McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology: the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
Gespeichert in:
| Vorheriger Titel: | Pathophysiology |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
St. Louis
Elsevier
[2013]
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| Ausgabe: | 9th edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Auf dem Cover: Student Resources on Evolve, Access Code Inside |
| Beschreibung: | xxii, 1706 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780323789875 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology |b the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children |c [editor] Julia L. Rogers ; section editor: Valentina L. Brashers |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Pathophysiology |
| 250 | |a 9th edition | ||
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| 300 | |a xxii, 1706 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Brashers, Valentina L. |0 (DE-588)1277115850 |4 edt |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a McCance, Kathryn L. |e Begründer eines Werks |0 (DE-588)1060929872 |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Huether, Sue E. |e Begründer eines Werks |0 (DE-588)1157126073 |4 oth | |
| 780 | 0 | 0 | |i Vorangegangen ist |t Pathophysiology |d 2019 |z 978-0-323-58347-3 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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PART ONE: Central Concepts of Pathophysiology: Cells and Tissues UNIT I The Cell 1 Cellular Biology, 1 Victoria Gray and Kathryn L. McCance Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, 1 Cellular Functions, 2 Structure and Function of Cellular Components, 2 Nucleus, 2 Cytoplasmic Organelles, 2 Plasma Membranes, 3 Cellular Receptors, 9 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions, 12 Extracellular Matrix and Basement Membrane, 12 Specialized Cell Junctions, 14 Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction, 15 Cellular Metabolism, 17 Role ofAdenosine Triphosphate, 18 Food and Production of Cellular Energy, 20 Oxidative Phosphorylation, 20 Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output, 21 Electrolytes as Solutes, 23 Transport by Vesicle Formation, 26 Movement of Electrical Impulses: Membrane Potentials, 27 Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle, 31 Phases of Mitosis and Cytokinesis, 32 The Cell Cycle Control System, 33 Control of Cell Division and Cell Growth: Mitogens, Growth Factors, and Survival Factors, 34 DNA Damage Response: Blocks Cell Division, 34 Tissues, 34 Tissue Formation and Differentiation, 34 2 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents, 43 Victoria Gray Kathryn L. McCance, and Julia L. Sogers Cellular Adaptation, 44 Atrophy, 44 Hypertrophy, 45 Hyperplasia, 45 Dysplasia: Not a True Adaptive Change, 46 Metaplasia, 47 Cellular Injury, 47 General Mechanisms of Cell Injury, 48 Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury, 48 Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury, 50 Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species— Oxidative Stress, 50 Chemical or Toxic Injury, 53 Common Environmental Toxins, 56 Unintentional and
Intentional Injuries, 69 Infectious Injury, 73 Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury, 73 Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health, 73 Ionizing Radiation, 74 Changes in Atmospheric Pressure, 78 Manifestations of Cellular Injury, 80 Cellular Manifestations: Accumulations, 80 Water, 81 Lipids and Carbohydrates, 82 Glycogen, 83 Proteins, 83 Pigments, 83 Calcium, 84 Urate, 84 Systemic Manifestations of Cellular Injury, 85 Cellular Death, 85 Necrosis, 85 Apoptosis, 88 Autophagy, 90 Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology, 91 Normal Life Span and Life Expectancy, 92 Frailty, 92 Somatic Death, 95 3 The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases, 106 Linda Felver Distribution of Body Fluids, 106 Aging and Distribution of Body Fluids, 107 Water Movement Between ICF and ECF, 107 Water Movement Between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid, 108 Alterations in Water Movement, 109 Edema, 109 Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance, 111 Alterations in Sodium, Water, and Chloride Balance, 113 Isotonic Alterations, 114 Hypertonic Alterations, 114 Hypotonic Alterations, 116 Alterations in Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Balance, 118 Potassium, 118 Calcium and Phosphate, 123 Magnesium, 126 Acid-Base Balance, 127 Hydrogen Ion and pH, 127 Buffer Systems, 127 Acid-Base Imbalances, 129 xiii
CONTENTS UNIT il Genes and Gene-Environment Interaction 4 Genes and Genetic Diseases, 140 Lynn B. Jorde DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Heredity at the Molecular Level, 140 Definitions, 140 From Genes to Proteins, 145 Chromosomes, 147 Chromosome Aberrations and Associated Diseases, 150 Elements of Formal Genetics, 155 Phenotype and Genotype, 155 Dominance and Recessiveness, 155 Transmission of Genetic Diseases, 155 Autosomal Dominant Inheritance, 156 Autosomal Recessive Inheritance, 158 X-Linked Inheritance, 160 Linkage Analysis and Gene Mapping, 162 Classic Pedigree Analysis, 162 Complete Human Gene Map: Prospects and Benefits, 163 5 Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases, 167 Lynn B. Jorde Factors Influencing Incidence of Disease in Populations, 167 Concepts of Incidence and Prevalence, 167 Analysis of Risk Factors, 168 Principles of Multifactorial Inheritance, 168 Basic Model, 168 Threshold Model, 169 Recurrence Risks and Transmission Patterns, 170 Nature and Nurture: Disentangling the Effects of Genes and Environment, 172 Twin Studies, 172 Adoption Studies, 173 Genetics of Common Diseases, 174 Congenital Malformations, 174 Multifactorial Disorders in the Adult Population, 174 6 Epigenetics and Disease, 187 Diane R Genereux Overview of Epigenetic Mechanisms, 187 Epigenetic Mechanisms, 188 Three Types of Epigenetic Processes, 190 Epigenetics and Human Development, 190 Genomic Imprinting, 190 Epigenetics in Development and Mental Health, 192 Exploring the Multigenerational Persistence of Epigenetic States, 195 Epigenetics and Nutrition, 195 Epigenetics and Maternal
Care, 195 Epigenetic Change Over the Life span, 196 Twin Studies Provide Insights on Epigenetic Modification, 196 Tools for Exploring Epigenetic States, 196 Detecting DNA Methylation in Populations of Molecules: Methyl-Sensitive Restriction Enzymes, 196 Detecting DNA Methylation in Single Molecules: Bisulfite Conversion, 196 Detecting DNA Hydroxyméthylation: Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, 196 Identifying Histone-Modification States: Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, 196 Detecting DNA Accessibility States: DNAse Hypersensitivity Testing, 197 Detecting DNA Accessibility Statès in Single Molecules: Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin, 197 Detecting Overall Chromatin State on Individual Chromatin Fibers: Fiber-seq, 197 Publicly Available Resources Enable Exploration of Epigenetic States at Genome Scale, 197 Epigenetics and Cancer, 198 DNA Methylation and Cancer, 198 Global Epigenomic Alterations and Cancer, 198 Epigenetic Screeningfor Cancer, 198 Misregulation ofmiRNAs in Cancer, 198 Emerging Strategies for the Treatment of Epigenetic Disease, 199 DNA Demethylating Agents, 199 Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors, 199 miRNA Coding, 199 Epigenetics and COVID-19,199 Epigenetic Modification of mRNA, 199 Future Directions, 199 UNIT III Mechanisms of Self-Defense 7 Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing, 202 Valentina L. Brashers Innate Immunity, 202 First Line of Defense: Physical and Biochemical Barriers and the Human Microbiome, 203 Physical and Mechanical Barriers, 203 Biochemical Barriers, 203 The Normal Microbiome, 203 Second Line of Defense: Inflammation, 205
Plasma Protein Systems and Inflammation, 207 Initial Cellular Responders in Inflammation, 209 The Vascular Response in Inflammation, 215 The Cellular Response in Inflammation, 215 Acute and Chronic Inflammation, 218 Wound Healing, 221 Phase I: Hemostasis (Coagulation), 222 Phase II: Inflammation, 223 Phase III: Proliferation and New Tissue Formation, 223 Phase IV: Remodeling and Maturation, 224 Dysfunctional Wound Healing, 224 Wound Disruption, 225
