Product lifecycle management: 2 The devil is in the details
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Cham [u.a.]
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2024
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| Ausgabe: | Fourth editon |
| Schriftenreihe: | Decision Engineering
Decision Engineering |
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| Beschreibung: | xxxiii, 629 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9783031506574 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents 1 An Introduction to Product Lifecycle Management. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Overview . 1.1.1 This Chapter. WhatlsPLM? . 1.2.1 High-Level Objective of PLM . 1.2.2 Activities of PLM . 1.2.3 A Joined-Up, Holistic Approach . 1.2.4 Generic Product Lifecycle Phases . 1.2.5 PLM, Managing the Product Across the Lifecycle. 1.2.6 Managing the Product from Dawn to Dusk . PLM—With What Resources? . 1.3.1 The PLM Grid . 1.3.2 Managing the Ten Components of the PLM Grid . Why PLM?. 1.4.1 There Is No Alternative. 1.4.2 The Complex Environment of Products . 1.4.3 Horror Story . 1.4.4 Opportunities . 1.4.5 Benefits . When
PLM?. 1.5.1 When Did PLM Emerge? . 1.5.2 When Did Companies Get Started with PLM? . 1.5.3 When Do Companies Start a PLM Initiative? . Where PLM? . 1.6.1 Where Is PLM Used, in Which Industries? . 1.6.2 Where Is PLM Used, in What Size of Company? . 1.6.3 Where Is PLM Used, for What Type of Products? . 1.6.4 Where Is PLM Used, in What Type of Company? . 1.6.5 Where Did Companies Start with PLM? . 1.6.6 Where Will Companies Continue with PLM? . 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 7 13 13 14 16 17 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 ix
X Contents WhoPLM?. 1.7.1 Top Management Role . 1.7.2 Everybody in the Company with a Product-Related Activity. 1.7.3 The PLM Initiative Team . 1.8 How PLM?. 1.8.1 The PLM Initiative . 1.8.2 Different Approach, Different Result . 1.8.3 The Feasibility Study . 1.8.4 Understanding the In-Scope Current Situation . 1.8.5 Developing the Future PLM Strategy . 1.8.6 Developing the PLM Implementation Strategy and Plan. 1.8.7 ·. Documenting the PLM Implementation Plan. Bibliography . 1.7 2 The Need for Product Lifecycle Management . 2.1 This Chapter . 2.2 Definition of Product LifecycleManagement (PLM) . 2.3 Managing the Product Isn’t Easy . 2.4 Losing Control. 2.5 The Sources of Problems
. 2.6 The Opportunities of Globalisation . 2.7 The Environment Before PLM . 2.8 The PLM Paradigm. 2.9 The PLM Grid . 2.10 Starting the PLM Initiative . Bibliography . 3 A Complex and Changing Product Environment . 3.1 3.2 3.3 This Chapter . Many Changes and Interconnections . 3.2.1 Interconnections . . Macroeconomic and Geopolitical Changes. 3.3.1 Globalisation . 3.3.2 Geopolitical Developments . 3.3.3 New Customer Requirements. 3.3.4 The Emergence of Global Products. 3.3.5 Shareholder Value . 3.3.6 A Market Mentality . 3.3.7 Deregulation
. 3.3.8 Regulation and Compliance . 3.3.9 Traceability. 3.3.10 Education and Training. 3.3.11 Workforce Age Distribution . 3.3.12 Free Trade. 22 22 24 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 33 35 37 39 39 39 40 40 43 44 45 46 46 48 49 51 51 51 52 53 53 54 55 56 57 57 58 59 60 61 62 62
Contents xi 3.4 Environmental and Social Changes . 3.4.1 Social and Health Issues . 3.4.2 Environmental and SustainableDevelopment . 3.4.3 The Role of Women. 3.5 Corporate Changes . 3.5.1 Changing Business Models . 3.5.2 New Company Structures . 3.5.3 Business Process Reengineering . 3.5.4 Corporate Theories . 3.5.5 Standards. 3.5.6 Low-Cost and Lean . 3.5.7 Intellectual Property Management. 3.5.8 The Aftermarket. 3.6 Technological Changes . 3.6.1 Improved Travel, Transport and Telecommunications . 3.6.2 Revolutionary New Technologies . 3.6.3 New IS Applications . 3.6.4 Communities . 3.7 Product Changes . 3.7.1
Products. 3.7.2 Mechatronic Products . 3.8 The Result and the Requirements . Bibliography . 63 63 64 65 66 66 66 69 69 70 71 71 71 72 Pain from Products, Pain with Products . 4.1 This Chapter . 4.2 The Product Environment . 4.3 Some Private Life Experience. 4.3.1 A Washing Machine . 4.3.2 A Telephone . 4.3.3 An Escalator . 4.3.4 Trains. 4.3.5 Private/Professional Experience. 4.4 Some Professional Life Experience . 4.5 Some Public Experience . 4.5.1 Electricity . 4.5.2 Cars . 4.5.3 Bridges
. 4.5.4 Aerospace Products . 4.5.5 Power Plants . 4.5.6 Financial Products . 4.5.7 Other Products . 4.6 Product Development Is Important. 4.7 Product Development Is Hard. 79 79 79 80 80 80 81 82 82 83 83 84 85 85 85 87 87 88 88 89 4 72 72 73 75 75 75 77 77 78
Contents xii 5 4.8 4.9 4.10 Pain in Product Use . Effects. Causes. 4.10.1 Challenger. 4.10.2 Columbia. 4.10.3 SR-111 . 4.10.4 Ariane 5. 4.10.5 Multiple Causes . 4.11 Causes and Measures . 4.12 Pre-emptive Measuresand PLM. 4.13 Current and Future Nightmare . 4.13.1 It’s a Nightmare . 4.14 Global Growing Pains . 4.15 No Silver Bullet. Bibliography . 90 91 92 93 93 94 95 95 96 96 97 97 98 100 100 The Emergence of Product Lifecycle Management . 101 101 101 102 105 109 109 110 Ill Ill 112 112 112 5.1 5.2
5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 This Chapter . Product . Lifecycle. Changing Views of Products . The Emergence of PLM. A New Paradigm . Across the Lifecycle. A New Way of Thinking . 5.8.1 Thinking About Manufacturing . 5.8.2 Thinking About the Company . 5.8.3 Thinking About a Function . 5.8.4 Thinking About an Activity . 5.8.5 Thinking About the Product Development Activity . 113 5.8.6 Thinking About Focus. 113 5.8.7 Thinking About Voices . 113 5.8.8 Thinking About Time . 113 5.8.9 Thinking About Customers . 114 5.8.10 Thinking About the Portfolio. 114 5.8.11
Thinking About the Product. 114 5.8.12 Thinking About the Product Lifecycle Approach . 115 5.8.13 Thinking About the Management Role. 115 5.8.14 Thinking Profit or Planet. 115 5.8.15 Thinking About Processes, Data, Applications . 115 Bibliography . 116
xiii Contents 6 The Opportunities and Benefits of PLM . This Chapter . The Opportunities of a Growing Market . Technology Opportunities . The Smart Product Opportunity . The Opportunity of Global Products . Social and Environmental Opportunities for Products. More Opportunities for Products . 6.7.1 Many Unsolved Problems. 6.7.2 Future Changes . 6.7.3 Balance of Power. 6.7.4 Increased Regulation. 6.7.5 Better Managed Product Companies. 6.7.6 A Multitude of New Products . 6.7.7 More Web-Based Product-Related Services . 6.7.8 Breakthrough Computer Aided Product Development. 6.8 So Much Opportunity. 6.9 The Response to Opportunity . 6.10 From Opportunities to Detailed Benefits . Bibliography
. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 7 The Product Is at the Heart of PLM . 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 This Chapter . Product Importance, Range, and Instance . 7.2.1 Importance . 7.2.2 Range of Products . 7.2.3 More Than the Product . 7.2.4 An Instance of a Product. 7.2.5 The Number of Products. 7.2.6 Commonality . Parts, Ingredients, Components, Assemblies. 7.3.1 A Range of Parts . 7.3.2 The Number of Parts . 7.3.3 Part and Product. Identifier. 7.4.1 The Need for an Identifier. 7.4.2 Name and Number. 7.4.3 Internal, and Other, Names/Numbers . 7.4.4 Serial
Numbers. 7.4.5 Significant Numbers . 7.4.6 A Product Key . 7.4.7 Naming Languages . 7.4.8 Some Product and Part Identifiers . 7.4.9 Product Name and Part Name . 117 117 117 118 119 120 122 123 123 123 124 124 125 125 126 126 126 127 128 129 131 131 131 131 132 132 132 133 133 133 133 134 134 135 135 135 135 135 136 137 137 137 138
xiv Contents Requirements. 7.5.1 Customer Requirements . 7.5.2 Requirements for Global Products . 7.6 From Customer Requirement to Product Specification . 7.7 Identification Standards . 7.7.1 Global Trade Item Number. 7.7.2 The International Standard Book Number . 7.7.3 International Mobile Equipment Identity . 7.7.4 The International Standard Music Number . 7.7.5 CAS Registry Numbers. 7.8 Unique Identifier, Unique Key . 7.9 Traceability . 7.10 Communication of Identifier . 7.10.1 . Type of Communication . 7.10.2 UPC Barcode . 7.10.3 EAN-13 . 7.10.4 Two-Dimensional Barcodes . 7.11 Product Classification. 7.11.1 Classification . 7.11.2 Advantages of
Classification . 7.11.3 Classification Systems. 7.12 Versions, Variants, Options . 7.12.1 A Lifecycle State . 7.12.2 A Version, an Iteration . 7.12.3 A Variant, an Option . 7.13 Product Ownership . 7.13.1 Rights . 7.13.2 Intellectual Property . 7.14 Product Structure and Architecture . 7.14.1 Structures . 7.14.2 Bill of Materials. 7.14.3 Product Architecture . 7.14.4 The Product Portfolio . 7.14.5 A Product Model . 7.15 Product Description, Definitionand Representation . 7.16 From Customer Requirement toPerformance. 7.17 No Product Is an Island . 7.18 The Challenges
