Death and burial in socialist Yugoslavia: the politicization of cemeteries and ethnic conflict in the Balkans
"Across the globe, memorial and grave sites are being increasingly weaponized in conflicts and politicized by parties to advance agendas. Here, Carol S. Lilly examines ideas of death, politics, memory, ideology and nationalism in the former Yugoslav republics of Bosnia-Hercegovina, Croatia, and...
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney
Bloomsbury Academic
2024
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| Ausgabe: | First edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Across the globe, memorial and grave sites are being increasingly weaponized in conflicts and politicized by parties to advance agendas. Here, Carol S. Lilly examines ideas of death, politics, memory, ideology and nationalism in the former Yugoslav republics of Bosnia-Hercegovina, Croatia, and Serbia to shine fresh light on cemetery culture in 20th-century Europe. More specifically, Death and Burial in Socialist Yugoslavia investigates how the Communist Party of Yugoslavia created its own communities of the dead by implementing cemetery policies which reinforced their ideals of secularism, pluralism, brotherhood, and unity. However, in doing so the communist regime left the previous system of ethno-religious segregation in place and further isolated Catholics, Orthodox, Muslims and Jews who continued to be buried in separate locations. This in turn further politicized burial rites and exacerbated tensions between different ethno-religious communities. As a result, by the time Yugoslavia disintegrated in the early 1990s, dead bodies and cemeteries had become a concerted weapon of war in the ongoing ethnic conflict. Ultimately, then, this timely study reveals for the first time the extent to which the communist regime not only failed to created their own communities of the dead but also further divided and alienated living communities in Yugoslavia."-- |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xiv, 327 Seiten Illustrationen, 1 Karte |
| ISBN: | 9781350285828 9781350285866 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "Across the globe, memorial and grave sites are being increasingly weaponized in conflicts and politicized by parties to advance agendas. Here, Carol S. Lilly examines ideas of death, politics, memory, ideology and nationalism in the former Yugoslav republics of Bosnia-Hercegovina, Croatia, and Serbia to shine fresh light on cemetery culture in 20th-century Europe. More specifically, Death and Burial in Socialist Yugoslavia investigates how the Communist Party of Yugoslavia created its own communities of the dead by implementing cemetery policies which reinforced their ideals of secularism, pluralism, brotherhood, and unity. However, in doing so the communist regime left the previous system of ethno-religious segregation in place and further isolated Catholics, Orthodox, Muslims and Jews who continued to be buried in separate locations. This in turn further politicized burial rites and exacerbated tensions between different ethno-religious communities. As a result, by the time Yugoslavia disintegrated in the early 1990s, dead bodies and cemeteries had become a concerted weapon of war in the ongoing ethnic conflict. Ultimately, then, this timely study reveals for the first time the extent to which the communist regime not only failed to created their own communities of the dead but also further divided and alienated living communities in Yugoslavia."-- | |
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Contents List of Figures Preface Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Cemeteries Visited Map x xii xv xvi Introduction 1 Burial Cultures of the Region 2 Religion, Nationalism, and the State in Socialist Yugoslavia 3 Partisan Communities of the Dead 4 The Secularization of Cemeteries 5 Burial Rituals 6 Grave Markers: Messages in Stone 7 Ethnic Conflict and Politicization of the Dead Conclusion: Death after Communism 1 21 49 73 97 125 147 185 229 Glossary Notes Bibliography Index 243 245 293 317 viii
