps, xxiii, 244; involvement in Holocaust, xiii, 270; Jewish migration from, 53,70,71,76-7; Arad, Yitzhak, 284 Arendt, Hannah, xii, xxxiii, 146,297 Nazi treatment of Jews in, 35,52-3,76-7, 90; radical-right in today, xxviii, 273; recent Holocaust memorials/museums Arlt, Fritz, 55-6 Armenian genocide, xxv Artukovic, Andrija, 169 Atlantic Charter, xxxviii, 180 Auerbach, Rachel, xlvii, 193 Auschwitz: Auschwitz Album, 163,202; in, xxviii-xxix; as testing ground for Jewish policy, 52-3,76-7; Waldheim’s Nazi past, 270,275 Austro-Hungarian Empire, xx, 129 Axis states allied to Nazis: antisemitism becomes killing centre for Jews, 68,111, of, xi-xii, xiv-xvi, xviii, xxii-xxiii, 131-2, 140,193,200-2; Birkenau (Auschwitz 166-8; cover-up of collaboration, xiv, xxxvii; differing attitudes towards/types of, 152,153—4; ethnic nationalism in, II), ill, 162,163,198,200,201-2; camp’s gassing installations, 198-9, 202,204; 140,198,207-8,212-17,220,224;
xii-xiii, xx, xxxvi-xxxvii, 145-6,147-8,161, 166-72,187-8; freedom of manoeuvre of, daily life of working inmates, 204-5; xx, xxxvii-xxxviii, 146-7,166-79,187-8; ‘death marches’ from, 225,234,238-9; indigenous fascist regimes, 131-2,140, as centre of vast slave labour operation, experience of arrival at, 162-3,201-2, 203-4; fiftieth anniversary of liberation (1995), 270; first experimental gassings at, 136,198; Frankfurt trials of guards 146-7,169-70,171-9; massive variation in local conditions, 153,154,155-6; Nazi willingness to compromise, 157; orders to repatriate ‘their’ Jews, 184-5; resisting (1963-5), xxvi, 268-9; has almost no of Nazi demands, xx, 143-4,157-60,166, bearing on German resources, 107; and 188; taking of initiative in anti-Jewish persecution, xv, xviii, xxxvi-xxxviii, 131-2, Hungary’s Jews, 160,162-3,201, 220,301; images of Birkenau ramp and selection process, 163,201-2; June 1941 to autumn 1942 period, 191,198-9; ‘liberation’ of, xxviii, 225,237; as metonym for evil, 207, 143,158,166-77,179; unpredictability of, 156-9 see also Bulgaria; Croatia; Hungary; Romania; Slovakia; Yugoslavia 268,279; murder process at, 198-9,201-2, 204,205-6; and perception of‘factory like’ genocide, xii, 199,201, 205; place of Babyn Yar (Babi Yar) massacre (September in Holocaust memory, 140,162-3, !7S, 193,197-8, 207,268,272,278; religious Backe, Herbert, 105 observance in, 202-3; role in the Final 1941), 130,175 Solution, 196-202; and Slovakia’s Jews, Bader, Marie, 113 Baeumler, Alfred, 15,35,55 167,203-4; Sonderkommando at, 201, Baltic states: collaboration in, xxxvii,
108-9, 202, 205-7; Sonderkommando uprising 382 126-7, Ц1 146,147,191; ‘death marches’
INDEX from camps in, 225; Holocaust in, xxix, xxxvi, xxxvii, 108-9,126-7,135-6,137, 141,147,191 Bandera, Stepan, 155 Bouhler, Philipp, 85,192 Boutaris, Yannis, 294 Brack, Victor, 191-2 Banse, Ewald, 15 Brandt, Karl, 85 Brazil, xxviii, 58,292 Bartov, Omer, 129 Breivik, Anders, 281 Bassfreund, Jürgen, 212-13,223-4 Broad, Pery, 199 Beamish, Henry Hamilton, 98 Browning, Christopher, Ordinary Men Becker, August, 192 (1991), 123 Buchenwald, 64,90, 233,237,240,241,244, Belarus, 121-2,141,149 Belev, Alexander, 148 268; becomes death camp due to ‘death marches,’ xl Belgian Congo, 16-17 Belgium, xx, 154,273 Buczacz (now Buchach, Ukraine), 129, Belsen, x; Allied medical relief at, 239-41; becomes death camp due to ‘death 133, 210 Budapest, 161,162,163; Terror House marches,’ xli, 230,238-9; ‘death marches’ museum, 284 to, 227,228,238-9; ‘Diamond Jews’ of Amsterdam in, 259; DP camp after war Buergenthal, Thomas, 234-5 Bukovina, 171-2 (Hohne), 247,248,253; Jews of Salonika in, 185; ‘liberation’ of, xl, 235,237, 238,239-41 Bulgaria, xxxix, 131,148,154 Belzec death camp, xxxvi, 87,108,114,136, 167,190-1 Benz, Wolfgang, 54 Berg, Mary, 94 Bering, Wilhelm and Ernst, 251 Bessarabia, 153,171-2 Bessel, Richard, 81 Best, Werner, 142 Bevin, Ernest, 254-5 Bing, Rudolf and Gertrud, 53-4 Birkenau (Auschwitz II), 111,162,163,198, 200,201-2 Black Lives Matter movement, 286 Blechhammer (subcamp of Auschwitz), 224 Buller, Amy, Darkness over Germany (1943), 26-7 Burdekin, Katharine, Swastika Night (1937), 297-9 C -----------------------------------------Canada, 278 capitalism: corporate involvement in
Holocaust, xvi, xxii, 48,107,199,213,214, 215; unregulated in interwar era, xlix Carmichael, Cathie, 11 Cassirer, Ernst, 1 Catholicism, 17,81,82,104,157-9, 282 Celan, Paul, 123 Césaire, Aimé, 10; Discourse on Bloch, Ernst, 32 Colonialism, 286 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 2,22 Blume, Walter, 122 Chelmno extermination camp, 108,136,190 Boas, Franz, 17 Chesterton, G.K., 83 China, 70-1 Boczkowska, Sonia, 253 Boder, David, 203,204,212,224-5;1 Did Not Interview the Dead (1949), 261 Bogdanovka massacre (1941-2), 174-5 Bolivia, xvii, 59 Bolsonaro, Jair, xxviii Borzykowski, Tuvia, 223 Bosnia, xxxvii Christianity: assimilated Christians defined as Jews, 62; Catholicism, 17,81,82,104, 157-9,282; churches in the Warsaw ghetto, 62; traditional Jew-hatred, xxxiii, xlix-1, 3-4, 25-6,301 Christianstadt (Gross-Rosen sub-camp), 215 383
INDEX Churchill, Winston, XXXV, 300 across Europe, xii-xiii, xiv-xvi, xviii- Cioran, E.M., 303 citizenship and belonging: in borderlands xix, xxxvi-xxxviii, 131-2,144,145-51, of Eastern Europe, 161-2; ‘eliminationist ISS, 275, 282-3,294,300,301; use of term, xxxvi-xxxvii, 145; Vlassov Army groups’ in inter-war years, 11-12; fears/ fantasies of threatening outsiders, of Russian prisoners, xxxvii, 141,146; in Western Europe, 142-3,155-6 4-5,10-11; impact of First World War on notions of, 7,8-9,10; Nazi quasi- Collingwood, R.G., 8,31-2 Collis, Robert, 240-1 mystical sense of, 17-20,21-3,24-5,300; Colonia Libera Italiana, 165 colonialism, European, xvii; collapse of the Nuremberg Laws (193s), 42-5, 89,270 civil service, German (Nazi era), 38-9, 107,108 Clauss, Ludwig Ferdinand, 15 climate change, xlvii, 302 European empires, 290; connections with Second World War, 274-5; dialogue with Holocaust, xxiv, 274-5,286; German crimes in South West Africa, Cohn, Eduard, 71 Cold War, XXV, 268,273,277,277 289; internment of civilians, 9-10; collaboration: accusing Poles of aspect of brutality, 16-17,286; wars of collaboration made criminal offence (2018), xviii-xix, xxix, 263-5,288; Arajs commando in Latvia, 108-9; auxiliary postcolonial theory, 286-8; racialized decolonization, xxiv, 274-5,292 communism: fear of as a driver of fascism, xxii, xxix, xxxiii, 10-11,30,38,117-19; police forces from local populations, myth of Judaeo-communism, xxii, xxix, 141; camp guards from local populations, xxxvii, 141,146,191; cover-up of across Europe, xiv, xviii-xix, xxxvii; of Dutch xxxv-xxxvi,
30,38,99,108,117-19,124, 125-6,155,175, 283; rise of after First World War, 10-11,30,129; Spartacist civil service, 156; and end of the Cold War, 273,282,294; ethnic relations in Eastern European borderlands, 125-30, uprising (1919), 11 concentration/death camp system: after 1941-2 escalation, 109; Allied knowledge 146,153-4,161-2; evidence of the ‘death marches,’ xl; exceptions to the rule, horrific conditions in, 64-5,90,202-3; xxxix-xl, 188,282; freedom of manoeuvre camp survivors’ organizations, xlv; of Nazi allies, xx, xxxvii-xxxviii, 146-7, camps discovered by Red Army, xxviii, of during war, 218-19,240; brutality/ 156-9,166-79,187-8; massive variation 195, 225, 237; chaos of collapsing due to local conditions, 153-4,155-6; and modem Holocaust distortion, 282-6; system, 218,235; Dachau as first purpose-built camp, 37-8; in early Mussolini’s Salo Republic (RSI), 164-6, 200; nationalist bitterness at revelations evacuations/'death marches’ from, of, xxix, xxxvii, 146, 263-5, 294; in 223-34; huge number of sub-camps, xlv; Nazi years, xxxiii-xxxiv, 30,37-8,63-4; occupied areas of western Soviet Union, Inspectorate of (IKL), 191; killing process 125-30,141; post-Cold War commissions at, xix, 189-90,194-5,198-9,201-2,204, of inquiry, 282,294; post-war memories of, xxiv, XXV, xxix; reasons for, xxii-xxiii, 205-6; as Levi’s ‘early seedlings of the xxxvii, 145-6,155,179,180,186-7; szmalcowniki in Poland, xxxvii, 146,258; trans-European dimension of Holocaust, xii-xiii, xiv-xvi, xviii-xix, xxxvi-xxxviii, 145-51,15З-4,159-79,275,290,294,300, 301; Trawniki men, 141,202; ubiquity
of 384 New Order,’ 220-1; majority of pre-war inmates released, 65; rapid expansion of in late-i93os, 64; Red Cross aid to inmates in final weeks of war, 181-2; slave labour sub-camp system, xxxviii-xxxix, xl, xlv, 92-3,208-10,211,212-17,219-20; SS system separate from Holocaust until
INDEX late-War period, xxxiv, xxxvi, 110-11, 191, 192,198; treatment of Jewish veterans due to, xl, 230,238-9; destruction of documents relating to, 228; evacuations in, 64-5; use of archaeology and forensic from camps, 223-34,238-9; as evidence science, xlv see also ‘liberation’ of camps; of complicity of population at large, xl; Reinhard death camps and entries for individual camps/sites Himmler orders, xl; huge death rates Confino, Alon, xlviii Congress of Berlin (1878), 171 Conspiracy (film), 139 conspiracy theory: antisemitic, xxix, 5,19, 23,24,36, 66,75,119, 281,283; Nazism as, xiii, 4-5; spread of today, 291 Contemporary Jewish Documentation Center (CJDC, Paris), 276 during, xl-xli, 211,225,227-8, 230-3, 235-6; lived experience of, 223-6,230-5; non-Jewish victims of, 227; reasons for, 225, 227-30,234-5; survivors of, 223-5, 230-5,238, 268 Deneri, Robert, 268 Denmark, xxxvii, xxxix-xl, 84,154, 184,188 Diner, Dan, 97 Corfu, 69 disabled people, xxi, 83, 84,85-7,112 Covid-19 pandemic, xxx Dodd, Martha, 66 Dodd, William, 21 Creasman, James, 236 Croatia: collaboration in, xxxvii-xxxviii, 131-2,140,145,146-7,166,168-70; genocidal campaign against Serbs, 169, Dominican Republic, xlv, 112 DP (displaced persons) camps, xlv; AngloAmerican Committee of Inquiry (AACI) 280; genocide against Jews, xxix, xxxvii, report, 254-5; central committees 131-2,166,168-70,187-8,280; Holocaust representing DPs, 251-2,256; as rhetoric during Yugoslav Wars, 280; functioning societies, xli, 223, 243, Jasenovac extermination camp, 169-70; nationalism in, xxix, xxxvii, 168-9; Ustasa 249-51, 252-3;
‘hard core’ of DPs, xli-xlii, regime, xviii, xxxvii-xxxviii, 109-10,131-2, 146-7,166,168-70 historical commissions set up in, 251-2, Crossman, Richard, 254-5 Cyprus, xxiii, 249 Czechoslovakia, 35, Tl, 90,112,190,219; Sudetenland, 51,75,77 246,257; Harrison Report, 248-9, 254; 276; instinctive Zionism of, xxiii, xxiv, xli, 249,254,255-6; Jews as initially housed with non-Jews, 248; Jews in, xxiii, xxiv, 212,238,243-4, 246-58,257; loneliness of DPs in, 246-9; nature of/conditions D ------------------------------------------ in, 247-8,255-6; and returnees from the Soviet Union, 244-6; as sites of cultural Dachau, 224,237,241; Allied medical presence of the dead, 250; and United activity, xli, 250-1,252-3; ubiquitous relief at, 240; becomes death camp due to ‘death marches,’ xl, xli; as first Nations, 244,248 Dragon, Abraham, 205 purpose-built camp, 37-8; International Dwork, Debôrah, 143 Information Office at, 250-1 Dynamit Nobel, 212 Daily Express, 72,73 Daluege, Kurt, 123 ‘Danzig question,’ 68,78 Darré, Richard Walther, 2 Deak, Gertrud (Trude Levi), 204-5,215- 16,233 ‘death marches’ at end of the war, xxxix, xl, xlv, 209-10; death camps emerging Ebensee sub-camp, 238 Ebert, Friedrich, 11 Eckart, Dietrich, 2,5,33 Eckler, Irma, 42-3 Edelman, Marek, 297 385
INDEX Eichmann, Adolf, 21,53,76-7,137,139,159, 160-1,162; trial of (1961), xxvi, 268 Einsatzgruppen murder squads, SS, 90-1, 191,200; Babyn Yar (Babi Yar) massacre War, xxxii, xxxiii, 30,129; US Republican Party’s slide into, 266-7,292,300 see also Nazism/Nazi Germany Feder, Sami, 253 (September 1941), 130,175; choice not Feiner, Hertha, 111-12 to participate in the shootings, 125; four Filderman, Wilhelm, 177 action squads of, 120,122-3; Himmler Finland, xx, 166,261 creates, 122; murders of Polish elites, First World War: civilians interned during, xxxiv-xxxv, 82,104-5,147; second sweep 9-10; impact on European societies, of killings in Poland/Soviet Union, 192-3; xxxii, xxxiii, 1,7,8-9,10-12,26,29-30, shocking nature of face-to-face killings 129; POW camps during, 9; and stab- by, 127-8,130-1,132; Sonderkommando in-the-back legend, 9,11-12,29-30,89; 11b in Transnistria, 174; in Soviet Union, ‘states of exception’ during, xxxii, 9-10; xxxv-xxxvi, 79-81,108,109,120-3,125, traumatic memory of in Germany, 1, 127-8,130-1,135,141,147,192-3; trial in Ulm of former members, 270 26,29-30 Fischer, Eugen, 84 Elias, Norbert, 25 Fischer, Joschka, xxiv-xxv Elkes, Elchanan, 96 Flossenbürg camp, 226,237 Endre, Lâszlô, 161 Föhrenwald DP camp, near Munich, xli-xlii, Engelking, Barbara, 263-5 250,257 Entebbe hostages (1976), xxiv-xxv Fortunoff Archive, Yale, 278 Erckner, S., 51,67-8,78 France: Algerian war, xxiv, xxx, 274; anti- Estonia, 108,137 Dreyfusards, xxx, 159; bitterness at eugenics, 2,7,17,83,84,85-8 see also racial revelations of collaboration, xxix; death hygiene (Rassenhygiene,
Nazi eugenics) European Union, 277,283 Evans, Richard, 37 rates of Jews in, 143,159; emergence of nativist movement, xx; experience of Jews returning home to, 257-8; Gaullist narrative of Second World War, 274; Holocaust denial in, 281; Italian-occupied south-east, 157,164; legacy of Vichy in, Fanon, Frantz, 10,274 274; as military dictatorship during Great Farb, Tobias, 70-1 War, 9; National Rally (National Front) fascism: ‘deep psychology” of ‘fascination in, xxviii, xxx; pockets of surviving Jewish with’, xliii, 291-2,294; energy and drive communities in, 261; rise of radical right of, 6,31,32-3; fear of communism as in, xxviii, xxx, 274; trials of former Vichy a driver of, xxii, xxix, xxxiii, 10-11,30, officials, 274 see also Vichy France 38,117-19,124; imagery/vocabulary Franco regime in Spain, 183,184 associated with as resonant today, Frank, Anne, Diary, 269 xix, xxxi-xxxii, 266-7,291, 293, 294; Frank, Hans, xxxvi, 97,105,140-1 and interwar intellectual fashions, 2; Freikorps, xxxii, 11 movements allied with Netanyahu, XXV; Frenkel, Françoise, 187 Nazism as radical variant of, 6; notion of Frieder, Rabbi Abraham, 168 as ‘colonialism returned home,’ xxxiii, Friedlander, Saul, xlix-1, 26,38-9,75,98-9, 10,30,117; revisionist interpretations of history today, xxiv, XXV, 278-9,281, 42 137,183-4 Friedman, Philip, xlvii 283-6; revival of in Europe today, xiv, XXV, Fritzsche, Peter, 57 xxviii, 274,281; rise of after First World Frühauf family, 60 386
INDEX Funkkaserne DP camp, near Munich, 212 towards Israel in, 287-8; Wilhelmine futurism, 2 Empire, 7,25 see also Nazism/Nazi Germany, Weimar Republic; West G ------------------------------------------------ Germany Gestapo, 37,76,82 Galen, Clemens August Graf von, Bishop of ghettos: Bialystok ghetto, Poland, 97; Brzeziny ghetto, Poland, 92; conditions in, 91,93-7,105,128,133,172-5,192, Münster, 86,87 Galton, Francis, 83 Garcia, Max, 241 Gebhardsdorf (Gross-Rosen sub-camp), 216 gender: female attacks on Jews, 54,123; 210; Cracow-Podgorze ghetto, Poland, 92; creation /emergence of in Poland, 81,82,90-3; deaths from starvation in, female Jews left behind in Germany, XV, xix, 192; as dehumanising places 66,111-12; female survivors at Belsen, of humiliation, 95-7,133-4,172-4,175, 238-9; gendered studies, xliv, xlvii; incel culture of the manosphere, 300; murder 210; deportation to death camps from, of women in Lithuania, 127; trauma of 93. 96, 97,1ЗЗ, 189-90,193-4; Djurin ghetto, Transnistria, 133-4;as genocidal, rape of, xii; violent masculinity across wartime Europe, 187; women in slave 93-4, 98,164,192,199-200,209,210; in Hungary, 161; intra-Nazi debate labour sub-camps, 213-17; women seen as breeding machines, 84-5; women’s about Polish Jews in, xxxv, 92-3; Jewish experience in Auschwitz, 203-5; women’s 95,96-7 135; Kovno (Kaunas) ghetto, Poland, 96; liquidation of in Poland (1942 onwards), 195,219,266; Lodz experience of‘death marches,’ 230-4 genocide studies, xlvi Georgia, 292 Gercke, Achim, 43 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 269-70 Germany: Alternative fur
Deutschland, xxviii; American zone in post-war period, 244,246,247,248; British zone in post war era, 246,247,248; crimes of the Wehrmacht exhibition (1995), xxvi; DP (displaced persons) camps, xxiii, xli-xlii, 212; failings of post-war justice system, 251; Great War military dictatorship, Councils tasked with administering, 91, ghetto, x-xii, 79,81, 92,93,95-6, 97,113, 133, 210; Minsk ghetto, 122; Pabianice ghetto, Poland, 92; resistance fighters of Warsaw ghetto, xxiv, 190,192,193, 195,225; in Soviet Union, 122,128; Theresienstadt, 113-14,115,167, 200,222, 227,237; in Transnistria, 133-4,172-7; Tuliskôw ghetto, Poland, 92; Warsaw ghetto, xxiv, 62,92,94-5,134,189,190, 192,193,195,225,301 Givon, Miriam, 214 7; history of anti-Black racism in, 289; Globke, Hans, 269-70 Globocnik, Odilo, 191,192,211 Holocaust distortion in, 282-3,287-9; Glowinski, Michal, 35,242,259-60 and Holocaust’s singularity/'uniqueness,' 271-2,282,287-90; impact of First World War, 7; Jewish survivors living in, 256; Gobineau, Arthur de, 2 Goebbels, Joseph, 1,22,45,48, 75, 81,140; ‘The Jews Are Guilty’ speech (November post-war antisemitism in, 251; post-war democracy, xliii, 291; ‘process of coming 1941), no; and Kristallnacht, 50,51-2 Goering, Hermann, 54,55,97,136,197 to terms with the past’ in, 270-4,282, Goga, Octavian, 98 287-8; returnees from Soviet Union Gollancz, Victor, 41,44,45-7 labelled ‘infiltrees,’ 246; reunification at end of Cold War, xxvi; Russian POWs Gonchar, Turner, 128 in after Great War, 10-11; sensitivity Gonin, M.W., 239 Goodfriend, Isaac, 243 387