. 7.19 The Way Forward . Bibliography . ;. 7.5 138 138 139 140 140 140 141 141 142 142 142 142 143 143 143 143 144 144 144 144 145 145 145 145 146 146 146 146 147 147 149 149 150 150 151 151 152 152 153 153
Contents 8 XV The Importance of Product Data in PLM. 155 8.1 This Chapter .155 8.2 Product and Product Data . 155 8.3 Examples of Product Data . 156 8.4 Issues with Product Data . 157 8.4.1 Access to Product Data. 157 8.4.2 Applications . 158 8.4.3 Archiving of Data . 158 8.4.4 The Availability of Data . 158 8.4.5 Change . 159 8.4.6 Copies of Data . 159 8.4.7 The Confidentiality of Data . 160 8.4.8 Configuration . 160 8.4.9 The Definition of Data . 160 8.4.10 Duplicate and Redundant Data . 161 8.4.11 The Exchange of Data. 161 8.4.12 File-Based Data . 161 8.4.13 Formal Description of Product Data . 162 8.4.14
History. 162 8.4.15 Identification and Classification Systems . 162 8.4.16 Inconsistent Data . 163 8.4.17 Incorrect Data. 163 8.4.18 Informally Annotated Documents . 163 8.4.19 Informal Communication of Data . 163 8.4.20 The Input of Data. 164 8.4.21 Interoperability. 164 8.4.22 Languages. 164 8.4.23 The Level of Detail . 164 8.4.24 A Library of Data. 165 8.4.25 The Location of Data. 165 8.4.26 Long-Life Data. 165 8.4.27 Manuals. 166 8.4.28 Media. 166 8.4.29 The Meaning of Data. 167 8.4.30 Missing Data. 167 8.4.31 Navigation to Data. 167 8.4.32 The Ownership of
Data. 167 8.4.33 The Processing of Data. 168 8.4.34 Project Data . 168 8.4.35 Re-invention of Existing Data . 168 8.4.36 Relationships Between Data. 169 8.4.37 Different Representations of Data . 170 8.4.38 The Rules Deficit. 171 8.4.39 Searching for Data. 172 8.4.40 The Security of Data . 172
xvi Contents 8.4.41 Many Sources of Data. 8.4.42 Software . 8.4.43 Standards for Data. 8.4.44 Multiple States of Data . 8.4.45 The Structure of Data . 8.4.46 Tabulated Documents . 8.4.47 Traceability of Data. 8.4.48 A Training Deficit . 8.4.49 Type and Format of Data . 8.4.50 Update Frequency of Data . 8.4.51 The Users of Data . 8.4.52 The Uses of Data . 8.4.53 The Value of Data is Unknown . 8,4.54 . Variants and Options . 8.4.55 Many Versions of Data . 8.4.56 Many Versions of Applications . 8.4.57 Many Views of Data . 8.4.58 Vocabulary . 8.4.59 The Volume of Data. 8.4.60
Workflow. 8.4.61 Consequences. 8.5 Metadata. 8.5.1 Data Fields in Paper Documents . 8.5.2 Data About Data . 8.5.3 Examples of Metadata. 8.6 Models . 8.6.1 The Need for Models. 8.6.2 Sub-models . 8.6.3 Different Models . 8.6.4 Different Levels of a Model . 8.6.5 An Iterative Approach. 8.6.6 Involvement in Modelling. 8.6.7 Modelling Tools . 8.6.8 Modelling Techniques. 8.6.9 Characteristics of Models . 8.7 Product Data Models . 8.7.1 Data Flow . 8.7.2 Entity-Relationship Model . 8.7.3 Class Diagram
. 8.7.4 State Diagram. 8.8 Product Data Is not an Island. 8.9 The Challenges . 8.10 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 173 173 173 174 174 174 175 175 175 176 176 176 177 177 177 178 178 179 179 180 180 181 181 181 181 182 182 183 183 183 184 184 184 184 185 185 185 186 187 189 190 190 191 191
xvii Contents 9 The Importance of Business Processes in PLM . This Chapter . Introduction and Definition . 9.2.1 Action Across the Lifecycle. 9.2.2 Organising the Action . 9.2.3 Processes for PLM. 9.3 Defining the Characteristics of a Process. 9.4 Unwanted Characteristics of a Process . 9.4.1 Unclear Names for Processes. 9.4.2 Other Unwanted Characteristics . 9.4.3 Process Waste. 9.5 Application Workflow, Product Workflow. 9.5.1 Application Workflow. 9.5.2 ProductWorkflow . 9.6 Product Workflow and Information Flow . 9.7 Process Mapping and Modelling. 9.8 Hierarchical Process Structure . 9.9 Activity Flow. 9.10 Data Model, Process Map .
9.11 Use Case, Use Case Description. 9.12 Use Case Diagram . 9.13 No Process Is an Island . 9.14 The Challenges . 9.15 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 9.1 9.2 10 Applications in the PLM Environment . 10.1 10.2 10.3 This Chapter . Introduction . Applications Overview. 10.3.1 BOM Applications. 10.3.2 Compliance Management. 10.3.3 CSM Applications . 10.3.4 CAD Applications . 10.3.5 CAE Applications . 10.3.6 CAID Applications . 10.3.7 CAM Applications. 10.3.8 CAPE Applications
. 10.3.9 CAPP Applications . 10.3.10 CASE Applications . 10.3.11 CIM . 10.3.12 Data Exchange Applications . 10.3.13 DECM Applications . 10.3.14 Digital Manufacturing Applications . 10.3.15 DMU Applications . 193 193 193 193 194 196 196 197 197 198 199 200 200 200 202 204 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 210 210 211 211 211 212 212 213 213 213 214 214 215 215 215 215 216 216 216 216 216
Contents xviii 10.4 10.3.16 EDI Applications . 10.3.17 EDA Applications . 10.3.18 ECM Applications . 10.3.19 EDM Applications. 10.3.20 FEA Applications . 10.3.21 Geometric Modelling Applications . 10.3.22 Haptic Applications. 10.3.23 IM Applications . 10.3.24 IPM Applications. 10.3.25 KBS . 10.3.26 LCA Applications . 10.3.27 MRP 2 Applications . 10.3.28 NC Applications. 10.3^9 Parts Catalogue Applications . 10.3.30 Parts Libraries . 10.3.31 Phase-Gate Applications. 10.3.32 Portfolio Management Applications . 10.3.33 PDM Systems. 10.3.34 PM Applications . 10.3.35
Rapid Prototyping Applications. 10.3.36 Requirements Management Applications. 10.3.37 Reliability Management Applications. 10.3.38 Simulation Applications . 10.3.39 SCM Applications . 10.3.40 TDM Applications. 10.3.41 Technical Publication Applications. 10.3.42 Translation Management Applications . 10.3.43 Virtual Reality Applications. 10.3.44 Virtual Engineering Applications . 10.3.45 Virtual Prototyping Applications. 10.3.46 Visualisation and Viewing Applications. 10.3.47 3D Printing Applications . 10.3.48 3D Scanning Applications . Issues of Applications . 10.4.1 Ambiguous Name and Unclear Scope . 10.4.2 Islands of Automation. 10.4.3 Departmental Islands, Supplier Islands. 10.4.4 Interface and Integration Need. 10.4.5 Overlapping Data Management Functionality . 10.4.6 Different User Interfaces. 10.4.7 Organisational Match
. 10.4.8 Limited Operating Environment . 10.4.9 Multiple Versions. 10.4.10 Legacy Applications . 10.4.11 Neglected Functionality . 217 217 217 217 217 218 218 218 218 218 219 219 219 220 220 220 220 220 221 221 221 222 222 222 223 223 223 223 223 223 224 224 224. 224 224 225 226 226 226 227 227 227 227 228 228
Contents Grouping the Applications. 10.5.1 First Grouping . 10.6 Generic and Specific PLM Applications . 10.7 Generic PLM Applications . 10.7.1 Data Management/Document Management. 10.7.2 Part Management/Product Management/ Configuration Management . 10.7.3 Process Management/Workflow Management. 10.7.4 Program Management/Project Management . 10.7.5 Collaboration Management . 10.7.6 Visualisation. 10.7.7 Integration. 10.7.8 Infrastructure Management . 10.7.9 Idea Management. 10.7.10 Product Feedback Management. 10.8 Task-Specific PLM Applications . 10.8.1 Product Portfolio Management . 10.8.2 Idea Generation Management . 10.8.3 Requirements and Specifications Management . 10.8.4 Collaborative Product Definition Management . 10.8.5 Supplier and Sourcing Management . 10.8.6 Manufacturing Management . 10.8.7
Maintenance Management . 10.8.8 Environment, Health and Safety Management . 10.8.9 Intellectual Property Management. 10.9 Applications and Data Management. 10.10 File-Based Data Management . 10.10.1 Problems with Files . 10.10.2 Files and Fields . 10.11 Databases and Data Management. 10.11.1 Database Management Systems. 10.11.2 DBMS in Commercial Environments . 10.11.3 Differences Between Commercial and Product Databases . 10.11.4 A Metadata DBMS . 10.11.5 Database Vocabulary . 10.12 Data Models. 10.12.1 Hierarchical Data Model. 10.12.2 The Network Data Model. 10.12.3 The Relational Data Model . 10.12.4 Object-Oriented Data Model . 10.13 No PLM Application Is an Island. 10.14 The Challenges
. 10.15 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 10.5 xix 228 228 229 230 230 230 230 231 231 231 231 232 232 232 232 232 233 233 233 233 233 234 234 234 234 235 235 235 236 236 237 237 238 239 240 240 241 242 243 243 244 244 244
Contents XX 11 The PDM System in the PLM Environment. 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 This Chapter . Introduction . A PDM System Overview . The Importance of the PDM System . The Eight Components. 11.5.1 An Information Warehouse . 11.5.2 The Information Warehouse Manager. 11.5.3 Infrastructure . 11.5.4 The System Administration Manager . 11.5.5 The Interface Module . 11.5.6 The Product and Workflow Structure Definition Module . 11.5.7 . The Workflow Control Module . 11.5.8 The Information Management Module. 11.6 Benefits of Product Data Management (PDM) . 11.7 Common Issues . 11.7.1 Naming, Functionality, Scope . 11.7.2 Change Management, Version Management . 11.7.3 Interfaces.
