The Russian intelligentsia: from the monastery to the Mir space station
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Contents Foreword vi Acknowledgements ix Introduction - What is the intelligentsia? Towards a definition 1 Part 1 The roots of the intelligentsia 1 The birth of the Russian soul 11 2 Encountering reason, science and the secular 23 3 From Speransky to Belinsky - Reformers, Decembrists, Slavophiles and Westernizers 37 Part 2 Ihe intelligentsia matures 4 From reform to revolution 5 The golden age of the intelligentsia - Apocalypse and the approach 59 of revolution 91 Part 3 The intelligentsia transformed: cultural revolution 6 The intelligentsia in the Soviet revolution 7 The intelligentsia and the Soviet cultural revolution: From Proletkul’t to the new Soviet person 8 Soviet intelligentsia, Soviet culture, Russian culture 1932-53 9 Reconstruction or deconstruction - The intelligentsia and the dissolution of the Soviet system 133 153 189 221 10 The dissolution of the Soviet system and the intelligentsia 247 Notes 265 Bibliography and sources 293 Index 308
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Brief History of the Crimean War, Constable and Robinson, London, 2006. Tsiolkovskii, K. E. Cherty iz moiei zhizni, Priokskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, Tula, 1986. Tupper, Harmon, To the Great Ocean: Siberia and the Trans-Siberian Railway, Little, Brown Company, Boston, 1965. Tyutchev, Fyodor, Selected Poems. Translated with an Introduction and Notes by John Dewey, Brimstone Press, Gillingham, 2014. Umland, Anders and Gregor, A. James, ‘Dugin Not a Fascist? A Debate with A. James Gregor (6 texts)’, Erwägen Wissen Ethik, January 2005,15;16 (3;4), pp. 424-9, 591-5, 566-72. The comments by Gregor can be found on pp. 594 and 570. The texts are accessible at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255970590_Dugin_Not_a_ Fascist_A_Debate_with_A_James_Gregor_6_texts Valdai Discussion Club, ‘Vladimir Putin Meets with Members of the Valdai Discussion Club. Transcript of the Plenary Session of the 18 th Annual Meeting’, Global Shake-Up in the 21st Century: The Individual, Values and the State, 22.10.2021, Sochi, Russia, https.7/valdaiclub.com/events/posts/articles/vladimir-putin-meets-with-members-ofthe-valdai-discussion-club-transcript-of-the-18th-plenary-session/ Valentinov, N. The Early Years ofLenin, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1969. Venturi, Franco, Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth-Century Russia, Alfred A. Knopf, London and New York, 1960. Voinovich, Vladimir, The Ivankiad: or, the Tale of the Writer Voinovich’s Installation in His New Apartment, Jonathan Cape, London, 1978 or (in Russian). Ann Arbor, Michigan:
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Index ABC of Communism (Bukharin and Preobrazhensky) 139-140,155 Abramtsevo 107 Academy of Sciences 30-32, 83,127,145, 162,176 adapts to productionist agenda of 1930s198 and space programme 240 and war effort 1941-45 208-209 astronomy 85 eminent members 189 foundation 30 geography and geology 85 history 86 international members 86 language and linguistics 85 literary members 85 maintains a degree of independence in 1930s and after 198 mathematics 85 Nekrich affair 237-238 Nobel prizewinners 199 postwar development of nuclear power and weapons 218-219 prestige of 30 produces multi-authored study of The Russian Intelligentsia; History and Fate (2010) 255 ravaged by Stalin-era purges 204-205 size of at end of Soviet era 244-245 Sovietization of 184,185-186 and mass dismissal of members and associates 186 supports exploration 31-32 of Arctic 85 Aesopian language 79, 222 Agursky, Mikhail 259 1970s dissident 259 ideologist of National Bolshevism 259, The Ideology ofNational Bolshevism 259 Aivazovsky Ivan 107 Akhmatova, Anna 214, 216, 226, 259, 263 Zhdanov criticizes (1947) 214 AKhRR (Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia) 176, 224 Aksakov, K.S.107 Aksakov, Konstantin 47 Alexander 137, 39,41,46 Alexander II 59, 70 assassinated 77 dilemmas of change facing 59-61, 65 opposes dilution of autocratic power 67 Alexeyeva, Ludmilla 222,223, 241 Alexis, Tsar 26,28 Alexis, Tsarevich 134 All-Union Association of Proletarian Writers see VAPP Andreeva, Maria 179 helps Florensky (1933) 179 Andropov, Yuri 234 heads KGB 234 and Sakharov 234 anti-Semitism 116,123, 207, 236 Apocalyticism
107,117 artel’ 75 Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia see AKhRR atom bomb 218 first (1949) 218 first hydrogen bomb (1955) 218 Avakkum, Archpriest 26 Averbakh, Leopold 188,190 arrested and executed 188 defended by Gorky 188 Babel, Isaac 143 dies in purges 205 Red Cavalry 143 Bakunin, Mikhail 68-71 and Marx 66, 69, 70
Index Balakirev, Mily 84 Ballets Russes 107 Belarus 12, 50 Belinsky, Vissarion 54-55 praised by Zhdanov (1947) 215 Benda, Julien 5 La Trahison des Clercs 5 Berdyaev, Nikolai viii, 33, 34, 47,123,146, 150, 164, 241, 263 exiled 164 Free Academy of Spiritual Culture and 146,162-3 Bering, Vitus 31 Bilibin, Ivan 107 Bim and Bom 168-169 false stories about in western historiography 169 Blok, Alexander 119,143 and 1905 119 disillusion with revolution 150 The Twelve 143 Boehme, Jakob 30 Bogdanov, A.A. 4,121-122 and Capri party school 122 cultural revolution 122 inspirer of Proletkul’t 157 philosophical dispute with Lenin 121-123 Proletarian Encyclopaedia 122 Proletarian University 122 Bolsheviks see also Social Democratic Party 133 back mass movement in 1917 135 Ban on Factions at 160,175 bureaucratization of 155 careerism in 155 Central Committee and cultural control 165-166 consolidation of power through civil war 135-137 Control Commissions set up 155 control of press 161-162 disbanded (1991) 251 instruments of cultural control founded (Glavpolitprosvet, Agitprop department, censorship) intelligentsia predominance in leadership 176 309 membership after 1917 155 nationalisation of cultural institutions and assets) 161 no support for Provisional Government 135 Party control of culture 160-165 Party Programme (1919) 139,140,155 professes respect for culture as it conducts expulsions (1921) 164-165 purges of 155 as revolutionary fundamentalists 153-154 respect for culture 176 revolutionary dreams of 139-140 rooted in Russian intelligentsia tradition 153, 21 sets up Literary Debate