INDEX Grabowski, Jan, 263-5 Gradowski, Zalman, 206-7 Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews (1961), 152-3,179 Grasberg-Goma, Anna, 134 Great Depression, xxxii-xxxiii, xlix, 1,2, Himmler, Heinrich, xl, 53,56,57,70,76, 8,12,26 Greece: collaboration in, 147-8,294; 106,196-7,211; aim to move from west to east, 135; asserts supremacy over Jewish policy, 137-8; creates Einsatzgruppen Holocaust in, xxviii, 132,140,147-8,294; murder squads, 122; dismantles Reinhard Sephardic Jews of Salonika, 147,148,185, 200,294; Tsolakoglou regime, 147-8 camps (1943), 190-1,193,195-6,198; displays adherence to petit bourgeois Gringauz, Samuel, 256 Gross, Jan Tomasz, 145,266 morality, 52; and Madagascar plan, 98, Gross, Walter, 19-20, 21-2,36,55 as RKFDV, 82,90-1; speaks openly of extermination programme, 140; and war Grossman, Vasily, 195 Gross-Rosen camp, 215,216,218,225,227, 232 237 Grosswerther (sub-camp of Mittelbau), 232 Grynszpan, Herschel, 50 101; not at Wannsee Conference, 137; for Lebensraum, 100; welcomes move to gassing, 192 Hindenburg, Paul, 37 historiography/scholarship: barriers against feelings/emotions, xx; collecting Guidi, Buffarini, 165 practices/methodologies for testimonies, Günther, Hans F.K., 2,15,21 xlvi; collections behind Iron Curtain, 276; concept of the ‘normal exceptional,’ Gusen sub-camp, 238 Gypsies, 200 H -----------------------------------------Habermas, Jürgen, 272-3,287,288 Haffner, Sebastian, 13,28,51,63 Hagen, Paul, 179-80 Hâjkovâ-Duxovâ, Vera, 215 Hamburger, Ludwig, 224-5 xlv; and conflation of antisemitism with anti-Israel statements, 265-6,278;
and end of the postwar order, xlvii-xlviii; first works in Holocaust history, 270,277; gendered studies, xliv, xlvii; Historians’ Debate in West Germany, xxvi, 271-2, 288-9; history of Holocaust as unfinished, 1-li; Holocaust’s place in world history, 285-8,289; and Holocaust’s Hamilton, Cicely, 44-5 singularity/‘uniqueness,’ 271-2,282-3, Harrison, Earl G., 248-9,254 287-9; innovative approaches, xliv-xlv; Hauser, Irene, 133 Hayes, Peter, xxii, 107-8,186 material written in Yiddish, xlvii, 206-7, interpretive frameworks/keywords, xlvii; Hecht, Izidor, 210-11 276; narration in context of German Heinkel aircraft production, 234 history, 149,152; narratives of reactive/ad hoc German decision-making, xix, 299; Henderson, Sir Nevile, 16 Herzberg, Abel Jacob, ix, 189,228,230, 235-6,263,279-80,281 Hessisch Lichtenau (sub-camp of Buchenwald), 212,214-17, 233 Heydrich, Reinhard, 21,52-3,76,82,90-1, nature of history-writing, xl-xli, xlviixlviii, 302; need for ‘return to ideology,’ xiii, xix-xxii, xlvi, xlviii, 299-301; need for victim-centred approach, xlvii; reliability of sources for atrocities, 127-8, 106,197; and Kristallnacht, 52,56,57; as Reichsprotektor in Protectorate, 112-13; 132-4; selective memory criminalizing sets out Final Solution at Wannsee, 108, written out of, xiii; turn to microhistory, 135,137-8,139; wrests full control of Jewish policy, 91,109,137-8,197 xlv, xlvii; understudied topics, xlvi-xlvii; as unmanageably large, xliv-xlvi; 388 scholarship, 263-5; trauma largely
INDEX writings/accounts of survivors, xlvi, 251-2, 260,261,275, rjti-l, 278 Hitler, Adolf: character of, 12,28-9; decision to murder all Jews of Europe (July 1941), 109-10,136,197; diplomatic flexibility of, 29; and drive for Lebensraum, xxi-xxii, whole regions, 149; driven and largely perpetrated by Germans, xiii, 128,154, 272-3,282,295; after-effects/postwar consequences, xiii, xxiii-xxvii, xli-xlii, xlv, 242-4, 246-50,267-8; and Europe’s neutral countries, 182-6; explosion of 12,78,116-17; foreign policy successes, 51,67,75,77-8; Fuehrer cult, 5-6, representations of from 1980S/90S, 26-7; grandiose sense of world-historical in Eastern Europe, xv, xix, xxxvi, 103-4, mission, 12-13,14,28; international 108,109,111,120-31,133,164,192,301; ‘Final Solution’ arrived at/in place underestimation of, xxxiii, xxxviii, 13, 28-9,30,77-8,180-1; and mystical revelation, 2-3,24-5; no written order from for genocide of Jews, 87; not at Wannsee Conference, 137; as prime mover in murder of the Jews, 106,109-10, 136,197; ‘prophecy’ speech (January xxvi-xxvii, xxviii; face-to-face shootings (spring 1942), xxxvi, 108-9,110,111, 135-7; first mass killings by gas (at Chelmno), 108,136,190; focus on the Jews in this book, xlviii-xlix; gassing of Russian POWs, 136,198; German corporate involvement, xxii, 107,213, 1939), XXXV, 74-6,106-7,109, H°; seen as hope of salvation, 26-7,28; sees USA 214, 214; and German military directives, and the Jew as one and the same, 75-6; as openly of extermination programme, 140; xvi-xvii; harrowingly repetitive sequence of atrocity, 132-3,134; Heydrich’s
Schnellbrief (September 1939), as vanquished rather than repudiated, 292; view of Poland, 78,104-5; vulgar 90-1; Hilberg’s simple model of, 152-3; Hitler as prime mover in murder scientific jargon of, 23-4; Mein Kampf, xlviii, 11,12-14,29-30,38,78,84-5,116-17, by Sonderkommando men, 202,206; shaman/rainmaker, xxxiii, 24-5; speaks 299,301 Hochweiler (Gross-Rosen sub-camp), 216 Höfer, Fritz, 130 Holocaust: air of madness/frenzy around killing of Jews, 68-9,75,119-31; Allied knowledge of during war, 182, 218-19, 117-18,124-5; global dimension of, of the Jews, 106,110,136; images taken as increasingly mobile in late war period, xvi, xxxix-xl, xlv, 208-10,211, 221; initial aspiration to deport Jews to east of the Urals, 91,92,117; June 1941 to autumn 1942 period, xxxvi, 105-11, 190-1,198-9; juxtaposition of civilization and barbarism, 207,221-2; language of 240; Allies as unprepared for scale of, as not English, 152; as local for Jews xxxviii, 180-1,236; almost no bearing of Eastern Europe, xvi, 125-30,149, on German resources, 107-8; brutality of murder process, xi-xii, xv, xix, 164; major Jewish population centres xxxv-xxxvi, 103-4,120-31,189-90, move to use of gas chambers, xv, 192, 194-5, 202,204; competing Nazi agencies involved in genocide, XXXV, 91,92-3, 198; move to war of annihilation with invasion of Soviet Union, 99-101,103-4, 106,107,117-18,119,123-5,137-8,186, 299; competition for control of‘Jewish policy,’ xxxvi, 82, 91,92-3,105-6,299; 105-9,116-17,136-7; move towards slave labour near end of War, xxxviiixxxix, xl, 92-3,188, 207-18,219-20; and deep passions with no
obvious outlet, xlii-xliii, 268,291; dependence narrated in context of German history, 149,152; Nazis speak openly of by end , on military situation, xx, xxxv, 106-7, of 1941,140-1; as not result of hatred of communism, 99-100; as not solely a 108,153,207-8,299; destruction of in Europe destroyed forever, 149,261; 389
INDEX German project, xiii, xiv-xvi, xxxvii-xxxviii, 289; discourse of ‘double genocide,’ xxvi, 145-51,15З-4,159-79, 289,294; Operation xxix, 272,283,289; and end of Cold War, Harvest Festival (November 1943), 175, 268,273,277; as fixed part of culture 195-6; perpetrators’ enjoyment, 170, today, 267-8,276-7; G DR’s publication 187; process of arriving at genocidal of ‘Brown Book,’ 269; in geopolitics, 277, programme, xx-xxii, xxxiii-xxxvi, 278,280; Holocaust as banalized and 52-3,57, 81-3, 85-8,89-101,104-10, exploited, xlii, 268; ‘Holocaust industry’ 117-18,196-200; ratlines for escape notion, xliv, 275; Holocaust museums, to South America, XXV; response of xiv-xv, xix, xxviii-xxix, 149,267,275, the ‘free world,’ xxxviii, 180-1; roots 281,284; Holocaust-related cultural of in genocidal fantasy, xx-xxii, xxvii, production, xiv, xxvi-xxvii, 267,268,269; 36,53,87-8, 99-101,291-2; as series of iconography/images, xxvii, xl, xli, 163, interlocking local genocides, 148-50; 201-2; ‘industrial murder’ notion, xii, xv, sexualized aspect of violence, xii, 39, xix, 199,201-2,205; instrumentalized 170,205; systematic mass deportations to justify pre-emptive strikes, 280; commence (1942), 139-40; ‘territorial Manea on public commemorations, solution’ as itself genocidal, 88,98,100-1; 293-4; material written in Yiddish, transition from ‘euthanasia’ to, 87-8,136, xlvii, 206-7,276; modern Holocaust 191-2,200; and unexpected longevity distortion, 281-5,287-9; move from “war of war in east, 92,100,115, 207-8; crime to trauma drama,’ xlii, 268; need unrelenting ferocity in Eastern Europe, to
face radical conclusions led to, xliii, xxxv-xxxvi, 79-82,103-7,108-11,119-29, 291,302-3,· oral history projects, 278; 130-6,190-1; use of gas vans, xxxvi, 86, overestimation of impact of, xxx; place 108,136,190; use of term, xxvi, 149,152, of Holocaust in world history, 286-8, 278; Wehrmacht direct involvement, 288-9; in the post-truth age, 279-90; xxvi, 79,82,103-4,107,108-9,117-18, ‘progressive’ narrative of, 268,268-79; 123,125,186; Western Europe as always right wing use of in culture wars, 265-6; part of Final Solution, 90,141-2 see also and rise of xenophobic nationalism, Wannsee Conference (20 January 1942) xxvii-xxx, 279-7,291-5; selective memory and other Holocaust entries Holocaust (1978 NBC TV series), xxvi, 269 criminalizing scholarship, 263-5; stages in development of, 268-74; stages of Holocaust denial, 280-1 ‘collective memory* passed through, Holocaust education, xiv, xxvii, xxviii, xlii, 268; in UK, 275; and United Nations xxx-xxxi, xliii, 291-2, 293 Holocaust Educational Trust, xxviii (2005), xxvii-xxviii, 277; in USA, 275; vast, interdisciplinary literature on, Holocaust Memorial Day, 275-6 xlvi; writing of Yizker Bikher (memorial Holocaust memory/consciousness: books), xiv, 251,276; Yad Vashem, Israel, absence of slave-labour sub-camps, 221; Auschwitz Album, 163,202; “beautifying’ xxiv, 149,278 Holocaust survivors; age and class as of Holocaust, xlii, 281; collecting of factors in survival, 259; Allied medical survivors’ accounts, xlvi, 251-2,260, relief at ‘liberated’ camps, 239-2; Central 261,276-7,278; consequences leading to Historical Commission
(Munich), 251-2; good, xliii, 291; as contested by radical/ collecting of testimony/evidence, xlvi, far right, xlii, 268,280, 281,282-3,294; 251-2,260,261,276-7,278; and continued dark psychological legacy of fascism, xliii, antisemitism, xii, xxiii, xxiv-xxv, 243, 291-2,293,294; dialogue with colonial 244, 246,248; of the ‘death marches,’ brutality and slavery, xxiv, 274,277,286-7, 223-5,23°~5,238,268; deaths just before/ 390
INDEX soon after ‘liberation,’ xli, 235-6,240, 201,240-1; post-war continuation of, 247; digital mapping techniques showing 242-3,257-8; problem of vocabulary, xiii, movement, xlvii; encounters with Allied xli; survivors returning home in Western soldiers at camps, 241; ‘free livers’ in Germany, 246; Hans Neumann’s strategy, 115; hiding on the ‘Aryan side,’ 134, Europe, 257-8 Holocaust victims, Jewish: 1942 as the key year for mass-murder, xxxvi, 107,111, 259-60; living in post-war Germany, 190-1,199; air of madness/frenzy around 256; migration to USA, xxiii, 256-7; networks, xlvii, 152; Palestine as initial killing of Jews, 68-9,75,119-31; attempts to name, 149; banning of all emigration destination of choice for, xxiii, 249, (23 October 1941), 66,136; death rates in 250,252,255-6; profound loneliness of, Western Europe, 142-3,154,155-6,159; xli, 242-3,246-7; in refugee camps on deaths just before/soon after ‘liberation,’ Cyprus, xxiii, 249; from Reinhard camps, xli, 235-6,240,247; deportation from Hungary (spring 1944), xxxvii, 146, 190, 193-5; rejected by countries of origin in East, xxiii, 243,244,246; return home in Western Europe, xxiii, 243-4,257~9; returnees from Soviet Union, 244-6; the she’erit hapletah or ‘saved remnant,’ 256, 257; from slave labour system, xl, 92-3, 174,209-11,213-17,221; survival as matter of chance for most Jews, 259,260-61; surviving Jewish community in Romania, 178-9; survivor as the universal witness, 279; tracing services, xlvi, 250-1; urge to find relatives, xli, 246-7 see also DP (displaced persons) camps Holocaust, trauma of, xxvii,
xliii; anus mundi, xii; collapse/disappearance of familiar world, x-xii, 57-8,105,170, 189; conditions in ghettos, 91,93-7, 105,128,133,192; confronted through theatre, 253-4; dehumanising process, x-xii, xiii, 94-6,129-31,133-5,172-4 175, 189-90,203-7,210-14; experience of arrival at Auschwitz, 162-3,201-2, 203-4; experience of death marches, xl-xli, 223-5,227-8,230-6; experience of deportation, xv, 189,201; generalised looking away from, xiii-xiv, xliii; and 160-64,166,185,188, 201,211-12,219, 301; deportation from Salonika, 148,185, 200,294; deportation trains, xv, 107-8, 189,201; deportations from Croatia, 170; deportations from Protectorate, 112-15,136,140,200-1; deportations from the Reich, 112,136,139-40,200-1; deportations from Western Europe, xvi, xviii, xxxvi, 69,109,111,135,140, 141-2,156-9,164-6,196,200-1,274; deported from Norway, 156; deported from Romania, xi-xii, xv, xviii, 133-4, 140,171-7, 293; deported from Slovakia, 140,166-8,187-8,198,203-4; differing responses to attacks, xxxvi, 111,133-5; in early Nazi concentration camps, xxxiv, 65; early postwar search for missing persons, xlv-xlvi; estimated numbers of, ix; Europe-wide collaboration against, xiv-xvi; extreme hunger/starvation, ix, 66,141,212, 217,232,234,235,237,240; extreme hunger/starvation in ghettos, xi-xii, xv, xix, 94,95,105,114,128,172, 192; failings of postwar German justice, Holocaust education, 291; hopelessness/ 251; historians shift focus to, 277; Holocaust as local in Eastern Europe, despair/numbness, 94-6,133-5,203-4, 235-6; as largely written out of the historiography, xiii-xiv,
xliii; lived xvi, 125-30,149,164; ‘Holocaust by bullets’ by SS in Soviet Union (1941-2), xxxv-xxxvi, 79-81,103-4,108,109, experience of atrocities, 80-1,93-7, 111,120-31,133,192-3,301; Holocaust 103-4,120-2,126-35,189-90,194-5,201, 203-7,210-17,223—6,230-5; malodours experienced as a constant movement, xvi, xxxix-xl, xlv, 208-10,211,221; Jewish and filth of ordeal, x-xiii, xv, 93-6,189-90, councils in Western/Central Europe, 391
INDEX 135; kibbutzim on sequestered German farms, 255; left behind/trapped in returning to, xxiii; pockets of surviving Germany, 111-12; and Mussolini’s Salo Republic, 164-6,200; Nazi financial plunder from (‘Aryanization’), xlv, 47-8, Holocaust memorials/museums in, xix, xxviii-xxix, 284; refusal to deport ‘its’ 52-3,58,65,70,76-7,267, 269-70; and Nazi genealogical research, 43-4; Nazi removal from public life, 36,38-9,46-50, 57-8,65-6,69-70; Nazi treatment of in Austria, 35,52-3,76-7, 90; neglect of in historiography, xlvii; in North Africa, xvi-xvii; persecution on initiative of Nazi allies, xi-xii, xv, xviii, xxxvi-xxxviii, 131-2, 166-77; petty laws in Germany during war, 112; radicalizing shift in Nazi plans (1939-41), 88; refugees in far-flung places, xvii, xlv, 59,70-1,112; religious Eastern European Jews, xxxvi, 111; RV (Reich Representation of German Jews), 44; in slave labour sub-camps in last stages of War, xxxviii-xxxix, xl, xlv, 92-3,188,208- 10,211,212-17,219-20; Sonderkommando at Auschwitz, 201,202,205-7; trapped in rump Czechoslovakia, 112-15; treatment Jewish communities in, 261; recent Jews, 160; Sztôjay government, 160 Al-Husseini, Haj Amin (Grand Mufti of Jerusalem), 110 I -----------------------------------------International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), 265-6,267 International Tracing Service, xlvi Iran, xvii, 281 Islam, xxx, 1; and Holocaust denial, 281; Nazi murder of Muslim Roma, xxv, 188 Isopescu, Modest, xi, 175 Israel, state of, xxiv, xxvi; BDS movement against, 287; conflation of antisemitism with anti-Israel sentiment, 265-6,279;
creation of (May 1948), xxiii, 256; and Holocaust consciousness, 276; and IHRA working definition of antisemitism, of in Sudetenland, 77; vast majority of 265-6; relations with Turkey (197OS/8OS), 277; sensitivity towards in modern from Eastern Europe, 129-30,149,164; Germany, 287-8; trial of Adolf Eichmann violence against by ‘ordinary’ Germans, (1961), xxvi, 268; trials of kapos in, xlv 60-1; wartime refugees in Soviet Union, xvii, xxiii, xlv, 79,105,238 Israeli War of Independence, 269 Italy: deportations from, 164-6,200-1; DP Holocaust victims, non-Jewish, xviii, XXV, xlviii-xlix, 18,83-7,227,256 Horkheimer, Max, 207 Horowitz, Norbert, 252-3 Horthy, Miklos, xxii, 159,160,162,185,188 Höss, Rudolf, 196-7 Hubig, Hermann, 122 Hughes, Hugh Glyn, 240 human and civil rights, xxiv, XXV, 277,279 Hungary, xviii; antisemitism today, xxix-xxx, 284; Arrow Cross rule under Szâlasi, 159,162,166; deportation of the Jews of (spring 1944), xxxvii, 146,160-64,166, 185,188,201,211-12,219,301; German occupation (March 1944), 160-64; (displaced persons) camps, xxiii, xlv, 244; emergence of nativist movement, xx; Fascism and antisemitism, xvi, 112,164-6, 200-1; Fascist resistance to deportation of Jews, xx, 157,166; and invasion of Soviet Union, 104; joins allies after Mussolini’s fall, 160; Mussolini’s Salo Republic (RSI), 164-6,200; occupation of south-eastern France, 157,164; radical-right in today, xxviii,4; rise of fascism after First World War, xxxii, xxxiii, 30,129; Risiera di San Sabba extermination camp, 165 Izbica, Poland, 114 Horthy halts deportations (July 1944), 162,185,188;
illiberal democracy in, xxviii, 284; Jewish leadership in, 163; Jews 392 Jacob, Lili, 202 Janowska camp, Lvov, 196