11.7.4 Data Model, Workflow . 11.7.5 Ownership, Funding, Support . 11.7.6 Fit in IS Architecture. 11.7.7 Customisation, Installation . 11.7.8 Everyday Use . 11.8 Little Data Management Excitement . 11.9 No PDM System Is anIsland . 11.10 The Challenges . 11.11 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 12 People and PLM . 12.1 12.2 12.3 This Chapter . Introduction . It’s a Jungle . 12.3.1 Different Products . 12.3.2 Different Companies . 12.3.3 Different Departments. 12.3.4 Same Job, But Different
Title. 12.3.5 Same Title, But Different Job. 12.3.6 Different Locations . 12.3.7 Different Background . 12.3.8 Different Computer Literacy . 12.3.9 Different Need for Data . 12.3.10 Different HR Policies . 247 247 247 248 249 251 251 251 252 253 253 254 256 257 258 258 258 260 260 261 261 262 262 263 264 266 266 266 267 269 269 269 270 271 271 271 271 272 272 272 272 273 273
xxi Contents 13 12.3.11 Different Metrics . 12.3.12 Different Bonus Systems . 12.3.13 Different Languages . 12.3.14 Different Culture . 12.3.15 Changing Population. 12.3.16 Different Roles. 12.3.17 Different Sins . 12.3.18 Response to PLM. 12.4 Nobody Is an Island . 12.5 The Challenges . 12.6 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 273 273 273 274 274 274 274 275 275 276 276 276 Methods and Techniques in the PLM Environment . 277 277 277 278 278 279 279 279 279 280 280 281 281 281 282 282 283 283 283 283 284 284 284 284 285 285 285 285 286 286 286 287 13.1 13.2 13.3 This Chapter . Introduction . 13.2.1 The
Need. 13.2.2 Improvement Initiatives . Overview of Methods. 13.3.1 ABC. 13.3.2 Alliance Management . 13.3.3 Benchmarking . 13.3.4 Business Process Re-engineering . 13.3.5 Company-Wide Quality Control . 13.3.6 Concurrent Engineering . 13.3.7 Configuration Management . 13.3.8 Continuous Improvement . 13.3.9 Cost of Quality Management . 13.3.10 Customer Involvement . 13.3.11 Design for Assembly. 13.3.12 Design for Environment . 13.3.13 Design for Manufacture . 13.3.14 Design for Recycling. 13.3.15 Design for Six Sigma . 13.3.16 Design for Sustainability . 13.3.17 Design Rules. 13.3.18
DTC. 13.3.19 Early Manufacturing Involvement. 13.3.20 Early Supplier Involvement . 13.3.21 Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis. 13.3.22 Fault Tree Analysis . 13.3.23 Group Technology . 13.3.24 Hoshin Kanri . 13.3.25 JIT . 13.3.26 Kome Hyappyo .
xxii Contents 13.3.27 Lean Production. 13.3.28 Life Cycle Assessment . 13.3.29 Life Cycle Design . 13.3.30 Open Innovation. 13.3.31 Phase/Gate Methodology . 13.3.32 Plan-Do-Check-Act. 13.3.33 Platform Strategy . 13.3.34 Рока-Yoke. 13.3.35 Process Mapping . 13.3.36 Project Management . 13.3.37 Quality Function Deployment . 13.3.38 Roadmapping . 13.3.39 Reliability Engineering . 13.3.40 Robust Engineering . 13.3.41 Simultaneous Engineering . 13.3.42 Software Development Methodologies. 13.3.43 Standards. 13.3.44 Statistical Process Control . 13.3.45 STEP . 13.3.46 System
Engineering. 13.3.47 Taguchi Techniques . 13.3.48 Teamwork . . 13.3.49 TCO. 13.3.50 TQ . 13.3.51 Total Quality Management . 13.3.52 TRIZ . 13.3.53 VAandVE . 13.4 Some Characteristics of Methods . 13.4.1 Unclear Name. 13.4.2 Overlap Between Methods . 13.4.3 Overlap Between Methods and Applications. 13.4.4 Confusion Between Methods and Processes . 13.4.5 Duplication of Existing Activities . 13.4.6 Unclear Definition . 13.4.7 Unclear Metrics . 13.4.8 Difficult to Implement. 13.4.9 Method Evolution and Confusion . 13.4.10 Market Push . 13.5 No Method Is an Island
. 13.6 The Challenges . 13.7 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 287 287 287 288 288 289 289 290 290 290 290 291 291 291 291 292 292 293 293 293 294 294 294 294 295 295 295 296 296 296 296 296 297 297 297 297 297 298 298 299 299 299
Contents 14 Facilities and Equipment of the PLM Environment. 14.1 14.2 14.3 This Chapter . Introduction . Characteristics of Equipment . 14.3.1 Range, Specialities. 14.3.2 Lean, High Throughput. 14.3.3 Automation. 14.3.4 Standards. 14.3.5 Simulation. 14.3.6 High Capital Cost . 14.3.7 Know-How, Training. 14.3.8 Tuning, Feedback. 14.4 No Facility Is an Island . 14.5 The Challenges . 14.6 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 15 Metrics in the PLM Environment. 15.1 15.2 15.3 This Chapter .
Introduction . Characteristics . 15.3.1 Naming, Definition . 15.3.2 Business Relevance of a Metric . 15.3.3 Current Value of a Metric . 15.3.4 Metrics and Targets for PLM . 15.3.5 An Example of Metrics and Targets . 15.3.6 Number and Priority of Metrics. 15.3.7 Balance and Consistency of Metrics . 15.3.8 Level of Metrics. 15.3.9 Reporting and Action . 15.4 Improvement Projects. 15.5 Project Justification Vocabulary . 15.6 Time Value of Money. 15.7 NPVandROI. 15.8 Cost Justification. 15.9 Identification of Benefits . 15.10 Project Calculations . 15.11 No Metric Is an Island
. 15.12 The Challenges . 15.13 The Way Forward . Bibliography . xxiii 301 301 301 303 303 303 303 304 304 304 304 304 305 305 306 306 307 307 307 308 309 309 309 310 310 311 311 312 312 312 313 315 316 318 319 320 322 323 323 323
xxiv 16 Contents Organisation and the PLM Environment . This Chapter . Introduction . Characteristics . 16.3.1 Scope of Resources . 16.3.2 Complexity, Inter-Relations . 16.3.3 Identification . 16.3.4 Detailing the Organisation . 16.3.5 Documentation of the Organisation. 16.3.6 Communication of the Organisation . 16.3.7 Implementation of the Organisation . 16.3.8 Responsibility. 16.4 Changing Environment and Organisation . 16.5 No Organisation Is an Island . 16.6 The Challenges . 16.7 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 16.1 16.2 16.3 17 Reasons for Implementing a PDM System in the PLM Environment. 335
This Chapter . The PDM System in the PLM Environment . Two Classes of Reasons for Implementing a PDM System . Information Management. 17.4.1 Basic Data Control and Management . 17.4.2 Data Access . 17.4.3 Advanced Information Control and Management . 340 17.5 Re-use of Information . 17.6 Workflow Management . 17.7 Engineering Change Management . 17.8 Overall Business Performance Improvement . 17.9 Resolution of Business Problems . 17.10 Functional Performance Improvement. 17.11 Improved Management of Product Development Activities . 17.12 Automation of Product Development Activities. 17.13 Improvement of IS Effectiveness . 17.14 An Infrastructure for Effective Product Development . 17.15 Questions About the Future Role of PDM. Bibliography . 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 18 325 325 325
326 327 327 328 328 329 329 330 330 330 332 332 333 333 Forewarned for PDM Is Forearmed for PDM . 18.1 This Chapter . 18.2 Some Reasons and Replies . Bibliography . 335 335 336 337 338 339 341 344 347 349 350 352 354 356 358 361 363 364 365 365 365 375
Contents 19 PDM Implementation and Use FAQs . 19.1 This Chapter . 19.2 What PDM Functionality Do We Need? . 19.3 Who Should We Involve in PDM? . 19.4 How Should We Cost-Justify PDM? . 19.5 How Does PDM Fit with Concurrent Engineering?. 19.6 How Should We Introduce PDM? . 19.7 Should We Make or Buy PDM? . 19.8 Should We Outsource Our PDM?. Bibliography . 20 Impediments to Successful Implementation of PDM . 20.1 This Chapter . 20.2 The System Barrier. 20.3 The People Barrier . 20.4 The Project Team Barrier. 20.5 The Process Barrier. 20.6 The Organisational Structure Barrier . 20.7 The Funding Barrier
. 20.8 The Information Barrier. 20.9 The Installation Barrier . 20.10 The Everyday Use Barrier . Bibliography . 21 Of PLM Vision, Strategy and Planning. This Chapter . 21.1.1 Objectives . 21.1.2 Strategy . 21.1.3 Mission . 21.1.4 Vision . 21.1.5 Plan . 21.1.6 Tactics . 21.1.7 Policy. 21.2 From Vision to Plan . 21.3 A PLM Vision . 21.4 Basic Points About the PLM Vision. 21.5 Position of the PLM Vision
. 21.6 Metrics and the PLM Vision . 21.7 In the Absence of a PLM Vision. 21.8 Reasons for Developing the PLM Vision. 21.9 Thinking About Visions. 21.10 The Danger of Underestimating Vision . 21.11 Vision Description and Documentation . 21.12 The PLM Strategy. 21.13 An Implementation Strategy . 21.14 Industrial Experience of Visioning. 21.1 XXV 377 377 378 379 381 383 385 387 388 391 393 393 393 394 396 398 399 401 403 405 406 408 409 409 409 410 410 411 411 411 412 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 421 423 425 426 427
Contents xxvi 21.15 Progress Depends on Retentiveness . 21.16 Similarities and Differences . Bibliography . 429 429 430 431 This Chapter . 431 Military Strategy . 432 The American Civil War . 434 France. 435 The English Channel . . . 435 Russia . 437 The Pacific Ocean . 437 Lessons Learned . 439 22.8.1 History Repeats Itself . 439 22.8.2 * Over Time, Strategies Change . 439 22.8.3 Offensive or Defensive Strategy . 440 22.8.4 A Small Range of Simple Strategies. 440 22.8.5 Strategy Depends on Objectives . 440 22.8.6 A Hierarchy of Strategies . 440 22.8.7 The Danger of
Change During Implementation . 441 22.9 Principles of Military Strategy . 441 22.10 Manufacturing Strategy . 442 22.11 Company Strategy. 444 22.12 Principles of Business Strategy. 446 22.13 The Importance of Strategy . 447 22.14 Principles of Strategy . 447 22.14.1 Principles of Military Strategy. 447 22.14.2 Company Principles. 448 22.14.3 PLM Principles . 448 22.15 The Implications of Principles . 449 22.16 A Coherent PLM Vision, Strategy and Plan . 451 22.17 Continually Improve. 451 Bibliography . 453 22 Strategies and Principles. 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 23 Getting Executive Support for PLM . 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 This Chapter
. Getting Started with PLM . Not so Easy . A Different Span of Activities. Differences Between Industries . Different Reasons for PLM . 23.6.1 Cost, Quality, Time,Business Process Improvement. 23.6.2 Innovation . 23.6.3 Compliance. 23.6.4 Mechatronic Products . 455 455 455 457 457 457 460 460 462 462 462
xxvii Contents 24 23.6.5 Collaboration . 23.6.6 Intellectual Property Management. 23.7 Limited Headway . 23.7.1 Middle Managers. 23.7.2 Executives. 23.8 The Company Dilemma. 23.9 The Personal Dilemma. 23.10 Going Nowhere . 23.11 Examples of the PLM Dilemma . 23.12 Overcoming the PLM Dilemma in Three Months . 23.13 The PLM Initiative . 23.14 PLM Initiatives, from Strategie to Tactical . 23.15 Understanding the Way Forward. 23.15.1 First Time Entry. 23.15.2 PLM Business Case Creation. 23.15.3 PDM to PLM Expansion . 23.15.4 Competitive Pressures . 23.16 The 10 Step Approach to PLM Launch . 23.17 Results of Use of the Ten Step Approach
. 23.17.1 Understanding and Quantifying Options . 23.17.2 Managing the Post-acquisition Situation . 23.17.3 From PDM to PLM . 23.17.4 Getting Started with PLM. 23.17.5 Engineering Change Management. 23.17.6 Identification of Benefits and Risks. 23.17.7 Two Proposed Solutions . 23.17.8 Common Benefits . 23.18 Plan for Next Steps . Bibliography . 463 463 463 463 464 464 465 466 467 470 471 473 475 476 476 476 476 477 479 479 480 480 480 481 481 481 481 482 482 PLM Vision Development and PLM Strategy Development. 483 483 483 484 484 484 484 486 488 488 490 490 491 491 493 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 This Chapter . Deliverables of Vision Development . 24.2.1 The PLM VisionReport . 24.2.2 The PowerPoint Vision Presentation. 24.2.3 The One-Page PLM Vision Overview. The Visioning Process . 24.3.1 First
Thoughts for the Vision . 24.3.2 Horses for Courses. 24.3.3 Executive Input for the Vision and Strategy. 24.3.4 Looking at Competitors . 24.3.5 With Executive and Competitive Input. 24.3.6 Review. Haziness of the Vision . Vision Structure. Slicing and Dicing .