CONTENTS 8 Adaptive Immunity, 231 Valentina L. Brashers Overview of Adaptive Immunity, 231 Antigens, 232 Lymphocyte Development, 233 Development of В Lymphocytes, 233 Development of T Lymphocytes, 236 Clonal Diversity, Clonal Deletion, Clonal Selection, and Clonal Expansion, 237 Induction of the Immune Response, 238 Antigen-Presenting Cells, 238 Antigen Processing, 238 Antigen Presentation, 239 T-Helper Cells, 240 Humoral Immunity, 241 В-Cell Activation, 241 Molecular Structure and Classes ofAntibodies, 242 Function ofAntibodies, 244 Primary and Secondary Humoral Immune Responses, 246 Cell-Mediated Immunity, 247 T-Cytotoxic Cells, 247 Natural Killer Cells, 248 Macrophages, 249 Immunologic Memory, 250 9 Alterations in Immunity, 255 Valentina L Brashers Hypersensitivity Reactions, 255 Immunologic Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity Reactions, 255 Antigenic Targets of Hypersensitivity Reactions, 262 Deficiencies in Immunity, 271 Initial Clinical Presentation, 271 Primary (Congenital) Immune Deficiencies, 271 Evaluation of Those With Primary Immune Deficiency, 275 Therapiesfor Primary Immune Deficiencies, 275 Secondary (Acquired) Immune Deficiencies, 275 10 Infection, 281 Valentina L. Brashers Microorganisms and Humans: A Dynamic Relationship, 281 The Process of Infection, 282 Stages of Infection, 283 Infectious Disease, 283 Bacterial Infection, 284 Viral Infection, 287 Fungal Infection, 301 Parasitic Infection, 303 Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance, 304 Vaccines and Protection Against Infection, 305 Active Immunization, 305 Passive Immunotherapy, 305 11 Stress and Disease, 310
Lorey K. Takahashi Background and General Concepts of Stress, 310 Early Years of Stress Biology, 310 Modern Overview of Stress: Allostasis and Allostatic Overload, 312 The Stress Systems, 312 Adaptive Roles of Stress Systems, 312 Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, 313 The Autonomic Nervous System, 316 Role of the Immune System, 317 The Impact of Chronic Stress Across the Life Span, 322 Negative Effects of Chronic Stress at an Early Age, 322 Negative Effects of Chronic Stress in Adolescents and Adults, 323 Coping and Intervention Strategies, 324 Staying on the Good Side of the Stress Spectrum, 324 Effects of Exercise, 324 Mindfulness Therapy, 326 UNIT IV Cellular Proliferation: Cancer 12 Cancer Biology, 331 Kathryn L. McCance Cancer Terminology and Characteristics, 331 Tumor Classification and Nomenclature, 331 The Biology of Cancer Cells, 334 Genomic Hallmarks, 338 Cellular Adaptations, 345 Resistance to Destruction, 347 Activating Invasion and Metastasis, 354 Biologic Processes of Metastasis, 354 Intravasation, 361 Extravasation, 364 Colonization, 364 Clinical Manifestations of Cancer, 367 Paraneoplastic Syndromes, 367 Molecular Mechanisms of Cachexia, 368 Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer, 371 Histologic Staging 371 Tumor Markers, 371 Classification of Tumors: Immunohistochemical and Genetic Analysis, 372 Treatment of Cancer, 373 Classic Approaches, 373 Targeted Disruption of Cancer, 376 13 Cancer Epidemiology, 388 Devra Davis, Kathryn L. McCance, and Valentina L. Brashers Incidence, Mortality Trends, and Race, 388 Genetics, Epigenetics, Tumor
Microenvironment, and Cellular Signaling in Cancer, 395 Genetics and Epigenetics, 395 Tumor Microenvironment, 395 Cellular Signaling, 395 In Utero and Early Life Conditions, 397 Environmental-Lifestyle Factors, 399 Tobacco Use, 399
CONTENTS Diet and Nutrition, Obesity, Alcohol Consumption, and Physical Activity: Impacts on Cancer, 401 Air Pollution, 409 Ionizing Radiation, 412 Nonionizing Radiation and Electromagnetic Radiation, 416 Ultraviolet Radiation, 418 Infection, Sexual and Reproductive Behavior, 419 Other Viruses and Microorganisms, 420 Environmental and Occupational Hazards as Carcinogens, 420 14 Cancer in Children and Adolescents, 430 Lauri A. Linder Incidence and Types of Childhood Cancer, 430 Etiology, 433 Genetic and Genomic Factors, 433 Environmental Factors, 435 Prognosis, 437 PART TWO: Structure, Function, and Pathophysiologic Alterations: Organs and Systems UNITV The Neurologic System 15 Structure and Function of the Neurologic System, 441 Karen C. Turner Overview and Organization of the Nervous System, 441 Cells of the Nervous System, 442 Neurons, 442 Neuroglia, 444 Nerve Injury and Regeneration, 445 Nerve Impulse, 446 Synapses, 446 Neurotransmitters, 447 Central Nervous System, 448 Brain, 448 Spinal Cord, 453 Motor Pathways, 454 Sensory Pathways, 457. Protective Structures, 457 Blood Supply, 459 Blood Supply to the Brain, 459 Blood-Brain Barrier, 460 Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord, 460 Peripheral Nervous System, 461 Autonomic Nervous System, 465 Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System, 465 Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System, 465 Neurotransmitters and Neuroreceptors, 465 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 467 Tests of Nervous System Structure and Function, 470 Skull and Spine Roentgenograms, 470 Computed Tomography, 470 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 470 Magnetic
Resonance Angiography, 470 Positron Emission Tomography Scan, 470 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, 471 Cerebral Angiography, 471 Echoencephalography (Ultrasound), 472 Electroencephalography, 472 Magnetoencephalography, 472 Evoked Potentials, 472 Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis, 472 16 Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function, 474 Jodi A. Allen Pain, 474 Neuroanatomy of Pain, 474 Pain Modulation, 478 Clinical Descriptions of Pain, 480 Temperature Regulation, 484 Control of Body Temperature, 484 Temperature Regulation in Infants and Older Adult Persons, 484 Pathogenesis of Fever, 485 Benefits of Fever, 487 Disorders of Temperature Regulation, 487 Sleep, 489 Sleep Disorders, 489 The Special Senses, 491 Vision, 491 Hearing, 498 Olfaction and Taste, 500 Somatosensory Function, 502 Touch, 502 Proprioception, 502 17 Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function, 509 Kaveri Roy and Sue E. Huether Alterations in Cognitive Systems, 509 Alterations in Arousal, 509 Alterations in Awareness, 516 Data Processing Deficits, 521 Alterations in Cerebral Hemodynamics, 534 Increased Intracranial Pressure, 534 Cerebral Edema, 536 Hydrocephalus, 537 Alterations in Neuromotor Function, 538 Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Syndromes, 538 Extrapyramidal Motor Syndromes, 541 Alterations in Complex Motor Performance, 543 Alterations in Muscle Tone, 544 Alterations in Muscle Movement, 546 Chronic Diseases and Disorders Involving Motor Function, 547 Chronic Progressive Motor Diseases of the Central Nervous System, 547 Demyelinating Disorders, 557
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders, 560
CONTENTS 18 Alterations of the Brain, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerves, 570 Jan Powers and Kathleen E. Hubner Central Nervous System Disorders, 570 Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury, 570 Degenerative Disorders of the Spine, 584 Seizure Disorders and Epilepsy, 588 Cerebrovascular Disorders, 591 Primary Headache Syndromes, 597 Infection and Inflammation of the Central Nervous System, 599 Meningitis, 600 Encephalitis, 602 West Nile Virus, 603 Brain or Spinal Cord Abscess, 604 Neurologic Complications of Human Immunode ficiency Virus, 604 Peripheral Nervous System Disorders, 605 Peripheral Neuropathies, 605 Tumors of the Central Nervous System, 606 Brain Tumors, 606 Spinal Cord Tumors, 610 19 Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 618 Lorey K. Takahashi Schizophrenia, 618 Mood Disorders: Depression and Bipolar Disorder, 623 Anxiety Disorders, 630 Panic Disorder, 631 Social Anxiety Disorder, 632 Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 632 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 633 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 634 20 Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children, 640 John Huge Development of the Nervous System in Children, 640 Structural Malformations, 641 Defects of Neural Tube Closure, 641 Craniosynostosis, 645 Malformations of Brain Development, 646 Alterations in Function: Encephalopathies, 649 Static (Nonprogressive) Encephalopathies, 649 Inherited Metabolic Disorders of the Central Nervous System, 649 Intoxications of the Central Nervous System, 651 Infections of the Central Nervous