of 1924 as sole patron of culture by 1922 167 takes power in October Revolution 133-5 Tenth Party Congress 160 tightening dictatorship of 1918-1922 149 Workers’ Opposition and 160 world revolution 149 Bondarev, Yuri 250 criticizes perestroika 250-251 writes ‘Word to the People’ 250 Book of the One True and Orthodox Faith 27 Borodin, Mikhail 84 Brezhnev, Leonid 45,102,190,202,222,223, 227,233,240,245,46,249,254 and the years of stagnation’ 45, 238 open letter from Sakharov 227 overview of his rule 240-241 Brik, Lily 168 Brodsky, Joseph 226 Bubnov, Andrei 180 editor of Krasnaia zvezda 180 succeeds Lunacharsky as Minister of Education (1929) 180 Bukharin, Nikolai 139,175 defends NEP 175 defends spetsy 175 drafts Central Committee decree on leading role of party in the cultural field 178 under political attack 179
310 Index Bukovsky, Vladimir 231 feted in USA 231 in psychiatric detention 231 Bulgakov, Mikhail 202 admired by Stalin 203 Day of the Turbins 202 failure to get Molière staged 203 Flight 202 Master and Margarita 203 The White Guard 202-203 writes for desk drawer 203 Bulgakov, Sergei 123,149 exiled 164 Burdzhalov, Eduard 237-238 criticized for his views on February Revolution 237 bureaucracy 3,5 conflicts within in 1930s 198 rapid expansion of state bureaucracy in 1930s197-198 Burnham, James 5 The Managerial Revolution 5-6 Cathedral of Saint Basil 21 Catherine the Great 32, 34, 39 Catholicism 23, 26, 30, 37, 38, 50 Censorship 32-33, 52, 63, 67, 79,83,84,88, 114,126,162,165,166,174,180, 193,203,208,225,240,243,253 abolition of 247 tightening of after 1881 80 Chaadaev, Pyotr 45,46-48 Apology of a Madman 48 Philosophical Letters 46-47 Chagall, Marc 141-142 Chalidze, Valery 233 Chapaev (film) 200 Chardin, Pierre Teilhard de 113 Chekhov, Anton 64, 84 Cheliushkin rescue 200 Chernyshevsky, Nikolai 72-73 edits Sovremennik 72 influence on Lenin 73 possible author of A Bow to the Landlord’s Peasants, from their Well-wishers 72-73 praised by Zhdanov (1947) 215 What Is to be Done? 73 Chicherin, Boris 67 Chokhov, Andrei 16 Chomsky, Noam 6 Chornovil, Vyacheslav 254 Chronicle of Current Events 232,233 Chronicle of the Beginning ofTsardom of Tsar and Grand Prince Ivan Vassilyevich 21 cinema in late Soviet period 226-227 civil society 162 blown apart by revolution 162 engineers and scientists fare better than cultural intelligentsia in revolution 162-163 survives in niches 162-163 Clement
XIV suppresses Jesuits 37 Cohen, Stephen 235 Communist Party see Bolsheviks Congress of Peoples Deputies 252-253 clash between Sakharov and Gorbachev 253 Sakharov accuses army of committing atrocities 253 conservatism of Soviet culture 225-226 Conservatives 39,44 criticism of state 39 Constituent Assembly 98,148 Committee of Members of (Komuch) 148 Constitution, First Soviet (1918) 139-140 Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets) see liberals Constructivism 171-172 convergence theory 6 Cossacks 13 Crimean War 59 impact of 53, 59 Cui, César 84 Cultural revolution absence of practitioners to carry it out 154 as centrepiece of Bolshevik project 153-154,175 conditions for development of 165-166 example of law and legal system 154 problem of defining it 154,175 and ‘socialist conscience’ 154 Daniel, Yulii 202,222 arrest and trial 227 exile 227 Danielson, Nikolai 94-96 translates Marx’ Das Kapital into Russian 94
Index Danilov, N.P. 237 Darwin 71, 74,76, 86, 87,123, 217 Social Darwinism 74 death and resurrection 111 Decembrist uprising 40-44 Tolstoy and 44 Decembrists 40-44 as ‘repentant noblemen 43 as servants of the people 43 Decree on leading role of the party in literature 178 Decree on Monuments (1918) 162 permitted subjects 162 derevenshchiki 236 Dionissi 19-20 dissident movement 228-236 human rights and westernizing tendency in 232-235 overview of 228-229 Slavophile tendency in 229-230, 235-236 Djilas, Milovan 4 The New Class 4 Dostoevsky, Fyodor 55, 71,105-6,110, 236 Brothers Karamazov 105,106 со-edits Epokha with his brother 83 Crime and Punishment 105,106 House of the Dead 55 mock execution of 55 Notes from Underground 73, 84 The Devils71,105 The Idiot 105 Dostoevsky, Mikhail 83 Dugin, Alexander 258-260 and Eurasianism 259-260 influence of Lev Gumilev and Alexander Blok 259-260 Dugina, Darya 260 assassination of (2022) 260 Duma, State 120,121,128,129,133,134, 230,257, 260, 261 Durkheim, Emile 3 Economists, ‘waiting for capitalism 105,175 Ehrenburg, Ilya 222 The Thaw 222 Eisenstein, Sergei 117,171, 209 Alexander Nevsky 207 311 Battleship Potemkin 117,171 Ivan the Terrible 209 October 171 Eliasberg, Karl 210 Emancipation of Labour group 100 Emancipation of serfs 61-65 complexity of 62 initial success of 64 Engels, Frederick 73, 92, 97,103,162, 216 and peasant commune 97 Enlightenment, impact on Russia 28-35 Ermolai-Erazm 25 Guide for the Government of the State and the Measurement ofLand for the Well-wishing Tsar 25 expulsion of professors 164-165 Fadeev, Konstantin 201