Contents xxviii 25 24.6 24.7 24.8 A Five-Step Process . Step 1 : Gathering Information. Step 2: Identifying Strategies . 24.8.1 Resources in the Lifecycle . 24.8.2 Strategy . 24.8.3 Strategy Elements . 24.8.4 Implications of Strategy Elements. 24.9 Step 3: Selecting the Preferred Strategy. 24.10 Step 4: Communicating the Strategy . 24.11 The Implementation Strategy . 24.12 The PLM Plan . 24.13 The PLM Vision and Strategy Team . 24.14 Ramping Up PLM Knowledge . Bibliography ‘ ·. 494 494 495 495 495 497 500 501 502 504 504 505 508 508 PLM Vision: An Example. 25.1 This Chapter . 25.2 Overview
. 25.3 Overview of the PLM Vision. 25.4 A More Detailed Overview . 25.5 Vision, Strategy, Plan, Metrics . 25.6 Products . 25.6.1 Product Focus. 25.6.2 The Product Portfolio . 25.6.3 The Five-Year Strategy and Plan . 25.6.4 New Technologies . 25.6.5 Making Progress with Products . 25.7 Customers . 25.7.1 Customer Focus . 25.7.2 The Voice of the Customer. 25.7.3 Customer Involvement . 25.7.4 Progress with Customers . 25.8 Organisation. 25.8.1 Product Family Teams. 25.8.2 PLM Responsibilities . 25.8.3 Product Development and Support Methodology
. 25.9 Management, Control, Visibility. 25.9.1 Management. 25.9.2 Visibility . 25.9.3 Control . 25.10 Lifecycle and Processes . 25.10.1 Phases of the Product Lifecycle. 25.10.2 Management of the Product Lifecycle . 25.10.3 Lifecycle Design and Analysis. 509 509 509 510 512 514 515 515 515 516 516 516 517 517 518 518 519 519 519 520 520 521 521 521 521 522 522 522 522
Contents 25.10.4 Lifecycle Modelling and Analysis. 25.10.5 Process Definition and Automation. 25.10.6 Standard Lifecycle Processes. 25.10.7 Standard Lifecycle Methodologies . 25.10.8 Progress with Lifecycle and Process. 25.11 Collaboration . 25.12 People and Culture . 25.12.1 A Team Culture . 25.12.2 Skilled, Competent People . 25.12.3 A Quality Culture . 25.12.4 Progress with People and Culture . 25.13 Data, Information and Knowledge . 25.13.1 Clean, Standard, Process-Driven Data . 25.13.2 Digital Data . 25.13.3 Data Management . 25.13.4 Legacy Data . 25.13.5 Data Exchange . 25.13.6 Making Progress with Data, Information and Knowledge. 25.14 Facilities, Equipment, Applications, Interfaces. 25.14.1 Facilities
. 25.14.2 Equipment. 25.14.3 Application Standardisation . 25.14.4 Interfaces. 25.15 Mandatory Compliance, Voluntary Conformity . 25.15.1 Mandatory Compliance. 25.15.2 Voluntary Conformity . 25.16 Security and Intelligence . 25.16.1 Security . 25.16.2 Intelligence . 25.17 Linking PLM Drivers to PLM Benefits . Bibliography . 26 xxix 523 523 523 524 524 525 525 525 526 527 527 528 528 528 529 529 529 529 530 530 530 530 531 531 531 531 532 532 532 533 533 The Current Situation of the PLM Environment . 535 26.1 This Chapter . 535 26.2 Some Questions. 535 26.2.1 The Starting Point . 536 26.2.2 Scope and Perimeter
. 537 26.2.3 The Project Team. 537 26.2.4 Improvement Opportunities . 539 26.2.5 The Deliverables . 539 26.2.6 The Approach. 541 26.3 The Extended Enterprise . 544 26.4 Product . 545 26.5 Processes . 546
Contents XXX 27 26.6 Product Data . 26.7 PLM Applications. 26.8 Product Data Management. 26.9 Equipment and Facilities . 26.10 Techniques . 26.11 People . 26.12 Metrics . 26.13 Organisation. 26.14 PLM Environment Model . Bibliography . . 547 548 549 549 549 550 551 551 552 552 Examples of the Current Situation . 553 553 553 554 555 556 557 559 559 559 563 27.1 This Chapter . 27.2 A Fragment . 27.3 An Automotive Company . 27.4 An Engineering Company . 27.5 An Electronics Company
. 27.6 An Aerospace Company . 27.7 Data at the Manufacturing Interface. 27.8 Product Data Report Table. 27.9 Current Situation Summary . Bibliography . 28 565 This Chapter . 565 Some Questions. 565 28.2.1 Scope and Perimeter . 566 28.2.2 The Project Team. 567 28.2.3 Initial Input Collection . 568 28.2.4 Future Situation Deliverables. 568 28.2.5 The Approach. 570 28.2.6 The Plan . 571 Internal Input. 571 28.3.1 Existing Information . 572 28.3.2 Analysis of the Current Situation. 572 28.3.3 Requests from Lifecycle Participants . 572 External Input
. 573 28.4.1 Smart Products . 573 Product Strategy . 573 28.5.1 Managed Complexity and Change OEM . 574 28.5.2 Global Complex Assembly Provider. 574 28.5.3 Low-Cost Commodity Supplier. 574 28.5.4 Product Portfolio and Product Architecture . 575 28.5.5 Beyond the Product . 575 Describing the Future Situation of the PLM Environment. 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5
Contents 29 xxxi 28.6 Common Steps . 28.6.1 Think Global. 28.6.2 Understand the Global Market. 28.6.3 Select the Markets . 28.6.4 Product Strategy. 28.6.5 Upfront Planning . 28.6.6 Prescriptive Approach. 28.6.7 Clear and Common Terminology . 28.6.8 Architectures and Models. 28.6.9 Digital Product and Digital Manufacturing . 28.7 Benchmarking . 28.7.1 Actual Situation . 28.7.2 Improvement Objective. 28.7.3 Action . 28.7.4 Results. 28.7.5 Lessons Learned. 28.8 Towards the Future Situation. 28.9 PLM Environment Model . Bibliography
. 577 577 577 577 577 578 578 578 578 578 579 579 579 580 580 580 582 583 583 The PLM Implementation Strategy and Plan . 585 585 585 586 587 587 590 591 591 592 593 593 594 594 594 595 595 This Chapter . Some Questions. 29.2.1 The Starting Position. 29.2.2 Scope . 29.2.3 The Approach. 29.2.4 The Project Team. 29.2.5 The Deliverables . 29.2.6 The Plan . 29.3 Influencing Factors . 29.3.1 The Order of Components . 29.3.2 A Prototype. 29.3.3 Bite Size . 29.3.4 Starting Activities . 29.3.5 A Simple High-Level Message . 29.3.6 Extending Deployment Capability . Bibliography
. 29.1 29.2 30 PLM Action and Activities . 30.1 30.2 This Chapter . Some Questions. 30.2.1 The Starting Position. 30.2.2 Recap. 30.2.3 Differences Between Companies. 30.2.4 Roles, Responsibility, Involvement . 30.2.5 The Project Team and Others. 597 597 597 597 598 598 599 599
xxxii Contents 30.2.6 Actions and Reports . 30.2.7 Reporting Progress . 30.2.8 Balanced PLM Action. 30.2.9 The Plan . 30.3 Forewarned Is Forearmed. 30.3.1 Looming Failure. 30.4 Some Recommendations for Project Managers . 30.4.1 Wait and Think. 30.4.2 Focus on Benefits. 30.4.3 Customer Care . 30.4.4 Do’s and Don’ts . 30.5 Actions . 30.5.1 Company-Specific Actions . 30.6 Product Structure. 30.6.1 Method . 30.6.2 Tools . 30.6.3 Different Product Structures. 30.6.4 As-Is Situation . 30.6.5 Towards To-Be
. 30.6.6 To-Be. 30.6.7 Benefits . 30.7 Processes . 30.7.1 Similarity . 30.7.2 Similar But Different. 30.7.3 Method . 30.7.4 Tools . 30.7.5 As-Is Situation . 30.7.6 Towards To-Be . 30.7.7 To-Be. 30.7.8 Benefits . 30.8 Product Data . 30.8.1 Method . 30.8.2 Tools . 30.8.3 As-Is . 30.8.4 Towards To-Be . 30.8.5 To-Be. 30.8.6 To-Be Data Model . 30.8.7 Product Data
Management (PDM) . 30.8.8 Benefits . 30.9 Portfolio Management . 30.10 PLM Environment Model . 30.10.1 Evolution. 30.11 Initiative Progress Reporting. 600 600 600 601 602 602 603 603 604 606 606 608 608 608 609 609 609 611 612 612 613 613 613 613 614 615 615 616 616 618 618 618 618 619 620 621 621 621 622 622 625 625 625
Contents 30.12 A PLM Review . 30.12.1 Project Progress . 30.13 External Audit . 30.14 PLM Thought and Action . Bibliography . xxxiii 625 627 627 628 629 |
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Contents 1 An Introduction to Product Lifecycle Management. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Overview . 1.1.1 This Chapter. WhatlsPLM? . 1.2.1 High-Level Objective of PLM . 1.2.2 Activities of PLM . 1.2.3 A Joined-Up, Holistic Approach . 1.2.4 Generic Product Lifecycle Phases . 1.2.5 PLM, Managing the Product Across the Lifecycle. 1.2.6 Managing the Product from Dawn to Dusk . PLM—With What Resources? . 1.3.1 The PLM Grid . 1.3.2 Managing the Ten Components of the PLM Grid . Why PLM?. 1.4.1 There Is No Alternative. 1.4.2 The Complex Environment of Products . 1.4.3 Horror Story . 1.4.4 Opportunities . 1.4.5 Benefits . When
PLM?. 1.5.1 When Did PLM Emerge? . 1.5.2 When Did Companies Get Started with PLM? . 1.5.3 When Do Companies Start a PLM Initiative? . Where PLM? . 1.6.1 Where Is PLM Used, in Which Industries? . 1.6.2 Where Is PLM Used, in What Size of Company? . 1.6.3 Where Is PLM Used, for What Type of Products? . 1.6.4 Where Is PLM Used, in What Type of Company? . 1.6.5 Where Did Companies Start with PLM? . 1.6.6 Where Will Companies Continue with PLM? . 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 7 13 13 14 16 17 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 ix
X Contents WhoPLM?. 1.7.1 Top Management Role . 1.7.2 Everybody in the Company with a Product-Related Activity. 1.7.3 The PLM Initiative Team . 1.8 How PLM?. 1.8.1 The PLM Initiative . 1.8.2 Different Approach, Different Result . 1.8.3 The Feasibility Study . 1.8.4 Understanding the In-Scope Current Situation . 1.8.5 Developing the Future PLM Strategy . 1.8.6 Developing the PLM Implementation Strategy and Plan. 1.8.7 ·. Documenting the PLM Implementation Plan. Bibliography . 1.7 2 The Need for Product Lifecycle Management . 2.1 This Chapter . 2.2 Definition of Product LifecycleManagement (PLM) . 2.3 Managing the Product Isn’t Easy . 2.4 Losing Control. 2.5 The Sources of Problems
. 2.6 The Opportunities of Globalisation . 2.7 The Environment Before PLM . 2.8 The PLM Paradigm. 2.9 The PLM Grid . 2.10 Starting the PLM Initiative . Bibliography . 3 A Complex and Changing Product Environment . 3.1 3.2 3.3 This Chapter . Many Changes and Interconnections . 3.2.1 Interconnections . . Macroeconomic and Geopolitical Changes. 3.3.1 Globalisation . 3.3.2 Geopolitical Developments . 3.3.3 New Customer Requirements. 3.3.4 The Emergence of Global Products. 3.3.5 Shareholder Value . 3.3.6 A Market Mentality . 3.3.7 Deregulation