INDEX Japan, 116; attack on Pearl Harbor, 136-7 Klein, Gideon, 221 Jewish Brigade, 178-9 Klonicki, Aryeh, 133 Jewish Historical Institute (ZIH, Kohl, Helmut, 271 Warsaw), 276 Jewish Relief Unit, 239 Kolnai, Aurel, The War Against the West Jews: bundist tradition in Eastern Europe, 254; émigrés from Nazi Germany, xxxiv, 13, 28,31,36,44,47,53,57,58-60,65; focus (1938), 15-16 Koonz, Claudia, 21-2 Korber, Mirjam, 133-4 Kovner, Abba, 178-9,186 on in this book, xlviii-xlix; instinctive post-war Zionism, xxiii, xxiv, xli, 249,254, Krall, Hanna, 297 255-6; Jewish reservation (Judenreservaf) Krieck, Ernst, 15-16,22, 23,27 Krdlikowski, Jerzy, 190 plans (Nisko Project), 88,92,97; Nazi academic study of (Judenforschung'), 21; Nazi Madagascar plan, XXXV, 88, 97-8,100-1; Nazi ‘territorial solution,’ Kreutzer, Paul, 228 Krupka (Krupki, Belarus), 103-4 Krzepicki, Abraham, 189-90,193 XXXV, 88,91,92,97-8,100-1; as not a Kurfürstendamm riot, 45-6 Kvaternik, Slavko, 109-10 homogeneous community, 61-2,254,255; overlooked in Gaullist narrative, 273-4; L ------------------------------------------ population in Poland at beginning of war, 79; religious faith of, x-xi, xxxvi, Landmesser, August, 42-3 1,111,202-3; Romaniots in Greece, 147, 148; and Roosevelt administration, 181-2; Sephardic, 147,148,294; as small Langer, Lawrence, xiii, xlii, 96,302 Lasker-Wallfisch, Anita, 240 percentage of German population, 14; Laski, Neville, 5 as traditional Other of the Christian West, xlix-1, 25-6; transnational Latvia, xxxvi, 108-9,135-6,137,141 Le Chêne, Evelyn, 247 Le Pen, Jean-Marie, xxx economic
dispossession of, 47-8, 52-3, 58, 65,70,76-7, 267, 269; Yiddish speaking communities in Romania, Laski, Harold, 13,29 League of Nations, 67 Lebensphilosophie, 2 171-7 see also antisemitism; Holocaust victims, Jewish Judt, Tony, 284 Jung, Miriam, 215 Lebensraum (living space) concept, xxi-xxii, К ------------------------------------------ Lenz, Fritz, 22 Kaiserwald Riga concentration camp, 109,225 4-5,12,78,99,100,116-17,119-20,198 Leese, Arnold, 98 Leipzig-Thekla (sub-camp of Buchenwald), 234 Leszczynska, Filoména, 263-4 Levi, Primo, 205,220, 244, 258 Levy, Isaac, 237 Källay, Miklos, 160 Lévy-Hass, Hanna, x Kammler, Hans, 199 ‘liberation’ of camps: of Auschwitz, xxviii, 225,237; of Belsen, xl, 235,237,238, Kann, Gerhard, 59 Karski, Jan, 94-5 Katz, Sally, 253 Kaunas, ‘death dealer of,’ 126 Kershaw, Ian, xxii, 106 Kindertransport, -χχν Klages, Ludwig, 55 239-41; callousness of guards and local populations, 241; deaths just before / soon after, xli, 235-6,240; encounter between inmates and the Allied soldiers, 241; images from, xl, xli; by Red Army, 195,225,237; shock of Allied soldiers, 393
INDEX 236-7,238; use of term ‘liberation,’ xli; by for Political Refugees from Germany, western Allies, 237-8 72; Jewish émigrés as sources of information, 63-4; of Jews after leaving Lingens-Reiner, Ella, 5-6 Lisbon, 59-60,183 Lithuania, 126-7,141 Lodz ghetto, x-xi, 79,81,92, 93,95-6,97, 14,198,210 Londonderry, Lord, 16 Lösener, Bernhard, 43,70 Lublin, Poland, 114,191,193,195-6 Ludovici, Anthony Μ., 17 Luschan, Felix von, 84 the camps (1930s), xxxiv, 65; Jews left behind/trapped, 36,60,66,69-70,11112; after Kristallnacht, xxxiv, 65-6; Nazi plunder from emigrants, 47,52-3,58, 65,70,76-7; obstacles to entry to new countries, 60; obstacles/hurdles to, 58-60, 65,66; refuge in European countries later occupied, 70,77,90; Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration, 65; Reich Flight Tax, 65; RV advocates, 44 Μ------------------------------------------ Milch, Baruch, 103,127-8,134-5,144 Milejkowski, Israel, 95 Mach, Alexander, 167 Minsk, 122,125,191 Madagascar, XXXV, 88,97-8,100-1 Majdanek, Poland, 114,175,193,196,198, Mittelbau-Dora camp (in Harz Mountains), 225.237 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 25 Mittelmann, Sarolta, 230-2 Malinowski, Edward, 263-4 Manchuria, xvii Manea, Norman, The Hooligan’s Return, 293-4 Margolis, Rachel, 284 Markkleeberg (sub-camp of 217-18,228,232,237 Mittelsteine (Gross-Rosen sub-camp), 214 modernity: deep passions with no obvious outlet, xlii-xliii, 268,290-1; deep psychology of, xxxi-xxxii, xliii; and the Holocaust, xlii-xliii, 290-1; Jews as symptoms of for inter-war fascists, xlviii, xlix, 4 Buchenwald), 214 Manner, Walter, 120-1 Mogilev, 120,191 Moise,
George, 236-7 Mauritius, xvii, xlv Monowitz (Buna), 223 Mauthausen concentration camp, 53,232, Moses, Dirk, 119-20 237-8,240,241 Mayer, Max, 31 Mbembe, Achille, 287 Mergel, Thomas, 6,7 Mesnil-Amar, Jacqueline, 257-9,299-301 Michalowicz, Sara, 214 migration from Nazi Germany: and the Anschluss, 52-3,76-7; from Austria, 53,70,76-7; banning of all Jewish Mosse, George L., 18 Mühldorf (sub-camp of Dachau), 212,224 Mulisch, Harry, 2-3 Müller, Heinrich, 52 Munk, Frank, 182 Mussolini, Benito, 160,164 Myanmar, 292 N------------------------------------------ emigration (23 October 1941), 66,111, 136; decreasing possibilities for from National Committee for Attending late-i930s, 57,58-9,66; difficulties finding somewhere to go, 70,72-4, Deportees in Budapest (DEGOB), 276 nationalism: and antisemitism, xii-xiii, xx, 129,145,147-8; emergence of nativist 73; Evian-les-Bains meeting of‘free world’ (July 1938), 71-4; experiences of migrants, 70-1; ‘free world’ response to, movements, xx, xxxvi-xxxvii, 145-6,161; in post-imperial ‘successor states,’ xx, 71-4,73; Intergovernmental Committee 30,129,159-64,290; of regimes allied 394
INDEX to Nazis, xii-xiii, XX, xxxvi-xxxvii, 145, 161,166-72,187-8; rise of xenophobic nationalism today, xxvii-xxx, xlvii, 278-9,291-5 nations conquered/occupied by Nazis: destruction of states by Nazis, xxxviii, 79,104-5, 147! differing attitudes/types of, 152,153-4,155-6,166; functioning bureaucracies/states, 146-8,156; legally recognized functioning states, 143-4; semblance of local autonomy in Western Europe, 155,156 see also entries for individual nations nation-states: awesome power of in modern era, xliii; concept of ‘statelessness,’ xxxii, 10; internment of civilians, 10; modern technology at service of war, 9; ‘pillars’ supporting, xliii, 291; ‘population transfers’ at end of Great War, 10; ‘states of exception’ after Great War, xxxii, 9,10; threatened elites in, xxxi-xxxii, xliii, 291; transition from empires to, 10,11,290 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 273 Natzweiler camp, 218,237 Nazi ideology: Allies’ failure to comprehend, xxxviii, 180-1; ‘anti 299-301; philosophical analysis of seen as distasteful, xlvi, 16; and power of simple ideas, 22-3; sacred narrative of redemption through annihilation, 4-5,26,116-17; tacit understanding of in military/police, 124-5;tota' divorce from reality, 74-6; ‘trap of comradeship’ enforces conformity, 62-3; and traumatic memory of Great War, 29-30; view of history, xxi, 4-5,20,24-5, 26,27-8; and völkisch thought, 1-2,6-7,12, 22,23,84-5 see also race theory/thinking, Nazi; racial hygiene (Rassenhygiene, Nazi eugenics); Volksgemeinschaft ( Nazi ‘racial community'); Weltanschauung (Nazi worldview) Nazism/Nazi Germany:
annexing of Sudetenland, 51,75,77; antisemitic legislation/attacks in 1933-9 period, xxxiii, xxxiv, 35-6,37,38-50,57-8,69-70; antisemitism in education, 19-20,39-41, 40; apocalyptic dynamic, xxxviii, 1,6,18, 24-5,31,32-3,119; appears ‘untainted’ by Weimar, 27-8,29; attitudes towards disabled people, xxi, 83,84, 85-7,112; Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 51; British fellow travellers of, 16; crucial role of Great Depression in rise of, xxxii, 1,2,8,12, colonial’ struggle belief, xxxii, 3,119-20; 26,29; daily lives of anti-Nazi Germans, antisemitism as central, xx-xxii, xxxiii, 61,62-3; deep-seated complicity among German people, 28,48,57; dismissed 1,3-6,12-18,23-6,31,35-7,55-6, 87,149; belief in history as a redemption story, 4-5, 26,27-8; celebration of the irrational, 36; claims of scientific backing for, 14, as kind of ‘madness,’ xxxiii, 16,299-301; economic revival due to war preparation, 18-19,21-2; and clash between good and 51,67-8,78; electoral success (1932), 8; emergence of Nazisim in 1920s, xxxii- evil, xxi, 4-5,24-5; Jew as both native other and colonizing other, 119-20; xxxiii, 1,2-3,5,6-9,11-16,27,29; energy and drive of, 6,31,32-3; failure to take Jews as symptoms of modernity, xlviii, seriously, xxxiii, xxxviii, 3,13,28-9,30, xlix, 4; Kolnai on, 15-16; Lebensraum (living space) concept, xxi-xxii, 4-5, 77-8,180-1; frenzied need to kill the 12,78,99,100,116-17,119-20,198; Jews, 68-9,75,119-31; Hitler-Stalin Pact (August 1939), xxxiv, 78; internal magical/non-rational fantasy thinking underpinning, xx-xxii, xxvii, xlix-1, resistance to, 179-80; Jewish councils
1-6,12-16,17-20,21-8,29-33,36,53, 115-17,291,300; as mish-mash of prior 163; law enforcing name-changes for Jews (1938), 48-9; leaders as self-taught ideas, 1-3,5-6,30-1; and mix of ideas bigots, 21-2; massive rearmament and remilitarization programme, 51,67-8, 78; as most extreme manifestation with events, 1,6-7,33; need for renewed emphasis on, xiii, xxi-xxii, xlvi, 16, in Western/Central Europe, 135,156, 395
INDEX of common sentiments, xxxiii, 30; Opoczynski, Peretz, 94 November pogrom (Kristallnacht), Orbân, Victor, 284-5 xxxiv, 47,50-2,53-5,56-7,61,65-6,68, 251; occupation of rump Czechoslovakia Ostrow Mazowiecka, Poland, 80-1 (1939), 77,90, 12; Office of Racial Policy (Rassenpolitisches Amt), 19; as a paranoid conspiracy theory, xiii, 4-5; petty antisemitic laws during war, 112; p --------------------Palestine, xxiii, 54,59,72; brichah political opponents as first victims, 38-9; (underground channel) to, 249; British position on, 246,249,255-6; public dislike of Kristallnacht, 56-7; and Harrison Report, 249,254; Jewish racial propaganda, 2,3,19-20,22-3,69, 75; as radical variant of fascism, 6; social surveillance systems, 62; and stab-in-theback legend, 9,11-12,29-30,89; Third Reich as kleptocracy, 47-8,76-7,104,180; as vanquished rather than repudiated, 292 see also Axis states allied to Nazis; nations conquered/occupied by Nazis neo-liberal economics, poverty due to, xxxi Netanyahu, Benjamin, xxv Netherlands: collaboration in, 142-3,155-6; terrorist attacks on British forces, 269; preparations for emigration to, 250, 252,255-6; state of Israel founded (May 1948), xxiii, 256 Papon, Maurice, 274,274 Paraguay, 71 Paskusz, Kornelia, 212-13,215 Pavelic, Ante, xxxvii-xxxviii, 131-2, 146-7,166 Peciora concentration camp, xi-xii Perrot, François, 268 death rates of Jews in, 143,155-6; Dutch Jews return to, xxiii; NSB (Nazi Pétain, Marshal, 143,158-9 Peter Viereck, 56 movement), xxxvii, 146,155 Philippines, xvii Neues Volk (Nazi journal), 19 Pilecki Institute, Poland, 281 Pohl,
Oswald, 53 Neumann, Hans, 115 New Zealand, 70 Poincare, Raymond, 9 Poland: accusing Poles of collaboration Neuengamme camp, 237-8 Nolte, Ernst, 271,272 made criminal offence (2018), xviii-xix, Nordhausen camp, 232,236-7 xxix, 263-5,288; antisemitism in, xvii, xxiii, XXXV, 72-4; ‘Aryan side’ in North Africa, xvi-xvii, xlv, 70 Norway: collaboration in, xviii, xxxvi-xxxvii, xxxviii, 145,146,156,300; Holocaust Warsaw, 134,259; brutality of Nazi war in, xxxiv-xxxv, 79-82,90,104-5; death museums, xxviii; Jews deported from, rates of Warsaw’ Jews, 193,301; divided xviii, xxxviii, 140,145,147,194,200; Nasjonal Sämling (Nazi movement), by Hitler-Stalin Pact (August 1939), 78; Einsatzgruppen murders of elite, xxxvii, 146; Nazi occupation of, 90; xxxiv-xxxv, 82,104-5,147; ‘General Government,’ 79,81,92,97,104-5, 137,139,140-1,192,212; Holocaust resistance to Nazi rule in, 156; rise of radical right in, 273,281; Sweden offers asylum to Jews of, 184 Nuremberg Laws (1935), 42-5,89,270 Nuremberg trials, ix, 37,138, 256,270,277 О---------------------Oberländer, Theodor, 269 Olympics, Berlin (1936), 49,51 396 distortion in, 281-2; illiberal democracy in today, xxviii, 263-5; initial wave of Nazi killings in, xxxiv-xxxv, 79-80, 104-5; Jewish population at beginning of war, 79; Jews rescued by Catholics, 282; legacy of collaboration in, xviii-xix, xxix, xxxvii, 263-5,281-2; narrative of Poles as rescuers, xix, 266,281-2; Nazi
INDEX invasion of, xxxiv-xxxv, 78-9,90; Nazi anthropology of, xxi, 23; converted persecution of Catholic Poles, 81,82, 104; Nazi treatment of Jews in, x-xi, xvi, into simple propagandistic platitudes, 2,3,19-20,22-3,36; and genealogical XXXV, xxxvi, 79-81,82,88,90-7,105,108, research, 43-4; Aurel Kolnai on, 15-16; 109,111; new nation state after Great in Mein Kampf, 12-14,29-30; Mischlinge (‘half-breeds’), 43-4,111-12,138; War, 11; Nisko Project in, 88,92, 97; Operation Harvest Festival (November 943), 175, 195-6; Polish-Jewish refugees in Soviet Union, xvii, xxiii, xlv, 79,105, mysticism of race, xxi, xlix-1,1-3,14-16, 17-20, 21-3,24-8,36,115-17,300; Nazi ‘race experts’ in occupied east, 191-2; 238; recent Holocaust memorials/ Nazi ‘thinking with the blood’ during museums in, xxviii-xxix, 281-2; rise of war, 115-17; need for renewed emphasis on, xxi, xlvi, 16; and quasi-mystical sense of belonging, 17-20, 21-3,24-5,300; far right in, 263-5,292; second sweep of Einsatzgruppen killings, 192-3; szmalcowniki (collaborators), xxxvii, 146, 259; the Warthegau, 79,92,198 police agencies, Nazi: Criminal Police, 82; direct involvement in genocide, 79, 81, 117,123-5,127; Gestapo, 37,76,82; Order Police (Orpo), 123,124-5,127 U1 Polish League against Defamation, 263-4 Pollatschek, Henriette, 114-15 Poniatowska camp, Poland, 196 Portugal, xlv, 59-60,182,183,184-5 postcolonial world, xxiv, 274,287-9 postwar order/settlement, dismantling of, xxviii, xxxi, xlvii-xlviii, 1,274; and end of the postwar order, 291 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (rump Czechoslovakia), 112-15, Ч^, 140,168
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, ζ race philosophers, 2,15-16,17-22,33, 36; as ‘system of scientific superstition,’ 14-16,18-19,24-5; Eric Voegelin on, 14-15; Volkskörper (racial body) as measurement of social value/worth, 19, 20 see also racial hygiene (Rassenhygiene, Nazi eugenics); Volksgemeinschaft (Nazi ‘racial community’) racial hygiene (Rassenhygiene, Nazi eugenics): Ariernachweis (Aryan proof), 18; doctors as most Nazified professional group, 85-6; euthanasia (T4) programme, 18,82-3, 85-8,136, 191-2, 200,301; exclusion of nurture, 17,56; flourishes in Nazi-dominated Europe, 23; Hitler’s vulgar scientific jargon, 23-4; and Nazi assumptions about gender, 84-5; overtly sexualized fear of Jewish contamination, 39,42-3, Q---------------------- 44; race defilement (Rassenschande'), 39; Quakers, 239 by German scientists, 83-4 sterilization legislation, 18,84; supported R ---------------------race: as common issue in first half of twentieth century, 16; concept of ‘aryan race,’ 19; ‘great replacement theory,’ 281; as meaningless as biological or anthropological concept, 19,24,43-4; race hatred as continuing plague in the world, 292; white supremacists, 17 race theory/thinking, Nazi: accepted by large majority of Germans, 25-7,28; racial psychology (Völkerpsychologie), 2 racial science: as backing for political race theories, 2-3,14-16,18-24,27, 87; flourishes in Nazi-dominated Europe, 23; global acceptance of, 19; legal/ scientific infrastructure in Third Reich, 18,26; polygenism notion, 17; and the Volksgemeinschaft, 18 Rademacher, Franz, 98 radical-right politics:
alt-right world, 291; ‘anti-woke’ response to anti-racism, 300; attitudes to migrants, xix, xxx, 1; 397
INDEX and dismantling of the postwar order, 19°, 193—5; uprisings at Treblinka and Sobibor, 195 xlvii-xlviii, 1,274; far-right terrorism, 281; fascism as knocking on the door today, xxxi-xxxii, xliii, 1,266-7,292,293, Riga, Latvia, 135-6 Rimbach (Hesse), 54 295; ‘great replacement theory,’ 281; Ringelblum, Emmanuel, 81,90,95,96 Holocaust as key topic of contestation, Ringelblum archive, 193 Robert Kempner, 138 xlii, 268,279,280-1,283,294; incel culture of the manosphere, 300; perpetrators refigured as heroes by, 283-4; populist right today, XXV, xxvii, Roma, xviii, xxv, xlviii, 18,87,188 Romania: Antonescu halts deportations to Transnistria, 177-8,188; Bessarabia, 153, xxviii-xxix, xxx-xxxii, xxxvii, xliii, 171-2; Bogdanovka massacre (1941-2), 263-5,293: ressentiment at discovery of collaboration, xxix, xxxvii, 146,263-5, 174-5; Bucharest pogrom (1941), 131,140; Bukovina, 171-2; collaboration in, xi-xii, 294-5; resurgence of far right today, xiv, XXV, xxviii-xxix, xxxvii, 266-7,274,279, xviii, xxix, xxxvii, xxxviii, 131,132,140, 145,147,170-78; Holocaust in, xxxvii, 146, 281,292,294-5,300,302-3; storming 147,153,154,170-78,179,188; Holocaust of the Capitol in USA (2021), 266-7, 300; use of Holocaust memory in post in Transnistria, xi-xii, xv, xviii, 133-4,140, 172-7,293; Ia§i pogrom, 140; indigenous truth era, 279,280-2,282-3; use of Nazi fascist regime, xviii, xxxvii, xxxviii, 98, salutes, 300 131,132,140,147,171-9; and invasion railways, German (Reichsbahn), 107-8 Rath, Ernst vom, 50,51,70 of Soviet Union, 104,171,172; non deportation of the Jews of the Banat, 154,
Ratner, Sofia, 128 177-8,188; pockets of surviving Jewish Ravensbrück camp, 181-2,218,237 communities in, 261; surviving Jewish Reagan, Ronald, xxvi, 270 community in, 178-9; switches sides Red Cross, 181-2,200,239,257-9 refugees: Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees, 181; international legal framework on rights of, xxv; refugee (August 1944), 178 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, xxxv, 71-2,181 Roseman, Mark, 138-9 camps after First World War, xxxii, 10; Rosenberg, Alfred, xxxvi, 2,5,15,23,33,89, 140,191-2 ‘refugee crisis’ in Europe (since 2015), xxv; worldwide movement of Jews during Rosenberg, Kurt, 35,49 Rosenblum, Heinrich, 251 and after war, 152 see also DP (displaced Rubin, Rosa, 216-7 Rumkowski, Chaim, 93,96 persons) camps Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), 76, 82, Ruthenia, Subcarpathian, xlv 123,137.138 Reichenau, Field Marshall von, 117-18 Rwanda, 280 Reichmann, Eva, xlvii Reinhard death camps, 114,136,137,147,164, 189-90,191-2; Auschwitz as successor to, S ------------------------------------------ 193,196-7,198,202; dismantled (1943), 190-1,193,195-6,198; killing process at, 190,192,194-5,202;as not sophisticated, 87,202; period of operation, 111,112, 190-1; planning of before Wannsee Conference, xxxvi, 108,139,199; Soviets arrive at sites of, 237; survivors of, 398 SA (Sturmabteilung), 37 Sachsenhausen (Oranienburg) camp, 64, 90,234,237 Sakowicz, Kazimierz, 126-7,132 Salazar dictatorship in Portugal, 183,185 Saliège, Archbishop Jules-Gérard, 158 Sampson, Naomi, 210 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 274