System, 652 Cerebrovascular Disease in Children, 653 Perinatal Stroke, 653 Childhood Stroke, 653 Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders in Children, 654 Childhood Tumors, 654 Brain Tumors, 654 Embryonal Tumors, 655 UNIT VI The Endocrine System 21 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation, 662 Karen C. Turnerand Valentina L. Brashers Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation, 662 Regulation of Hormone Release, 662 Hormone Transport, 663 Hormone Receptors, 664 Hormone Effects, 666 Structure and Function of the Endocrine Glands, 667 Hypothalamic-Pituitary System, 667 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands, 672 Endocrine Pancreas, 675 Adrenal Glands, 678 Tests of Endocrine Function, 682 Aging and the Endocrine System, 682 Thyroid Gland, 683 Endocrine Pancreas, 683 Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factors, 683 Parathyroid Glands, 683 Adrenal Glands, 683 Antidiuretic Hormone and Aldosterone, 684 22 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation, 688 Jodi 4. Allen Mechanisms of Hormonal Alterations, 688 Alterations of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary System, 688 Diseases of the Posterior Pituitary, 688 Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion, 689 Diseases of the Anterior Pituitary, 691 Alterations of Thyroid Function, 694 Thyrotoxicosis/Hyperthyroidism, 694 Hypothyroidism, 697 Alterations of Parathyroid Function, 700 Hyperparathyroidism, 700 Hypoparathyroidism, 701 Dysfunction of the Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus, 702 Types of Diabetes Mellitus, 702 Acute Complications ofDiabetes Mellitus, 709 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 711 Alterations of Adrenal Function, 715 Disorders of the
Adrenal Cortex, 715 Tumors of the Adrenal Medulla, 718 23 Obesity, Starvation, and Anorexia of Aging, 723 Jodi A. Allen and Julia L. Hogers Adipose Tissue, 723 Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ, 724 Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Balance, 724 Obesity, 724 Starvation, 730 Anorexia of Aging, 731
CONTENTS UNIT VII The Reproductive Systems 24 Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems, 738 Karen C. Turner Development of the Reproductive Systems, 738 Sexual Differentiation and Hormone Production in Utero, 738 Puberty and Reproductive Maturation, 740 The Female Reproductive System, 742 External Genitalia, 742 Internal Genitalia, 743 Female Sex Hormones, 746 Menstrual (Ovarian) Cycle, 748 Structure and Function of the Breast, 751 Female Breast, 751 Male Breast, 753 The Male Reproductive System, 753 External Genitalia, 753 Internal Genitalia, 756 Spermatogenesis, 757 Male Sex and Reproductive Hormones, 757 Tests of Reproductive Function, 759 Aging and Reproductive Function, 759 Aging and the Female Reproductive System, 759 Aging and the Male Reproductive System, 763 25 Alterations of the Female Reproductive System, 767 Corinne Μ. Djuric, Suzanne Μ. Ruiz, and Kathryn L. McCance Abnormalities of the Female Reproductive Tract, 767 Alterations of Sexual Maturation, 768 Delayed or Absent Puberty, 769 Precocious Puberty, 769 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System, 770 Hormonal and Menstrual Alterations, 770 Infection and Inflammation, 777 Pelvic Organ Prolapse, 782 Benign Growths and Proliferative Conditions, 784 Cancer, 790 Sexual Dysfunction, 800 Impaired Fertility, 801 Disorders of the Female Breast, 802 Galactorrhea, 802 Benign Breast Disease and Conditions, 803 Breast Cancer, 804 26 Alterations of the Male Reproductive System, 823 George IA Rodway and Kathryn L. McCance Alterations of Sexual Maturation, 823 Puberty: Premature, Delayed, and Contrasexual
Development, 823 Disorders of the Male Reproductive System, 825 Disorders of the Urethra, 825 Disorders of the Penis, 826 Disorders of the Scrotum, Testis, and Epididymis, 834 Disorders of the Prostate Gland, 843 Sexual Dysfunction: Erectile Dysfunction, 853 Disorders of the Male Breast, 855 Gynecomastia, 855 Male Breast Cancer, 855 27 Sexually Transmitted Infections, 865 William E. Somerall, Jr. Sexually Transmitted Urogenital Infections, 867 Bacterial Infections, 867 Viral Infections, 879 Parasitic Infections, 884 Sexually Transmitted Infections of other body Systems, 886 Hepatitis, 887 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 888 UNIT VIII The Hematologic System 28 Structure and Function of the Hematologic System, 892 Karen C. Turner Components of the Hematologic System, 892 Composition of Blood, 892 Lymphoid Organs, 899 Development of Blood Cells, 902 Bone Marrow, 902 Cellular Differentiation, 903 Hematopoiesis, 906 Mechanisms of Hemostasis, 911 Function of Blood Vessel Endothelium, 911 Function of Platelets, 912 Function of Clotting Factors, 914 Control of Hemostatic Mechanisms, 916 Retraction and Lysis of Blood Clots, 917 Clinical Evaluation of the Hematologic System, 917 Tests of Bone Marrow Function, 917 Blood Tests, 918 Pediatrics and the Hematologic System, 918 Aging and the Hematologic System, 922 29 Alterations of Hematologic Function, 925 Sean McConnell and Valentina L. Brashers Anemia, 925 Classification and General Characteristics, 925 Anemias of Blood Loss, 928 Anemias of Diminished Erythropoiesis, 929 Anemias of Increased Destruction, 937 Myeloproliferative Red
Cell Disorders, 939 Polycythemia Vera, 940 Iron Overload, 941 Alterations of Leukocyte Function, 942 Quantitative Alterations of Leukocytes, 943 Alterations of Lymphoid Function, 957 Lymphadenopathy, 957 Malignant Lymphomas, 957 Plasma Cell Malignancy, 963 Alterations of Splenic Function, 966 Hemorrhagic Disorders and Alterations of Platelets and Coagulation, 967 Disorders of Platelets, 968 Alterations of Platelet Function, 973 Disorders of Coagulation, 973
CONTENTS 30 Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children, 987 Lauri A. Linder and Anne Harvey Fetal and Neonatal Hematopoiesis, 987 Postnatal Changes in the Blood, 988 Erythrocytes, 988 Leukocytes and Platelets, 990 Disorders of Erythrocytes, 990 Acquired Disorders, 990 Inherited Disorders, 994 Disorders of Coagulation and Platelets, 1005 Inherited Hemorrhagic Disease, 1005 Antibody-Mediated Hemorrhagic Disease, 1008 Neoplastic Disorders, 1010 Leukemia, 1010 Lymphomas, 1013 UNIT IX The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 31 Disorders of the Heart Wall, 1084 Disorders of the Pericardium, 1084 Disorders of the Myocardium: Cardiomyopathies, 1086 Disorders of the Endocardium, 1088 Manifestations of Heart Disease, 1096 Heart Failure, 1096 Dysrhythmias, 1101 33 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children, 1109 Melanie L. Scala and Casey Bor Congenital Heart Disease, 1109 Classification of Congenital Heart Disease, 1109 Defects With Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow, 1110 Obstructive Defects, 1114 Defects With Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow, 1117 Mixing Defects ,1119 Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders, 1122 Heart Failure, 1123 Kawasaki Disease, 1124 Pediatric Hypertension, 1125 Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, 1020 Karen C. Turner and Valentina L. Brashers Circulatory System, 1020 Heart, 1020 Structures that Direct Circulation Through the Heart, 1021 Structures that Support Cardiac Metabolism: Coronary Circulation, 1026 Structures that Control Heart Action, 1028 Factors Affecting Cardiac Output, 1036 Systemic Circulation, 1039 Structure of