. 3.3.8 Regulation and Compliance . 3.3.9 Traceability. 3.3.10 Education and Training. 3.3.11 Workforce Age Distribution . 3.3.12 Free Trade. 22 22 24 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 33 35 37 39 39 39 40 40 43 44 45 46 46 48 49 51 51 51 52 53 53 54 55 56 57 57 58 59 60 61 62 62
Contents xi 3.4 Environmental and Social Changes . 3.4.1 Social and Health Issues . 3.4.2 Environmental and SustainableDevelopment . 3.4.3 The Role of Women. 3.5 Corporate Changes . 3.5.1 Changing Business Models . 3.5.2 New Company Structures . 3.5.3 Business Process Reengineering . 3.5.4 Corporate Theories . 3.5.5 Standards. 3.5.6 Low-Cost and Lean . 3.5.7 Intellectual Property Management. 3.5.8 The Aftermarket. 3.6 Technological Changes . 3.6.1 Improved Travel, Transport and Telecommunications . 3.6.2 Revolutionary New Technologies . 3.6.3 New IS Applications . 3.6.4 Communities . 3.7 Product Changes . 3.7.1
Products. 3.7.2 Mechatronic Products . 3.8 The Result and the Requirements . Bibliography . 63 63 64 65 66 66 66 69 69 70 71 71 71 72 Pain from Products, Pain with Products . 4.1 This Chapter . 4.2 The Product Environment . 4.3 Some Private Life Experience. 4.3.1 A Washing Machine . 4.3.2 A Telephone . 4.3.3 An Escalator . 4.3.4 Trains. 4.3.5 Private/Professional Experience. 4.4 Some Professional Life Experience . 4.5 Some Public Experience . 4.5.1 Electricity . 4.5.2 Cars . 4.5.3 Bridges
. 4.5.4 Aerospace Products . 4.5.5 Power Plants . 4.5.6 Financial Products . 4.5.7 Other Products . 4.6 Product Development Is Important. 4.7 Product Development Is Hard. 79 79 79 80 80 80 81 82 82 83 83 84 85 85 85 87 87 88 88 89 4 72 72 73 75 75 75 77 77 78
Contents xii 5 4.8 4.9 4.10 Pain in Product Use . Effects. Causes. 4.10.1 Challenger. 4.10.2 Columbia. 4.10.3 SR-111 . 4.10.4 Ariane 5. 4.10.5 Multiple Causes . 4.11 Causes and Measures . 4.12 Pre-emptive Measuresand PLM. 4.13 Current and Future Nightmare . 4.13.1 It’s a Nightmare . 4.14 Global Growing Pains . 4.15 No Silver Bullet. Bibliography . 90 91 92 93 93 94 95 95 96 96 97 97 98 100 100 The Emergence of Product Lifecycle Management . 101 101 101 102 105 109 109 110 Ill Ill 112 112 112 5.1 5.2
5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 This Chapter . Product . Lifecycle. Changing Views of Products . The Emergence of PLM. A New Paradigm . Across the Lifecycle. A New Way of Thinking . 5.8.1 Thinking About Manufacturing . 5.8.2 Thinking About the Company . 5.8.3 Thinking About a Function . 5.8.4 Thinking About an Activity . 5.8.5 Thinking About the Product Development Activity . 113 5.8.6 Thinking About Focus. 113 5.8.7 Thinking About Voices . 113 5.8.8 Thinking About Time . 113 5.8.9 Thinking About Customers . 114 5.8.10 Thinking About the Portfolio. 114 5.8.11
Thinking About the Product. 114 5.8.12 Thinking About the Product Lifecycle Approach . 115 5.8.13 Thinking About the Management Role. 115 5.8.14 Thinking Profit or Planet. 115 5.8.15 Thinking About Processes, Data, Applications . 115 Bibliography . 116
xiii Contents 6 The Opportunities and Benefits of PLM . This Chapter . The Opportunities of a Growing Market . Technology Opportunities . The Smart Product Opportunity . The Opportunity of Global Products . Social and Environmental Opportunities for Products. More Opportunities for Products . 6.7.1 Many Unsolved Problems. 6.7.2 Future Changes . 6.7.3 Balance of Power. 6.7.4 Increased Regulation. 6.7.5 Better Managed Product Companies. 6.7.6 A Multitude of New Products . 6.7.7 More Web-Based Product-Related Services . 6.7.8 Breakthrough Computer Aided Product Development. 6.8 So Much Opportunity. 6.9 The Response to Opportunity . 6.10 From Opportunities to Detailed Benefits . Bibliography
. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 7 The Product Is at the Heart of PLM . 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 This Chapter . Product Importance, Range, and Instance . 7.2.1 Importance . 7.2.2 Range of Products . 7.2.3 More Than the Product . 7.2.4 An Instance of a Product. 7.2.5 The Number of Products. 7.2.6 Commonality . Parts, Ingredients, Components, Assemblies. 7.3.1 A Range of Parts . 7.3.2 The Number of Parts . 7.3.3 Part and Product. Identifier. 7.4.1 The Need for an Identifier. 7.4.2 Name and Number. 7.4.3 Internal, and Other, Names/Numbers . 7.4.4 Serial
Numbers. 7.4.5 Significant Numbers . 7.4.6 A Product Key . 7.4.7 Naming Languages . 7.4.8 Some Product and Part Identifiers . 7.4.9 Product Name and Part Name . 117 117 117 118 119 120 122 123 123 123 124 124 125 125 126 126 126 127 128 129 131 131 131 131 132 132 132 133 133 133 133 134 134 135 135 135 135 135 136 137 137 137 138
xiv Contents Requirements. 7.5.1 Customer Requirements . 7.5.2 Requirements for Global Products . 7.6 From Customer Requirement to Product Specification . 7.7 Identification Standards . 7.7.1 Global Trade Item Number. 7.7.2 The International Standard Book Number . 7.7.3 International Mobile Equipment Identity . 7.7.4 The International Standard Music Number . 7.7.5 CAS Registry Numbers. 7.8 Unique Identifier, Unique Key . 7.9 Traceability . 7.10 Communication of Identifier . 7.10.1 . Type of Communication . 7.10.2 UPC Barcode . 7.10.3 EAN-13 . 7.10.4 Two-Dimensional Barcodes . 7.11 Product Classification. 7.11.1 Classification . 7.11.2 Advantages of
Classification . 7.11.3 Classification Systems. 7.12 Versions, Variants, Options . 7.12.1 A Lifecycle State . 7.12.2 A Version, an Iteration . 7.12.3 A Variant, an Option . 7.13 Product Ownership . 7.13.1 Rights . 7.13.2 Intellectual Property . 7.14 Product Structure and Architecture . 7.14.1 Structures . 7.14.2 Bill of Materials. 7.14.3 Product Architecture . 7.14.4 The Product Portfolio . 7.14.5 A Product Model . 7.15 Product Description, Definitionand Representation . 7.16 From Customer Requirement toPerformance. 7.17 No Product Is an Island . 7.18 The Challenges
. 7.19 The Way Forward . Bibliography . ;. 7.5 138 138 139 140 140 140 141 141 142 142 142 142 143 143 143 143 144 144 144 144 145 145 145 145 146 146 146 146 147 147 149 149 150 150 151 151 152 152 153 153
Contents 8 XV The Importance of Product Data in PLM. 155 8.1 This Chapter .155 8.2 Product and Product Data . 155 8.3 Examples of Product Data . 156 8.4 Issues with Product Data . 157 8.4.1 Access to Product Data. 157 8.4.2 Applications . 158 8.4.3 Archiving of Data . 158 8.4.4 The Availability of Data . 158 8.4.5 Change . 159 8.4.6 Copies of Data . 159 8.4.7 The Confidentiality of Data . 160 8.4.8 Configuration . 160 8.4.9 The Definition of Data . 160 8.4.10 Duplicate and Redundant Data . 161 8.4.11 The Exchange of Data. 161 8.4.12 File-Based Data . 161 8.4.13 Formal Description of Product Data . 162 8.4.14
History. 162 8.4.15 Identification and Classification Systems . 162 8.4.16 Inconsistent Data . 163 8.4.17 Incorrect Data. 163 8.4.18 Informally Annotated Documents . 163 8.4.19 Informal Communication of Data . 163 8.4.20 The Input of Data. 164 8.4.21 Interoperability. 164 8.4.22 Languages. 164 8.4.23 The Level of Detail . 164 8.4.24 A Library of Data. 165 8.4.25 The Location of Data. 165 8.4.26 Long-Life Data. 165 8.4.27 Manuals. 166 8.4.28 Media. 166 8.4.29 The Meaning of Data. 167 8.4.30 Missing Data. 167 8.4.31 Navigation to Data. 167 8.4.32 The Ownership of
Data. 167 8.4.33 The Processing of Data. 168 8.4.34 Project Data . 168 8.4.35 Re-invention of Existing Data . 168 8.4.36 Relationships Between Data. 169 8.4.37 Different Representations of Data . 170 8.4.38 The Rules Deficit. 171 8.4.39 Searching for Data. 172 8.4.40 The Security of Data . 172
xvi Contents 8.4.41 Many Sources of Data. 8.4.42 Software . 8.4.43 Standards for Data. 8.4.44 Multiple States of Data . 8.4.45 The Structure of Data . 8.4.46 Tabulated Documents . 8.4.47 Traceability of Data. 8.4.48 A Training Deficit . 8.4.49 Type and Format of Data . 8.4.50 Update Frequency of Data . 8.4.51 The Users of Data . 8.4.52 The Uses of Data . 8.4.53 The Value of Data is Unknown . 8,4.54 . Variants and Options . 8.4.55 Many Versions of Data . 8.4.56 Many Versions of Applications . 8.4.57 Many Views of Data . 8.4.58 Vocabulary . 8.4.59 The Volume of Data. 8.4.60
Workflow. 8.4.61 Consequences. 8.5 Metadata. 8.5.1 Data Fields in Paper Documents . 8.5.2 Data About Data . 8.5.3 Examples of Metadata. 8.6 Models . 8.6.1 The Need for Models. 8.6.2 Sub-models . 8.6.3 Different Models . 8.6.4 Different Levels of a Model . 8.6.5 An Iterative Approach. 8.6.6 Involvement in Modelling. 8.6.7 Modelling Tools . 8.6.8 Modelling Techniques. 8.6.9 Characteristics of Models . 8.7 Product Data Models . 8.7.1 Data Flow . 8.7.2 Entity-Relationship Model . 8.7.3 Class Diagram
. 8.7.4 State Diagram. 8.8 Product Data Is not an Island. 8.9 The Challenges . 8.10 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 173 173 173 174 174 174 175 175 175 176 176 176 177 177 177 178 178 179 179 180 180 181 181 181 181 182 182 183 183 183 184 184 184 184 185 185 185 186 187 189 190 190 191 191
xvii Contents 9 The Importance of Business Processes in PLM . This Chapter . Introduction and Definition . 9.2.1 Action Across the Lifecycle. 9.2.2 Organising the Action . 9.2.3 Processes for PLM. 9.3 Defining the Characteristics of a Process. 9.4 Unwanted Characteristics of a Process . 9.4.1 Unclear Names for Processes. 9.4.2 Other Unwanted Characteristics . 9.4.3 Process Waste. 9.5 Application Workflow, Product Workflow. 9.5.1 Application Workflow. 9.5.2 ProductWorkflow . 9.6 Product Workflow and Information Flow . 9.7 Process Mapping and Modelling. 9.8 Hierarchical Process Structure . 9.9 Activity Flow. 9.10 Data Model, Process Map .