INDEX Schemann, Ludwig, 15 Schindler’s List (Steven Spielberg film, 1993), xxvi, 269 Schmelt, Albrecht, 198 Schwartz, Joseph, 248 Schwarz, Duro, 170 Second World War: as Erckner’s ‘organised act of madness,’ 67-8; Hitler’s failure to defeat Britain, 98; Holocaust has almost no bearing on German resources, 107-8; 224; camps in Poland liquidated (1943), 195-6; conditions at Mittelbau-Dora, 217-8; conditions in sub-camps, 212-17; Europe as continent of camps, 220; Jewish experience of, xi-xii, 174,212-13; Jews as totally expendable, 208,212, 221; move towards near end of War, xxxviii-xxxix, xl, 92-3,188,207-18,219-20; non-SS camps, 220; production of secret ‘V’ weapons, 217; sub-camps in last Holocaust’s dependence on military stages of War, xxxviii-xxxix, xl, xlv, situation, xx, XXXV, 106-7,108,153,207-8, 207-9, 212-17,219-20; survivors of, 92-3, 209-11,213-17,221; in Transnistria, xi-xii, 299; Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, 136-7; last stages of, xxxviii-xl; Nazi expectation of rapid victory in east, 81-2; Nazi inability to control Indian Ocean, XXXV, 98,100-1; Nazi invasion of Poland, xxxiv-xxxxv, 78-9,90; Nazi invasion of Soviet Union, xxxv-xxxvi, 99-100, 103-4,105-6,108,116-17,136,172; as Nazi philosophical struggle, 116-17; Nazi progress halted on eastern front, 92,100, 115; Nazi successes in Western Europe (1940), 81-2,89-90; Nazi ‘thinking with the blood’ during, 115-17; outbreak of (September 1939), xxxiv; tide turns after Stalingrad, 107,183,207-8; USA enters, 106-7,109, lb, 136-7 Seghers, Anna, The Seventh Cross (1942), 62 Sehn, Jan, 219 Seidl, Siegfried, 114
Selinger, Menachem Mendel, 163 Serbia, xxxvi, 108,131,280 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur, 155 Shanghai, xlv, 70-1,112 Sharp, Charles Philip, 240 Shaw, George Bernard, 83 Shoah (Claude Lanzmann film, 1985), 94-5,274 Sierakowiak, Dawid, 210 Simonov, Constantine, 237 174; Treblinka I camp, 190 slavery, New World, 9-10; dialogue with Holocaust, 277,285-6,289; National Museum of African American History and Culture, 277 Slovakia, xviii, xxxvii, 140,166-8,187-8, 198,203-4 Sobibôr death camp, xxxvi, 87,108,114,167, 175,190-1; uprising at (1943), 195 social Darwinism, 2,4 Soros, George, xxix-xxx Sorrow and the Pity (film), 273 South Africa, 278; Apartheid, xxiv, 287 South America, xvii, XXV, xxviii, 58,59,70,71 Soviet Union: Bolshevik revolution (1917), xxxii; comparisons with Nazi Germany, xxvi, 6,272; death pits of western areas, xix, xxxv-xxxvi, 103-4,120-2, 126-7,128,130-1,301; and discourse of ‘double genocide,’ xxvi, xxix, 272,283, 288-9; Einsatzgruppen murder squads in, xxxv-xxxvi, 79-81,108,109,120-3, 125,127-8,130-1,135,141,147,192-3; Hitler-Stalin Pact (August 1939), xxxiv, 78; Jewish returnees from, 244-6; Nazi expectation of rapid victory, 81-2; Nazi invasion of, xxxv-xxxvi, 99-100,103-4, 105-6,108,116-17,136,172; Nazi schemes Sinti, 87 Sivak, Jozef, 168 to expel Slavs, 100; Nazi treatment of Soviet POWs, xxxvii, 136,198; Nazis’ failure to take Moscow, 115; Nazism as slave labour: Allied knowledge of sub-camp distinct from Stalin, 6; Polish-Jewish system, 218-19; Auschwitz at centre of refugees, xvii, xxiii, xlv, 79,105,238; system, 140,198,207-8,212-17,219-20, Russian émigrés
from, 10; Russian POWs Sington, Derrick, 238-9 399
INDEX in Germany after Great War, 10-11; T ------------------- Stalin’s gulag, xxvi, 271,272; surviving Jewish communities in, 261; Wehrmacht shootings of civilians, 103-4 Spain, xxviii, xlv, 182,183,184 Spartacist uprising (1919), 11 Spiegel, Isaiah, x-xi SS (Schutzstaffel): attempts to widen Holocaust complicity, 137-8; burials at Tai, Uriel, 18,30-1 Tausk, Walter, 61 theatre: confrontation of trauma through, ■ 253-4; Katzet-Teater group, 253; Minchener Yiddisher Teater, 254-3 Theresienstadt ghetto, 113-14,115,167,200, 221,227,237 Bitburg cemetery, xxvi, 270,273,275; Tichauer, Helen (Zippi), 203-4 concentration camp system, xxxiii-xxxiv, xxxvi, xxxviii-xxxix, xl, 53,110-11,191, Tillion, Germaine, 274 Tisma, Aleksandar, 4 192,198; Das Schwarze Korps (journal), 20; dominance in Jewish policy, xxxvi, Tiso, Jozef, xxii, 166,167 Tluste, Ukraine, 127-8 52-3,82,91,105-6,109,136,137-9, 197; and Kristallnacht, 52; members from foreign nations, xxxvii, 146; in Topf and Sons (suppliers to Auschwitz), 199 Touvier, Paul, 274 Transnistria: forced/slave labour in, xi-xii, Netherlands, 142-3,156; and Poland, xxxiv-xxxv, 79-80,82,90-1; Reich 174; ghettos in, 133-4; Romanian Jews deported to, 172-7; Romanian mass Central Office for Jewish Emigration, murder of Jews, xv, xviii, 140,174-7,193, 65; and RSHA, 82; SD (intelligence service), 24,82; slave labour sub-camp 293; under Soviet rule, 153 Trawniki camp, Poland, 141,196,202 system, xxxviii-xxxix, xl, 92-3,208-10, Treblinka death camp, xxxvi, 87,115,148, 211,212-17, 219-20; use of race theories, 24; and ‘work Jews’ (Arbeitsjuden), xvi see
163,189-91,239; closed and dismantled also Einsatzgruppen murder squads, SS; Heydrich, Reinhard; Himmler, Heinrich of, 190; Polish Jew report (1943), 193-5; (1943), 190-1,193,195; local knowledge St Georgenthal (Gross-Rosen sub-camp), 216 uprising at (1943), 195 Treuchtlingen (Middle Franconia), 54 Stahlecker, Walter, 122 Trump, Donald, xxviii, 266-7,300 Stalin, Josef, xxxv, 6,275,289 Tsolakoglou, Georgios, 147-8 Tudjman, Franjo, 280 Stark, Johannes, 20 sterilization laws, 18,83,84 Streicher, Julius, 39-41,40 student revolts (1968), xxiv Der Stürmer, 55 Tuka, Vojtech, 167 Tumarkin, Maria, xvii Turkey, 182,277 Stürmer, Michael, 271,272 Stutthof camp, 225,237 U ------------------- Sweden, 182; policy towards Jewish Uebelhoer, Friedrich, 93 refugees, 184,185 Switzerland, 72,182; pockets of surviving Jewish communities in, 261; policy Ukraine: camp guards from, xxxvii, 146, towards Jewish refugees, 183-4; questions about Swiss gold in 1990s, 267,269 Sypko, Edward, 190 Szâlasi, Ferenc, 16z, 166,284 Szydlo, Beata, 285 400 191; Holocaust in, 141,155, 192-3; OUN collaboration movement, xxxvii, 145-6, 155; Reichskomissariat Ukraine (RKU), 192-3; Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 155 see also Transnistria Umschweif, Simon, 201 United Kingdom: colonial ‘small wars,’ 1617; culture wars in, 265-6; and definitions
INDEX of antisemitism, 265-6; Hitler’s failure to defeat, 98; Holocaust consciousness Varga, Lucie, 26 Veesenmayer, Edmund, 161 in, 275-6,278; incarceration of Jewish Versailles, Treaty of (1919), xxxii, 3,5, ‘illegal’ migrants in Cyprus, xxiii, 249; isolation in late 1930s, xxxiv; and Verschuer, Otmar Freiherr von, 84 migration from Nazi Germany, 72; no Vichy France: antisemitism in, xv, xvi, xviii, 7-8,26,67 legislation based on eugenics in, 83; non- XXX, xxxvi-xxxvii, 109,112,143,157-9; Jewish DPs admitted to, 256; provision of public infrastructure, 17; vote for and Catholic establishment, 157-9; Brexit, xxviii United Nations: creation of, xxxviii, 180; and DP camps, 244,248; and Holocaust Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives (CGQJ), 143; deportations of Jews from, xvi, xviii, xxxvi, 69,109,158-9,198, 274; heirs of anti-Dreyfusard tradition, consciousness/commemoration, xxvii-xxviii, 277; and refugees in XXX, 159; refusal to deport Jewish French liberated countries, 181,244, 248; Relief and Rehabilitation Administration Juifs, xv, 143; taking of initiative in antiJewish persecution, xv, xxxvi-xxxvii, (UNRRA), 239, 244,248 United States: antisemitism in, 181; attack on the Capitol (6 January 2021), 266-7, 300; enters Second World War, 106-7, 109,115,136-7; entry denied to Eastern citizens, 143-4,154,159; Statut des 143,158,179; as unpredictable ally, 156-9; Vélodrome d’Hiver in Paris, 158 Vienna, 51,76,135,195 Viereck, Peter, xxxiii European DPs, 246; forced sterilization Vinnitsa ghetto, western Soviet Union, 128 vitalism, 2 laws in, 83; Hitler sees as one and the
same with ‘the Jew,’ 75-6; Holocaust Vitebsk ghetto, western Soviet Union, 128 Voegelin, Eric, 1,14-15 consciousness in, 275,278; internment Volksgemeinschaft ( Nazi ‘racial of civilians, 10; Jewish Joint Distribution community’): Aryan identification Committee (JDC), 181,248; Jim Crow in, 17; Lisbon as last port of exit to (1940-1), cards (Ahnenpässe'), 18, 26; as based 59-60,183; National Museum of African on political race theories, 24; ‘binding function’ of race, 25-6; camps seeking American History and Culture, 277; non- to mould, 26,62-3; categories defined/ Jewish DPs admitted to, 256; relations with West Germany, 277; Republican imposed by the Nazis, 61-2; and drive for Lebensraum, xxi-xxii, 4-5,12, 78, Party’s slide into fascism, 266-7,292, 300; survivors migrate to, xxiii, 256-7; 99,100,116-17,119-20,198; as founded white supremacists in, 17 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), 275, 277; attempts to name victims, 149; Encyclopedia ofCamps and Ghettos, xiv-xv University College London, 265-6 Uris, Leon, 269 on radical exclusion of Jews, xxi-xxii, 14-15, 23, 28,149,154-5; as purely right-wing in 1930s, 2; race as neither homogeneous nor stable concept, 18-19; seems to be becoming reality in late-i930s, 61; vision of united Europe, 146,154-5 Vrba, Rudolf, 206 Uruguay, xxviii, 58,71 w-----------------------------Vacher de Lapouge, Georges, 2 Van Pelt, Robert Jan, 143 Waldheim, Kurt, 270,275 Wall, Rabbi Max B., 250 Wallenberg, Raul, 181 401
INDEX Wannsee Conference (20 January 1942), xxxvi, 108,135,136-7; as Nazi staging of ‘master race’ myth, 139; ‘protocol’ of 270; conservative turn of the 1980s (Tendenzwende), 272-3; DP (displaced meeting, 138; purpose of, 137-9 War Refugee Board, xxxviii, 180,181-2,185 Nazis in Adenauer’s government, 269-70; global influence of, xxv; Historikerstreit persons) camps, xli-xlii, 244,257; former Warnecke Böhm (German firm), 115 (Historians’ Debate) in, xxvi, 271-2,289; Warsaw ghetto, xxiv, 62,92,94-5,134,189, 190,192,193,195,225,301 and Holocaust’s singularity/'uniqueness,' Weber, Karl, 27 Weihs, Christine, 85 the past’ in, 270-4; Reagan’s visit to Bitburg cemetery (1985), xxvi, 270,273, Weimar Republic: Article 48 of 271-2; ‘process of coming to terms with 275; relations with USA, 277; reparations constitution, 8,9; democrats’ dilemma in, 11; economic depression as crucial, treaties, xxv, xxvi; rise of radical xxxii, 1,2,8,12,26,29; ‘eliminationist Einsatzgruppen members, 270 right in, 273; trial in Ulm of former groups’ in, 11-12; the Herrenklub, 8; inflation of early 1920s, 26; move to Wetzel, Erhard, 191-2 Wetzler, Alfred, 206 presidential rule (after 1925), 8; Nazism Wiener Library, 63-4,204 Wiesel, Elie, xxvi appears ‘untainted’ by association with, 27-8,29; Spartacist uprising (1919), 11; and stab-in-the-back legend, 9,11-12, 29-30,89; and ‘states of exception,’ xxxii, 9; threats to from left and right, 7; use of Freikorps, xxxii, 11; widespread dislike of Williamson, Gavin, 265 Wirsing, Giselher, 116 Wirth, Christian, 191 Wisliceny, Dieter, 142,167 World Jewish
Congress, 72,131 Versailles Treaty, 7-8,26 Weiss, Reska, 232-3 Y -------------------- Weizsäcker, Richard von, 270-3 Weltanschauung (Nazi worldview): ; Yad Vashem, Israel, xxiv, 278; attempts to Jews, xix-xxii, 53,211-12; and ‘Diktat’ name victims, 149 Yugoslavia, 280 of Versailles, xxxii, 3,5,26; importance of antisemitism, xx-xxii, 1,3-6,12-18, Z -------------------- cultural imaginary of world without 23-6,31, 35-7, 55^6,87 г49; and ‘JudaeoBolshevism,' xxii, xxix, xxxv-xxxvi, 30, 38,99,108,117-19,124,125-6,155,175, Zappelli, Luigi, 165 Zarivny, Jozef and Barbara, 210 283; origins of, 1-6,30-3; specific verve and voraciousness of, 6,31,32-3; “worldhistorical threat'/hidden hand’ of Jews, Zelkowicz, Josef, 95-6 Ziemann, Benjamin, 7 xviii, XXX, xxxii, XXXV, 3-6,14,18-19,23, Ziobro, Zbigniew, 266-7 Zionism, xxiii, xxiv, xli, 129,194,249,254 74-6,87,89,98-9,109-10,300 Werner, Kurt, 130 West Germany: Central Office for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes, 402 Zierke, Ernst, 191 Zittau slave-labour sub-camp, 214 Zolf, Rachel, 214 Zwodau camp (Czechoslovakia), 219 |
| adam_txt |
Contents LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS vii IMAGE SOURCES vii i INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS THE HOLOCAUST? ix CHAPTER 1 Before the Holocaust 1 CHAPTER 2 Attack on the Jews, 1933-8 35 CHAPTER 3 Before the ‘Final Solution’ 67 CHAPTER 4 War of Annihilation 103 CHAPTER 5 A Continent-wide Crime 145 CHAPTER 6 Camps and the Mobile Holocaust 189
CHAPTER 7 Great Is the Wrath: ‘Liberation’ and Its Aftermath 223 CHAPTER 8 Holocaust Memory 263 CONCLUSION 297 NOTES 305 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 369 INDEX 381
Index ‘great replacement theory,’ 280; Hitler’s ‘prophecy’ speech (January 1939), XXXV, Abetz, Otto, 142 Abramovicz, Shea, 255-6 Abterode (sub-camp of Buchenwald), 219 Acmecetca concentration camp, xi Adenauer, Konrad, 269-70 Adorno, Theodor, 207 Ahmedinejad, President, 281 74-6,106-7,109, “°;in Hungary today, xxix-xxx; IHRA working definition of, 265-6; importance of in Nazi worldview, xx-xxii, 1,3-6,12-18, 23-6,31,35-7,55- 6,87,149; increased Nazi fanaticism (1938-9), 69-70; Jewish Assets Tax, 70; Kristallnacht as turning-point in Ahubia, Abraham, 244 Alexander, Jeffrey, xlii, 268 Alexianu, Gheorghe, 175 Germany, xxxiv, 47,50-2,53-5,56-7,61, Alexievich, Svetlana, 121-2 48-9; myth of Judaeo-communism, xxii, xxix, xxxv-xxxvi, 30,38,99,108,117-19, Algerian war, xxiv, XXX, 274 Amsterdam, 63,142-3,156,301; Anne Frank House, 269; ‘Diamond Jews’ of, 259 anthropology, xlv, 14-15,17,21,24,25,302; racial, xxi, 23,55 antisemitism: anti-Israel statements 65-6,68; Kurfürstendamm riot, 45-6; law enforcing name-changes for Jews (1938), 124,125-6,155,175,283; and nationalism, xii-xiii, XX, xxxvi-xxxvii, 129,145,147-8; Nazi claims of scientific backing for, 14,18-19,21-2; and Nazi education of the young, 19-20,39-41,40; non-Jewish conflated with, 265-6,278; assimilated ‘Jews,’ 62; Nuremberg Laws (1935), 42-5, Christians defined as Jews, 62; in contemporary debates over racism, 89,268-9;as political and philosophical principle, 14-15,19,20-1,23-4; in post 289-90; as cultural code from Wilhelmine period, 25; Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew, film), 94; war period, xvii, xxiii, xxiv-xxv,
251; difference between Nazi regime and its collaborators, xxii; and discourse of radicalization of Nazi policy in late- 1930s, 57; θί regimes allied to Nazis, xi-xii, xiv-xvi, xviii, xxii-xxiii, 131-2, 166-77, 284; sexual aspect of for Nazis, 288-9; in early Nazi years, xxxiii, xxxiv, 35-6,37,38-50,153; Entebbe hostages 39,43; and stab-in-the-back legend, 9,11-12,29-30,89; stock fantasies from nineteenth-century, 97-8; (1976), xxiv-xxv; fantasies relating to Tisma articulates classic version of, 4; finance/capitalism, xxix-xxx, 30,45,74, 75; foreign observers of Nazism, 41,44-7; traditional Christian Jew-hatred, xxxiii, ‘double genocide,’ xxvi, xxix, 272,283, foreign sympathy for Nazi policies, 44-5; xlix-1, 3-4,25-6,301; trope of global Jewish influence, xviii, xxx, xxxii, xxxv, 381
INDEX 3-6,14,18-19,23,74-6,87,89,98-9, 109-10,300; as unifying force among divergent Nazi groups, 119-20; ‘Vienna model’ for Jewish policy, 52-3, 76-7; Voegelin on, 14-15 see also Holocaust victims, Jewish Antonescu, Ion, xviii, xxii, 131,171-2, 177-8,188 (7 October 1944), 206; as successor to Reinhard camps, 193,196-7,198,202; Union munitions plant at, 206 austerity policies, recent, xxx, xxxi Australia, 70,278 Austria: annexation of (Anschluss, 1938), xxxiv, 51,52-3,75,76-7; Central Office for Jewish Emigration, 52-3,76-7; DP Antonescu, Mihai, 172 appeasement policies, inter-war, xxxiii, xxxviii, 28-9,30,51,77-8,180-1 (displaced persons) camps, xxiii, 244; involvement in Holocaust, xiii, 270; Jewish migration from, 53,70,71,76-7; Arad, Yitzhak, 284 Arendt, Hannah, xii, xxxiii, 146,297 Nazi treatment of Jews in, 35,52-3,76-7, 90; radical-right in today, xxviii, 273; recent Holocaust memorials/museums Arlt, Fritz, 55-6 Armenian genocide, xxv Artukovic, Andrija, 169 Atlantic Charter, xxxviii, 180 Auerbach, Rachel, xlvii, 193 Auschwitz: Auschwitz Album, 163,202; in, xxviii-xxix; as testing ground for Jewish policy, 52-3,76-7; Waldheim’s Nazi past, 270,275 Austro-Hungarian Empire, xx, 129 Axis states allied to Nazis: antisemitism becomes killing centre for Jews, 68,111, of, xi-xii, xiv-xvi, xviii, xxii-xxiii, 131-2, 140,193,200-2; Birkenau (Auschwitz 166-8; cover-up of collaboration, xiv, xxxvii; differing attitudes towards/types of, 152,153—4; ethnic nationalism in, II), ill, 162,163,198,200,201-2; camp’s gassing installations, 198-9, 202,204; 140,198,207-8,212-17,220,224;