Bibliography Archival and Primary Sources Archives, Fonds, and Abbreviations Agjencia Shtetërore e Arkivave të Kosovës—Bashkesia e Fes Islame IVZ ZURA e Vakufit Prishtinë; Fletorja zyrtare KAKM (ASHAK). Archives of Parish Church of St. Ilija, Zenica, Bosnia Hercegovina. Arhiv Bosne i Hercegovine (BiH)—Komisija za verska pitanja (KVP), Savez Udruzenje Boraca Narodnooslobodilackog Rata (SUBNOR) Arhiv Jugoslavije—(AJ) Komisija za verska pitanja (KVP). Savez Udruzenje Boraca Narodnooslobodilackog Rata (SUBNOR) Arhiv Srbije—Komisija za verska pitanja (KVP). Hrvatski Drzavni Arhiv—(HDA) Komisija za vjerska pitanja (KVP). Savez Udruzenje Boraca Narodnooslobodilackog Rata (SUBNOR) Hrvatski Institut za Povijest. Istorijski Arhiv Beograd—Komunalno preduzece za pogrebne usluge, Narodni Odbor grada Beograda. Jugoslovensko Komunalno Poduzece Pokupno Drustvo Sarajevo. Opée Skupno Groblje Grada Zagreba na Mirogoju. Newspapers Beogradske novine. Narodne Novine·. Sluibeni UstNarodne Republike Hrvatske (NRH). Sluzbeni glasnik Beograda. Sluzbeni glasnik Narodne Republike Srbije (NRS). Sluzbeni glasnik Narodnog odbora grada Zagreba. Sluzbeni glasnik Sociajalisticke Republike Srbije (SRS). Sluzbeni list Federativne Narodne Republike Jugoslavije (FNRJ). Sluzbeni list grada Beograda. Sluzbeni list Narodne Republike Bosne i Hercegovine (NRBiH).
Bibliography 294 Published Primary Sources Bosnjakovic, Fra Josip Zvonimir. Svjedok Jednog Vremena: Moja Usputna Sjeéanja. Zagreb, 2005. Hadzisehovic, Munevera, Thomas (translator) Butler, and Sab (translator) Risaluddin. A Muslim Woman in Tito’s Yugoslavia. College Station: Texas A M University Press, 2003. Izetbegovic, Alija. Izetbegovic: Odabrani Govori, Pisma, Izjave, Intervjui. Zagreb: Prvo muslimansko dionicko drustvo, 1995. Odbor za pogrebne delatnosti. Kodeks Pogrebnih Usluga. Beograd: Privredna komora Jugoslavije, Savet za zanatstvo, komunalnu i stambenu privredu, 1974. Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1914. Radic, Radmila, and Momcilo Mitrovic, eds. Zapisnici sa Sednica Komisije za Verska Pitanja NR/SR Srbije 1945-1978. Godine. Beograd: Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije, 2012. Online Primary Sources “Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Republika Srpska,” 2013, https:// www.rzs.rs.ba/static/uploads/bilteni/popis/rezultati_popisa/Results_of_the_Cens us_2013.pdf. “Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention,” Article 4, The Hague, May 14, 1954, unesco.org. “Maintenance of Orthodox Graveyards in Kosovo,” Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Mission in Kosovo, September 2011, https://www.ecoi.net/ en/document/1305060.html Accessed August 2, 2020. “Memorandum SANU,” https://pescanik.net/wp-content/PDF/memorandum_sanu.pdf.
Accessed June 30, 2016. “Photo Catalogue: Orthodox Graveyards in Kosovo,” Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Mission in Kosovo, September 2011, https://www.osce.org/ kosovo/84413.Population of Croatia, 1931-2001, http://www.vojska.net/eng/armedforces/croatia/about/population/. Accessed April 10, 2020. Stanovnistvo po narodnosti po popisu od 15. marta 1948 godine, Beograd, 1954, http:// pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1948/Pdf/G19484001.pdf. “Stanovnistvo prema etnicko/nacionalnoj pripadnosti,” Popis, 2013, https://popis.gov. ba/popis2013/knjige.php?id=2. Udin, Zack, Keely Bakken, Niala Mohammada, Kurt Werthmuller, Madeline Vellturo, and John Lechner. “Fact Sheet: Destruction of Cemeteries,” Factsheet: Destruction of Cemeteries, September 2021, uscirf.gov.