Blood Vessels, 1039 Factors Affecting Blood Flow, 1043 Regulation of Blood Pressure, 1045 Regulation of the Coronary Circulation, 1049 Lymphatic System, 1050 Tests of Cardiovascular Function, 1051 Cardiac and Coronary Artery Evaluation, 1051 Systemic Vascular Evaluation, 1054 Aging and the Cardiovascular System, 1054 32 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function, 1059 Valentina L. Brashers Diseases of the Veins, 1059 Varicose Veins and Chronic Venous Insufficiency, 1059 Thrombus Formation in Veins, 1060 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome, 1061 Diseases of the Arteries, 1061 Hypertension, 1061 Orthostatic (Postural) Hypotension, 1067 Aneurysm, 1067 Thrombus Formation in Arteries, 1069 Embolism, 1069 Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 1069 Atherosclerosis, 1070 Peripheral Artery Disease, 1073 Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Ischemia, and Acute Coronary Syndromes, 1074 UNIT X The Pulmonary System 34 Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System, 1131 Karen C. Turnerand Valentina L. Brashers Structures of the Pulmonary System, 1131 Conducting Airways, 1131 Gas-Exchange Airways, 1133 Pulmonary and Bronchial Circulation, 1135 Chest Wall and Pleura, 1137 Function of the Pulmonary System, 1137 Ventilation, 1137 Gas Transport, 1143 Tests of Pulmonary Function, 1148 35 Alterations of Pulmonary Function, 1153 Mary Beth Winton and Valentina L. Brashers Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Alterations, 1153 Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease, 1153 Conditions Caused by Pulmonary Disease or Injury, 1156 Disorders of the Chest Wall and Pleura, 1158 Chest Wall Restriction, 1158 Pleural
Abnormalities, 1159 Pulmonary Disorders, 1161 Restrictive Lung Diseases, 1161 Obstructive Lung Diseases, 1167 Respiratory Tract Infections, 1176 Abscess Formation and Cavitation, 1179 Pulmonary Vascular Disease, 1179 Malignancies of the Respiratory Tract, 1182 36 Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children, 1191 Valentina L. Brashers Disorders of the Upper Airways, 1191 Infections of the Upper Airways, 1191 Aspiration of Foreign Bodies, 1194 Obstructive Sleep Apnea, 1194
CONTENTS Disorders of the Lower Airways, 1195 Disorders of Prematurity, 1195 Respiratory Tract Infections, 1199 Asthma, 1203 Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, 1204 Cystic Fibrosis, 1205 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 1207 UNIT XI The Renal and Urologic Systems 37 Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems, 1211 Karen C. Turner Structures of the Renal System, 1211 Structures of the Kidney, 1211 Urinary Structures, 1216 Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration, 1217 Autoregulation of Intrarenal Blood Flow, 1217 Neural Regulation of Renal Blood Flow, 1218 Hormones and Other Factors Regulating Renal Blood Flow, 1218 Kidney Function, 1219 Nephron Function, 1219 Hormones and Nephron Function, 1225 Renal Hormones, 1225 Tests of Renal Function, 1226 Renal Clearance, 1226 Urinalysis, 1227 38 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function, 1232 Julia L. Rogers Urinary Tract Obstruction, 1232 Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction, 1232 Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction, 1237 Tumors, 1241 Urinary Tract Infection, 1242 Causes of Urinary Tract Infection, 1242 Types of Urinary Tract Infection, 1242 Glomerular Disorders, 1245 Glomerulonephritis, 1245 Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndromes, 1250 Acute Kidney Injury, 1252 Classification of Kidney Dysfunction, 1252 Acute Kidney Injury, 1252 Chronic Kidney Disease, 1258 Creatinine, Cystatin C, and Urea Clearance, 1260 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, 1260 Calcium, Phosphate, Magnesium, and Bone, 1263 Protein, Carbohydrate, and Fat Metabolism, 1263 Hematologic System, 1264 Cardiovascular System, 1264 Pulmonary System, 1264 Immune
System, 1264 Neurologic System, 1264 Gastrointestinal System, 1264 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems, 1264 Integumentary System, 1265 39 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children, 1270 Julia L Rogers Structure and Function of the Urinary System in Children, 1270 Development of the Urinary System, 1270 Alterations in Renal and Bladder Function in Children, 1271 Congenital Abnormalities, 1271 Hypoplastic/Dysplastic Kidneys, 1271 Polycystic Kidney Disease, 1273 Renal Agenesis, 1273 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction, 1273 Hypospadias, 1273 Epispadias and Exstrophy of the Bladder, 1274 Bladder Outlet Obstruction, 1275 Glomerular Disorders, 1275 Glomerulonephritis, 1275 Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy, 1276 Nephrotic Syndrome, 1276 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, 1278 Nephroblastoma, 1279 Bladder Disorders, 1280 Urinary Tract Infections, 1280 Vesicoureteral Reflux, 1280 Urinary Incontinence, 1281 UNIT XII The Digestive System 40 Structure and Function of the Digestive System, 1285 Karen C. Turner The Gastrointestinal Tract, 1285 Mouth and Esophagus, 1286 The Abdominal Cavity, 1288 Stomach, 1290 Small Intestine, 1294 Large Intestine, 1301 The Gastrointestinal Tract and Immunity, 1303 Intestinal Microbiome, 1303 Splanchnic Blood Flow, 1304 Accessory Organs of Digestion, 1304 Liver, 1304 Gallbladder, 1308 Exocrine Pancreas, 1309 Tests of Digestive Function, 1310 Gastrointestinal Tract, 1310 Liver, 1310 Gallbladder, 1313 Exocrine Pancreas, 1313 41 Alterations of Digestive Function, 1318 Scarlet R. Spain Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 1318 Clinical Manifestations
of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction, 1318 Disorders of Motility, 1322 Gastritis, 1328 Peptic Ulcer Disease, 1331
CONTENTS Blood Supply and Innervation, 1507 Tests of Skin Function, 1507 Clinical Manifestations of Skin Dysfunction, 1507 Disorders of the Skin, 1514 Inflammatory Disorders, 1514 Papulosquamous Disorders, 1516 Vesiculobullous Diseases, 1520 Infections, 1521 Vascular Disorders, 1526 Benign Tumors, 1527 Skin Cancer, 1529 Cold Injury, 1533 Disorders of the Hair, 1534 Alopecia, 1534 Hirsutism, 1535 Disorders of the Nail, 1535 Paronychia, 1535 Onychomycosis, 1535 47 Alterations of the Integument in Children, 1541 Noreen Heer Nicol and Judith O'Haver Acne Vulgaris, 1541 Dermatitis, 1542 Atopic Dermatitis, 1542 Contact Dermatitis, 1543 Infections of the Skin, 1543 Bacterial Infections, 1544 Fungal Infections, 1545 Viral Infections, 1546 Insect Bites and Parasites, 1550 Scabies, 1550 Fleas and Bedbugs, 1550 Pediculosis (Lice Infestation), 1551 Vascular Anomalies, 1551 Infantile Hemangiomas, 1551 Other Skin Disorders, 1553 Psoriasis, 1553 Newborn Rashes, 1553 UNIT XV Multiple Interacting Systems 48 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults, 1557 Mary C. Selzer, Dennis J. Cheek, and Julia L. Rogers Shock, 1557 Cellular Alterations and Impairment of Cellular Metabolism, 1557 Types of Shock, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment, 1560 Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, 1569 Thermal Injury and Burns, 1575 Epidemiology and Etiology, 1575 Burn Wound Depth, 1575 49 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children, 1591 Mary A. Mondozzi, Dennis J. Cheek, and Mary Fran Hazinski Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, 1591 Types of Shock, 1592
Assessment of Shock, 1592 Reperfusion and Inflammatory Injury, 1606 Burns, 1607 Severity of Injury, 1608 Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment, 1609 Glossary, 1622 Index, 1645 |
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PART ONE: Central Concepts of Pathophysiology: Cells and Tissues UNIT I The Cell 1 Cellular Biology, 1 Victoria Gray and Kathryn L. McCance Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, 1 Cellular Functions, 2 Structure and Function of Cellular Components, 2 Nucleus, 2 Cytoplasmic Organelles, 2 Plasma Membranes, 3 Cellular Receptors, 9 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions, 12 Extracellular Matrix and Basement Membrane, 12 Specialized Cell Junctions, 14 Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction, 15 Cellular Metabolism, 17 Role ofAdenosine Triphosphate, 18 Food and Production of Cellular Energy, 20 Oxidative Phosphorylation, 20 Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output, 21 Electrolytes as Solutes, 23 Transport by Vesicle Formation, 26 Movement of Electrical Impulses: Membrane Potentials, 27 Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle, 31 Phases of Mitosis and Cytokinesis, 32 The Cell Cycle Control System, 33 Control of Cell Division and Cell Growth: Mitogens, Growth Factors, and Survival Factors, 34 DNA Damage Response: Blocks Cell Division, 34 Tissues, 34 Tissue Formation and Differentiation, 34 2 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents, 43 Victoria Gray Kathryn L. McCance, and Julia L. Sogers Cellular Adaptation, 44 Atrophy, 44 Hypertrophy, 45 Hyperplasia, 45 Dysplasia: Not a True Adaptive Change, 46 Metaplasia, 47 Cellular Injury, 47 General Mechanisms of Cell Injury, 48 Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury, 48 Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury, 50 Free Radicals and Reactive Oxygen Species— Oxidative Stress, 50 Chemical or Toxic Injury, 53 Common Environmental Toxins, 56 Unintentional and