xii-xiii, xx, xxxvi-xxxvii, 145-6,147-8,161, 166-72,187-8; freedom of manoeuvre of, daily life of working inmates, 204-5; xx, xxxvii-xxxviii, 146-7,166-79,187-8; ‘death marches’ from, 225,234,238-9; indigenous fascist regimes, 131-2,140, as centre of vast slave labour operation, experience of arrival at, 162-3,201-2, 203-4; fiftieth anniversary of liberation (1995), 270; first experimental gassings at, 136,198; Frankfurt trials of guards 146-7,169-70,171-9; massive variation in local conditions, 153,154,155-6; Nazi willingness to compromise, 157; orders to repatriate ‘their’ Jews, 184-5; resisting (1963-5), xxvi, 268-9; has almost no of Nazi demands, xx, 143-4,157-60,166, bearing on German resources, 107; and 188; taking of initiative in anti-Jewish persecution, xv, xviii, xxxvi-xxxviii, 131-2, Hungary’s Jews, 160,162-3,201, 220,301; images of Birkenau ramp and selection process, 163,201-2; June 1941 to autumn 1942 period, 191,198-9; ‘liberation’ of, xxviii, 225,237; as metonym for evil, 207, 143,158,166-77,179; unpredictability of, 156-9 see also Bulgaria; Croatia; Hungary; Romania; Slovakia; Yugoslavia 268,279; murder process at, 198-9,201-2, 204,205-6; and perception of‘factory like’ genocide, xii, 199,201, 205; place of Babyn Yar (Babi Yar) massacre (September in Holocaust memory, 140,162-3, !7S, 193,197-8, 207,268,272,278; religious Backe, Herbert, 105 observance in, 202-3; role in the Final 1941), 130,175 Solution, 196-202; and Slovakia’s Jews, Bader, Marie, 113 Baeumler, Alfred, 15,35,55 167,203-4; Sonderkommando at, 201, Baltic states: collaboration in, xxxvii,
108-9, 202, 205-7; Sonderkommando uprising 382 126-7, Ц1 146,147,191; ‘death marches’
INDEX from camps in, 225; Holocaust in, xxix, xxxvi, xxxvii, 108-9,126-7,135-6,137, 141,147,191 Bandera, Stepan, 155 Bouhler, Philipp, 85,192 Boutaris, Yannis, 294 Brack, Victor, 191-2 Banse, Ewald, 15 Brandt, Karl, 85 Brazil, xxviii, 58,292 Bartov, Omer, 129 Breivik, Anders, 281 Bassfreund, Jürgen, 212-13,223-4 Broad, Pery, 199 Beamish, Henry Hamilton, 98 Browning, Christopher, Ordinary Men Becker, August, 192 (1991), 123 Buchenwald, 64,90, 233,237,240,241,244, Belarus, 121-2,141,149 Belev, Alexander, 148 268; becomes death camp due to ‘death marches,’ xl Belgian Congo, 16-17 Belgium, xx, 154,273 Buczacz (now Buchach, Ukraine), 129, Belsen, x; Allied medical relief at, 239-41; becomes death camp due to ‘death 133, 210 Budapest, 161,162,163; Terror House marches,’ xli, 230,238-9; ‘death marches’ museum, 284 to, 227,228,238-9; ‘Diamond Jews’ of Amsterdam in, 259; DP camp after war Buergenthal, Thomas, 234-5 Bukovina, 171-2 (Hohne), 247,248,253; Jews of Salonika in, 185; ‘liberation’ of, xl, 235,237, 238,239-41 Bulgaria, xxxix, 131,148,154 Belzec death camp, xxxvi, 87,108,114,136, 167,190-1 Benz, Wolfgang, 54 Berg, Mary, 94 Bering, Wilhelm and Ernst, 251 Bessarabia, 153,171-2 Bessel, Richard, 81 Best, Werner, 142 Bevin, Ernest, 254-5 Bing, Rudolf and Gertrud, 53-4 Birkenau (Auschwitz II), 111,162,163,198, 200,201-2 Black Lives Matter movement, 286 Blechhammer (subcamp of Auschwitz), 224 Buller, Amy, Darkness over Germany (1943), 26-7 Burdekin, Katharine, Swastika Night (1937), 297-9 C -----------------------------------------Canada, 278 capitalism: corporate involvement in
Holocaust, xvi, xxii, 48,107,199,213,214, 215; unregulated in interwar era, xlix Carmichael, Cathie, 11 Cassirer, Ernst, 1 Catholicism, 17,81,82,104,157-9, 282 Celan, Paul, 123 Césaire, Aimé, 10; Discourse on Bloch, Ernst, 32 Colonialism, 286 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 2,22 Blume, Walter, 122 Chelmno extermination camp, 108,136,190 Boas, Franz, 17 Chesterton, G.K., 83 China, 70-1 Boczkowska, Sonia, 253 Boder, David, 203,204,212,224-5;1 Did Not Interview the Dead (1949), 261 Bogdanovka massacre (1941-2), 174-5 Bolivia, xvii, 59 Bolsonaro, Jair, xxviii Borzykowski, Tuvia, 223 Bosnia, xxxvii Christianity: assimilated Christians defined as Jews, 62; Catholicism, 17,81,82,104, 157-9,282; churches in the Warsaw ghetto, 62; traditional Jew-hatred, xxxiii, xlix-1, 3-4, 25-6,301 Christianstadt (Gross-Rosen sub-camp), 215 383
INDEX Churchill, Winston, XXXV, 300 across Europe, xii-xiii, xiv-xvi, xviii- Cioran, E.M., 303 citizenship and belonging: in borderlands xix, xxxvi-xxxviii, 131-2,144,145-51, of Eastern Europe, 161-2; ‘eliminationist ISS, 275, 282-3,294,300,301; use of term, xxxvi-xxxvii, 145; Vlassov Army groups’ in inter-war years, 11-12; fears/ fantasies of threatening outsiders, of Russian prisoners, xxxvii, 141,146; in Western Europe, 142-3,155-6 4-5,10-11; impact of First World War on notions of, 7,8-9,10; Nazi quasi- Collingwood, R.G., 8,31-2 Collis, Robert, 240-1 mystical sense of, 17-20,21-3,24-5,300; Colonia Libera Italiana, 165 colonialism, European, xvii; collapse of the Nuremberg Laws (193s), 42-5, 89,270 civil service, German (Nazi era), 38-9, 107,108 Clauss, Ludwig Ferdinand, 15 climate change, xlvii, 302 European empires, 290; connections with Second World War, 274-5; dialogue with Holocaust, xxiv, 274-5,286; German crimes in South West Africa, Cohn, Eduard, 71 Cold War, XXV, 268,273,277,277 289; internment of civilians, 9-10; collaboration: accusing Poles of aspect of brutality, 16-17,286; wars of collaboration made criminal offence (2018), xviii-xix, xxix, 263-5,288; Arajs commando in Latvia, 108-9; auxiliary postcolonial theory, 286-8; racialized decolonization, xxiv, 274-5,292 communism: fear of as a driver of fascism, xxii, xxix, xxxiii, 10-11,30,38,117-19; police forces from local populations, myth of Judaeo-communism, xxii, xxix, 141; camp guards from local populations, xxxvii, 141,146,191; cover-up of across Europe, xiv, xviii-xix, xxxvii; of Dutch xxxv-xxxvi,
30,38,99,108,117-19,124, 125-6,155,175, 283; rise of after First World War, 10-11,30,129; Spartacist civil service, 156; and end of the Cold War, 273,282,294; ethnic relations in Eastern European borderlands, 125-30, uprising (1919), 11 concentration/death camp system: after 1941-2 escalation, 109; Allied knowledge 146,153-4,161-2; evidence of the ‘death marches,’ xl; exceptions to the rule, horrific conditions in, 64-5,90,202-3; xxxix-xl, 188,282; freedom of manoeuvre camp survivors’ organizations, xlv; of Nazi allies, xx, xxxvii-xxxviii, 146-7, camps discovered by Red Army, xxviii, of during war, 218-19,240; brutality/ 156-9,166-79,187-8; massive variation 195, 225, 237; chaos of collapsing due to local conditions, 153-4,155-6; and modem Holocaust distortion, 282-6; system, 218,235; Dachau as first purpose-built camp, 37-8; in early Mussolini’s Salo Republic (RSI), 164-6, 200; nationalist bitterness at revelations evacuations/'death marches’ from, of, xxix, xxxvii, 146, 263-5, 294; in 223-34; huge number of sub-camps, xlv; Nazi years, xxxiii-xxxiv, 30,37-8,63-4; occupied areas of western Soviet Union, Inspectorate of (IKL), 191; killing process 125-30,141; post-Cold War commissions at, xix, 189-90,194-5,198-9,201-2,204, of inquiry, 282,294; post-war memories of, xxiv, XXV, xxix; reasons for, xxii-xxiii, 205-6; as Levi’s ‘early seedlings of the xxxvii, 145-6,155,179,180,186-7; szmalcowniki in Poland, xxxvii, 146,258; trans-European dimension of Holocaust, xii-xiii, xiv-xvi, xviii-xix, xxxvi-xxxviii, 145-51,15З-4,159-79,275,290,294,300, 301; Trawniki men, 141,202; ubiquity
of 384 New Order,’ 220-1; majority of pre-war inmates released, 65; rapid expansion of in late-i93os, 64; Red Cross aid to inmates in final weeks of war, 181-2; slave labour sub-camp system, xxxviii-xxxix, xl, xlv, 92-3,208-10,211,212-17,219-20; SS system separate from Holocaust until
INDEX late-War period, xxxiv, xxxvi, 110-11, 191, 192,198; treatment of Jewish veterans due to, xl, 230,238-9; destruction of documents relating to, 228; evacuations in, 64-5; use of archaeology and forensic from camps, 223-34,238-9; as evidence science, xlv see also ‘liberation’ of camps; of complicity of population at large, xl; Reinhard death camps and entries for individual camps/sites Himmler orders, xl; huge death rates Confino, Alon, xlviii Congress of Berlin (1878), 171 Conspiracy (film), 139 conspiracy theory: antisemitic, xxix, 5,19, 23,24,36, 66,75,119, 281,283; Nazism as, xiii, 4-5; spread of today, 291 Contemporary Jewish Documentation Center (CJDC, Paris), 276 during, xl-xli, 211,225,227-8, 230-3, 235-6; lived experience of, 223-6,230-5; non-Jewish victims of, 227; reasons for, 225, 227-30,234-5; survivors of, 223-5, 230-5,238, 268 Deneri, Robert, 268 Denmark, xxxvii, xxxix-xl, 84,154, 184,188 Diner, Dan, 97 Corfu, 69 disabled people, xxi, 83, 84,85-7,112 Covid-19 pandemic, xxx Dodd, Martha, 66 Dodd, William, 21 Creasman, James, 236 Croatia: collaboration in, xxxvii-xxxviii, 131-2,140,145,146-7,166,168-70; genocidal campaign against Serbs, 169, Dominican Republic, xlv, 112 DP (displaced persons) camps, xlv; AngloAmerican Committee of Inquiry (AACI) 280; genocide against Jews, xxix, xxxvii, report, 254-5; central committees 131-2,166,168-70,187-8,280; Holocaust representing DPs, 251-2,256; as rhetoric during Yugoslav Wars, 280; functioning societies, xli, 223, 243, Jasenovac extermination camp, 169-70; nationalism in, xxix, xxxvii, 168-9; Ustasa 249-51, 252-3;
‘hard core’ of DPs, xli-xlii, regime, xviii, xxxvii-xxxviii, 109-10,131-2, 146-7,166,168-70 historical commissions set up in, 251-2, Crossman, Richard, 254-5 Cyprus, xxiii, 249 Czechoslovakia, 35, Tl, 90,112,190,219; Sudetenland, 51,75,77 246,257; Harrison Report, 248-9, 254; 276; instinctive Zionism of, xxiii, xxiv, xli, 249,254,255-6; Jews as initially housed with non-Jews, 248; Jews in, xxiii, xxiv, 212,238,243-4, 246-58,257; loneliness of DPs in, 246-9; nature of/conditions D ------------------------------------------ in, 247-8,255-6; and returnees from the Soviet Union, 244-6; as sites of cultural Dachau, 224,237,241; Allied medical presence of the dead, 250; and United activity, xli, 250-1,252-3; ubiquitous relief at, 240; becomes death camp due to ‘death marches,’ xl, xli; as first Nations, 244,248 Dragon, Abraham, 205 purpose-built camp, 37-8; International Dwork, Debôrah, 143 Information Office at, 250-1 Dynamit Nobel, 212 Daily Express, 72,73 Daluege, Kurt, 123 ‘Danzig question,’ 68,78 Darré, Richard Walther, 2 Deak, Gertrud (Trude Levi), 204-5,215- 16,233 ‘death marches’ at end of the war, xxxix, xl, xlv, 209-10; death camps emerging Ebensee sub-camp, 238 Ebert, Friedrich, 11 Eckart, Dietrich, 2,5,33 Eckler, Irma, 42-3 Edelman, Marek, 297 385
INDEX Eichmann, Adolf, 21,53,76-7,137,139,159, 160-1,162; trial of (1961), xxvi, 268 Einsatzgruppen murder squads, SS, 90-1, 191,200; Babyn Yar (Babi Yar) massacre War, xxxii, xxxiii, 30,129; US Republican Party’s slide into, 266-7,292,300 see also Nazism/Nazi Germany Feder, Sami, 253 (September 1941), 130,175; choice not Feiner, Hertha, 111-12 to participate in the shootings, 125; four Filderman, Wilhelm, 177 action squads of, 120,122-3; Himmler Finland, xx, 166,261 creates, 122; murders of Polish elites, First World War: civilians interned during, xxxiv-xxxv, 82,104-5,147; second sweep 9-10; impact on European societies, of killings in Poland/Soviet Union, 192-3; xxxii, xxxiii, 1,7,8-9,10-12,26,29-30, shocking nature of face-to-face killings 129; POW camps during, 9; and stab- by, 127-8,130-1,132; Sonderkommando in-the-back legend, 9,11-12,29-30,89; 11b in Transnistria, 174; in Soviet Union, ‘states of exception’ during, xxxii, 9-10; xxxv-xxxvi, 79-81,108,109,120-3,125, traumatic memory of in Germany, 1, 127-8,130-1,135,141,147,192-3; trial in Ulm of former members, 270 26,29-30 Fischer, Eugen, 84 Elias, Norbert, 25 Fischer, Joschka, xxiv-xxv Elkes, Elchanan, 96 Flossenbürg camp, 226,237 Endre, Lâszlô, 161 Föhrenwald DP camp, near Munich, xli-xlii, Engelking, Barbara, 263-5 250,257 Entebbe hostages (1976), xxiv-xxv Fortunoff Archive, Yale, 278 Erckner, S., 51,67-8,78 France: Algerian war, xxiv, xxx, 274; anti- Estonia, 108,137 Dreyfusards, xxx, 159; bitterness at eugenics, 2,7,17,83,84,85-8 see also racial revelations of collaboration, xxix; death hygiene (Rassenhygiene,
Nazi eugenics) European Union, 277,283 Evans, Richard, 37 rates of Jews in, 143,159; emergence of nativist movement, xx; experience of Jews returning home to, 257-8; Gaullist narrative of Second World War, 274; Holocaust denial in, 281; Italian-occupied south-east, 157,164; legacy of Vichy in, Fanon, Frantz, 10,274 274; as military dictatorship during Great Farb, Tobias, 70-1 War, 9; National Rally (National Front) fascism: ‘deep psychology” of ‘fascination in, xxviii, xxx; pockets of surviving Jewish with’, xliii, 291-2,294; energy and drive communities in, 261; rise of radical right of, 6,31,32-3; fear of communism as in, xxviii, xxx, 274; trials of former Vichy a driver of, xxii, xxix, xxxiii, 10-11,30, officials, 274 see also Vichy France 38,117-19,124; imagery/vocabulary Franco regime in Spain, 183,184 associated with as resonant today, Frank, Anne, Diary, 269 xix, xxxi-xxxii, 266-7,291, 293, 294; Frank, Hans, xxxvi, 97,105,140-1 and interwar intellectual fashions, 2; Freikorps, xxxii, 11 movements allied with Netanyahu, XXV; Frenkel, Françoise, 187 Nazism as radical variant of, 6; notion of Frieder, Rabbi Abraham, 168 as ‘colonialism returned home,’ xxxiii, Friedlander, Saul, xlix-1, 26,38-9,75,98-9, 10,30,117; revisionist interpretations of history today, xxiv, XXV, 278-9,281, 42 137,183-4 Friedman, Philip, xlvii 283-6; revival of in Europe today, xiv, XXV, Fritzsche, Peter, 57 xxviii, 274,281; rise of after First World Frühauf family, 60 386
INDEX Funkkaserne DP camp, near Munich, 212 towards Israel in, 287-8; Wilhelmine futurism, 2 Empire, 7,25 see also Nazism/Nazi Germany, Weimar Republic; West G ------------------------------------------------ Germany Gestapo, 37,76,82 Galen, Clemens August Graf von, Bishop of ghettos: Bialystok ghetto, Poland, 97; Brzeziny ghetto, Poland, 92; conditions in, 91,93-7,105,128,133,172-5,192, Münster, 86,87 Galton, Francis, 83 Garcia, Max, 241 Gebhardsdorf (Gross-Rosen sub-camp), 216 gender: female attacks on Jews, 54,123; 210; Cracow-Podgorze ghetto, Poland, 92; creation /emergence of in Poland, 81,82,90-3; deaths from starvation in, female Jews left behind in Germany, XV, xix, 192; as dehumanising places 66,111-12; female survivors at Belsen, of humiliation, 95-7,133-4,172-4,175, 238-9; gendered studies, xliv, xlvii; incel culture of the manosphere, 300; murder 210; deportation to death camps from, of women in Lithuania, 127; trauma of 93. 96, 97,1ЗЗ, 189-90,193-4; Djurin ghetto, Transnistria, 133-4;as genocidal, rape of, xii; violent masculinity across wartime Europe, 187; women in slave 93-4, 98,164,192,199-200,209,210; in Hungary, 161; intra-Nazi debate labour sub-camps, 213-17; women seen as breeding machines, 84-5; women’s about Polish Jews in, xxxv, 92-3; Jewish experience in Auschwitz, 203-5; women’s 95,96-7 135; Kovno (Kaunas) ghetto, Poland, 96; liquidation of in Poland (1942 onwards), 195,219,266; Lodz experience of‘death marches,’ 230-4 genocide studies, xlvi Georgia, 292 Gercke, Achim, 43 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 269-70 Germany: Alternative fur
Deutschland, xxviii; American zone in post-war period, 244,246,247,248; British zone in post war era, 246,247,248; crimes of the Wehrmacht exhibition (1995), xxvi; DP (displaced persons) camps, xxiii, xli-xlii, 212; failings of post-war justice system, 251; Great War military dictatorship, Councils tasked with administering, 91, ghetto, x-xii, 79,81, 92,93,95-6, 97,113, 133, 210; Minsk ghetto, 122; Pabianice ghetto, Poland, 92; resistance fighters of Warsaw ghetto, xxiv, 190,192,193, 195,225; in Soviet Union, 122,128; Theresienstadt, 113-14,115,167, 200,222, 227,237; in Transnistria, 133-4,172-7; Tuliskôw ghetto, Poland, 92; Warsaw ghetto, xxiv, 62,92,94-5,134,189,190, 192,193,195,225,301 Givon, Miriam, 214 7; history of anti-Black racism in, 289; Globke, Hans, 269-70 Globocnik, Odilo, 191,192,211 Holocaust distortion in, 282-3,287-9; Glowinski, Michal, 35,242,259-60 and Holocaust’s singularity/'uniqueness,' 271-2,282,287-90; impact of First World War, 7; Jewish survivors living in, 256; Gobineau, Arthur de, 2 Goebbels, Joseph, 1,22,45,48, 75, 81,140; ‘The Jews Are Guilty’ speech (November post-war antisemitism in, 251; post-war democracy, xliii, 291; ‘process of coming 1941), no; and Kristallnacht, 50,51-2 Goering, Hermann, 54,55,97,136,197 to terms with the past’ in, 270-4,282, Goga, Octavian, 98 287-8; returnees from Soviet Union Gollancz, Victor, 41,44,45-7 labelled ‘infiltrees,’ 246; reunification at end of Cold War, xxvi; Russian POWs Gonchar, Turner, 128 in after Great War, 10-11; sensitivity Gonin, M.W., 239 Goodfriend, Isaac, 243 387
INDEX Grabowski, Jan, 263-5 Gradowski, Zalman, 206-7 Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews (1961), 152-3,179 Grasberg-Goma, Anna, 134 Great Depression, xxxii-xxxiii, xlix, 1,2, Himmler, Heinrich, xl, 53,56,57,70,76, 8,12,26 Greece: collaboration in, 147-8,294; 106,196-7,211; aim to move from west to east, 135; asserts supremacy over Jewish policy, 137-8; creates Einsatzgruppen Holocaust in, xxviii, 132,140,147-8,294; murder squads, 122; dismantles Reinhard Sephardic Jews of Salonika, 147,148,185, 200,294; Tsolakoglou regime, 147-8 camps (1943), 190-1,193,195-6,198; displays adherence to petit bourgeois Gringauz, Samuel, 256 Gross, Jan Tomasz, 145,266 morality, 52; and Madagascar plan, 98, Gross, Walter, 19-20, 21-2,36,55 as RKFDV, 82,90-1; speaks openly of extermination programme, 140; and war Grossman, Vasily, 195 Gross-Rosen camp, 215,216,218,225,227, 232 237 Grosswerther (sub-camp of Mittelbau), 232 Grynszpan, Herschel, 50 101; not at Wannsee Conference, 137; for Lebensraum, 100; welcomes move to gassing, 192 Hindenburg, Paul, 37 historiography/scholarship: barriers against feelings/emotions, xx; collecting Guidi, Buffarini, 165 practices/methodologies for testimonies, Günther, Hans F.K., 2,15,21 xlvi; collections behind Iron Curtain, 276; concept of the ‘normal exceptional,’ Gusen sub-camp, 238 Gypsies, 200 H -----------------------------------------Habermas, Jürgen, 272-3,287,288 Haffner, Sebastian, 13,28,51,63 Hagen, Paul, 179-80 Hâjkovâ-Duxovâ, Vera, 215 Hamburger, Ludwig, 224-5 xlv; and conflation of antisemitism with anti-Israel statements, 265-6,278;