Bibliography 295 War Damage to the Cultural Heritage in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, Eighth Information Report, Doc. 7341, June 28,1995, presented by the Committee on Culture and Education. http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewH TML.asp?FileID=69898dang=EN. Accessed May 26,2020. Znacajniji intervuji i govori dr. Franje Tudjmana, http://www.tudjman.hr/govori/. Accessed March 25, 2020. Interviews Andjic, Friar Zdravka. St. Ilija District. Zenica, November 5, 2013. Baca, Leia. Zapresic, July 22, 2012. Bondzié, Dragomir. Institute of Contemporary History, Belgrade, September 14,2013. Busatlic, Prof. Dr. Ismet. Faculty of Islamic Studies, Sarajevo, November 11, 2013. Cupina, Mirad. Mostar, July 3,2022. Hoxha, Imam Ahmed. Office of the Islamic Union, Hadam Mosque, Gjakova, May 20,2019. Ikonov, Svetozar. Tourist Guide, Titel, September 14, 2013. Jacanovic, Miodrag. Curator of the National Museum Pozarevac, September 24,2013. Janjusic, Miro. Representative of Prosveta. Zenica, November 6,2013. Jasarevic, Adnadin, Director of the Museum of Zenica. Zenica, November 6,2013. Omerdjic, Efendia Muharem. Rijaset, Sarajevo, November 20,2013. Pranjec, Father Drago. Guca Gora Monastery, November 19, 2013. Rajkovic, Sladjana. Museum Advisor. National Museum of Leskovac, September 25, 2013. Secibovic, Prof. Dr. Sc. Refik. The Higher School for Tourism and Management, Konjic, November 12, 2013. Sehoviô, Professor Sefedin. University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, September 20, 2013. Shkodra, Ramadan. Professor at the Faculty of Islamic Studies, Islamic Union of Kosova. Prishtinë, May
14, 2019. Spahic Atif. Assistant Director, “Gradsko Groblje” Funeral Enterprise. Zenica, November, 6,2013. Tauber, Dr Eli. Sarajevo, November 11,2013. Veljaca, Nelo. Secretary, St. Anto Funeral Society. Zenica, November 5,2013. Secondary Sources Akmadza, Miroslav. Katolicka Crkva и Komunistickoj Hrvatskoj 1945-1980. Zagreb: Hrvatski Institute za povijest, 2013. Alexander, Stella. Church and State in Yugoslavia Since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Bibliography 294 Published Primary Sources Bosnjakovic, Fra Josip Zvonimir. Svjedok Jednog Vremena: Moja Usputna Sjecanja. Zagreb, 2005. Hadzisehovic, Munevera, Thomas (translator) Butler, and Sab (translator) Risaluddin. A Muslim Woman in Tito’s Yugoslavia. College Station: Texas A M University Press, 2003. Izetbegovic, Alija. Izetbegovic: Odabrani Govori, Pisma, Izjave, Intervjui. Zagreb: Prvo muslimansko dionicko drustvo, 1995. Odbor za pogrebne delatnosti. Kodeks Pogrebnih Usluga. Beograd: Privredna komora Jugoslavije, Savet za zanatstvo, komunalnu i stambenu privredu, 1974. Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1914. Radic, Radmila, and Momcilo Mitrovic, eds. Zapisnici sa Sednica Komisije za Verska Pitanja NR/SR Srbije 1945-1978. Godine. Beograd: Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije, 2012. Online Primary Sources “Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Republika Srpska,” 2013, https:// www.rzs.rs.ba/static/uploads/bilteni/popis/rezultati_popisa/Results_of_the_Cens us_2013.pdf. “Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention,” Article 4, The Hague, May 14, 1954, unesco.org. “Maintenance of Orthodox Graveyards in Kosovo,” Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Mission in Kosovo, September 2011, https://www.ecoi.net/ en/document/ 1305060.html Accessed August 2, 2020. “Memorandum SANU,” https://pescanik.net/wp-content/PDF/memorandum_sanu.pdf.