Intentional Injuries, 69 Infectious Injury, 73 Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury, 73 Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health, 73 Ionizing Radiation, 74 Changes in Atmospheric Pressure, 78 Manifestations of Cellular Injury, 80 Cellular Manifestations: Accumulations, 80 Water, 81 Lipids and Carbohydrates, 82 Glycogen, 83 Proteins, 83 Pigments, 83 Calcium, 84 Urate, 84 Systemic Manifestations of Cellular Injury, 85 Cellular Death, 85 Necrosis, 85 Apoptosis, 88 Autophagy, 90 Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology, 91 Normal Life Span and Life Expectancy, 92 Frailty, 92 Somatic Death, 95 3 The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases, 106 Linda Felver Distribution of Body Fluids, 106 Aging and Distribution of Body Fluids, 107 Water Movement Between ICF and ECF, 107 Water Movement Between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid, 108 Alterations in Water Movement, 109 Edema, 109 Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance, 111 Alterations in Sodium, Water, and Chloride Balance, 113 Isotonic Alterations, 114 Hypertonic Alterations, 114 Hypotonic Alterations, 116 Alterations in Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Balance, 118 Potassium, 118 Calcium and Phosphate, 123 Magnesium, 126 Acid-Base Balance, 127 Hydrogen Ion and pH, 127 Buffer Systems, 127 Acid-Base Imbalances, 129 xiii
CONTENTS UNIT il Genes and Gene-Environment Interaction 4 Genes and Genetic Diseases, 140 Lynn B. Jorde DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Heredity at the Molecular Level, 140 Definitions, 140 From Genes to Proteins, 145 Chromosomes, 147 Chromosome Aberrations and Associated Diseases, 150 Elements of Formal Genetics, 155 Phenotype and Genotype, 155 Dominance and Recessiveness, 155 Transmission of Genetic Diseases, 155 Autosomal Dominant Inheritance, 156 Autosomal Recessive Inheritance, 158 X-Linked Inheritance, 160 Linkage Analysis and Gene Mapping, 162 Classic Pedigree Analysis, 162 Complete Human Gene Map: Prospects and Benefits, 163 5 Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases, 167 Lynn B. Jorde Factors Influencing Incidence of Disease in Populations, 167 Concepts of Incidence and Prevalence, 167 Analysis of Risk Factors, 168 Principles of Multifactorial Inheritance, 168 Basic Model, 168 Threshold Model, 169 Recurrence Risks and Transmission Patterns, 170 Nature and Nurture: Disentangling the Effects of Genes and Environment, 172 Twin Studies, 172 Adoption Studies, 173 Genetics of Common Diseases, 174 Congenital Malformations, 174 Multifactorial Disorders in the Adult Population, 174 6 Epigenetics and Disease, 187 Diane R Genereux Overview of Epigenetic Mechanisms, 187 Epigenetic Mechanisms, 188 Three Types of Epigenetic Processes, 190 Epigenetics and Human Development, 190 Genomic Imprinting, 190 Epigenetics in Development and Mental Health, 192 Exploring the Multigenerational Persistence of Epigenetic States, 195 Epigenetics and Nutrition, 195 Epigenetics and Maternal
Care, 195 Epigenetic Change Over the Life span, 196 Twin Studies Provide Insights on Epigenetic Modification, 196 Tools for Exploring Epigenetic States, 196 Detecting DNA Methylation in Populations of Molecules: Methyl-Sensitive Restriction Enzymes, 196 Detecting DNA Methylation in Single Molecules: Bisulfite Conversion, 196 Detecting DNA Hydroxyméthylation: Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, 196 Identifying Histone-Modification States: Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, 196 Detecting DNA Accessibility States: DNAse Hypersensitivity Testing, 197 Detecting DNA Accessibility Statès in Single Molecules: Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin, 197 Detecting Overall Chromatin State on Individual Chromatin Fibers: Fiber-seq, 197 Publicly Available Resources Enable Exploration of Epigenetic States at Genome Scale, 197 Epigenetics and Cancer, 198 DNA Methylation and Cancer, 198 Global Epigenomic Alterations and Cancer, 198 Epigenetic Screeningfor Cancer, 198 Misregulation ofmiRNAs in Cancer, 198 Emerging Strategies for the Treatment of Epigenetic Disease, 199 DNA Demethylating Agents, 199 Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors, 199 miRNA Coding, 199 Epigenetics and COVID-19,199 Epigenetic Modification of mRNA, 199 Future Directions, 199 UNIT III Mechanisms of Self-Defense 7 Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing, 202 Valentina L. Brashers Innate Immunity, 202 First Line of Defense: Physical and Biochemical Barriers and the Human Microbiome, 203 Physical and Mechanical Barriers, 203 Biochemical Barriers, 203 The Normal Microbiome, 203 Second Line of Defense: Inflammation, 205
Plasma Protein Systems and Inflammation, 207 Initial Cellular Responders in Inflammation, 209 The Vascular Response in Inflammation, 215 The Cellular Response in Inflammation, 215 Acute and Chronic Inflammation, 218 Wound Healing, 221 Phase I: Hemostasis (Coagulation), 222 Phase II: Inflammation, 223 Phase III: Proliferation and New Tissue Formation, 223 Phase IV: Remodeling and Maturation, 224 Dysfunctional Wound Healing, 224 Wound Disruption, 225
CONTENTS 8 Adaptive Immunity, 231 Valentina L. Brashers Overview of Adaptive Immunity, 231 Antigens, 232 Lymphocyte Development, 233 Development of В Lymphocytes, 233 Development of T Lymphocytes, 236 Clonal Diversity, Clonal Deletion, Clonal Selection, and Clonal Expansion, 237 Induction of the Immune Response, 238 Antigen-Presenting Cells, 238 Antigen Processing, 238 Antigen Presentation, 239 T-Helper Cells, 240 Humoral Immunity, 241 В-Cell Activation, 241 Molecular Structure and Classes ofAntibodies, 242 Function ofAntibodies, 244 Primary and Secondary Humoral Immune Responses, 246 Cell-Mediated Immunity, 247 T-Cytotoxic Cells, 247 Natural Killer Cells, 248 Macrophages, 249 Immunologic Memory, 250 9 Alterations in Immunity, 255 Valentina L Brashers Hypersensitivity Reactions, 255 Immunologic Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity Reactions, 255 Antigenic Targets of Hypersensitivity Reactions, 262 Deficiencies in Immunity, 271 Initial Clinical Presentation, 271 Primary (Congenital) Immune Deficiencies, 271 Evaluation of Those With Primary Immune Deficiency, 275 Therapiesfor Primary Immune Deficiencies, 275 Secondary (Acquired) Immune Deficiencies, 275 10 Infection, 281 Valentina L. Brashers Microorganisms and Humans: A Dynamic Relationship, 281 The Process of Infection, 282 Stages of Infection, 283 Infectious Disease, 283 Bacterial Infection, 284 Viral Infection, 287 Fungal Infection, 301 Parasitic Infection, 303 Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance, 304 Vaccines and Protection Against Infection, 305 Active Immunization, 305 Passive Immunotherapy, 305 11 Stress and Disease, 310
Lorey K. Takahashi Background and General Concepts of Stress, 310 Early Years of Stress Biology, 310 Modern Overview of Stress: Allostasis and Allostatic Overload, 312 The Stress Systems, 312 Adaptive Roles of Stress Systems, 312 Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, 313 The Autonomic Nervous System, 316 Role of the Immune System, 317 The Impact of Chronic Stress Across the Life Span, 322 Negative Effects of Chronic Stress at an Early Age, 322 Negative Effects of Chronic Stress in Adolescents and Adults, 323 Coping and Intervention Strategies, 324 Staying on the Good Side of the Stress Spectrum, 324 Effects of Exercise, 324 Mindfulness Therapy, 326 UNIT IV Cellular Proliferation: Cancer 12 Cancer Biology, 331 Kathryn L. McCance Cancer Terminology and Characteristics, 331 Tumor Classification and Nomenclature, 331 The Biology of Cancer Cells, 334 Genomic Hallmarks, 338 Cellular Adaptations, 345 Resistance to Destruction, 347 Activating Invasion and Metastasis, 354 Biologic Processes of Metastasis, 354 Intravasation, 361 Extravasation, 364 Colonization, 364 Clinical Manifestations of Cancer, 367 Paraneoplastic Syndromes, 367 Molecular Mechanisms of Cachexia, 368 Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer, 371 Histologic Staging 371 Tumor Markers, 371 Classification of Tumors: Immunohistochemical and Genetic Analysis, 372 Treatment of Cancer, 373 Classic Approaches, 373 Targeted Disruption of Cancer, 376 13 Cancer Epidemiology, 388 Devra Davis, Kathryn L. McCance, and Valentina L. Brashers Incidence, Mortality Trends, and Race, 388 Genetics, Epigenetics, Tumor