famine 1891 115 political impact of 115,119-122,137 Faminsky, Valerii 212 fat journals see tolstye zhurnaly fellow travellers 165,174 and Novyi mir 225 Zhdanov threatens 213 Femen 263 Feofan Grek (Theophanes the Greek) 19-20 Fet, Afanasy 45 Feuerbach, Ludwig 69, 70,73 Figner, Vera 77 First Five-Year Plan 181 foreign input 183 Florensky, Pavel 174,179 arrests, exiles and death 179 dismissed from Vesenkha 179 works at Vesenkha 174 Fonvizin, Denis 39 Fonvizin, Mikhail 43 member of Petrashevsky Circle 43 Free Academy of Spiritual Culture 146, 163 Freud, Sigmund, influence of Russians on 106 From Marxism to Idealism 123 Fyodorov, Ivan 21 and Moscow Print Yard 21 Fyodorov, Nikolai 109-111 On the Question of Brotherhood. 109
312 Gagarin, Prince Ivan 38 becomes first Russian Jesuit 38 converts to Catholicism 38 Gandhi, Mahatma 106 Ganusov, Kashpir 16 Gasparov, Mikhail 255 analysis of intelligentsia 255-256 denies being an intelligent 255 Gerasimov, Mikhail 159 Gershenzon, Mikhail 124, 264 edits Landmarks 124 Gippius, Zinaida 107 Glazunov, Ilya 236 Glinka, Mikhail 128 Ivan Susanin/A Lifefor the Tsar and tercentenary of dynasty 128 praised by Zhdanov (1947) 216 Godbuilders 108 Godseekers 108 going to the people 75-76, 77 Golden age of Russian literature 45 Gorbachev, Mikhail 222 appointed Communist Party General Secretary 247 calls for filling in of‘blank pages’ in history 248 confuses observers 249 and Congress of Peoples Deputies 253 and Issyk-kul forum 251 reaction to ‘A Word to the People’ 251 and Sakharov 250, 253 Gorbanevskaya, Natalia 232 Gorky, Maxim 108,122 aids intellectuals during civil war 138 critical of Bolshevik approach to revolution 142-143 defends Babel 144 helps Zamiatin obtain passport to leave 180 hosts Capri party school 12 leaves Russia 1921 143 quoted favourably by Zhdanov 215 return to Russia 1932 194 The Confession 108 and Writers’ Union 194 Gote, Theo 144-145 Index Gramsci, Antonio 256 Prison Diaries: The Origin of the Intelligentsia 256 Granovsky, Timofei 67-68 Great Divergence, The 42 Great Schism 26-27 Grossman, Vassili 212 as war correspondent 212 Forever Flowing 213 gets his wife Olga released by NKVD (1937) 212 Life and Fate 213, 225 Stalingrad 213 Grot, la. K. 85 Gumilev Lev 216,263 admired by Putin 263 Eurasianism of 259 Gumilev, Nikolai 151,216, 259,263 Gvozdev,
Mikhail, crosses Bering Strait to North America 31-32 Hegelianism, influence of 69 Helsinki Treaty (1975) 233 Herzen, Alexander 68-69 Kolokol 68 Polish uprising and 69 Hesychasm 25 echoes of in later Russian culture 25 Iakovlev, A.Ia.177 active in agitpropotdel and glavpolitprosvet 177-178 Iakovlev, A.V. 199 icon painting 16-17 ideological decay of Soviet system 243-247 Suslov as last defender 246-247 Ilyushin, S.V. 199 Imperial theatres 85 intellectuals lose influence across post Communist space 253-254 Intelligentsia, Russian acceptors of October 144-147 active opponents of October Revolution 148-151 believe revolution was premature 148,175 fear civil war 148
Index fear loss of democratic rights 148 political scrutiny of by Bolsheviks 145-146 SR, Menshevik and Kadet leaders oppose revolution 148 Whites and 149-151,173 as mass phenomenon in Brezhnev era 244 attack on formalism 194-195 by Zhdanov 214 in the 1930s 195-206 closed military research cities (Dubna, Star City, Arzamas-16/Sarov, Gorodomlyalsland/Solnechnye) and 219 privileges in 219 closeness of science and politics among 127-128 conditions of development of 1-2, 15,28, 30, 37, 50-51,80-89, 113-114,195-197,218-219 backwardness and 2,88 conflict of official and traditional values in Soviet era 189-191, 195,219 contribution to Second World War 206-213 contribution to Soviet project after war 219 motives behind 219 debates over its existence in postSoviet Russia 255 decline of intelligentsia after Congress of People’s deputies 253-254 definition of 1-8, 34,40, 80, 98-99,125 difficulties of during post-Soviet transition 255 during Thaw era 195, 221-227 embryonic civil society and 236 emergence of 59-61 flight of skilled personnel 172-173 attempts to attract them back from exile 173-174 forerunners of 16,19-21 growing independence of after 1956 221-227 in Stalin purges 204 inquest on failure in 1905 120-126 313 intellectuals and 3, 5-8 mass expulsion of unwanted philosophers (1922) 164 arbitrariness of 164—165 mass intelligentsia in post-Soviet era 296 members of go into voluntary exile 165 membership of 40, 80 mind, honour and conscience of the country 2, 80 nuclear research and 218-219 possible embourgeoisement of 126-129 postwar reconstruction and 218 religiosity and 35
revival of repressed ideas and individuals during perestroika 248 revolution of 1905 and 118-126 scientific innovation and on eve of First World War 127 seeks force to implement its plans 61,75 service of the people (narodism, populism of) 2, 34,43, 98-99, 245 size of 61, 89,296 social and economic difficulties during Soviet collapse 251-252 space programme and 238-240 supporters of the October Revolution 138-144 traditional intelligentsia blown apart by October Revolution 133 uniqueness of 2-3 vibrant culture of in 1920s 166-174 cinema 171 literature 166-170 theatre 170-171 visual arts and architecture 172-173 vulnerability of to economic and social collapse 137-138,145,150-151 International Working Mens’ Association 69 Ishutin, Nikolai 76-77 Isserson, Georgii 208 The Fundamentals of the Deep Operation (1933) 208