and end of the postwar order, xlvii-xlviii; first works in Holocaust history, 270,277; gendered studies, xliv, xlvii; Historians’ Debate in West Germany, xxvi, 271-2, 288-9; history of Holocaust as unfinished, 1-li; Holocaust’s place in world history, 285-8,289; and Holocaust’s Hamilton, Cicely, 44-5 singularity/‘uniqueness,’ 271-2,282-3, Harrison, Earl G., 248-9,254 287-9; innovative approaches, xliv-xlv; Hauser, Irene, 133 Hayes, Peter, xxii, 107-8,186 material written in Yiddish, xlvii, 206-7, interpretive frameworks/keywords, xlvii; Hecht, Izidor, 210-11 276; narration in context of German Heinkel aircraft production, 234 history, 149,152; narratives of reactive/ad hoc German decision-making, xix, 299; Henderson, Sir Nevile, 16 Herzberg, Abel Jacob, ix, 189,228,230, 235-6,263,279-80,281 Hessisch Lichtenau (sub-camp of Buchenwald), 212,214-17, 233 Heydrich, Reinhard, 21,52-3,76,82,90-1, nature of history-writing, xl-xli, xlviixlviii, 302; need for ‘return to ideology,’ xiii, xix-xxii, xlvi, xlviii, 299-301; need for victim-centred approach, xlvii; reliability of sources for atrocities, 127-8, 106,197; and Kristallnacht, 52,56,57; as Reichsprotektor in Protectorate, 112-13; 132-4; selective memory criminalizing sets out Final Solution at Wannsee, 108, written out of, xiii; turn to microhistory, 135,137-8,139; wrests full control of Jewish policy, 91,109,137-8,197 xlv, xlvii; understudied topics, xlvi-xlvii; as unmanageably large, xliv-xlvi; 388 scholarship, 263-5; trauma largely
INDEX writings/accounts of survivors, xlvi, 251-2, 260,261,275, rjti-l, 278 Hitler, Adolf: character of, 12,28-9; decision to murder all Jews of Europe (July 1941), 109-10,136,197; diplomatic flexibility of, 29; and drive for Lebensraum, xxi-xxii, whole regions, 149; driven and largely perpetrated by Germans, xiii, 128,154, 272-3,282,295; after-effects/postwar consequences, xiii, xxiii-xxvii, xli-xlii, xlv, 242-4, 246-50,267-8; and Europe’s neutral countries, 182-6; explosion of 12,78,116-17; foreign policy successes, 51,67,75,77-8; Fuehrer cult, 5-6, representations of from 1980S/90S, 26-7; grandiose sense of world-historical in Eastern Europe, xv, xix, xxxvi, 103-4, mission, 12-13,14,28; international 108,109,111,120-31,133,164,192,301; ‘Final Solution’ arrived at/in place underestimation of, xxxiii, xxxviii, 13, 28-9,30,77-8,180-1; and mystical revelation, 2-3,24-5; no written order from for genocide of Jews, 87; not at Wannsee Conference, 137; as prime mover in murder of the Jews, 106,109-10, 136,197; ‘prophecy’ speech (January xxvi-xxvii, xxviii; face-to-face shootings (spring 1942), xxxvi, 108-9,110,111, 135-7; first mass killings by gas (at Chelmno), 108,136,190; focus on the Jews in this book, xlviii-xlix; gassing of Russian POWs, 136,198; German corporate involvement, xxii, 107,213, 1939), XXXV, 74-6,106-7,109, H°; seen as hope of salvation, 26-7,28; sees USA 214, 214; and German military directives, and the Jew as one and the same, 75-6; as openly of extermination programme, 140; xvi-xvii; harrowingly repetitive sequence of atrocity, 132-3,134; Heydrich’s
Schnellbrief (September 1939), as vanquished rather than repudiated, 292; view of Poland, 78,104-5; vulgar 90-1; Hilberg’s simple model of, 152-3; Hitler as prime mover in murder scientific jargon of, 23-4; Mein Kampf, xlviii, 11,12-14,29-30,38,78,84-5,116-17, by Sonderkommando men, 202,206; shaman/rainmaker, xxxiii, 24-5; speaks 299,301 Hochweiler (Gross-Rosen sub-camp), 216 Höfer, Fritz, 130 Holocaust: air of madness/frenzy around killing of Jews, 68-9,75,119-31; Allied knowledge of during war, 182, 218-19, 117-18,124-5; global dimension of, of the Jews, 106,110,136; images taken as increasingly mobile in late war period, xvi, xxxix-xl, xlv, 208-10,211, 221; initial aspiration to deport Jews to east of the Urals, 91,92,117; June 1941 to autumn 1942 period, xxxvi, 105-11, 190-1,198-9; juxtaposition of civilization and barbarism, 207,221-2; language of 240; Allies as unprepared for scale of, as not English, 152; as local for Jews xxxviii, 180-1,236; almost no bearing of Eastern Europe, xvi, 125-30,149, on German resources, 107-8; brutality of murder process, xi-xii, xv, xix, 164; major Jewish population centres xxxv-xxxvi, 103-4,120-31,189-90, move to use of gas chambers, xv, 192, 194-5, 202,204; competing Nazi agencies involved in genocide, XXXV, 91,92-3, 198; move to war of annihilation with invasion of Soviet Union, 99-101,103-4, 106,107,117-18,119,123-5,137-8,186, 299; competition for control of‘Jewish policy,’ xxxvi, 82, 91,92-3,105-6,299; 105-9,116-17,136-7; move towards slave labour near end of War, xxxviiixxxix, xl, 92-3,188, 207-18,219-20; and deep passions with no
obvious outlet, xlii-xliii, 268,291; dependence narrated in context of German history, 149,152; Nazis speak openly of by end , on military situation, xx, xxxv, 106-7, of 1941,140-1; as not result of hatred of communism, 99-100; as not solely a 108,153,207-8,299; destruction of in Europe destroyed forever, 149,261; 389
INDEX German project, xiii, xiv-xvi, xxxvii-xxxviii, 289; discourse of ‘double genocide,’ xxvi, 145-51,15З-4,159-79, 289,294; Operation xxix, 272,283,289; and end of Cold War, Harvest Festival (November 1943), 175, 268,273,277; as fixed part of culture 195-6; perpetrators’ enjoyment, 170, today, 267-8,276-7; G DR’s publication 187; process of arriving at genocidal of ‘Brown Book,’ 269; in geopolitics, 277, programme, xx-xxii, xxxiii-xxxvi, 278,280; Holocaust as banalized and 52-3,57, 81-3, 85-8,89-101,104-10, exploited, xlii, 268; ‘Holocaust industry’ 117-18,196-200; ratlines for escape notion, xliv, 275; Holocaust museums, to South America, XXV; response of xiv-xv, xix, xxviii-xxix, 149,267,275, the ‘free world,’ xxxviii, 180-1; roots 281,284; Holocaust-related cultural of in genocidal fantasy, xx-xxii, xxvii, production, xiv, xxvi-xxvii, 267,268,269; 36,53,87-8, 99-101,291-2; as series of iconography/images, xxvii, xl, xli, 163, interlocking local genocides, 148-50; 201-2; ‘industrial murder’ notion, xii, xv, sexualized aspect of violence, xii, 39, xix, 199,201-2,205; instrumentalized 170,205; systematic mass deportations to justify pre-emptive strikes, 280; commence (1942), 139-40; ‘territorial Manea on public commemorations, solution’ as itself genocidal, 88,98,100-1; 293-4; material written in Yiddish, transition from ‘euthanasia’ to, 87-8,136, xlvii, 206-7,276; modern Holocaust 191-2,200; and unexpected longevity distortion, 281-5,287-9; move from “war of war in east, 92,100,115, 207-8; crime to trauma drama,’ xlii, 268; need unrelenting ferocity in Eastern Europe, to
face radical conclusions led to, xliii, xxxv-xxxvi, 79-82,103-7,108-11,119-29, 291,302-3,· oral history projects, 278; 130-6,190-1; use of gas vans, xxxvi, 86, overestimation of impact of, xxx; place 108,136,190; use of term, xxvi, 149,152, of Holocaust in world history, 286-8, 278; Wehrmacht direct involvement, 288-9; in the post-truth age, 279-90; xxvi, 79,82,103-4,107,108-9,117-18, ‘progressive’ narrative of, 268,268-79; 123,125,186; Western Europe as always right wing use of in culture wars, 265-6; part of Final Solution, 90,141-2 see also and rise of xenophobic nationalism, Wannsee Conference (20 January 1942) xxvii-xxx, 279-7,291-5; selective memory and other Holocaust entries Holocaust (1978 NBC TV series), xxvi, 269 criminalizing scholarship, 263-5; stages in development of, 268-74; stages of Holocaust denial, 280-1 ‘collective memory* passed through, Holocaust education, xiv, xxvii, xxviii, xlii, 268; in UK, 275; and United Nations xxx-xxxi, xliii, 291-2, 293 Holocaust Educational Trust, xxviii (2005), xxvii-xxviii, 277; in USA, 275; vast, interdisciplinary literature on, Holocaust Memorial Day, 275-6 xlvi; writing of Yizker Bikher (memorial Holocaust memory/consciousness: books), xiv, 251,276; Yad Vashem, Israel, absence of slave-labour sub-camps, 221; Auschwitz Album, 163,202; “beautifying’ xxiv, 149,278 Holocaust survivors; age and class as of Holocaust, xlii, 281; collecting of factors in survival, 259; Allied medical survivors’ accounts, xlvi, 251-2,260, relief at ‘liberated’ camps, 239-2; Central 261,276-7,278; consequences leading to Historical Commission
(Munich), 251-2; good, xliii, 291; as contested by radical/ collecting of testimony/evidence, xlvi, far right, xlii, 268,280, 281,282-3,294; 251-2,260,261,276-7,278; and continued dark psychological legacy of fascism, xliii, antisemitism, xii, xxiii, xxiv-xxv, 243, 291-2,293,294; dialogue with colonial 244, 246,248; of the ‘death marches,’ brutality and slavery, xxiv, 274,277,286-7, 223-5,23°~5,238,268; deaths just before/ 390
INDEX soon after ‘liberation,’ xli, 235-6,240, 201,240-1; post-war continuation of, 247; digital mapping techniques showing 242-3,257-8; problem of vocabulary, xiii, movement, xlvii; encounters with Allied xli; survivors returning home in Western soldiers at camps, 241; ‘free livers’ in Germany, 246; Hans Neumann’s strategy, 115; hiding on the ‘Aryan side,’ 134, Europe, 257-8 Holocaust victims, Jewish: 1942 as the key year for mass-murder, xxxvi, 107,111, 259-60; living in post-war Germany, 190-1,199; air of madness/frenzy around 256; migration to USA, xxiii, 256-7; networks, xlvii, 152; Palestine as initial killing of Jews, 68-9,75,119-31; attempts to name, 149; banning of all emigration destination of choice for, xxiii, 249, (23 October 1941), 66,136; death rates in 250,252,255-6; profound loneliness of, Western Europe, 142-3,154,155-6,159; xli, 242-3,246-7; in refugee camps on deaths just before/soon after ‘liberation,’ Cyprus, xxiii, 249; from Reinhard camps, xli, 235-6,240,247; deportation from Hungary (spring 1944), xxxvii, 146, 190, 193-5; rejected by countries of origin in East, xxiii, 243,244,246; return home in Western Europe, xxiii, 243-4,257~9; returnees from Soviet Union, 244-6; the she’erit hapletah or ‘saved remnant,’ 256, 257; from slave labour system, xl, 92-3, 174,209-11,213-17,221; survival as matter of chance for most Jews, 259,260-61; surviving Jewish community in Romania, 178-9; survivor as the universal witness, 279; tracing services, xlvi, 250-1; urge to find relatives, xli, 246-7 see also DP (displaced persons) camps Holocaust, trauma of, xxvii,
xliii; anus mundi, xii; collapse/disappearance of familiar world, x-xii, 57-8,105,170, 189; conditions in ghettos, 91,93-7, 105,128,133,192; confronted through theatre, 253-4; dehumanising process, x-xii, xiii, 94-6,129-31,133-5,172-4 175, 189-90,203-7,210-14; experience of arrival at Auschwitz, 162-3,201-2, 203-4; experience of death marches, xl-xli, 223-5,227-8,230-6; experience of deportation, xv, 189,201; generalised looking away from, xiii-xiv, xliii; and 160-64,166,185,188, 201,211-12,219, 301; deportation from Salonika, 148,185, 200,294; deportation trains, xv, 107-8, 189,201; deportations from Croatia, 170; deportations from Protectorate, 112-15,136,140,200-1; deportations from the Reich, 112,136,139-40,200-1; deportations from Western Europe, xvi, xviii, xxxvi, 69,109,111,135,140, 141-2,156-9,164-6,196,200-1,274; deported from Norway, 156; deported from Romania, xi-xii, xv, xviii, 133-4, 140,171-7, 293; deported from Slovakia, 140,166-8,187-8,198,203-4; differing responses to attacks, xxxvi, 111,133-5; in early Nazi concentration camps, xxxiv, 65; early postwar search for missing persons, xlv-xlvi; estimated numbers of, ix; Europe-wide collaboration against, xiv-xvi; extreme hunger/starvation, ix, 66,141,212, 217,232,234,235,237,240; extreme hunger/starvation in ghettos, xi-xii, xv, xix, 94,95,105,114,128,172, 192; failings of postwar German justice, Holocaust education, 291; hopelessness/ 251; historians shift focus to, 277; Holocaust as local in Eastern Europe, despair/numbness, 94-6,133-5,203-4, 235-6; as largely written out of the historiography, xiii-xiv,
xliii; lived xvi, 125-30,149,164; ‘Holocaust by bullets’ by SS in Soviet Union (1941-2), xxxv-xxxvi, 79-81,103-4,108,109, experience of atrocities, 80-1,93-7, 111,120-31,133,192-3,301; Holocaust 103-4,120-2,126-35,189-90,194-5,201, 203-7,210-17,223—6,230-5; malodours experienced as a constant movement, xvi, xxxix-xl, xlv, 208-10,211,221; Jewish and filth of ordeal, x-xiii, xv, 93-6,189-90, councils in Western/Central Europe, 391
INDEX 135; kibbutzim on sequestered German farms, 255; left behind/trapped in returning to, xxiii; pockets of surviving Germany, 111-12; and Mussolini’s Salo Republic, 164-6,200; Nazi financial plunder from (‘Aryanization’), xlv, 47-8, Holocaust memorials/museums in, xix, xxviii-xxix, 284; refusal to deport ‘its’ 52-3,58,65,70,76-7,267, 269-70; and Nazi genealogical research, 43-4; Nazi removal from public life, 36,38-9,46-50, 57-8,65-6,69-70; Nazi treatment of in Austria, 35,52-3,76-7, 90; neglect of in historiography, xlvii; in North Africa, xvi-xvii; persecution on initiative of Nazi allies, xi-xii, xv, xviii, xxxvi-xxxviii, 131-2, 166-77; petty laws in Germany during war, 112; radicalizing shift in Nazi plans (1939-41), 88; refugees in far-flung places, xvii, xlv, 59,70-1,112; religious Eastern European Jews, xxxvi, 111; RV (Reich Representation of German Jews), 44; in slave labour sub-camps in last stages of War, xxxviii-xxxix, xl, xlv, 92-3,188,208- 10,211,212-17,219-20; Sonderkommando at Auschwitz, 201,202,205-7; trapped in rump Czechoslovakia, 112-15; treatment Jewish communities in, 261; recent Jews, 160; Sztôjay government, 160 Al-Husseini, Haj Amin (Grand Mufti of Jerusalem), 110 I -----------------------------------------International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), 265-6,267 International Tracing Service, xlvi Iran, xvii, 281 Islam, xxx, 1; and Holocaust denial, 281; Nazi murder of Muslim Roma, xxv, 188 Isopescu, Modest, xi, 175 Israel, state of, xxiv, xxvi; BDS movement against, 287; conflation of antisemitism with anti-Israel sentiment, 265-6,279;
creation of (May 1948), xxiii, 256; and Holocaust consciousness, 276; and IHRA working definition of antisemitism, of in Sudetenland, 77; vast majority of 265-6; relations with Turkey (197OS/8OS), 277; sensitivity towards in modern from Eastern Europe, 129-30,149,164; Germany, 287-8; trial of Adolf Eichmann violence against by ‘ordinary’ Germans, (1961), xxvi, 268; trials of kapos in, xlv 60-1; wartime refugees in Soviet Union, xvii, xxiii, xlv, 79,105,238 Israeli War of Independence, 269 Italy: deportations from, 164-6,200-1; DP Holocaust victims, non-Jewish, xviii, XXV, xlviii-xlix, 18,83-7,227,256 Horkheimer, Max, 207 Horowitz, Norbert, 252-3 Horthy, Miklos, xxii, 159,160,162,185,188 Höss, Rudolf, 196-7 Hubig, Hermann, 122 Hughes, Hugh Glyn, 240 human and civil rights, xxiv, XXV, 277,279 Hungary, xviii; antisemitism today, xxix-xxx, 284; Arrow Cross rule under Szâlasi, 159,162,166; deportation of the Jews of (spring 1944), xxxvii, 146,160-64,166, 185,188,201,211-12,219,301; German occupation (March 1944), 160-64; (displaced persons) camps, xxiii, xlv, 244; emergence of nativist movement, xx; Fascism and antisemitism, xvi, 112,164-6, 200-1; Fascist resistance to deportation of Jews, xx, 157,166; and invasion of Soviet Union, 104; joins allies after Mussolini’s fall, 160; Mussolini’s Salo Republic (RSI), 164-6,200; occupation of south-eastern France, 157,164; radical-right in today, xxviii,4; rise of fascism after First World War, xxxii, xxxiii, 30,129; Risiera di San Sabba extermination camp, 165 Izbica, Poland, 114 Horthy halts deportations (July 1944), 162,185,188;
illiberal democracy in, xxviii, 284; Jewish leadership in, 163; Jews 392 Jacob, Lili, 202 Janowska camp, Lvov, 196
INDEX Japan, 116; attack on Pearl Harbor, 136-7 Klein, Gideon, 221 Jewish Brigade, 178-9 Klonicki, Aryeh, 133 Jewish Historical Institute (ZIH, Kohl, Helmut, 271 Warsaw), 276 Jewish Relief Unit, 239 Kolnai, Aurel, The War Against the West Jews: bundist tradition in Eastern Europe, 254; émigrés from Nazi Germany, xxxiv, 13, 28,31,36,44,47,53,57,58-60,65; focus (1938), 15-16 Koonz, Claudia, 21-2 Korber, Mirjam, 133-4 Kovner, Abba, 178-9,186 on in this book, xlviii-xlix; instinctive post-war Zionism, xxiii, xxiv, xli, 249,254, Krall, Hanna, 297 255-6; Jewish reservation (Judenreservaf) Krieck, Ernst, 15-16,22, 23,27 Krdlikowski, Jerzy, 190 plans (Nisko Project), 88,92,97; Nazi academic study of (Judenforschung'), 21; Nazi Madagascar plan, XXXV, 88, 97-8,100-1; Nazi ‘territorial solution,’ Kreutzer, Paul, 228 Krupka (Krupki, Belarus), 103-4 Krzepicki, Abraham, 189-90,193 XXXV, 88,91,92,97-8,100-1; as not a Kurfürstendamm riot, 45-6 Kvaternik, Slavko, 109-10 homogeneous community, 61-2,254,255; overlooked in Gaullist narrative, 273-4; L ------------------------------------------ population in Poland at beginning of war, 79; religious faith of, x-xi, xxxvi, Landmesser, August, 42-3 1,111,202-3; Romaniots in Greece, 147, 148; and Roosevelt administration, 181-2; Sephardic, 147,148,294; as small Langer, Lawrence, xiii, xlii, 96,302 Lasker-Wallfisch, Anita, 240 percentage of German population, 14; Laski, Neville, 5 as traditional Other of the Christian West, xlix-1, 25-6; transnational Latvia, xxxvi, 108-9,135-6,137,141 Le Chêne, Evelyn, 247 Le Pen, Jean-Marie, xxx economic