Microenvironment, and Cellular Signaling in Cancer, 395 Genetics and Epigenetics, 395 Tumor Microenvironment, 395 Cellular Signaling, 395 In Utero and Early Life Conditions, 397 Environmental-Lifestyle Factors, 399 Tobacco Use, 399
CONTENTS Diet and Nutrition, Obesity, Alcohol Consumption, and Physical Activity: Impacts on Cancer, 401 Air Pollution, 409 Ionizing Radiation, 412 Nonionizing Radiation and Electromagnetic Radiation, 416 Ultraviolet Radiation, 418 Infection, Sexual and Reproductive Behavior, 419 Other Viruses and Microorganisms, 420 Environmental and Occupational Hazards as Carcinogens, 420 14 Cancer in Children and Adolescents, 430 Lauri A. Linder Incidence and Types of Childhood Cancer, 430 Etiology, 433 Genetic and Genomic Factors, 433 Environmental Factors, 435 Prognosis, 437 PART TWO: Structure, Function, and Pathophysiologic Alterations: Organs and Systems UNITV The Neurologic System 15 Structure and Function of the Neurologic System, 441 Karen C. Turner Overview and Organization of the Nervous System, 441 Cells of the Nervous System, 442 Neurons, 442 Neuroglia, 444 Nerve Injury and Regeneration, 445 Nerve Impulse, 446 Synapses, 446 Neurotransmitters, 447 Central Nervous System, 448 Brain, 448 Spinal Cord, 453 Motor Pathways, 454 Sensory Pathways, 457. Protective Structures, 457 Blood Supply, 459 Blood Supply to the Brain, 459 Blood-Brain Barrier, 460 Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord, 460 Peripheral Nervous System, 461 Autonomic Nervous System, 465 Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System, 465 Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System, 465 Neurotransmitters and Neuroreceptors, 465 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System, 467 Tests of Nervous System Structure and Function, 470 Skull and Spine Roentgenograms, 470 Computed Tomography, 470 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 470 Magnetic
Resonance Angiography, 470 Positron Emission Tomography Scan, 470 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, 471 Cerebral Angiography, 471 Echoencephalography (Ultrasound), 472 Electroencephalography, 472 Magnetoencephalography, 472 Evoked Potentials, 472 Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis, 472 16 Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function, 474 Jodi A. Allen Pain, 474 Neuroanatomy of Pain, 474 Pain Modulation, 478 Clinical Descriptions of Pain, 480 Temperature Regulation, 484 Control of Body Temperature, 484 Temperature Regulation in Infants and Older Adult Persons, 484 Pathogenesis of Fever, 485 Benefits of Fever, 487 Disorders of Temperature Regulation, 487 Sleep, 489 Sleep Disorders, 489 The Special Senses, 491 Vision, 491 Hearing, 498 Olfaction and Taste, 500 Somatosensory Function, 502 Touch, 502 Proprioception, 502 17 Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function, 509 Kaveri Roy and Sue E. Huether Alterations in Cognitive Systems, 509 Alterations in Arousal, 509 Alterations in Awareness, 516 Data Processing Deficits, 521 Alterations in Cerebral Hemodynamics, 534 Increased Intracranial Pressure, 534 Cerebral Edema, 536 Hydrocephalus, 537 Alterations in Neuromotor Function, 538 Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Syndromes, 538 Extrapyramidal Motor Syndromes, 541 Alterations in Complex Motor Performance, 543 Alterations in Muscle Tone, 544 Alterations in Muscle Movement, 546 Chronic Diseases and Disorders Involving Motor Function, 547 Chronic Progressive Motor Diseases of the Central Nervous System, 547 Demyelinating Disorders, 557
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders, 560
CONTENTS 18 Alterations of the Brain, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerves, 570 Jan Powers and Kathleen E. Hubner Central Nervous System Disorders, 570 Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury, 570 Degenerative Disorders of the Spine, 584 Seizure Disorders and Epilepsy, 588 Cerebrovascular Disorders, 591 Primary Headache Syndromes, 597 Infection and Inflammation of the Central Nervous System, 599 Meningitis, 600 Encephalitis, 602 West Nile Virus, 603 Brain or Spinal Cord Abscess, 604 Neurologic Complications of Human Immunode ficiency Virus, 604 Peripheral Nervous System Disorders, 605 Peripheral Neuropathies, 605 Tumors of the Central Nervous System, 606 Brain Tumors, 606 Spinal Cord Tumors, 610 19 Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 618 Lorey K. Takahashi Schizophrenia, 618 Mood Disorders: Depression and Bipolar Disorder, 623 Anxiety Disorders, 630 Panic Disorder, 631 Social Anxiety Disorder, 632 Generalized Anxiety Disorder, 632 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 633 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 634 20 Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children, 640 John Huge Development of the Nervous System in Children, 640 Structural Malformations, 641 Defects of Neural Tube Closure, 641 Craniosynostosis, 645 Malformations of Brain Development, 646 Alterations in Function: Encephalopathies, 649 Static (Nonprogressive) Encephalopathies, 649 Inherited Metabolic Disorders of the Central Nervous System, 649 Intoxications of the Central Nervous System, 651 Infections of the Central Nervous
System, 652 Cerebrovascular Disease in Children, 653 Perinatal Stroke, 653 Childhood Stroke, 653 Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders in Children, 654 Childhood Tumors, 654 Brain Tumors, 654 Embryonal Tumors, 655 UNIT VI The Endocrine System 21 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation, 662 Karen C. Turnerand Valentina L. Brashers Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation, 662 Regulation of Hormone Release, 662 Hormone Transport, 663 Hormone Receptors, 664 Hormone Effects, 666 Structure and Function of the Endocrine Glands, 667 Hypothalamic-Pituitary System, 667 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands, 672 Endocrine Pancreas, 675 Adrenal Glands, 678 Tests of Endocrine Function, 682 Aging and the Endocrine System, 682 Thyroid Gland, 683 Endocrine Pancreas, 683 Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factors, 683 Parathyroid Glands, 683 Adrenal Glands, 683 Antidiuretic Hormone and Aldosterone, 684 22 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation, 688 Jodi 4. Allen Mechanisms of Hormonal Alterations, 688 Alterations of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary System, 688 Diseases of the Posterior Pituitary, 688 Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion, 689 Diseases of the Anterior Pituitary, 691 Alterations of Thyroid Function, 694 Thyrotoxicosis/Hyperthyroidism, 694 Hypothyroidism, 697 Alterations of Parathyroid Function, 700 Hyperparathyroidism, 700 Hypoparathyroidism, 701 Dysfunction of the Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus, 702 Types of Diabetes Mellitus, 702 Acute Complications ofDiabetes Mellitus, 709 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 711 Alterations of Adrenal Function, 715 Disorders of the
Adrenal Cortex, 715 Tumors of the Adrenal Medulla, 718 23 Obesity, Starvation, and Anorexia of Aging, 723 Jodi A. Allen and Julia L. Hogers Adipose Tissue, 723 Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ, 724 Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Balance, 724 Obesity, 724 Starvation, 730 Anorexia of Aging, 731