314 Issyk-kul Literary Forum 250 Ivan IV 26 Ivan V 30 Izglubiny6,149-150 Iz pob glyb’ 6 Izgoev, Alexander 47 Jesuits 37 expelled from Russia by Alexander I 37 suppressed by Pope Clement XIV 37 Jews 37 restrictions on 37 Pale of Settlement 37 quotas in towns 37 Joseph of Volokolamsk 20-21 Kamanin, Nikolai 201 Kantorovich, Lev 199 Karakozov, Dmitrii 76 Karamzin, Nikolai 45-46, 48 A Memoir ofAncient and New Russia 46 befriends Alexander I 46 History of the Russian State 46 Kautsky, Karl Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx as school textbook 141 Keldysh, Mstislav 199, 218 KEPS (Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces) 146 Kerensky, Alexander 135,136,148 Kerimov, Kerim 239 retires 1991 239 succeeds Korolev as head of space programme in 1966 239 Khachaturyan, Aram 216 criticized by Zhdanov 216 Khalturin, Stepan 77 Khlebanov, Vladimir 245 and independent trade unions 245 sent to psychiatric detention 245 Khomyakov, Aleksei 45, 47, 50-51 Khrushchev, Nikita 102,190,199, 202, 217, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229, 238, 248 culture under 222-227 debates with Neizvestnyi 224 denounces aspects of Stalins rule 190, 221, 234-5 religious policy of 236 visits Manège art exhibition 223-224 Index Khutsol, Anna 263, founder of Femen 263 Kireevsky, Ivan 47 Konrad, George 4 Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power 4 Kopelev, Lev 204, 222 Kornilov, General Lavrenty 134 Korolev, Sergei 112,199 ‘Chief Designer’ 199 in sharashka 204 develops rockets in 204, 218 The Will of the Universe: The Unknown Intelligence 112 Kovalevskaia, Anna 88-89 Kovalevskaia, Sophia(later Sonya)86-88 eminent
connections of 88 George Eliot and 86 Paris Commune and 87 The Nihilist Woman 86 Kovalevsky, Vladimir 87 Krasnaia nov’ 177 Kronstadt Rebellion 150,160 Krupskaya, Nadezhda 98-99 educational activism of 157,158, 162, 176 kruzhki (intellectual circles) 53 Kuhlmann, Quirinus 29-30 Kulikovo, battle of 12 Kunstkammer 30 Kurepalu, Anne 242 Kyiv 12 Land and Liberty 77 Landmarks (Vekhi) 5,123-125, 173 hostile responses to 125-129 welcomed by right-wingers 124 landowners 29, 62-64 decline of 64 Lavrov, Pyotr 74-75 Le Corbusier 183 League of Militant Godless 184 Lebedev, S.1.199 Lenin, VI. 100,124 architect of seizure of power in 1917 136 arrest and exile of 103-104 Bakuninism of 99 and bureaucracy 5 collapse of Leninist model of revolution 190
Index death of 175,176 execution of his brother 100 hostility to idea of proletarian culture 158-160,176 hostility to religion 183 influence of Chernyshevsky on 73, 99 ‘On Cooperation 156 on embourgeoisement of the intelligentsia 126 on intellectuals 4-5 as populist 98-99,100 and professional revolutionaries 104 response to 1905 failure 120-121 and St Petersburg League of Struggle for the Emancipation of Labour 103-104 supports armed uprising in 1905 119 views on cultural revolution 156, 160, 176 views on Tolstoy 126,159 visits Plekhanov in exile 103 What Is to be Done? 4,103-104,139 Leningrad ‘school’ 215 Zhdanov criticizes 215 Leningrad Affair 215-216 possibly linked to Zhdanovshchina 216 Lermontov, Mikhail 54 A Hero of Our Time 54 Death of a Poet, A Call for Revolution 54 Letter from cultural figures denouncing Solzhenitsyn and Sakharov (1973)251 signatories 251 forced by authorities 251 Levkin, Andrei 255 denies being an intelligent 255 Lezhneva, Lucy 242-243 and John le Carré 242 liberals, Russian 67-68,124, 208 Liberation group founded 104 compared to western liberals 126 evolves into KDs (Constitutional Democratic Party) 104form Progressive Bloc in Duma 133 in 1905 revolution 119 Limonov, Eduard 259 and National Bolshevik Party 259 315 Lissitzky, Lazar (El) 141-142,170, 171-172 ’Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge’ 141, 171-172, 205 decorates Soviet pavilions at international exhibitions 205 designs Ogonek printshop 172 dies of tuberculosis 205 ‘Give us Tanks’ poster 205 Literaturnaia gazeta 225, 250 Little Vera 248 Litvinov, Pavel 232 Lobachevsky, Nikolai 85
Lunacharsky, Anatoly 123,138,180 role as Minister of Education 180 dismissed as 180 Lysenko, Trofim 199, 235 Machajsky, Jan Vaclav 3-4 Magnanimous Cuckhold 170 Makarii, Metropolitan of Moscow 21 Great Menaion Reader 21 Stepenaia kniga/The book of Degrees of the Royal Genealogy 21 Malevich, Kasimir 141-142,170,171-172 Mamontov, Sawa 107 Mandelstam, Osip 205 Manège art exhibition 1962 223-224, 226, 227, 228 Martov, lulii 104 Marx, Karl 69, 73, 79, 92-97 abolition of distinction between town and country 182 applicability of ideas to Russia 94, 95 Communist Manifesto 94 Das Kapital translated into Russian 79, 94 intellectuals 4 and peasants 94-5 and populism 94-97 reply to Zasulich 96-7 theory of revolution 93-94 Marxism, Russian anti-peasant 102 avoidance of capitalist stage 102-103 Development of Capitalism in Russia 103 features of 100-105 relations between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks 100,101-103 Matyushin, Mikhail 170
316 Maxim the Greek 25 Mayakovsky, Vladimir 141,167-168 Medvedev, Roy 234-235 democratic socialism of 235 had protectors in party leadership 235 Let History Judge 235 distinguishes Stalinism from Leninism 235 On Socialist Democracy 235 praises Gorbachev 247 Medvedev, Zhores 235 confined to a psychiatric hospital 235 exiled to London 235 spoke out against Lysenko 235 Melnikov, Konstantin 111, 172 designs temporary mausoleum for Lenin 172 men of the sixties 67-68 Mendeleev, Dmitrii 112 Mensheviks 98,104-105,121 join Provisional Government 135 lose support to Bolsheviks 135 and ‘premature revolution 148,175,190 respond to failure of 1905 revolution 121 walk out of Second Congress of Soviets 135 Merezhkovsky, Dmitrii 107 Metro-Vickers trial 183 Meyerhold, Vsevolod 170-171 criticizes campaign against formalism 205 dies in purges 205 Mighty Handful 84,89 praised by Zhdanov (1947) 216 Mikhailovsky, Nikolai 74 Mikhoels, Solomon 218 death in suspicious road accident 218 Miliukov, Pavel 126 Miliutin, Dmitrii 66 Miliutin, Nikolai 65-6 Mlynar, Zdenek 222 Mogila, Peter (Mohyla) 27 as proto-westernizer 27 Catechism 27 The Helmsman’s Handbook 27 Molodaia gvardiia 236 editors removed because of their Slavophile nationalism 236 Index monasteries 13,18-19 as centres of learning 19 role in expansion of Muscovy/Russia 13,18-19 Mongols 11-13 influence of on Russia’s development 11-12 Moor, Dmitrii 142 Moroz, Valentyn 195 refrigerator metaphor 195,225,229 Moscow 11,12 Hanseatic Quarter 23 Jews in 24 Kremlin 16 construction of 26 Spassky Tower of 26 links with Constantinople 23 links with