9.11 Use Case, Use Case Description. 9.12 Use Case Diagram . 9.13 No Process Is an Island . 9.14 The Challenges . 9.15 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 9.1 9.2 10 Applications in the PLM Environment . 10.1 10.2 10.3 This Chapter . Introduction . Applications Overview. 10.3.1 BOM Applications. 10.3.2 Compliance Management. 10.3.3 CSM Applications . 10.3.4 CAD Applications . 10.3.5 CAE Applications . 10.3.6 CAID Applications . 10.3.7 CAM Applications. 10.3.8 CAPE Applications
. 10.3.9 CAPP Applications . 10.3.10 CASE Applications . 10.3.11 CIM . 10.3.12 Data Exchange Applications . 10.3.13 DECM Applications . 10.3.14 Digital Manufacturing Applications . 10.3.15 DMU Applications . 193 193 193 193 194 196 196 197 197 198 199 200 200 200 202 204 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 210 210 211 211 211 212 212 213 213 213 214 214 215 215 215 215 216 216 216 216 216
Contents xviii 10.4 10.3.16 EDI Applications . 10.3.17 EDA Applications . 10.3.18 ECM Applications . 10.3.19 EDM Applications. 10.3.20 FEA Applications . 10.3.21 Geometric Modelling Applications . 10.3.22 Haptic Applications. 10.3.23 IM Applications . 10.3.24 IPM Applications. 10.3.25 KBS . 10.3.26 LCA Applications . 10.3.27 MRP 2 Applications . 10.3.28 NC Applications. 10.3^9 Parts Catalogue Applications . 10.3.30 Parts Libraries . 10.3.31 Phase-Gate Applications. 10.3.32 Portfolio Management Applications . 10.3.33 PDM Systems. 10.3.34 PM Applications . 10.3.35
Rapid Prototyping Applications. 10.3.36 Requirements Management Applications. 10.3.37 Reliability Management Applications. 10.3.38 Simulation Applications . 10.3.39 SCM Applications . 10.3.40 TDM Applications. 10.3.41 Technical Publication Applications. 10.3.42 Translation Management Applications . 10.3.43 Virtual Reality Applications. 10.3.44 Virtual Engineering Applications . 10.3.45 Virtual Prototyping Applications. 10.3.46 Visualisation and Viewing Applications. 10.3.47 3D Printing Applications . 10.3.48 3D Scanning Applications . Issues of Applications . 10.4.1 Ambiguous Name and Unclear Scope . 10.4.2 Islands of Automation. 10.4.3 Departmental Islands, Supplier Islands. 10.4.4 Interface and Integration Need. 10.4.5 Overlapping Data Management Functionality . 10.4.6 Different User Interfaces. 10.4.7 Organisational Match
. 10.4.8 Limited Operating Environment . 10.4.9 Multiple Versions. 10.4.10 Legacy Applications . 10.4.11 Neglected Functionality . 217 217 217 217 217 218 218 218 218 218 219 219 219 220 220 220 220 220 221 221 221 222 222 222 223 223 223 223 223 223 224 224 224. 224 224 225 226 226 226 227 227 227 227 228 228
Contents Grouping the Applications. 10.5.1 First Grouping . 10.6 Generic and Specific PLM Applications . 10.7 Generic PLM Applications . 10.7.1 Data Management/Document Management. 10.7.2 Part Management/Product Management/ Configuration Management . 10.7.3 Process Management/Workflow Management. 10.7.4 Program Management/Project Management . 10.7.5 Collaboration Management . 10.7.6 Visualisation. 10.7.7 Integration. 10.7.8 Infrastructure Management . 10.7.9 Idea Management. 10.7.10 Product Feedback Management. 10.8 Task-Specific PLM Applications . 10.8.1 Product Portfolio Management . 10.8.2 Idea Generation Management . 10.8.3 Requirements and Specifications Management . 10.8.4 Collaborative Product Definition Management . 10.8.5 Supplier and Sourcing Management . 10.8.6 Manufacturing Management . 10.8.7
Maintenance Management . 10.8.8 Environment, Health and Safety Management . 10.8.9 Intellectual Property Management. 10.9 Applications and Data Management. 10.10 File-Based Data Management . 10.10.1 Problems with Files . 10.10.2 Files and Fields . 10.11 Databases and Data Management. 10.11.1 Database Management Systems. 10.11.2 DBMS in Commercial Environments . 10.11.3 Differences Between Commercial and Product Databases . 10.11.4 A Metadata DBMS . 10.11.5 Database Vocabulary . 10.12 Data Models. 10.12.1 Hierarchical Data Model. 10.12.2 The Network Data Model. 10.12.3 The Relational Data Model . 10.12.4 Object-Oriented Data Model . 10.13 No PLM Application Is an Island. 10.14 The Challenges
. 10.15 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 10.5 xix 228 228 229 230 230 230 230 231 231 231 231 232 232 232 232 232 233 233 233 233 233 234 234 234 234 235 235 235 236 236 237 237 238 239 240 240 241 242 243 243 244 244 244
Contents XX 11 The PDM System in the PLM Environment. 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 This Chapter . Introduction . A PDM System Overview . The Importance of the PDM System . The Eight Components. 11.5.1 An Information Warehouse . 11.5.2 The Information Warehouse Manager. 11.5.3 Infrastructure . 11.5.4 The System Administration Manager . 11.5.5 The Interface Module . 11.5.6 The Product and Workflow Structure Definition Module . 11.5.7 . The Workflow Control Module . 11.5.8 The Information Management Module. 11.6 Benefits of Product Data Management (PDM) . 11.7 Common Issues . 11.7.1 Naming, Functionality, Scope . 11.7.2 Change Management, Version Management . 11.7.3 Interfaces.
11.7.4 Data Model, Workflow . 11.7.5 Ownership, Funding, Support . 11.7.6 Fit in IS Architecture. 11.7.7 Customisation, Installation . 11.7.8 Everyday Use . 11.8 Little Data Management Excitement . 11.9 No PDM System Is anIsland . 11.10 The Challenges . 11.11 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 12 People and PLM . 12.1 12.2 12.3 This Chapter . Introduction . It’s a Jungle . 12.3.1 Different Products . 12.3.2 Different Companies . 12.3.3 Different Departments. 12.3.4 Same Job, But Different
Title. 12.3.5 Same Title, But Different Job. 12.3.6 Different Locations . 12.3.7 Different Background . 12.3.8 Different Computer Literacy . 12.3.9 Different Need for Data . 12.3.10 Different HR Policies . 247 247 247 248 249 251 251 251 252 253 253 254 256 257 258 258 258 260 260 261 261 262 262 263 264 266 266 266 267 269 269 269 270 271 271 271 271 272 272 272 272 273 273
xxi Contents 13 12.3.11 Different Metrics . 12.3.12 Different Bonus Systems . 12.3.13 Different Languages . 12.3.14 Different Culture . 12.3.15 Changing Population. 12.3.16 Different Roles. 12.3.17 Different Sins . 12.3.18 Response to PLM. 12.4 Nobody Is an Island . 12.5 The Challenges . 12.6 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 273 273 273 274 274 274 274 275 275 276 276 276 Methods and Techniques in the PLM Environment . 277 277 277 278 278 279 279 279 279 280 280 281 281 281 282 282 283 283 283 283 284 284 284 284 285 285 285 285 286 286 286 287 13.1 13.2 13.3 This Chapter . Introduction . 13.2.1 The
Need. 13.2.2 Improvement Initiatives . Overview of Methods. 13.3.1 ABC. 13.3.2 Alliance Management . 13.3.3 Benchmarking . 13.3.4 Business Process Re-engineering . 13.3.5 Company-Wide Quality Control . 13.3.6 Concurrent Engineering . 13.3.7 Configuration Management . 13.3.8 Continuous Improvement . 13.3.9 Cost of Quality Management . 13.3.10 Customer Involvement . 13.3.11 Design for Assembly. 13.3.12 Design for Environment . 13.3.13 Design for Manufacture . 13.3.14 Design for Recycling. 13.3.15 Design for Six Sigma . 13.3.16 Design for Sustainability . 13.3.17 Design Rules. 13.3.18
DTC. 13.3.19 Early Manufacturing Involvement. 13.3.20 Early Supplier Involvement . 13.3.21 Failure Modes Effects and Criticality Analysis. 13.3.22 Fault Tree Analysis . 13.3.23 Group Technology . 13.3.24 Hoshin Kanri . 13.3.25 JIT . 13.3.26 Kome Hyappyo .