Accessed June 30, 2016. “Photo Catalogue: Orthodox Graveyards in Kosovo,” Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Mission in Kosovo, September 2011, https://www.osce.org/ kosovo/84413.Population of Croatia, 1931-2001, http://www.vojska.net/eng/armedforces/croatia/about/population/ . Accessed April 10, 2020. Stanovnistvo po narodnosti po popisu od 15. marta 1948 godine, Beograd, 1954, http:// pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1948/Pdf/G19484001.pdf. “Stanovnistvo prema etnicko/nacionalnoj pripadnosti,” Popis, 2013, https://popis.gov. ba/popis2013/knjige.php?id=2. Udin, Zack, Keely Bakken, Niala Mohammada, Kurt Werthmuller, Madeline Vellturo, and John Lechner. “Fact Sheet: Destruction of Cemeteries,” Factsheet: Destruction of Cemeteries, September 2021, uscirf.gov.
Bibliography 295 War Damage to the Cultural Heritage in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, Eighth Information Report, Doc. 7341, June 28,1995, presented by the Committee on Culture and Education. http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewH TML.asp?FileID=6989 lang=EN. Accessed May 26, 2020. Znacajniji intervuji i govori dr. Franje Tudjmana, http://www.tudjman.hr/govori/. Accessed March 25,2020. Interviews Andjic, Friar Zdravka. St. Ilija District. Zenica, November 5,2013. Baca, Leia. Zapresic, July 22,2012. Bondzic, Dragomir. Institute of Contemporary History, Belgrade, September 14, 2013. Busatlic, Prof. Dr. Ismet. Faculty of Islamic Studies, Sarajevo, November 11, 2013. Cupina, Mirad. Mostar, July 3,2022. Hoxha, Imam Ahmed. Office of the Islamic Union, Hadam Mosque, Gjakova, May 20, 2019. Ikonov, Svetozar. Tourist Guide, Titel, September 14, 2013. Jacanovic, Miodrag. Curator of the National Museum Pozarevac, September 24,2013. Janjusic, Miro. Representative of Prosveta. Zenica, November 6,2013. Jasarevic, Adnadin, Director of the Museum of Zenica. Zenica, November 6, 2013. Omerdjic, Efendia Muharem. Rijaset, Sarajevo, November 20, 2013. Pranjec, Father Drago. Guca Gora Monastery, November 19,2013. Rajkovic, Sladjana. Museum Advisor. National Museum of Leskovac, September 25, 2013. Secibovic, Prof. Dr. Sc. Refik. The Higher School for Tourism and Management, Konjic, November 12, 2013. Sehovic, Professor Sefedin. University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, September 20, 2013. Shkodra, Ramadan. Professor at the Faculty of Islamic Studies, Islamic Union of Kosova. Prishtinë,
May 14, 2019. Spahic Atif. Assistant Director, “Gradsko Groblje” Funeral Enterprise. Zenica, November, 6,2013. Tauber, Dr Eli. Sarajevo, November 11, 2013. Veljaca, Nelo. Secretary, St. Anto Funeral Society. Zenica, November 5, 2013. Secondary Sources Akmadza, Miroslav. Katolicka Crkva и Komunistickoj Hrvatskoj 1945-1980. Zagreb: Hrvatski Institute zapovijest, 2013. Alexander, Stella. Church and State in Yugoslavia Since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