Lithuania 23 links with Poland 23 Moscow Print Yard 21 Third Rome 24 Moscow Artists Union 224 organizes Manège exhibition (1962) 224 Moscow Dynamo soccer team 213 tours UK (1945) 213 Moscow State Pedagogical University 237 pioneers education of women 271 fn 23 Burdzhalov takes up post at 237 Moskovskii vestnik 45 Murav’ev, Nikita 41 Muscovy see Moscow Mussorgsky, Modest 84 praised by Zhdanov 215 Na literaturnom postu 176,177 Nadiradze, Aleksandr 238 Nakanune 174 Napoleon 39 Russian campaign of 39 inspires nationalism 39 victory inspires complacency in autocracy 44 Natanson, Mark 77 Navalny, Alexander 257 denounces élite corruption 257 imprisoned 257
Index Nechaev, Sergei 69-70 Catechism of a Revolutionary 70 Neizvestnyi, Ernst 224 and catacomb culture 225 debates with Khrushchev at Manège art exhibition 224 sculpts Khrushchev’s gravestone 224 Nekrich, Alexander 237 criticised for his views on outbreak of World War II 237 Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir 170 Nemodruk, Slava 242-243 refuses to inform 243 Nemtsov, Boris 261 assassination of 261 New Direction historians in 1970s and 1980s 237 describe pre-revolutionary Russia as multi-structured 237 tend to reduce role of Bolsheviks in 1917 237 New Economic Policy 163,165 class conciliation during 174 political and cultural repression and 163,165 new religious consciousness 107-109 New Soviet Person 193-194 exemplars of in 1930s 201 Nicholas 140,41,44, 47 culture and science during reign of 51-56 last years of as cultural turning point 55-56 Nicholas II116 abdicates 134 appoints himself as Commander-inChief of the army 133 pilgrimage to Sarov 117 senseless dreams speech 116 and tercentenary of dynasty 128 Nietzsche, Frederick, influence of in Russia 138,158 influence of Russians on 106 nihilism 71-2 Nikitin, Afanasy 25-6 Journey beyond Three Seas 25 Nikon, Patriarch 26 banishment and death 27-28 Nil Sorsky 20-21 317 non-possessors 20 Novgorod 12 Novikov, Mikhail 146 Novikov, N.I.32, 33-34,40 Novyi mir 174, 225 founded in 1925 174 Nozick, Robert 6 intellectuals and capitalism 6-7 October Manifesto 117-118 effect of 118 October Revolution 133-135 Bolsheviks emerge as leaders 135 destroys tsarist era élites 133 Ogarev, Nikolai 68-69 Oktiabr’ 225 Old Believers 28 origin of 28
Osipov, Vladimir 236 Paine, Tom 39 Palaiologina, Sophia 26 Panslavism 49-50 Pasternak, Boris 202, 206 Doctor Zhivago 201, 227 turns down Nobel prize 227 welcomes outbreak of war 206 Pavlov, Ivan 112,145-146 Pavlova, M.P. Academician 165 peasant commune 74,75 Engels and 97 Marx and 97 peasants 13,15, 29, 89,115,116 become collective farmers 181 and emancipation of serfs 62-63 dissatisfaction with terms of 63 music and culture of 29 and revolution of 1917 135,136,137 reaction to assassination of Alexander II 77-78 rebellions 29,116 swallowed up by collectivisation 181, 186 village as saviour of Russia during revolution and civil war 137 People’s Freedom 77 assassination of Alexander II 77 execution of its leaders 78
318 Peredelkino 193,206,227 performing arts emergence of 84-85 Russian identity and 84 state subsidy of 85 students and 85 Perovskaya, Sophia 77 personal experiences of author 241-244 friends of 242-243 glimpse of élite lifestyle 244 interviewed by Radio Moscow 243 room-mate 241 Pestel’, Pavel 41 Peter the Great 14, 28, 30 in Slavophile imagination 49 Petlyakov, Vladimir 207 designs Pe-2 bomber in sharashka 207 Petrograd Soviet 134-135 Philaret, Patriarch 27 Pisarev, Dmitrii 112 Plekhanov, George 91 Our Differences 99 praised by Zhdanov 215 Socialism and Political Struggle 99-100 Pobedonostsev, Konstantin 78,115-116, 117 dismissed from office 117 Reflections of a Russian Statesman 78, 116 Russification policy of 78, 115-116 Slavophilism of 78 pochvenichestvo 71 Podnieks, Juris 248 Is It Easy to be Young!' 248-249 Poland 38 Partition of 37, 38 adds large Catholic and Jewish populations to Russian Empire 37,38 Politkovskaya, Anna 261 investigative journalism of 261 assassination of 261 Popova, Lyubov 70 Populism 74 and avoidance of capitalism 96-97 and Marx 94-97 Potekhin, lu.N. 150 Prague Spring 222,232 Index productionism 139-140 and impact on culture 165 Progressive Bloc 133 Prokhudin-Gorsky, S.128 proletarian cultural revolution (19291932) 180-181, 186-188 halted in 1932 187,192 proletariat see working class Proletarskaia kul’tura 158 Proletkul't (The Proletarian CulturalEducational Association) 141, 156-160,176 autonomy of ended by Lenin 158-159 futurism and 158 has to use non-proletarian teachers 158 laboratories of proletarian culture 157 membership of 158 treasure
house of culture and 158 protestantism 23, 25,29-30, 37, 50 Provisional Government 134, 208 collapse of 135 SRs and Mensheviks take part in 135 psychiatric detention in Brezhnev era 228, 231,232,235, 245 Pugachev, Emelian 29 execution of 32 Pulkovo Observatory 85,199 Via Struve and О Struve as directors 85 purge victims from intelligentsia 205 Pushkin Square demonstration 232 Pushkin, Alexander 45, 54 On Karamzin 54 Pussy Riot 262 as intelligenty 262 imprisoned 262 impromptu rock concert in Cathedral of the Transfiguration 262 Putin, Vladimir 235 influence of Berdyaev on 263 influence of Lev Gumilev on 263 intellectual associations of 263 reflects aspects of Vekhi 264 Rabfaky (Worker education faculties) 145 closed down in 1930s 197 Radishchev, Alexander 32-33 as first intelligent 33,34,40