xxii Contents 13.3.27 Lean Production. 13.3.28 Life Cycle Assessment . 13.3.29 Life Cycle Design . 13.3.30 Open Innovation. 13.3.31 Phase/Gate Methodology . 13.3.32 Plan-Do-Check-Act. 13.3.33 Platform Strategy . 13.3.34 Рока-Yoke. 13.3.35 Process Mapping . 13.3.36 Project Management . 13.3.37 Quality Function Deployment . 13.3.38 Roadmapping . 13.3.39 Reliability Engineering . 13.3.40 Robust Engineering . 13.3.41 Simultaneous Engineering . 13.3.42 Software Development Methodologies. 13.3.43 Standards. 13.3.44 Statistical Process Control . 13.3.45 STEP . 13.3.46 System
Engineering. 13.3.47 Taguchi Techniques . 13.3.48 Teamwork . . 13.3.49 TCO. 13.3.50 TQ . 13.3.51 Total Quality Management . 13.3.52 TRIZ . 13.3.53 VAandVE . 13.4 Some Characteristics of Methods . 13.4.1 Unclear Name. 13.4.2 Overlap Between Methods . 13.4.3 Overlap Between Methods and Applications. 13.4.4 Confusion Between Methods and Processes . 13.4.5 Duplication of Existing Activities . 13.4.6 Unclear Definition . 13.4.7 Unclear Metrics . 13.4.8 Difficult to Implement. 13.4.9 Method Evolution and Confusion . 13.4.10 Market Push . 13.5 No Method Is an Island
. 13.6 The Challenges . 13.7 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 287 287 287 288 288 289 289 290 290 290 290 291 291 291 291 292 292 293 293 293 294 294 294 294 295 295 295 296 296 296 296 296 297 297 297 297 297 298 298 299 299 299
Contents 14 Facilities and Equipment of the PLM Environment. 14.1 14.2 14.3 This Chapter . Introduction . Characteristics of Equipment . 14.3.1 Range, Specialities. 14.3.2 Lean, High Throughput. 14.3.3 Automation. 14.3.4 Standards. 14.3.5 Simulation. 14.3.6 High Capital Cost . 14.3.7 Know-How, Training. 14.3.8 Tuning, Feedback. 14.4 No Facility Is an Island . 14.5 The Challenges . 14.6 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 15 Metrics in the PLM Environment. 15.1 15.2 15.3 This Chapter .
Introduction . Characteristics . 15.3.1 Naming, Definition . 15.3.2 Business Relevance of a Metric . 15.3.3 Current Value of a Metric . 15.3.4 Metrics and Targets for PLM . 15.3.5 An Example of Metrics and Targets . 15.3.6 Number and Priority of Metrics. 15.3.7 Balance and Consistency of Metrics . 15.3.8 Level of Metrics. 15.3.9 Reporting and Action . 15.4 Improvement Projects. 15.5 Project Justification Vocabulary . 15.6 Time Value of Money. 15.7 NPVandROI. 15.8 Cost Justification. 15.9 Identification of Benefits . 15.10 Project Calculations . 15.11 No Metric Is an Island
. 15.12 The Challenges . 15.13 The Way Forward . Bibliography . xxiii 301 301 301 303 303 303 303 304 304 304 304 304 305 305 306 306 307 307 307 308 309 309 309 310 310 311 311 312 312 312 313 315 316 318 319 320 322 323 323 323
xxiv 16 Contents Organisation and the PLM Environment . This Chapter . Introduction . Characteristics . 16.3.1 Scope of Resources . 16.3.2 Complexity, Inter-Relations . 16.3.3 Identification . 16.3.4 Detailing the Organisation . 16.3.5 Documentation of the Organisation. 16.3.6 Communication of the Organisation . 16.3.7 Implementation of the Organisation . 16.3.8 Responsibility. 16.4 Changing Environment and Organisation . 16.5 No Organisation Is an Island . 16.6 The Challenges . 16.7 The Way Forward . Bibliography . 16.1 16.2 16.3 17 Reasons for Implementing a PDM System in the PLM Environment. 335
This Chapter . The PDM System in the PLM Environment . Two Classes of Reasons for Implementing a PDM System . Information Management. 17.4.1 Basic Data Control and Management . 17.4.2 Data Access . 17.4.3 Advanced Information Control and Management . 340 17.5 Re-use of Information . 17.6 Workflow Management . 17.7 Engineering Change Management . 17.8 Overall Business Performance Improvement . 17.9 Resolution of Business Problems . 17.10 Functional Performance Improvement. 17.11 Improved Management of Product Development Activities . 17.12 Automation of Product Development Activities. 17.13 Improvement of IS Effectiveness . 17.14 An Infrastructure for Effective Product Development . 17.15 Questions About the Future Role of PDM. Bibliography . 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 18 325 325 325
326 327 327 328 328 329 329 330 330 330 332 332 333 333 Forewarned for PDM Is Forearmed for PDM . 18.1 This Chapter . 18.2 Some Reasons and Replies . Bibliography . 335 335 336 337 338 339 341 344 347 349 350 352 354 356 358 361 363 364 365 365 365 375
Contents 19 PDM Implementation and Use FAQs . 19.1 This Chapter . 19.2 What PDM Functionality Do We Need? . 19.3 Who Should We Involve in PDM? . 19.4 How Should We Cost-Justify PDM? . 19.5 How Does PDM Fit with Concurrent Engineering?. 19.6 How Should We Introduce PDM? . 19.7 Should We Make or Buy PDM? . 19.8 Should We Outsource Our PDM?. Bibliography . 20 Impediments to Successful Implementation of PDM . 20.1 This Chapter . 20.2 The System Barrier. 20.3 The People Barrier . 20.4 The Project Team Barrier. 20.5 The Process Barrier. 20.6 The Organisational Structure Barrier . 20.7 The Funding Barrier
. 20.8 The Information Barrier. 20.9 The Installation Barrier . 20.10 The Everyday Use Barrier . Bibliography . 21 Of PLM Vision, Strategy and Planning. This Chapter . 21.1.1 Objectives . 21.1.2 Strategy . 21.1.3 Mission . 21.1.4 Vision . 21.1.5 Plan . 21.1.6 Tactics . 21.1.7 Policy. 21.2 From Vision to Plan . 21.3 A PLM Vision . 21.4 Basic Points About the PLM Vision. 21.5 Position of the PLM Vision
. 21.6 Metrics and the PLM Vision . 21.7 In the Absence of a PLM Vision. 21.8 Reasons for Developing the PLM Vision. 21.9 Thinking About Visions. 21.10 The Danger of Underestimating Vision . 21.11 Vision Description and Documentation . 21.12 The PLM Strategy. 21.13 An Implementation Strategy . 21.14 Industrial Experience of Visioning. 21.1 XXV 377 377 378 379 381 383 385 387 388 391 393 393 393 394 396 398 399 401 403 405 406 408 409 409 409 410 410 411 411 411 412 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 421 423 425 426 427
Contents xxvi 21.15 Progress Depends on Retentiveness . 21.16 Similarities and Differences . Bibliography . 429 429 430 431 This Chapter . 431 Military Strategy . 432 The American Civil War . 434 France. 435 The English Channel . . . 435 Russia . 437 The Pacific Ocean . 437 Lessons Learned . 439 22.8.1 History Repeats Itself . 439 22.8.2 * Over Time, Strategies Change . 439 22.8.3 Offensive or Defensive Strategy . 440 22.8.4 A Small Range of Simple Strategies. 440 22.8.5 Strategy Depends on Objectives . 440 22.8.6 A Hierarchy of Strategies . 440 22.8.7 The Danger of
Change During Implementation . 441 22.9 Principles of Military Strategy . 441 22.10 Manufacturing Strategy . 442 22.11 Company Strategy. 444 22.12 Principles of Business Strategy. 446 22.13 The Importance of Strategy . 447 22.14 Principles of Strategy . 447 22.14.1 Principles of Military Strategy. 447 22.14.2 Company Principles. 448 22.14.3 PLM Principles . 448 22.15 The Implications of Principles . 449 22.16 A Coherent PLM Vision, Strategy and Plan . 451 22.17 Continually Improve. 451 Bibliography . 453 22 Strategies and Principles. 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 23 Getting Executive Support for PLM . 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 This Chapter
. Getting Started with PLM . Not so Easy . A Different Span of Activities. Differences Between Industries . Different Reasons for PLM . 23.6.1 Cost, Quality, Time,Business Process Improvement. 23.6.2 Innovation . 23.6.3 Compliance. 23.6.4 Mechatronic Products . 455 455 455 457 457 457 460 460 462 462 462
xxvii Contents 24 23.6.5 Collaboration . 23.6.6 Intellectual Property Management. 23.7 Limited Headway . 23.7.1 Middle Managers. 23.7.2 Executives. 23.8 The Company Dilemma. 23.9 The Personal Dilemma. 23.10 Going Nowhere . 23.11 Examples of the PLM Dilemma . 23.12 Overcoming the PLM Dilemma in Three Months . 23.13 The PLM Initiative . 23.14 PLM Initiatives, from Strategie to Tactical . 23.15 Understanding the Way Forward. 23.15.1 First Time Entry. 23.15.2 PLM Business Case Creation. 23.15.3 PDM to PLM Expansion . 23.15.4 Competitive Pressures . 23.16 The 10 Step Approach to PLM Launch . 23.17 Results of Use of the Ten Step Approach
. 23.17.1 Understanding and Quantifying Options . 23.17.2 Managing the Post-acquisition Situation . 23.17.3 From PDM to PLM . 23.17.4 Getting Started with PLM. 23.17.5 Engineering Change Management. 23.17.6 Identification of Benefits and Risks. 23.17.7 Two Proposed Solutions . 23.17.8 Common Benefits . 23.18 Plan for Next Steps . Bibliography . 463 463 463 463 464 464 465 466 467 470 471 473 475 476 476 476 476 477 479 479 480 480 480 481 481 481 481 482 482 PLM Vision Development and PLM Strategy Development. 483 483 483 484 484 484 484 486 488 488 490 490 491 491 493 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 This Chapter . Deliverables of Vision Development . 24.2.1 The PLM VisionReport . 24.2.2 The PowerPoint Vision Presentation. 24.2.3 The One-Page PLM Vision Overview. The Visioning Process . 24.3.1 First
Thoughts for the Vision . 24.3.2 Horses for Courses. 24.3.3 Executive Input for the Vision and Strategy. 24.3.4 Looking at Competitors . 24.3.5 With Executive and Competitive Input. 24.3.6 Review. Haziness of the Vision . Vision Structure. Slicing and Dicing .