dispossession of, 47-8, 52-3, 58, 65,70,76-7, 267, 269; Yiddish speaking communities in Romania, Laski, Harold, 13,29 League of Nations, 67 Lebensphilosophie, 2 171-7 see also antisemitism; Holocaust victims, Jewish Judt, Tony, 284 Jung, Miriam, 215 Lebensraum (living space) concept, xxi-xxii, К ------------------------------------------ Lenz, Fritz, 22 Kaiserwald Riga concentration camp, 109,225 4-5,12,78,99,100,116-17,119-20,198 Leese, Arnold, 98 Leipzig-Thekla (sub-camp of Buchenwald), 234 Leszczynska, Filoména, 263-4 Levi, Primo, 205,220, 244, 258 Levy, Isaac, 237 Källay, Miklos, 160 Lévy-Hass, Hanna, x Kammler, Hans, 199 ‘liberation’ of camps: of Auschwitz, xxviii, 225,237; of Belsen, xl, 235,237,238, Kann, Gerhard, 59 Karski, Jan, 94-5 Katz, Sally, 253 Kaunas, ‘death dealer of,’ 126 Kershaw, Ian, xxii, 106 Kindertransport, -χχν Klages, Ludwig, 55 239-41; callousness of guards and local populations, 241; deaths just before / soon after, xli, 235-6,240; encounter between inmates and the Allied soldiers, 241; images from, xl, xli; by Red Army, 195,225,237; shock of Allied soldiers, 393
INDEX 236-7,238; use of term ‘liberation,’ xli; by for Political Refugees from Germany, western Allies, 237-8 72; Jewish émigrés as sources of information, 63-4; of Jews after leaving Lingens-Reiner, Ella, 5-6 Lisbon, 59-60,183 Lithuania, 126-7,141 Lodz ghetto, x-xi, 79,81,92, 93,95-6,97, 14,198,210 Londonderry, Lord, 16 Lösener, Bernhard, 43,70 Lublin, Poland, 114,191,193,195-6 Ludovici, Anthony Μ., 17 Luschan, Felix von, 84 the camps (1930s), xxxiv, 65; Jews left behind/trapped, 36,60,66,69-70,11112; after Kristallnacht, xxxiv, 65-6; Nazi plunder from emigrants, 47,52-3,58, 65,70,76-7; obstacles to entry to new countries, 60; obstacles/hurdles to, 58-60, 65,66; refuge in European countries later occupied, 70,77,90; Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration, 65; Reich Flight Tax, 65; RV advocates, 44 Μ------------------------------------------ Milch, Baruch, 103,127-8,134-5,144 Milejkowski, Israel, 95 Mach, Alexander, 167 Minsk, 122,125,191 Madagascar, XXXV, 88,97-8,100-1 Majdanek, Poland, 114,175,193,196,198, Mittelbau-Dora camp (in Harz Mountains), 225.237 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 25 Mittelmann, Sarolta, 230-2 Malinowski, Edward, 263-4 Manchuria, xvii Manea, Norman, The Hooligan’s Return, 293-4 Margolis, Rachel, 284 Markkleeberg (sub-camp of 217-18,228,232,237 Mittelsteine (Gross-Rosen sub-camp), 214 modernity: deep passions with no obvious outlet, xlii-xliii, 268,290-1; deep psychology of, xxxi-xxxii, xliii; and the Holocaust, xlii-xliii, 290-1; Jews as symptoms of for inter-war fascists, xlviii, xlix, 4 Buchenwald), 214 Manner, Walter, 120-1 Mogilev, 120,191 Moise,
George, 236-7 Mauritius, xvii, xlv Monowitz (Buna), 223 Mauthausen concentration camp, 53,232, Moses, Dirk, 119-20 237-8,240,241 Mayer, Max, 31 Mbembe, Achille, 287 Mergel, Thomas, 6,7 Mesnil-Amar, Jacqueline, 257-9,299-301 Michalowicz, Sara, 214 migration from Nazi Germany: and the Anschluss, 52-3,76-7; from Austria, 53,70,76-7; banning of all Jewish Mosse, George L., 18 Mühldorf (sub-camp of Dachau), 212,224 Mulisch, Harry, 2-3 Müller, Heinrich, 52 Munk, Frank, 182 Mussolini, Benito, 160,164 Myanmar, 292 N------------------------------------------ emigration (23 October 1941), 66,111, 136; decreasing possibilities for from National Committee for Attending late-i930s, 57,58-9,66; difficulties finding somewhere to go, 70,72-4, Deportees in Budapest (DEGOB), 276 nationalism: and antisemitism, xii-xiii, xx, 129,145,147-8; emergence of nativist 73; Evian-les-Bains meeting of‘free world’ (July 1938), 71-4; experiences of migrants, 70-1; ‘free world’ response to, movements, xx, xxxvi-xxxvii, 145-6,161; in post-imperial ‘successor states,’ xx, 71-4,73; Intergovernmental Committee 30,129,159-64,290; of regimes allied 394
INDEX to Nazis, xii-xiii, XX, xxxvi-xxxvii, 145, 161,166-72,187-8; rise of xenophobic nationalism today, xxvii-xxx, xlvii, 278-9,291-5 nations conquered/occupied by Nazis: destruction of states by Nazis, xxxviii, 79,104-5, 147! differing attitudes/types of, 152,153-4,155-6,166; functioning bureaucracies/states, 146-8,156; legally recognized functioning states, 143-4; semblance of local autonomy in Western Europe, 155,156 see also entries for individual nations nation-states: awesome power of in modern era, xliii; concept of ‘statelessness,’ xxxii, 10; internment of civilians, 10; modern technology at service of war, 9; ‘pillars’ supporting, xliii, 291; ‘population transfers’ at end of Great War, 10; ‘states of exception’ after Great War, xxxii, 9,10; threatened elites in, xxxi-xxxii, xliii, 291; transition from empires to, 10,11,290 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 273 Natzweiler camp, 218,237 Nazi ideology: Allies’ failure to comprehend, xxxviii, 180-1; ‘anti 299-301; philosophical analysis of seen as distasteful, xlvi, 16; and power of simple ideas, 22-3; sacred narrative of redemption through annihilation, 4-5,26,116-17; tacit understanding of in military/police, 124-5;tota' divorce from reality, 74-6; ‘trap of comradeship’ enforces conformity, 62-3; and traumatic memory of Great War, 29-30; view of history, xxi, 4-5,20,24-5, 26,27-8; and völkisch thought, 1-2,6-7,12, 22,23,84-5 see also race theory/thinking, Nazi; racial hygiene (Rassenhygiene, Nazi eugenics); Volksgemeinschaft ( Nazi ‘racial community'); Weltanschauung (Nazi worldview) Nazism/Nazi Germany:
annexing of Sudetenland, 51,75,77; antisemitic legislation/attacks in 1933-9 period, xxxiii, xxxiv, 35-6,37,38-50,57-8,69-70; antisemitism in education, 19-20,39-41, 40; apocalyptic dynamic, xxxviii, 1,6,18, 24-5,31,32-3,119; appears ‘untainted’ by Weimar, 27-8,29; attitudes towards disabled people, xxi, 83,84, 85-7,112; Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 51; British fellow travellers of, 16; crucial role of Great Depression in rise of, xxxii, 1,2,8,12, colonial’ struggle belief, xxxii, 3,119-20; 26,29; daily lives of anti-Nazi Germans, antisemitism as central, xx-xxii, xxxiii, 61,62-3; deep-seated complicity among German people, 28,48,57; dismissed 1,3-6,12-18,23-6,31,35-7,55-6, 87,149; belief in history as a redemption story, 4-5, 26,27-8; celebration of the irrational, 36; claims of scientific backing for, 14, as kind of ‘madness,’ xxxiii, 16,299-301; economic revival due to war preparation, 18-19,21-2; and clash between good and 51,67-8,78; electoral success (1932), 8; emergence of Nazisim in 1920s, xxxii- evil, xxi, 4-5,24-5; Jew as both native other and colonizing other, 119-20; xxxiii, 1,2-3,5,6-9,11-16,27,29; energy and drive of, 6,31,32-3; failure to take Jews as symptoms of modernity, xlviii, seriously, xxxiii, xxxviii, 3,13,28-9,30, xlix, 4; Kolnai on, 15-16; Lebensraum (living space) concept, xxi-xxii, 4-5, 77-8,180-1; frenzied need to kill the 12,78,99,100,116-17,119-20,198; Jews, 68-9,75,119-31; Hitler-Stalin Pact (August 1939), xxxiv, 78; internal magical/non-rational fantasy thinking underpinning, xx-xxii, xxvii, xlix-1, resistance to, 179-80; Jewish councils
1-6,12-16,17-20,21-8,29-33,36,53, 115-17,291,300; as mish-mash of prior 163; law enforcing name-changes for Jews (1938), 48-9; leaders as self-taught ideas, 1-3,5-6,30-1; and mix of ideas bigots, 21-2; massive rearmament and remilitarization programme, 51,67-8, 78; as most extreme manifestation with events, 1,6-7,33; need for renewed emphasis on, xiii, xxi-xxii, xlvi, 16, in Western/Central Europe, 135,156, 395
INDEX of common sentiments, xxxiii, 30; Opoczynski, Peretz, 94 November pogrom (Kristallnacht), Orbân, Victor, 284-5 xxxiv, 47,50-2,53-5,56-7,61,65-6,68, 251; occupation of rump Czechoslovakia Ostrow Mazowiecka, Poland, 80-1 (1939), 77,90, 12; Office of Racial Policy (Rassenpolitisches Amt), 19; as a paranoid conspiracy theory, xiii, 4-5; petty antisemitic laws during war, 112; p --------------------Palestine, xxiii, 54,59,72; brichah political opponents as first victims, 38-9; (underground channel) to, 249; British position on, 246,249,255-6; public dislike of Kristallnacht, 56-7; and Harrison Report, 249,254; Jewish racial propaganda, 2,3,19-20,22-3,69, 75; as radical variant of fascism, 6; social surveillance systems, 62; and stab-in-theback legend, 9,11-12,29-30,89; Third Reich as kleptocracy, 47-8,76-7,104,180; as vanquished rather than repudiated, 292 see also Axis states allied to Nazis; nations conquered/occupied by Nazis neo-liberal economics, poverty due to, xxxi Netanyahu, Benjamin, xxv Netherlands: collaboration in, 142-3,155-6; terrorist attacks on British forces, 269; preparations for emigration to, 250, 252,255-6; state of Israel founded (May 1948), xxiii, 256 Papon, Maurice, 274,274 Paraguay, 71 Paskusz, Kornelia, 212-13,215 Pavelic, Ante, xxxvii-xxxviii, 131-2, 146-7,166 Peciora concentration camp, xi-xii Perrot, François, 268 death rates of Jews in, 143,155-6; Dutch Jews return to, xxiii; NSB (Nazi Pétain, Marshal, 143,158-9 Peter Viereck, 56 movement), xxxvii, 146,155 Philippines, xvii Neues Volk (Nazi journal), 19 Pilecki Institute, Poland, 281 Pohl,
Oswald, 53 Neumann, Hans, 115 New Zealand, 70 Poincare, Raymond, 9 Poland: accusing Poles of collaboration Neuengamme camp, 237-8 Nolte, Ernst, 271,272 made criminal offence (2018), xviii-xix, Nordhausen camp, 232,236-7 xxix, 263-5,288; antisemitism in, xvii, xxiii, XXXV, 72-4; ‘Aryan side’ in North Africa, xvi-xvii, xlv, 70 Norway: collaboration in, xviii, xxxvi-xxxvii, xxxviii, 145,146,156,300; Holocaust Warsaw, 134,259; brutality of Nazi war in, xxxiv-xxxv, 79-82,90,104-5; death museums, xxviii; Jews deported from, rates of Warsaw’ Jews, 193,301; divided xviii, xxxviii, 140,145,147,194,200; Nasjonal Sämling (Nazi movement), by Hitler-Stalin Pact (August 1939), 78; Einsatzgruppen murders of elite, xxxvii, 146; Nazi occupation of, 90; xxxiv-xxxv, 82,104-5,147; ‘General Government,’ 79,81,92,97,104-5, 137,139,140-1,192,212; Holocaust resistance to Nazi rule in, 156; rise of radical right in, 273,281; Sweden offers asylum to Jews of, 184 Nuremberg Laws (1935), 42-5,89,270 Nuremberg trials, ix, 37,138, 256,270,277 О---------------------Oberländer, Theodor, 269 Olympics, Berlin (1936), 49,51 396 distortion in, 281-2; illiberal democracy in today, xxviii, 263-5; initial wave of Nazi killings in, xxxiv-xxxv, 79-80, 104-5; Jewish population at beginning of war, 79; Jews rescued by Catholics, 282; legacy of collaboration in, xviii-xix, xxix, xxxvii, 263-5,281-2; narrative of Poles as rescuers, xix, 266,281-2; Nazi
INDEX invasion of, xxxiv-xxxv, 78-9,90; Nazi anthropology of, xxi, 23; converted persecution of Catholic Poles, 81,82, 104; Nazi treatment of Jews in, x-xi, xvi, into simple propagandistic platitudes, 2,3,19-20,22-3,36; and genealogical XXXV, xxxvi, 79-81,82,88,90-7,105,108, research, 43-4; Aurel Kolnai on, 15-16; 109,111; new nation state after Great in Mein Kampf, 12-14,29-30; Mischlinge (‘half-breeds’), 43-4,111-12,138; War, 11; Nisko Project in, 88,92, 97; Operation Harvest Festival (November 943), 175, 195-6; Polish-Jewish refugees in Soviet Union, xvii, xxiii, xlv, 79,105, mysticism of race, xxi, xlix-1,1-3,14-16, 17-20, 21-3,24-8,36,115-17,300; Nazi ‘race experts’ in occupied east, 191-2; 238; recent Holocaust memorials/ Nazi ‘thinking with the blood’ during museums in, xxviii-xxix, 281-2; rise of war, 115-17; need for renewed emphasis on, xxi, xlvi, 16; and quasi-mystical sense of belonging, 17-20, 21-3,24-5,300; far right in, 263-5,292; second sweep of Einsatzgruppen killings, 192-3; szmalcowniki (collaborators), xxxvii, 146, 259; the Warthegau, 79,92,198 police agencies, Nazi: Criminal Police, 82; direct involvement in genocide, 79, 81, 117,123-5,127; Gestapo, 37,76,82; Order Police (Orpo), 123,124-5,127 U1 Polish League against Defamation, 263-4 Pollatschek, Henriette, 114-15 Poniatowska camp, Poland, 196 Portugal, xlv, 59-60,182,183,184-5 postcolonial world, xxiv, 274,287-9 postwar order/settlement, dismantling of, xxviii, xxxi, xlvii-xlviii, 1,274; and end of the postwar order, 291 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (rump Czechoslovakia), 112-15, Ч^, 140,168
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, ζ race philosophers, 2,15-16,17-22,33, 36; as ‘system of scientific superstition,’ 14-16,18-19,24-5; Eric Voegelin on, 14-15; Volkskörper (racial body) as measurement of social value/worth, 19, 20 see also racial hygiene (Rassenhygiene, Nazi eugenics); Volksgemeinschaft (Nazi ‘racial community’) racial hygiene (Rassenhygiene, Nazi eugenics): Ariernachweis (Aryan proof), 18; doctors as most Nazified professional group, 85-6; euthanasia (T4) programme, 18,82-3, 85-8,136, 191-2, 200,301; exclusion of nurture, 17,56; flourishes in Nazi-dominated Europe, 23; Hitler’s vulgar scientific jargon, 23-4; and Nazi assumptions about gender, 84-5; overtly sexualized fear of Jewish contamination, 39,42-3, Q---------------------- 44; race defilement (Rassenschande'), 39; Quakers, 239 by German scientists, 83-4 sterilization legislation, 18,84; supported R ---------------------race: as common issue in first half of twentieth century, 16; concept of ‘aryan race,’ 19; ‘great replacement theory,’ 281; as meaningless as biological or anthropological concept, 19,24,43-4; race hatred as continuing plague in the world, 292; white supremacists, 17 race theory/thinking, Nazi: accepted by large majority of Germans, 25-7,28; racial psychology (Völkerpsychologie), 2 racial science: as backing for political race theories, 2-3,14-16,18-24,27, 87; flourishes in Nazi-dominated Europe, 23; global acceptance of, 19; legal/ scientific infrastructure in Third Reich, 18,26; polygenism notion, 17; and the Volksgemeinschaft, 18 Rademacher, Franz, 98 radical-right politics:
alt-right world, 291; ‘anti-woke’ response to anti-racism, 300; attitudes to migrants, xix, xxx, 1; 397
INDEX and dismantling of the postwar order, 19°, 193—5; uprisings at Treblinka and Sobibor, 195 xlvii-xlviii, 1,274; far-right terrorism, 281; fascism as knocking on the door today, xxxi-xxxii, xliii, 1,266-7,292,293, Riga, Latvia, 135-6 Rimbach (Hesse), 54 295; ‘great replacement theory,’ 281; Ringelblum, Emmanuel, 81,90,95,96 Holocaust as key topic of contestation, Ringelblum archive, 193 Robert Kempner, 138 xlii, 268,279,280-1,283,294; incel culture of the manosphere, 300; perpetrators refigured as heroes by, 283-4; populist right today, XXV, xxvii, Roma, xviii, xxv, xlviii, 18,87,188 Romania: Antonescu halts deportations to Transnistria, 177-8,188; Bessarabia, 153, xxviii-xxix, xxx-xxxii, xxxvii, xliii, 171-2; Bogdanovka massacre (1941-2), 263-5,293: ressentiment at discovery of collaboration, xxix, xxxvii, 146,263-5, 174-5; Bucharest pogrom (1941), 131,140; Bukovina, 171-2; collaboration in, xi-xii, 294-5; resurgence of far right today, xiv, XXV, xxviii-xxix, xxxvii, 266-7,274,279, xviii, xxix, xxxvii, xxxviii, 131,132,140, 145,147,170-78; Holocaust in, xxxvii, 146, 281,292,294-5,300,302-3; storming 147,153,154,170-78,179,188; Holocaust of the Capitol in USA (2021), 266-7, 300; use of Holocaust memory in post in Transnistria, xi-xii, xv, xviii, 133-4,140, 172-7,293; Ia§i pogrom, 140; indigenous truth era, 279,280-2,282-3; use of Nazi fascist regime, xviii, xxxvii, xxxviii, 98, salutes, 300 131,132,140,147,171-9; and invasion railways, German (Reichsbahn), 107-8 Rath, Ernst vom, 50,51,70 of Soviet Union, 104,171,172; non deportation of the Jews of the Banat, 154,
Ratner, Sofia, 128 177-8,188; pockets of surviving Jewish Ravensbrück camp, 181-2,218,237 communities in, 261; surviving Jewish Reagan, Ronald, xxvi, 270 community in, 178-9; switches sides Red Cross, 181-2,200,239,257-9 refugees: Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees, 181; international legal framework on rights of, xxv; refugee (August 1944), 178 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, xxxv, 71-2,181 Roseman, Mark, 138-9 camps after First World War, xxxii, 10; Rosenberg, Alfred, xxxvi, 2,5,15,23,33,89, 140,191-2 ‘refugee crisis’ in Europe (since 2015), xxv; worldwide movement of Jews during Rosenberg, Kurt, 35,49 Rosenblum, Heinrich, 251 and after war, 152 see also DP (displaced Rubin, Rosa, 216-7 Rumkowski, Chaim, 93,96 persons) camps Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), 76, 82, Ruthenia, Subcarpathian, xlv 123,137.138 Reichenau, Field Marshall von, 117-18 Rwanda, 280 Reichmann, Eva, xlvii Reinhard death camps, 114,136,137,147,164, 189-90,191-2; Auschwitz as successor to, S ------------------------------------------ 193,196-7,198,202; dismantled (1943), 190-1,193,195-6,198; killing process at, 190,192,194-5,202;as not sophisticated, 87,202; period of operation, 111,112, 190-1; planning of before Wannsee Conference, xxxvi, 108,139,199; Soviets arrive at sites of, 237; survivors of, 398 SA (Sturmabteilung), 37 Sachsenhausen (Oranienburg) camp, 64, 90,234,237 Sakowicz, Kazimierz, 126-7,132 Salazar dictatorship in Portugal, 183,185 Saliège, Archbishop Jules-Gérard, 158 Sampson, Naomi, 210 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 274
INDEX Schemann, Ludwig, 15 Schindler’s List (Steven Spielberg film, 1993), xxvi, 269 Schmelt, Albrecht, 198 Schwartz, Joseph, 248 Schwarz, Duro, 170 Second World War: as Erckner’s ‘organised act of madness,’ 67-8; Hitler’s failure to defeat Britain, 98; Holocaust has almost no bearing on German resources, 107-8; 224; camps in Poland liquidated (1943), 195-6; conditions at Mittelbau-Dora, 217-8; conditions in sub-camps, 212-17; Europe as continent of camps, 220; Jewish experience of, xi-xii, 174,212-13; Jews as totally expendable, 208,212, 221; move towards near end of War, xxxviii-xxxix, xl, 92-3,188,207-18,219-20; non-SS camps, 220; production of secret ‘V’ weapons, 217; sub-camps in last Holocaust’s dependence on military stages of War, xxxviii-xxxix, xl, xlv, situation, xx, XXXV, 106-7,108,153,207-8, 207-9, 212-17,219-20; survivors of, 92-3, 209-11,213-17,221; in Transnistria, xi-xii, 299; Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, 136-7; last stages of, xxxviii-xl; Nazi expectation of rapid victory in east, 81-2; Nazi inability to control Indian Ocean, XXXV, 98,100-1; Nazi invasion of Poland, xxxiv-xxxxv, 78-9,90; Nazi invasion of Soviet Union, xxxv-xxxvi, 99-100, 103-4,105-6,108,116-17,136,172; as Nazi philosophical struggle, 116-17; Nazi progress halted on eastern front, 92,100, 115; Nazi successes in Western Europe (1940), 81-2,89-90; Nazi ‘thinking with the blood’ during, 115-17; outbreak of (September 1939), xxxiv; tide turns after Stalingrad, 107,183,207-8; USA enters, 106-7,109, lb, 136-7 Seghers, Anna, The Seventh Cross (1942), 62 Sehn, Jan, 219 Seidl, Siegfried, 114