Index Journeyfrom St Petersburg to Moscow 32-33 On Man, His Mortality, His Immortality 33 Radunsky, Ivan see Bim and Bom Rand, Ayn 73 Ransome, Arthur 146 RAPP (Russian Association of Proletarian Artists) see VAPP raznochintsy (people of lower rank) 60 sons of priests as 60-1 reformers of autocracy 65-68 repentant noblemen 43 Repin, Ilya 106 Religious Procession in the Kursk Guberniia 106 The State Council 106 Volga Bargehaulers 106 Revolution of 1905 116-126 autocracy survives 117 Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai 84 Rizzi, Bruno 6 La Bureaucratisation du Monde 6 rocket science 218, 238-240 Buran space shuttle International Space Station 240 Katiusha rocket launchers 239 Kerimov takes over (1966) 239 Korolev heads project 218 Mir space station 240 SS-20s (15Zh45) 238 Stalin prioritizes 218 Rodchenko, Alexander 211 accused of formalism by ultraproletarians 211 gives up photography (1942) 211 member of Oktiabr group 211 Rodzianko, Mikhail 128 and precedence argument in Duma 1913 128 Roerich, Nikolai 107 role in February Revolution 133-4 Romanov dynasty, founding of 24 tercentenary of 128 Rostropovich, Mstislav 226 Rozanov, V.V. 106 Rublev, Andrei 19-20 Rumiantsev Library 86,109,111 319 Rumiantsev, N.P. 86 rural writers, school of (Soloukhin, Belov, Rasputin, Shukshin) 236 Russell, Bertrand 6 Russia, absence of Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment 7,14,18,21 adoption of Christianity 17,18 legend of in Primary Chronicle 17-18 after 1881 crisis 79-81 ‘backwardness’ of 2, 42-3, 59-60,65, 79, 88-9 broad definition of viii centralization of power 13-15 civil war in 1918-21 135-137
condition of in 1921 137 de-urbanization of during civil war 137 developing cultural diversity of 37, 87-88 difficulties in during post-Soviet transition 253-254 during perestroika 250 during Second World War 206-213 emergence of managerial class in 181-182 emergence of public intellectuals in 258-262 expanding knowledge, skill and socio cultural base of 1-2,15, 28, 30, 37, 50-51,80-83,113-114, 126-127,180-183, 195-197, 207-208 impact of military spending on 1917 revolution 134 limits of change for majority 29, 38 narrowness of autocratic élite 60-61 political opposition and openness in since Soviet collapse 256-257 possible futures of in early twentieth century 129 problem of borders 12-13 public sphere 33, 34, 40,45, 51, 53, 83, 85, 189, 195, 200, 237 Habermas’ definition of 33 role of military in 12,13-14, 30-32, 60,61,82,86, 95,102,117,127, 133-134,146,155,185, 196, 199, 208,239,251,253
320 state, enduring features of 21 territory defined by power of its state 13-14 western influence in 38-39 Russian Communist Party 258 formed after disbandment of Soviet Communist Party 251 Russian Orthodox Church 190 attack on by Bolsheviks 181,183-184 Cathedral of Christ the Saviour demolished and rebuilt 183, 184 conflict with Peter the Great 24 abolition of Patriarchate 24, 30 conflict with Uniates and Catholics 27, 37 Gorbachev and 24 interaction with Jewish culture 24 Living Church 183 millenium of 24 role in defining Russian identity and culture 16-21 and Slavophilism 49 subordinated to state 28, 30 World War II and 24, 206 Russo-Japanese War 117 Ryleev, Kondraty 43-44 Sakharov, Andrei 233-234 clashes with Gorbachev in Congress of People’s Deputies 253 distrust of the masses 234 loses influence by accusing army of atrocities 253 Memorandum (to Brezhnev) 233 Progress, Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom 233 supports Gorbachev 247 westernising, liberal ideas 233-234 Samarin, Yuri 51 samizdat’33,190, 229, 232, 233, 235, 236, 243,245 samobytnost’ (cultural distinctiveness) see Slavophiles school education 114-115,145 number of pupils in 1930s 197 socialist education 140-141 scientists as servants of the people 127 Index sects, religious 29-30 Serafim of Sarov 117 canonization of 117 relic of taken to International Space Station 264 serfdom 13 Shakhmatov, Alexander 85 Shakhty trial 179 Shils, Edward 7 sources of radicalism in intellectuals 7 Shishkin, Ivan 106 Shmidt, Otto 200 as popular hero 200 Sholokhov, Mikhail 202 And Quiet Flows the Don 202 denounces Sinyavsky and
Daniel 227 and Yezhov’s wife 202 Shostakovich, Dmitrii 209-210 criticised by party 209 criticised by Zhdanov 216 honoured in Khrushchev years 226 joins party (1960) 210 Lady Macbeth ofMtsensk 209 premièred in besieged Leningrad 210 Seventh (Leningrad) Symphony Shub, Esfir 171 End of the Romanov Dynasty 171 Shulman, Marshal 238 Sillaste, Galina 256 intelligentsia consists of separate layers 256 silver age of literature 105 Sinyavsky, Andrei 202, 222 arrest and trial 227 Sixtus V, Pope 26 skomorokhi 16, 29, 35 Skovoroda, Hrihory/Grigory 34-35 Slavophiles vii, 2, 3,12, 40, 45, 46, 48-51,55, 66, 67, 68,69, 74, 76, 78, 80,83, 107, 116, 128, 148, 225, 229, 230, 232, 234, 235, 236, 245, 250, 251, 254, 255, 259, 263 emergence of 40,45-51 and Hegel 50-51 reforms and 65 Russia’s special path of development and 3, 51 Solzhenitsyn as 225