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Index Alexander, King 58, 162 Amanat, Μ. 4 Anderson, B. 75 Andjic, Friar 12, 120 Appeal for Protection of the Serbian Population and their Sacred Monuments 212 archaeological excavation and indigenous rights 203 Arendt, H. 11,12 Arkan’s grave, Novo Groblje 197 Arkan’s Tigers 59 Association for Fighters from the People’s Liberation War archives 15 Association of Architects 206 Atheism 45,133,177 Austro-Hungarian Empire 50, 58, 61, 64, 100,115,163 Baric, D. 118 Beckovic, Μ. 218 Belgrade Municipal Council for Communal Services 140-1 Bergholz, Μ. 77, 88, 181, 210, 214 Besanic, Father Μ. 108-9 Besic, Μ. 118,127 Bevan, R. 207, 208 Bijedic, D. 115 Black, Μ. 8,9,76 Bleiburg massacre, Austria 189, 201 Boards of Health, National and Municipal, Britain 30 Bogdanovic, B. 1,92, 227-8 bones and graves narrative 186-7, 228, 231 Bosnia Hercegovina Heritage Rescue Association (BHHR) 220 Bosnia Hercegovina historical context 63-8 League of Communists of Bosnia Hercegovina 65 Social Political Council and Presidency of the Parliament of Bosnia Hercegovina 119 Socialist Alliance of Bosnia Hercegovina 118 Bosnian Muslim SS Division (Waffen Handzar Division) 65 Bosnian Serb Republic 67,68,197, 241 Botev, N. 169 BougarelX. 65 Bringa, T. 13,129 British Red Cross 74 brotherhood and unity 5,10,17, 50, 55, 62, 65, 68, 78, 86, 88-9, 93,102, 124, 227, 229-30 burial culture background 4-11 benign neglect 126-31, 231 burial policies 12 Catholic 23,102,108 civilian 5,17, 69 Communist 12, 43,49 cremation culture 138 cult of the dead/death 32-3, 41,115,140, 212 early 23 influences 115-23 institutions 70, 99
Jewish 35-39 mixed marriage 15,169-71 Muslim 40-2, 130,173-8 nationalist 18 Orthodox 32-5 Protestant Reformation 23-6 religious minority 108-9 rituals 40,126, 138,142, 231 secularization 100 Socialist Yugoslavia 6-7,14-16,43-6, 49,72, 99, 126,138, 142,185, 228,232 Soviet Union 9,16, 43, 46,49
318 Sunni and Shia 40 burial rituals conflicts over 24-5,132-6,142-4 creation of new rituals 17,44,126, 136-9,141-9 cremation 141 ethnoreligious 129 exclusion of women 42,129 local 8,10,128 military honors 142 Nis, Serbia 138 non-Partisans 231 private 14,128,177 religious 23-4, 26,42-3,103,125, 128, 130-1, 135-6 separation of church and state 104 State (communist and socialist) 17, 125-6,131,135-6,138, 144, 231 traditional 11,128-9 veterans 87, 142-4 Buturovic, A. 41,173 Byzantine 32, 34,40, 141, 152 Campbell, D. 168 Catherine II, Empress of Russia 34 Catholic Church 140,148,151 in Bosnia Hercegovina 116 in Croatia 51, 54-6, 58,101,108-9,115, 123, 126, 131,133,135, 137,189 Catholicism and Protestantism in Western and Central Europe 21-32 cemeteries Bosnia Hercegovina Banja Luka 95, 237,241 Bare Cemetery, Central Cemetery, Sarajevo 121-2, 130 Guca Gora Monastery 200, 202 Karaula, Orthodox cemetery 220 Mostar Partisan Memorial Cemetery, 228 Ossuary to the Peoples Heroes in Veliki Park, Sarajevo 91 Stup Cemetery, Sarajevo 117 Travnik 175 Vlakovo cemetery, Sarajevo 121 Vraca Partisan Cemetery and Memorial Park, Sarajevo 91-3 Zenica 170,172,183 Index Croatia Gospic Municipal Cemetery of St. Mary Magdalen 201-2 Graberje 211-12 Granesina, Zagreb 108-9 Gunja 112-13 Jasikovac Orthodox Cemetery, Gospid 94, 218-19 Markovo Polje, Zagreb 109 Mirogoj, Zagreb 101,141, 201 Mirosevac, Zagreb 109 Nova Gradiska 217 Osijek57, 104, 109,112,217 Sestine, Zagreb 102 Vrebac85,159,166-7 Zapresid 234 France Les Innocents, Paris 28 Père Lachaise, Paris 29, 31 Germany Heerstrasse 38 Weissensee, Berlin