CONTENTS UNIT VII The Reproductive Systems 24 Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems, 738 Karen C. Turner Development of the Reproductive Systems, 738 Sexual Differentiation and Hormone Production in Utero, 738 Puberty and Reproductive Maturation, 740 The Female Reproductive System, 742 External Genitalia, 742 Internal Genitalia, 743 Female Sex Hormones, 746 Menstrual (Ovarian) Cycle, 748 Structure and Function of the Breast, 751 Female Breast, 751 Male Breast, 753 The Male Reproductive System, 753 External Genitalia, 753 Internal Genitalia, 756 Spermatogenesis, 757 Male Sex and Reproductive Hormones, 757 Tests of Reproductive Function, 759 Aging and Reproductive Function, 759 Aging and the Female Reproductive System, 759 Aging and the Male Reproductive System, 763 25 Alterations of the Female Reproductive System, 767 Corinne Μ. Djuric, Suzanne Μ. Ruiz, and Kathryn L. McCance Abnormalities of the Female Reproductive Tract, 767 Alterations of Sexual Maturation, 768 Delayed or Absent Puberty, 769 Precocious Puberty, 769 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System, 770 Hormonal and Menstrual Alterations, 770 Infection and Inflammation, 777 Pelvic Organ Prolapse, 782 Benign Growths and Proliferative Conditions, 784 Cancer, 790 Sexual Dysfunction, 800 Impaired Fertility, 801 Disorders of the Female Breast, 802 Galactorrhea, 802 Benign Breast Disease and Conditions, 803 Breast Cancer, 804 26 Alterations of the Male Reproductive System, 823 George IA Rodway and Kathryn L. McCance Alterations of Sexual Maturation, 823 Puberty: Premature, Delayed, and Contrasexual
Development, 823 Disorders of the Male Reproductive System, 825 Disorders of the Urethra, 825 Disorders of the Penis, 826 Disorders of the Scrotum, Testis, and Epididymis, 834 Disorders of the Prostate Gland, 843 Sexual Dysfunction: Erectile Dysfunction, 853 Disorders of the Male Breast, 855 Gynecomastia, 855 Male Breast Cancer, 855 27 Sexually Transmitted Infections, 865 William E. Somerall, Jr. Sexually Transmitted Urogenital Infections, 867 Bacterial Infections, 867 Viral Infections, 879 Parasitic Infections, 884 Sexually Transmitted Infections of other body Systems, 886 Hepatitis, 887 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 888 UNIT VIII The Hematologic System 28 Structure and Function of the Hematologic System, 892 Karen C. Turner Components of the Hematologic System, 892 Composition of Blood, 892 Lymphoid Organs, 899 Development of Blood Cells, 902 Bone Marrow, 902 Cellular Differentiation, 903 Hematopoiesis, 906 Mechanisms of Hemostasis, 911 Function of Blood Vessel Endothelium, 911 Function of Platelets, 912 Function of Clotting Factors, 914 Control of Hemostatic Mechanisms, 916 Retraction and Lysis of Blood Clots, 917 Clinical Evaluation of the Hematologic System, 917 Tests of Bone Marrow Function, 917 Blood Tests, 918 Pediatrics and the Hematologic System, 918 Aging and the Hematologic System, 922 29 Alterations of Hematologic Function, 925 Sean McConnell and Valentina L. Brashers Anemia, 925 Classification and General Characteristics, 925 Anemias of Blood Loss, 928 Anemias of Diminished Erythropoiesis, 929 Anemias of Increased Destruction, 937 Myeloproliferative Red
Cell Disorders, 939 Polycythemia Vera, 940 Iron Overload, 941 Alterations of Leukocyte Function, 942 Quantitative Alterations of Leukocytes, 943 Alterations of Lymphoid Function, 957 Lymphadenopathy, 957 Malignant Lymphomas, 957 Plasma Cell Malignancy, 963 Alterations of Splenic Function, 966 Hemorrhagic Disorders and Alterations of Platelets and Coagulation, 967 Disorders of Platelets, 968 Alterations of Platelet Function, 973 Disorders of Coagulation, 973
CONTENTS 30 Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children, 987 Lauri A. Linder and Anne Harvey Fetal and Neonatal Hematopoiesis, 987 Postnatal Changes in the Blood, 988 Erythrocytes, 988 Leukocytes and Platelets, 990 Disorders of Erythrocytes, 990 Acquired Disorders, 990 Inherited Disorders, 994 Disorders of Coagulation and Platelets, 1005 Inherited Hemorrhagic Disease, 1005 Antibody-Mediated Hemorrhagic Disease, 1008 Neoplastic Disorders, 1010 Leukemia, 1010 Lymphomas, 1013 UNIT IX The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 31 Disorders of the Heart Wall, 1084 Disorders of the Pericardium, 1084 Disorders of the Myocardium: Cardiomyopathies, 1086 Disorders of the Endocardium, 1088 Manifestations of Heart Disease, 1096 Heart Failure, 1096 Dysrhythmias, 1101 33 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children, 1109 Melanie L. Scala and Casey Bor Congenital Heart Disease, 1109 Classification of Congenital Heart Disease, 1109 Defects With Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow, 1110 Obstructive Defects, 1114 Defects With Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow, 1117 Mixing Defects ,1119 Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders, 1122 Heart Failure, 1123 Kawasaki Disease, 1124 Pediatric Hypertension, 1125 Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, 1020 Karen C. Turner and Valentina L. Brashers Circulatory System, 1020 Heart, 1020 Structures that Direct Circulation Through the Heart, 1021 Structures that Support Cardiac Metabolism: Coronary Circulation, 1026 Structures that Control Heart Action, 1028 Factors Affecting Cardiac Output, 1036 Systemic Circulation, 1039 Structure of
Blood Vessels, 1039 Factors Affecting Blood Flow, 1043 Regulation of Blood Pressure, 1045 Regulation of the Coronary Circulation, 1049 Lymphatic System, 1050 Tests of Cardiovascular Function, 1051 Cardiac and Coronary Artery Evaluation, 1051 Systemic Vascular Evaluation, 1054 Aging and the Cardiovascular System, 1054 32 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function, 1059 Valentina L. Brashers Diseases of the Veins, 1059 Varicose Veins and Chronic Venous Insufficiency, 1059 Thrombus Formation in Veins, 1060 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome, 1061 Diseases of the Arteries, 1061 Hypertension, 1061 Orthostatic (Postural) Hypotension, 1067 Aneurysm, 1067 Thrombus Formation in Arteries, 1069 Embolism, 1069 Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 1069 Atherosclerosis, 1070 Peripheral Artery Disease, 1073 Coronary Artery Disease, Myocardial Ischemia, and Acute Coronary Syndromes, 1074 UNIT X The Pulmonary System 34 Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System, 1131 Karen C. Turnerand Valentina L. Brashers Structures of the Pulmonary System, 1131 Conducting Airways, 1131 Gas-Exchange Airways, 1133 Pulmonary and Bronchial Circulation, 1135 Chest Wall and Pleura, 1137 Function of the Pulmonary System, 1137 Ventilation, 1137 Gas Transport, 1143 Tests of Pulmonary Function, 1148 35 Alterations of Pulmonary Function, 1153 Mary Beth Winton and Valentina L. Brashers Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Alterations, 1153 Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disease, 1153 Conditions Caused by Pulmonary Disease or Injury, 1156 Disorders of the Chest Wall and Pleura, 1158 Chest Wall Restriction, 1158 Pleural
Abnormalities, 1159 Pulmonary Disorders, 1161 Restrictive Lung Diseases, 1161 Obstructive Lung Diseases, 1167 Respiratory Tract Infections, 1176 Abscess Formation and Cavitation, 1179 Pulmonary Vascular Disease, 1179 Malignancies of the Respiratory Tract, 1182 36 Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children, 1191 Valentina L. Brashers Disorders of the Upper Airways, 1191 Infections of the Upper Airways, 1191 Aspiration of Foreign Bodies, 1194 Obstructive Sleep Apnea, 1194