Contents xxviii 25 24.6 24.7 24.8 A Five-Step Process . Step 1 : Gathering Information. Step 2: Identifying Strategies . 24.8.1 Resources in the Lifecycle . 24.8.2 Strategy . 24.8.3 Strategy Elements . 24.8.4 Implications of Strategy Elements. 24.9 Step 3: Selecting the Preferred Strategy. 24.10 Step 4: Communicating the Strategy . 24.11 The Implementation Strategy . 24.12 The PLM Plan . 24.13 The PLM Vision and Strategy Team . 24.14 Ramping Up PLM Knowledge . Bibliography ‘ ·. 494 494 495 495 495 497 500 501 502 504 504 505 508 508 PLM Vision: An Example. 25.1 This Chapter . 25.2 Overview
. 25.3 Overview of the PLM Vision. 25.4 A More Detailed Overview . 25.5 Vision, Strategy, Plan, Metrics . 25.6 Products . 25.6.1 Product Focus. 25.6.2 The Product Portfolio . 25.6.3 The Five-Year Strategy and Plan . 25.6.4 New Technologies . 25.6.5 Making Progress with Products . 25.7 Customers . 25.7.1 Customer Focus . 25.7.2 The Voice of the Customer. 25.7.3 Customer Involvement . 25.7.4 Progress with Customers . 25.8 Organisation. 25.8.1 Product Family Teams. 25.8.2 PLM Responsibilities . 25.8.3 Product Development and Support Methodology
. 25.9 Management, Control, Visibility. 25.9.1 Management. 25.9.2 Visibility . 25.9.3 Control . 25.10 Lifecycle and Processes . 25.10.1 Phases of the Product Lifecycle. 25.10.2 Management of the Product Lifecycle . 25.10.3 Lifecycle Design and Analysis. 509 509 509 510 512 514 515 515 515 516 516 516 517 517 518 518 519 519 519 520 520 521 521 521 521 522 522 522 522
Contents 25.10.4 Lifecycle Modelling and Analysis. 25.10.5 Process Definition and Automation. 25.10.6 Standard Lifecycle Processes. 25.10.7 Standard Lifecycle Methodologies . 25.10.8 Progress with Lifecycle and Process. 25.11 Collaboration . 25.12 People and Culture . 25.12.1 A Team Culture . 25.12.2 Skilled, Competent People . 25.12.3 A Quality Culture . 25.12.4 Progress with People and Culture . 25.13 Data, Information and Knowledge . 25.13.1 Clean, Standard, Process-Driven Data . 25.13.2 Digital Data . 25.13.3 Data Management . 25.13.4 Legacy Data . 25.13.5 Data Exchange . 25.13.6 Making Progress with Data, Information and Knowledge. 25.14 Facilities, Equipment, Applications, Interfaces. 25.14.1 Facilities
. 25.14.2 Equipment. 25.14.3 Application Standardisation . 25.14.4 Interfaces. 25.15 Mandatory Compliance, Voluntary Conformity . 25.15.1 Mandatory Compliance. 25.15.2 Voluntary Conformity . 25.16 Security and Intelligence . 25.16.1 Security . 25.16.2 Intelligence . 25.17 Linking PLM Drivers to PLM Benefits . Bibliography . 26 xxix 523 523 523 524 524 525 525 525 526 527 527 528 528 528 529 529 529 529 530 530 530 530 531 531 531 531 532 532 532 533 533 The Current Situation of the PLM Environment . 535 26.1 This Chapter . 535 26.2 Some Questions. 535 26.2.1 The Starting Point . 536 26.2.2 Scope and Perimeter
. 537 26.2.3 The Project Team. 537 26.2.4 Improvement Opportunities . 539 26.2.5 The Deliverables . 539 26.2.6 The Approach. 541 26.3 The Extended Enterprise . 544 26.4 Product . 545 26.5 Processes . 546
Contents XXX 27 26.6 Product Data . 26.7 PLM Applications. 26.8 Product Data Management. 26.9 Equipment and Facilities . 26.10 Techniques . 26.11 People . 26.12 Metrics . 26.13 Organisation. 26.14 PLM Environment Model . Bibliography . . 547 548 549 549 549 550 551 551 552 552 Examples of the Current Situation . 553 553 553 554 555 556 557 559 559 559 563 27.1 This Chapter . 27.2 A Fragment . 27.3 An Automotive Company . 27.4 An Engineering Company . 27.5 An Electronics Company
. 27.6 An Aerospace Company . 27.7 Data at the Manufacturing Interface. 27.8 Product Data Report Table. 27.9 Current Situation Summary . Bibliography . 28 565 This Chapter . 565 Some Questions. 565 28.2.1 Scope and Perimeter . 566 28.2.2 The Project Team. 567 28.2.3 Initial Input Collection . 568 28.2.4 Future Situation Deliverables. 568 28.2.5 The Approach. 570 28.2.6 The Plan . 571 Internal Input. 571 28.3.1 Existing Information . 572 28.3.2 Analysis of the Current Situation. 572 28.3.3 Requests from Lifecycle Participants . 572 External Input
. 573 28.4.1 Smart Products . 573 Product Strategy . 573 28.5.1 Managed Complexity and Change OEM . 574 28.5.2 Global Complex Assembly Provider. 574 28.5.3 Low-Cost Commodity Supplier. 574 28.5.4 Product Portfolio and Product Architecture . 575 28.5.5 Beyond the Product . 575 Describing the Future Situation of the PLM Environment. 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5
Contents 29 xxxi 28.6 Common Steps . 28.6.1 Think Global. 28.6.2 Understand the Global Market. 28.6.3 Select the Markets . 28.6.4 Product Strategy. 28.6.5 Upfront Planning . 28.6.6 Prescriptive Approach. 28.6.7 Clear and Common Terminology . 28.6.8 Architectures and Models. 28.6.9 Digital Product and Digital Manufacturing . 28.7 Benchmarking . 28.7.1 Actual Situation . 28.7.2 Improvement Objective. 28.7.3 Action . 28.7.4 Results. 28.7.5 Lessons Learned. 28.8 Towards the Future Situation. 28.9 PLM Environment Model . Bibliography
. 577 577 577 577 577 578 578 578 578 578 579 579 579 580 580 580 582 583 583 The PLM Implementation Strategy and Plan . 585 585 585 586 587 587 590 591 591 592 593 593 594 594 594 595 595 This Chapter . Some Questions. 29.2.1 The Starting Position. 29.2.2 Scope . 29.2.3 The Approach. 29.2.4 The Project Team. 29.2.5 The Deliverables . 29.2.6 The Plan . 29.3 Influencing Factors . 29.3.1 The Order of Components . 29.3.2 A Prototype. 29.3.3 Bite Size . 29.3.4 Starting Activities . 29.3.5 A Simple High-Level Message . 29.3.6 Extending Deployment Capability . Bibliography
. 29.1 29.2 30 PLM Action and Activities . 30.1 30.2 This Chapter . Some Questions. 30.2.1 The Starting Position. 30.2.2 Recap. 30.2.3 Differences Between Companies. 30.2.4 Roles, Responsibility, Involvement . 30.2.5 The Project Team and Others. 597 597 597 597 598 598 599 599
xxxii Contents 30.2.6 Actions and Reports . 30.2.7 Reporting Progress . 30.2.8 Balanced PLM Action. 30.2.9 The Plan . 30.3 Forewarned Is Forearmed. 30.3.1 Looming Failure. 30.4 Some Recommendations for Project Managers . 30.4.1 Wait and Think. 30.4.2 Focus on Benefits. 30.4.3 Customer Care . 30.4.4 Do’s and Don’ts . 30.5 Actions . 30.5.1 Company-Specific Actions . 30.6 Product Structure. 30.6.1 Method . 30.6.2 Tools . 30.6.3 Different Product Structures. 30.6.4 As-Is Situation . 30.6.5 Towards To-Be
. 30.6.6 To-Be. 30.6.7 Benefits . 30.7 Processes . 30.7.1 Similarity . 30.7.2 Similar But Different. 30.7.3 Method . 30.7.4 Tools . 30.7.5 As-Is Situation . 30.7.6 Towards To-Be . 30.7.7 To-Be. 30.7.8 Benefits . 30.8 Product Data . 30.8.1 Method . 30.8.2 Tools . 30.8.3 As-Is . 30.8.4 Towards To-Be . 30.8.5 To-Be. 30.8.6 To-Be Data Model . 30.8.7 Product Data
Management (PDM) . 30.8.8 Benefits . 30.9 Portfolio Management . 30.10 PLM Environment Model . 30.10.1 Evolution. 30.11 Initiative Progress Reporting. 600 600 600 601 602 602 603 603 604 606 606 608 608 608 609 609 609 611 612 612 613 613 613 613 614 615 615 616 616 618 618 618 618 619 620 621 621 621 622 622 625 625 625
Contents 30.12 A PLM Review . 30.12.1 Project Progress . 30.13 External Audit . 30.14 PLM Thought and Action . Bibliography . xxxiii 625 627 627 628 629 |
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| edition | Fourth editon |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV049575415 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:31:17Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:35:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783031506574 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034920492 |
| oclc_num | 1429569244 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-739 |
| physical | xxxiii, 629 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Decision Engineering |
| spelling | Stark, John 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)135756170 aut Product lifecycle management 2 The devil is in the details John Stark Fourth editon Cham [u.a.] Springer 2024 xxxiii, 629 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Decision Engineering Produktlebenszyklus (DE-588)4135136-8 gnd rswk-swf Produktmanagement (DE-588)4125960-9 gnd rswk-swf Produktlebenszyklus (DE-588)4135136-8 s Produktmanagement (DE-588)4125960-9 s DE-604 (DE-604)BV042557508 2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-319-24436-5 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034920492&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Stark, John 1948- Product lifecycle management Produktlebenszyklus (DE-588)4135136-8 gnd Produktmanagement (DE-588)4125960-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4135136-8 (DE-588)4125960-9 |
| title | Product lifecycle management |
| title_auth | Product lifecycle management |
| title_exact_search | Product lifecycle management |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Product lifecycle management |
| title_full | Product lifecycle management 2 The devil is in the details John Stark |
| title_fullStr | Product lifecycle management 2 The devil is in the details John Stark |
| title_full_unstemmed | Product lifecycle management 2 The devil is in the details John Stark |
| title_short | Product lifecycle management |
| title_sort | product lifecycle management the devil is in the details |
| topic | Produktlebenszyklus (DE-588)4135136-8 gnd Produktmanagement (DE-588)4125960-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Produktlebenszyklus Produktmanagement |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034920492&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV042557508 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT starkjohn productlifecyclemanagement2 |