Selinger, Menachem Mendel, 163 Serbia, xxxvi, 108,131,280 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur, 155 Shanghai, xlv, 70-1,112 Sharp, Charles Philip, 240 Shaw, George Bernard, 83 Shoah (Claude Lanzmann film, 1985), 94-5,274 Sierakowiak, Dawid, 210 Simonov, Constantine, 237 174; Treblinka I camp, 190 slavery, New World, 9-10; dialogue with Holocaust, 277,285-6,289; National Museum of African American History and Culture, 277 Slovakia, xviii, xxxvii, 140,166-8,187-8, 198,203-4 Sobibôr death camp, xxxvi, 87,108,114,167, 175,190-1; uprising at (1943), 195 social Darwinism, 2,4 Soros, George, xxix-xxx Sorrow and the Pity (film), 273 South Africa, 278; Apartheid, xxiv, 287 South America, xvii, XXV, xxviii, 58,59,70,71 Soviet Union: Bolshevik revolution (1917), xxxii; comparisons with Nazi Germany, xxvi, 6,272; death pits of western areas, xix, xxxv-xxxvi, 103-4,120-2, 126-7,128,130-1,301; and discourse of ‘double genocide,’ xxvi, xxix, 272,283, 288-9; Einsatzgruppen murder squads in, xxxv-xxxvi, 79-81,108,109,120-3, 125,127-8,130-1,135,141,147,192-3; Hitler-Stalin Pact (August 1939), xxxiv, 78; Jewish returnees from, 244-6; Nazi expectation of rapid victory, 81-2; Nazi invasion of, xxxv-xxxvi, 99-100,103-4, 105-6,108,116-17,136,172; Nazi schemes Sinti, 87 Sivak, Jozef, 168 to expel Slavs, 100; Nazi treatment of Soviet POWs, xxxvii, 136,198; Nazis’ failure to take Moscow, 115; Nazism as slave labour: Allied knowledge of sub-camp distinct from Stalin, 6; Polish-Jewish system, 218-19; Auschwitz at centre of refugees, xvii, xxiii, xlv, 79,105,238; system, 140,198,207-8,212-17,219-20, Russian émigrés
from, 10; Russian POWs Sington, Derrick, 238-9 399
INDEX in Germany after Great War, 10-11; T ------------------- Stalin’s gulag, xxvi, 271,272; surviving Jewish communities in, 261; Wehrmacht shootings of civilians, 103-4 Spain, xxviii, xlv, 182,183,184 Spartacist uprising (1919), 11 Spiegel, Isaiah, x-xi SS (Schutzstaffel): attempts to widen Holocaust complicity, 137-8; burials at Tai, Uriel, 18,30-1 Tausk, Walter, 61 theatre: confrontation of trauma through, ■ 253-4; Katzet-Teater group, 253; Minchener Yiddisher Teater, 254-3 Theresienstadt ghetto, 113-14,115,167,200, 221,227,237 Bitburg cemetery, xxvi, 270,273,275; Tichauer, Helen (Zippi), 203-4 concentration camp system, xxxiii-xxxiv, xxxvi, xxxviii-xxxix, xl, 53,110-11,191, Tillion, Germaine, 274 Tisma, Aleksandar, 4 192,198; Das Schwarze Korps (journal), 20; dominance in Jewish policy, xxxvi, Tiso, Jozef, xxii, 166,167 Tluste, Ukraine, 127-8 52-3,82,91,105-6,109,136,137-9, 197; and Kristallnacht, 52; members from foreign nations, xxxvii, 146; in Topf and Sons (suppliers to Auschwitz), 199 Touvier, Paul, 274 Transnistria: forced/slave labour in, xi-xii, Netherlands, 142-3,156; and Poland, xxxiv-xxxv, 79-80,82,90-1; Reich 174; ghettos in, 133-4; Romanian Jews deported to, 172-7; Romanian mass Central Office for Jewish Emigration, murder of Jews, xv, xviii, 140,174-7,193, 65; and RSHA, 82; SD (intelligence service), 24,82; slave labour sub-camp 293; under Soviet rule, 153 Trawniki camp, Poland, 141,196,202 system, xxxviii-xxxix, xl, 92-3,208-10, Treblinka death camp, xxxvi, 87,115,148, 211,212-17, 219-20; use of race theories, 24; and ‘work Jews’ (Arbeitsjuden), xvi see
163,189-91,239; closed and dismantled also Einsatzgruppen murder squads, SS; Heydrich, Reinhard; Himmler, Heinrich of, 190; Polish Jew report (1943), 193-5; (1943), 190-1,193,195; local knowledge St Georgenthal (Gross-Rosen sub-camp), 216 uprising at (1943), 195 Treuchtlingen (Middle Franconia), 54 Stahlecker, Walter, 122 Trump, Donald, xxviii, 266-7,300 Stalin, Josef, xxxv, 6,275,289 Tsolakoglou, Georgios, 147-8 Tudjman, Franjo, 280 Stark, Johannes, 20 sterilization laws, 18,83,84 Streicher, Julius, 39-41,40 student revolts (1968), xxiv Der Stürmer, 55 Tuka, Vojtech, 167 Tumarkin, Maria, xvii Turkey, 182,277 Stürmer, Michael, 271,272 Stutthof camp, 225,237 U ------------------- Sweden, 182; policy towards Jewish Uebelhoer, Friedrich, 93 refugees, 184,185 Switzerland, 72,182; pockets of surviving Jewish communities in, 261; policy Ukraine: camp guards from, xxxvii, 146, towards Jewish refugees, 183-4; questions about Swiss gold in 1990s, 267,269 Sypko, Edward, 190 Szâlasi, Ferenc, 16z, 166,284 Szydlo, Beata, 285 400 191; Holocaust in, 141,155, 192-3; OUN collaboration movement, xxxvii, 145-6, 155; Reichskomissariat Ukraine (RKU), 192-3; Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), 155 see also Transnistria Umschweif, Simon, 201 United Kingdom: colonial ‘small wars,’ 1617; culture wars in, 265-6; and definitions
INDEX of antisemitism, 265-6; Hitler’s failure to defeat, 98; Holocaust consciousness Varga, Lucie, 26 Veesenmayer, Edmund, 161 in, 275-6,278; incarceration of Jewish Versailles, Treaty of (1919), xxxii, 3,5, ‘illegal’ migrants in Cyprus, xxiii, 249; isolation in late 1930s, xxxiv; and Verschuer, Otmar Freiherr von, 84 migration from Nazi Germany, 72; no Vichy France: antisemitism in, xv, xvi, xviii, 7-8,26,67 legislation based on eugenics in, 83; non- XXX, xxxvi-xxxvii, 109,112,143,157-9; Jewish DPs admitted to, 256; provision of public infrastructure, 17; vote for and Catholic establishment, 157-9; Brexit, xxviii United Nations: creation of, xxxviii, 180; and DP camps, 244,248; and Holocaust Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives (CGQJ), 143; deportations of Jews from, xvi, xviii, xxxvi, 69,109,158-9,198, 274; heirs of anti-Dreyfusard tradition, consciousness/commemoration, xxvii-xxviii, 277; and refugees in XXX, 159; refusal to deport Jewish French liberated countries, 181,244, 248; Relief and Rehabilitation Administration Juifs, xv, 143; taking of initiative in antiJewish persecution, xv, xxxvi-xxxvii, (UNRRA), 239, 244,248 United States: antisemitism in, 181; attack on the Capitol (6 January 2021), 266-7, 300; enters Second World War, 106-7, 109,115,136-7; entry denied to Eastern citizens, 143-4,154,159; Statut des 143,158,179; as unpredictable ally, 156-9; Vélodrome d’Hiver in Paris, 158 Vienna, 51,76,135,195 Viereck, Peter, xxxiii European DPs, 246; forced sterilization Vinnitsa ghetto, western Soviet Union, 128 vitalism, 2 laws in, 83; Hitler sees as one and the
same with ‘the Jew,’ 75-6; Holocaust Vitebsk ghetto, western Soviet Union, 128 Voegelin, Eric, 1,14-15 consciousness in, 275,278; internment Volksgemeinschaft ( Nazi ‘racial of civilians, 10; Jewish Joint Distribution community’): Aryan identification Committee (JDC), 181,248; Jim Crow in, 17; Lisbon as last port of exit to (1940-1), cards (Ahnenpässe'), 18, 26; as based 59-60,183; National Museum of African on political race theories, 24; ‘binding function’ of race, 25-6; camps seeking American History and Culture, 277; non- to mould, 26,62-3; categories defined/ Jewish DPs admitted to, 256; relations with West Germany, 277; Republican imposed by the Nazis, 61-2; and drive for Lebensraum, xxi-xxii, 4-5,12, 78, Party’s slide into fascism, 266-7,292, 300; survivors migrate to, xxiii, 256-7; 99,100,116-17,119-20,198; as founded white supremacists in, 17 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), 275, 277; attempts to name victims, 149; Encyclopedia ofCamps and Ghettos, xiv-xv University College London, 265-6 Uris, Leon, 269 on radical exclusion of Jews, xxi-xxii, 14-15, 23, 28,149,154-5; as purely right-wing in 1930s, 2; race as neither homogeneous nor stable concept, 18-19; seems to be becoming reality in late-i930s, 61; vision of united Europe, 146,154-5 Vrba, Rudolf, 206 Uruguay, xxviii, 58,71 w-----------------------------Vacher de Lapouge, Georges, 2 Van Pelt, Robert Jan, 143 Waldheim, Kurt, 270,275 Wall, Rabbi Max B., 250 Wallenberg, Raul, 181 401
INDEX Wannsee Conference (20 January 1942), xxxvi, 108,135,136-7; as Nazi staging of ‘master race’ myth, 139; ‘protocol’ of 270; conservative turn of the 1980s (Tendenzwende), 272-3; DP (displaced meeting, 138; purpose of, 137-9 War Refugee Board, xxxviii, 180,181-2,185 Nazis in Adenauer’s government, 269-70; global influence of, xxv; Historikerstreit persons) camps, xli-xlii, 244,257; former Warnecke Böhm (German firm), 115 (Historians’ Debate) in, xxvi, 271-2,289; Warsaw ghetto, xxiv, 62,92,94-5,134,189, 190,192,193,195,225,301 and Holocaust’s singularity/'uniqueness,' Weber, Karl, 27 Weihs, Christine, 85 the past’ in, 270-4; Reagan’s visit to Bitburg cemetery (1985), xxvi, 270,273, Weimar Republic: Article 48 of 271-2; ‘process of coming to terms with 275; relations with USA, 277; reparations constitution, 8,9; democrats’ dilemma in, 11; economic depression as crucial, treaties, xxv, xxvi; rise of radical xxxii, 1,2,8,12,26,29; ‘eliminationist Einsatzgruppen members, 270 right in, 273; trial in Ulm of former groups’ in, 11-12; the Herrenklub, 8; inflation of early 1920s, 26; move to Wetzel, Erhard, 191-2 Wetzler, Alfred, 206 presidential rule (after 1925), 8; Nazism Wiener Library, 63-4,204 Wiesel, Elie, xxvi appears ‘untainted’ by association with, 27-8,29; Spartacist uprising (1919), 11; and stab-in-the-back legend, 9,11-12, 29-30,89; and ‘states of exception,’ xxxii, 9; threats to from left and right, 7; use of Freikorps, xxxii, 11; widespread dislike of Williamson, Gavin, 265 Wirsing, Giselher, 116 Wirth, Christian, 191 Wisliceny, Dieter, 142,167 World Jewish
Congress, 72,131 Versailles Treaty, 7-8,26 Weiss, Reska, 232-3 Y -------------------- Weizsäcker, Richard von, 270-3 Weltanschauung (Nazi worldview): ; Yad Vashem, Israel, xxiv, 278; attempts to Jews, xix-xxii, 53,211-12; and ‘Diktat’ name victims, 149 Yugoslavia, 280 of Versailles, xxxii, 3,5,26; importance of antisemitism, xx-xxii, 1,3-6,12-18, Z -------------------- cultural imaginary of world without 23-6,31, 35-7, 55^6,87 г49; and ‘JudaeoBolshevism,' xxii, xxix, xxxv-xxxvi, 30, 38,99,108,117-19,124,125-6,155,175, Zappelli, Luigi, 165 Zarivny, Jozef and Barbara, 210 283; origins of, 1-6,30-3; specific verve and voraciousness of, 6,31,32-3; “worldhistorical threat'/hidden hand’ of Jews, Zelkowicz, Josef, 95-6 Ziemann, Benjamin, 7 xviii, XXX, xxxii, XXXV, 3-6,14,18-19,23, Ziobro, Zbigniew, 266-7 Zionism, xxiii, xxiv, xli, 129,194,249,254 74-6,87,89,98-9,109-10,300 Werner, Kurt, 130 West Germany: Central Office for the Investigation of Nazi Crimes, 402 Zierke, Ernst, 191 Zittau slave-labour sub-camp, 214 Zolf, Rachel, 214 Zwodau camp (Czechoslovakia), 219 |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Stone, Dan 1971- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)131731777 |
| author_facet | Stone, Dan 1971- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Stone, Dan 1971- |
| author_variant | d s ds |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049604527 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 2360 NQ 2350 NY 8000 |
| contents | List of figures and maps -- Image sources -- Introduction: What is the Holocaust? -- Before the Holocaust -- Attack on the Jews, 1933-8 -- Before the 'final solution' -- War of annihilation -- A continent-wide crime -- Camps and the mobile Holocaust -- Great is the wrath: 'liberation' and its aftermath -- Holocaust memory -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Select bibliography -- Index |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1437842092 (DE-599)BVBBV049604527 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | First U.S. edition |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Map |
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But there are major aspects of its history that have been overlooked. Spanning the entirety of the Holocaust, this sweeping history deepens our understanding. Dan Stone--Director of the Holocaust Research Institute at Royal Holloway, University of London--reveals how the idea of "industrial murder" is incomplete: many were killed where they lived in the most brutal of ways. He outlines the depth of collaboration across Europe, arguing persuasively that we need to stop thinking of the Holocaust as an exclusively German project. He also considers the nature of trauma the Holocaust engendered, and why Jewish suffering has yet to be fully reckoned with. And he makes clear that the kernel to understanding Nazi thinking and action is genocidal ideology, providing a deep analysis of its origins. Drawing on decades of research, The Holocaust: An Unfinished History upends much of what we think we know about the Holocaust. 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| geographic_facet | Osteuropa Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV049604527 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:35:11Z |
| indexdate | 2024-09-10T00:26:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780063349032 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034948885 |
| oclc_num | 1437842092 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-521 |
| physical | li, 402 Seiten 3 Illustrationen, 6 Karten 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240426 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Mariner Books |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Stone, Dan 1971- Verfasser (DE-588)131731777 aut The Holocaust an unfinished history Dan Stone First U.S. edition New York ; Boston Mariner Books 2024 li, 402 Seiten 3 Illustrationen, 6 Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent sti rdacontent cri rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Originally published in the United Kingdom in 2023 by Penguin Random House UK."--Title page verso List of figures and maps -- Image sources -- Introduction: What is the Holocaust? -- Before the Holocaust -- Attack on the Jews, 1933-8 -- Before the 'final solution' -- War of annihilation -- A continent-wide crime -- Camps and the mobile Holocaust -- Great is the wrath: 'liberation' and its aftermath -- Holocaust memory -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Select bibliography -- Index "The Holocaust is much discussed, much memorialized, and much portrayed. But there are major aspects of its history that have been overlooked. Spanning the entirety of the Holocaust, this sweeping history deepens our understanding. Dan Stone--Director of the Holocaust Research Institute at Royal Holloway, University of London--reveals how the idea of "industrial murder" is incomplete: many were killed where they lived in the most brutal of ways. He outlines the depth of collaboration across Europe, arguing persuasively that we need to stop thinking of the Holocaust as an exclusively German project. He also considers the nature of trauma the Holocaust engendered, and why Jewish suffering has yet to be fully reckoned with. And he makes clear that the kernel to understanding Nazi thinking and action is genocidal ideology, providing a deep analysis of its origins. Drawing on decades of research, The Holocaust: An Unfinished History upends much of what we think we know about the Holocaust. Stone draws on Nazi documents, but also on diaries, post-war testimonies, and even fiction, urging that, in our age of increasing nationalism and xenophobia, it is vital that we understand the true history of the Holocaust"-- Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Holocauste, 1939-1945 Holocaust, 1933-1945 Informational works Documents d'information Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034948885&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034948885&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Stone, Dan 1971- The Holocaust an unfinished history List of figures and maps -- Image sources -- Introduction: What is the Holocaust? -- Before the Holocaust -- Attack on the Jews, 1933-8 -- Before the 'final solution' -- War of annihilation -- A continent-wide crime -- Camps and the mobile Holocaust -- Great is the wrath: 'liberation' and its aftermath -- Holocaust memory -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Select bibliography -- Index Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4073091-8 (DE-588)4075739-0 (DE-588)4015701-5 |
| title | The Holocaust an unfinished history |
| title_auth | The Holocaust an unfinished history |
| title_exact_search | The Holocaust an unfinished history |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Holocaust an unfinished history |
| title_full | The Holocaust an unfinished history Dan Stone |
| title_fullStr | The Holocaust an unfinished history Dan Stone |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Holocaust an unfinished history Dan Stone |
| title_short | The Holocaust |
| title_sort | the holocaust an unfinished history |
| title_sub | an unfinished history |
| topic | Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Judenvernichtung Osteuropa Europa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034948885&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034948885&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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