CONTENTS Disorders of the Lower Airways, 1195 Disorders of Prematurity, 1195 Respiratory Tract Infections, 1199 Asthma, 1203 Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, 1204 Cystic Fibrosis, 1205 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 1207 UNIT XI The Renal and Urologic Systems 37 Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems, 1211 Karen C. Turner Structures of the Renal System, 1211 Structures of the Kidney, 1211 Urinary Structures, 1216 Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration, 1217 Autoregulation of Intrarenal Blood Flow, 1217 Neural Regulation of Renal Blood Flow, 1218 Hormones and Other Factors Regulating Renal Blood Flow, 1218 Kidney Function, 1219 Nephron Function, 1219 Hormones and Nephron Function, 1225 Renal Hormones, 1225 Tests of Renal Function, 1226 Renal Clearance, 1226 Urinalysis, 1227 38 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function, 1232 Julia L. Rogers Urinary Tract Obstruction, 1232 Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction, 1232 Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction, 1237 Tumors, 1241 Urinary Tract Infection, 1242 Causes of Urinary Tract Infection, 1242 Types of Urinary Tract Infection, 1242 Glomerular Disorders, 1245 Glomerulonephritis, 1245 Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndromes, 1250 Acute Kidney Injury, 1252 Classification of Kidney Dysfunction, 1252 Acute Kidney Injury, 1252 Chronic Kidney Disease, 1258 Creatinine, Cystatin C, and Urea Clearance, 1260 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, 1260 Calcium, Phosphate, Magnesium, and Bone, 1263 Protein, Carbohydrate, and Fat Metabolism, 1263 Hematologic System, 1264 Cardiovascular System, 1264 Pulmonary System, 1264 Immune
System, 1264 Neurologic System, 1264 Gastrointestinal System, 1264 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems, 1264 Integumentary System, 1265 39 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children, 1270 Julia L Rogers Structure and Function of the Urinary System in Children, 1270 Development of the Urinary System, 1270 Alterations in Renal and Bladder Function in Children, 1271 Congenital Abnormalities, 1271 Hypoplastic/Dysplastic Kidneys, 1271 Polycystic Kidney Disease, 1273 Renal Agenesis, 1273 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction, 1273 Hypospadias, 1273 Epispadias and Exstrophy of the Bladder, 1274 Bladder Outlet Obstruction, 1275 Glomerular Disorders, 1275 Glomerulonephritis, 1275 Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy, 1276 Nephrotic Syndrome, 1276 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome, 1278 Nephroblastoma, 1279 Bladder Disorders, 1280 Urinary Tract Infections, 1280 Vesicoureteral Reflux, 1280 Urinary Incontinence, 1281 UNIT XII The Digestive System 40 Structure and Function of the Digestive System, 1285 Karen C. Turner The Gastrointestinal Tract, 1285 Mouth and Esophagus, 1286 The Abdominal Cavity, 1288 Stomach, 1290 Small Intestine, 1294 Large Intestine, 1301 The Gastrointestinal Tract and Immunity, 1303 Intestinal Microbiome, 1303 Splanchnic Blood Flow, 1304 Accessory Organs of Digestion, 1304 Liver, 1304 Gallbladder, 1308 Exocrine Pancreas, 1309 Tests of Digestive Function, 1310 Gastrointestinal Tract, 1310 Liver, 1310 Gallbladder, 1313 Exocrine Pancreas, 1313 41 Alterations of Digestive Function, 1318 Scarlet R. Spain Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 1318 Clinical Manifestations
of Gastrointestinal Dysfunction, 1318 Disorders of Motility, 1322 Gastritis, 1328 Peptic Ulcer Disease, 1331
CONTENTS Blood Supply and Innervation, 1507 Tests of Skin Function, 1507 Clinical Manifestations of Skin Dysfunction, 1507 Disorders of the Skin, 1514 Inflammatory Disorders, 1514 Papulosquamous Disorders, 1516 Vesiculobullous Diseases, 1520 Infections, 1521 Vascular Disorders, 1526 Benign Tumors, 1527 Skin Cancer, 1529 Cold Injury, 1533 Disorders of the Hair, 1534 Alopecia, 1534 Hirsutism, 1535 Disorders of the Nail, 1535 Paronychia, 1535 Onychomycosis, 1535 47 Alterations of the Integument in Children, 1541 Noreen Heer Nicol and Judith O'Haver Acne Vulgaris, 1541 Dermatitis, 1542 Atopic Dermatitis, 1542 Contact Dermatitis, 1543 Infections of the Skin, 1543 Bacterial Infections, 1544 Fungal Infections, 1545 Viral Infections, 1546 Insect Bites and Parasites, 1550 Scabies, 1550 Fleas and Bedbugs, 1550 Pediculosis (Lice Infestation), 1551 Vascular Anomalies, 1551 Infantile Hemangiomas, 1551 Other Skin Disorders, 1553 Psoriasis, 1553 Newborn Rashes, 1553 UNIT XV Multiple Interacting Systems 48 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults, 1557 Mary C. Selzer, Dennis J. Cheek, and Julia L. Rogers Shock, 1557 Cellular Alterations and Impairment of Cellular Metabolism, 1557 Types of Shock, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment, 1560 Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, 1569 Thermal Injury and Burns, 1575 Epidemiology and Etiology, 1575 Burn Wound Depth, 1575 49 Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children, 1591 Mary A. Mondozzi, Dennis J. Cheek, and Mary Fran Hazinski Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, 1591 Types of Shock, 1592
Assessment of Shock, 1592 Reperfusion and Inflammatory Injury, 1606 Burns, 1607 Severity of Injury, 1608 Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment, 1609 Glossary, 1622 Index, 1645 |
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| author | Rogers, Julia L. ca. 20./21. Jh Brashers, Valentina L. |
| author2 | Rogers, Julia L. ca. 20./21. Jh Brashers, Valentina L. |
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| author_facet | Rogers, Julia L. ca. 20./21. Jh Brashers, Valentina L. Rogers, Julia L. ca. 20./21. Jh Brashers, Valentina L. |
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| dewey-full | 616.07 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 616 - Diseases |
| dewey-raw | 616.07 |
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| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Medizin |
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| id | DE-604.BV049597760 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:34:14Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:36:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780323789875 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034942265 |
| oclc_num | 1430761576 |
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| physical | xxii, 1706 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2013 |
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| publisher | Elsevier |
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| spelling | McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children [editor] Julia L. Rogers ; section editor: Valentina L. Brashers Pathophysiology 9th edition St. Louis Elsevier [2013] xxii, 1706 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Auf dem Cover: Student Resources on Evolve, Access Code Inside Pathophysiologie (DE-588)4044898-8 gnd rswk-swf Physiology, Pathological Pathophysiologie (DE-588)4044898-8 s DE-604 Rogers, Julia L. ca. 20./21. Jh. (DE-588)1326601024 edt aut Brashers, Valentina L. (DE-588)1277115850 edt aut McCance, Kathryn L. Begründer eines Werks (DE-588)1060929872 oth Huether, Sue E. Begründer eines Werks (DE-588)1157126073 oth Vorangegangen ist Pathophysiology 2019 978-0-323-58347-3 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034942265&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rogers, Julia L. ca. 20./21. Jh Brashers, Valentina L. McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children Pathophysiologie (DE-588)4044898-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4044898-8 |
| title | McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children |
| title_alt | Pathophysiology |
| title_auth | McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children |
| title_exact_search | McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children |
| title_exact_search_txtP | McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children |
| title_full | McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children [editor] Julia L. Rogers ; section editor: Valentina L. Brashers |
| title_fullStr | McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children [editor] Julia L. Rogers ; section editor: Valentina L. Brashers |
| title_full_unstemmed | McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children [editor] Julia L. Rogers ; section editor: Valentina L. Brashers |
| title_old | Pathophysiology |
| title_short | McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology |
| title_sort | mccance huether s pathophysiology the biologic basis for disease in adults and children |
| title_sub | the Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children |
| topic | Pathophysiologie (DE-588)4044898-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pathophysiologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034942265&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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