Index Slovo natsii 236 possible protectors in military 236 Smena vekh (Change of Landmarks) 6,150 smenavekhovtsy 173 and normalization of Russia through NEP 173 sobornost’ 49, 50,74,108,109 Social Democratic Party (SDs) see also Bolsheviks, Mensheviks 98 demoralisation of after 1905 121 membership of 121 populist influence on 98-99 split in 100,105 socialist realism 193, 227 definition of at First Congress of Union of Writers 194 elements of 194 Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs) see also populists 98,104,124 in Provisional Government 135 largest party in Constituent Assembly elections 98 walk out of Second Congress of Soviets 135 Soiuzkino 192 Soloukhin, Vladimir 236 Searching for Icons in Russia 236 Solov’ev, Vladimir 35,108-109,110 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 55, 203, 217, 225 A Day in the Life ofIvan Denisovich 225, 229 arrest and imprisonment 222 core ideas of 230-231 declining audience for 231 exiled 230 Gulag Archipelago 225,229 Letter to Soviet Leaders 230 and Marfino sharashka 203 Matryonas Home 225, 234 populism of 234 return to Russia 231 slavophilism of 230-231 The First Circle 204, 222, 229 trial of Prince Igor 204 Sovetskaia Rossiia 251 Soviet patriotism 205 during World War II 206-207 tsarist generals and war leaders commemorated 207 321 Soviets Petrograd Soviet 134-135 Second All-Russian Congress of 135 space programme 238-240 see also rocket science special path of development of Russia 88 see also Slavophiles Speransky, Mikhail 39-40 Spetsy 173, 175, 179, 180, 197 dilemma of red or expert 173 Metro-Vickers wrecking trial 183 rising opposition to in late 1920s
179 Shakhty wrecking trial 179 spetseedstvo 197 St Petersburgfounded 28 Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovitch 14, 99,118, 133, 143,155, 180 calls writers ‘engineers of the soul’ 193 death 219 ‘Dizzy with Success’ 186-187 peasantry and 99 proletarian chauvinism of 180 rise to power 180 Stanislavsky, Konstantin 170-171 Stankevich, Nikolai 68 Stankevich Circle 68 Startsev, Vitaly 237 Stasov, V.V. 216 praised by Zhdanov 216 State Committee for Artistic Affairs 194 suppresses formalists 194-195 statues, toppling of 171 Stolypin Peter 118 assassinated 119 crushes 1905 revolution 118 Stravinsky, Igor 111 Rite of Spring 111 The Firebird 111 visits Moscow (1962) 226 Struve, Peter 121,123,149 Suprematism 171-172 Suslov, Mikhail 190, 223, 225, 238, 243 career 245-246 death 190, 245 and Grossman 225,241
322 Index Table of Ranks 14 Tamm, Igor 199,218 Tarkovsky, Andrei 227 Andrei Rublev 227 Ivan’s Childhood 227 Solaris 227 Stalker 227 The Mirror 227 Tarlé, E.V. 191,206, 236, 237 Tatars see Mongols Tatlin, Vladimir 171-172 Monument to the Third International 172 teachers 114 number of 114 Temporary Regulations 78,116 Thaw era (1956-1964) 222-227 Theophanes the Greek see Feofan Grek Time of Troubles 23 Tiutchev, Fyodor 45, 54 Tolkonnikova, Anna 262 feminist 262 LGBTQ+ campaigner 262 member of Pussy Riot 262 Tolstaya, Tatiana 261 awarded major prize by Writers’ Union (2020) 261 refused to accept Russia’s absorption of Crimea 261 television presenter 261 Tolstoy, Leo 56,105,110 Anna Karenina 105 Boyhood 56 Childhood 56 Resurrection 106 Sebastopol’ Sketches 56 The Kingdom of God is Within You 105 The Raid 56 War and Peace 105 Youth 56 tolstye zhurnaly (fat journals) 53,83-84, 114 circulation figures for 84,114 proliferation of in early twentieth century 114 submerged currents in during Soviet period 225 transhumanism 111 transmission channels of traditional culture in Soviet era 222, 225, 240-241 catacomb culture 225 contact with west through travel 249 kitchen debates 222 literary classics 241 older family 241 re-interpreting official media 244 Trial of the Four (1968) (Galanskov, Ginsburg, Dobrovolsky and Lashkova) 232 Trotsky, Lev 4, 5,105,177,190 assassinated 207 and bureaucracy 5,155 expelled from party 179 and expulsion of intellectuals 165 Literature and Revolution 177 permanent revolution 120 and revolution of 1905 119 Results and Prospects 120 supports defence of the
USSR in 1940 207 supports fellow travellers 176 supports rapid industrialization 175 Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin 111-112 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail 208 arrested and executed (1937) 208 author of military manual of Red Army (1936) 208 promotes blitzkrieg 208 Tula Arms Factory, founded 28 Tupolev, A.N. 199 in sharashka 204 designs Tu-2 bomber in 207 Turgenev, Ivan 55 A Hunter’s Notebook 55 Fathers and Children 71 Tvardovsky, Alexander 225 edits Novyi mir 225,236 Udal’tsov, Sergei 258 Imprisonment of 258 leads Vanguard of Red Youth 258 Ukraine 8,11,12,14, 35, 38, 50,103,136, 207, 254,257,260 Ukrainian Academy of Sciences 113,119, 208 Ulyanov, Alexander 100 Uniates 27,108
Index Unions of cultural workers 192,193 founding of 192 gilded chains attached to 193-194 Houses of 193 members privileges 193 Peredel’kino 193 residences for 193 Universities, Russian 52, 81,114,162 autonomy of ended (1921) 163 expulsion of professors 164-165 first female professor 165 guarded discussion within in 50s 222 increasing number of professors 165 increasing number of working-class students 184-185 number of 1975 244 number of students in 1930s 197 number of students in at end of Soviet era 244 number of students pre-1917114 output of engineers in 2021 256 proletarianization of 164-165 rapid expansion of (1927-1933) 184-185 role and function of Soviet university defined 164 Ustrialov N.V. 150 Uvarov, Sergei 40, 52 VAPP 176,177 Na literaturnom postu 176,177 turns on Trotsky (1925) 178 wound up in 1937 188 Vardin, 1.177,178 debate with Voronsky (1924) 177 edits Na literaturnom postu 177 Varrak, Maruta and Toomas 242 Vavilov, N.I. 199 Vavilov, S.1.199 Vaznetsov, Viktor 107 Bogatyr 107 Veche 236 possible protectors in military 236 Vekhi see Landmarks Vernadsky, VI. 113, 208-209 Essay on Descriptive Mineralogy 113 History of Minerals of the Earths Crust 113,199 supports defence of USSR in 1941 207 323 Vertov, Dziga 171, 212 Kino glaz 171 wartime newsreels 212 Vesenkha 174 diversity of its employees in 1920s 174 Victory over the Sun 170 Volobuev, P.I. 237 Voltaire 32, 34 voluntarism 181 Volynskaia-Delgiado, Marina 242 as modern Matryona 242 Voprosii istorii 237 Voronsky, A.K.177 debate with Vardin (1924) 177 dies in purges 209 dismissed as editor of Krasnaia nov’ 179
edits Krasnaia nov’ 177 Vrubel’, Mikhail 107 vydvizhenie (positive discrimination) 197 Wanderers, The 106 Weber, Max 3 Weil, SimoneL’Enracinement 6 westernizers vii, 12, 27,40,45, 48, 65, 66, 67, 68,74, 83, 234, 236, 245, 251, 254, 259 emergence of 40, 45-51 reformers and 65 Westphalia, Treaty of 27 influence on Russia 27 Wilkie, Wendell 207 Witte, Sergei 117-118 dismissal from office 118 drafts October Manifesto 117 strategy for autocracy 117-118 Wood, Sir Henry 210 conducts world première of Leningrad Symphony in London 210 ‘Word to the People’ (1991) 250-251 signatories of 251 working class, Russian 101-102,116 ‘deproletarianisation’ of cities 102, 137 peasant links and characteristics of 101-102 return of to village 1918-21 137
324 World War II206 cultural impact of 206-213 in literary-artistic sphere 209-212 newsreels 212 photography 211 war-reporting 212-213 demands on intelligentsia 207-213 military science 208 nationalism 206 religion, 206 scientific and technical demands of 207-208 Writers’ Trial (1966) 227 from 25 leading cultural figures 227 from 63 members of the Union of Writers 227 petitions 227 street protests 227, 232 Yaroslavsky, Yemelian 184 Yel’tsin, Boris 254 Yesenin-Volpin, Alexander 232 placed in psychiatric detention 232 Yesenin, Sergei 167-168 party attacks his reputation 179 suicide of 168,178-179 and Yesenshchina 179 impact of 179 Yevtushenko, Yevgenii 227 Zaionchkovsky, P.A. 237 Zamiiatin, Evgenii 147,169-170, 202 possibly influences Huxley and Orwell 169 successfully petitions Stalin to be allowed to leave Russia 179 The Cave 147,169 The Church of God 169 Index The Islanders 170 visit to England 170 We 169 Zasulich, Vera 80,100 correspondence with Marx 96-97 Zhdanov, Andrei 214 dies 216 speech on cultural policy 214-217, 223 attacks Alexandrov, G 217 attacks Anna Akhmatova 214 attacks formalism, 214 attacks Leningrad ‘school’ 215 attacks Leningrad 215 attacks Mikhail Zoshchenko 214 attacks tendencies in music, philosophy 216 attacks Zvezda 215criticizes Silver Age writers 214 possibly linked to Leningrad Affair 215-216 praises Belinsky, Chernyshevsky and Plekhanov 215 praises Russian materialists of 1860s215 Zinov’ev, Grigorii 135,176 intelligentsia consists of layers not a class itself 176 not rehabilitated by Khrushchev 221 Zionism 218 Zola, Emile 3 Zoshchenko, Mikhail
214 ‘Adventures of a Monkey’ 214 criticized by Zhdanov 214 Zvezda 215 criticized by Zhdanov 215 Zyuganov, Gennady 251, 257 |
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| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034938504 |
| oclc_num | 1424615028 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-12 |
| physical | viii, 324 Seiten 24 x 16,2 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240412 |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Bloomsbury Academic |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | The Bloomsbury history of modern Russia series |
| spelling | Read, Christopher 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)124988814 aut The Russian intelligentsia from the monastery to the Mir space station by Christopher Read London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney Bloomsbury Academic 2024 viii, 324 Seiten 24 x 16,2 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Bloomsbury history of modern Russia series Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geistesleben (DE-588)4274490-8 gnd rswk-swf Intellektueller (DE-588)4027249-7 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Intellektueller (DE-588)4027249-7 s Geistesleben (DE-588)4274490-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ePDF 978-1-350-03583-6 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, eBook 978-1-350-03540-9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034938504&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034938504&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034938504&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Read, Christopher 1946- The Russian intelligentsia from the monastery to the Mir space station Geistesleben (DE-588)4274490-8 gnd Intellektueller (DE-588)4027249-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4274490-8 (DE-588)4027249-7 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | The Russian intelligentsia from the monastery to the Mir space station |
| title_auth | The Russian intelligentsia from the monastery to the Mir space station |
| title_exact_search | The Russian intelligentsia from the monastery to the Mir space station |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Russian intelligentsia from the monastery to the Mir space station |
| title_full | The Russian intelligentsia from the monastery to the Mir space station by Christopher Read |
| title_fullStr | The Russian intelligentsia from the monastery to the Mir space station by Christopher Read |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Russian intelligentsia from the monastery to the Mir space station by Christopher Read |
| title_short | The Russian intelligentsia |
| title_sort | the russian intelligentsia from the monastery to the mir space station |
| title_sub | from the monastery to the Mir space station |
| topic | Geistesleben (DE-588)4274490-8 gnd Intellektueller (DE-588)4027249-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geistesleben Intellektueller Sowjetunion Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034938504&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034938504&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034938504&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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