37-9 Kosovo/Kosova Berivojce 223 Bostan/Bostanë 223 Devic Monastery 222 Gjakovo 182 Gracanica212, 223 Pejë, Orthodox Cemetery 226 Patriarchate of Pec 225 Prizren 224 Vuditrn/Vushtrri 224 Netherlands, Roermond 27 Serbia Kadarevo 183 Kostolac 111 Lesce, Belgrade 110,112 Novo Bezanija, Belgrade 110-12, 114,124, 141 Novo Groblje, Belgrade 76, 77,100, 110,140-2, 158, 197 Titelj 111 Zemun 113 Soviet Union, Alexander Nevsky Monastery, Moscow 179 cemetery administration vs. ownership 70,101-6 appropriation (see also nationalization of church properties) 104
Index British urban 30,179,194 as communities of the dead 3 confessional 25, 26, 90,101-5,107, 111, 124, 154,171, 180 to create collective identity 230-1 creation of new 109-14,120-4 Decree on Cemeteries 1949 102-3,155 integration 124,230 Jewish cemetery segregation 100,113 maintenance and care 82, 111, 118, 209, 239 nationalization 119-20 overcrowding 23, 30-1, 34,109,124,141 as part of ethnoreligious community 120 as places for political discourse 5 politicization 228, 231 property ownership 12-13,70,102,1046, 111, 115-16, 120, 227, 230 Red Square graves 44 revenue 104-5 secular cemeteries 17, 25, 97-8,121, 124, 227 secularization 6,100-20,123 as sites of education 83, 89, 92,120, 165,180 as sites of ethnic conflict, 1991-5 215 as sites of tourism 89,165 transition from churchyard to cemetery 98 war cemeteries 72-9, 87 cemetery segregation interfaith marriage mixed marriage 38 ethnoreligious and national 5,100,11415, 178,227,231 Jewish 37,100,113 new cemeteries 121 United States 4 war cemeteries 74-5 Western Europe 37 cenotaphs 75 charnel house (see ossuary/ossuaries) 22, 24,148 Chetniks 50, 58, 77 Church of Bosnia 64 coffins 23, 29, 32-3, 130,141,143,144, 148,152, 204 collective identity postwar Yugoslavia 4-5, 17,73, 78-9,84, 88-9,134, 227-8, 230 319 Colovié, I. (see also epitaph, Serbian laments) 159 columbarium 31-2, 45,140-1 Commission for Commemoration and Burial 90 Commission for Religious Questions (CRQ) 15, 69-70, 72,102-5,107, 113,115,117,119,121-7,12934, 136-8,143, 187, 209-12, 231 Commission for the Arrangement and Commemoration of Historical Places 79
Commission for the Cultivation of Revolutionary Traditions 69 Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) 4-6,16,43, 50, 51, 55, 65, 68,73, 78, 80, 93,185 community/ies of the dead 3, 5-6,10,17, 96, 98,110, 124, 126,147,157, 171, 173, 177-8,185-7, 193,196, 198,222, 229, 235 Constas, N. 32,152 Constitutions Croatia 1990 56 Democratic Federated Republic of Yugoslavia 1946 71 Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia 1948,162 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1974 52, 63, 65, 162 conversion 38,40, 54, 64 corruption 30,45 Council for Affairs of Religious Cults/ CARC 44, 69 Council for Communal Affairs 210 Council of Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church/CAROC 44, 69 CPY (Communist Party of Yugoslavia) 4-6, 16,43, 50, 51,65, 68, 73,78, 80, 93, 185 cremation background 8, 31-2 burial rituals 141 Catholics 31, 38,140 Communists 17,45 culture 138 increase 31 Islam 140
320 Jewish 37-9,140 Kodeks Pogrebne Usluge 138 opponents 31, 37-9 Orthodox 140 popularity 31,110 proponents 31,126 Soviet Union 45,140 Nazi 38 crematorium Novo Groblje Cemetery 140 Père Lachaise, Paris, France 31 planned and extant crematories 141 Vlakovo municipal cemetery, Sarajevo 121 Croatia, historical context 53-7 Croatian Democratic Community (HDZ) 56, 200 Croatian Spring 51, 55-6,118, 127, 135 cult of the dead/death 32-3, 41,115,140, 212 Cupina, Μ. 1-3 Curl, J. 30 Dapèevic, P. 126 Day of the Dead (see also Zadusnice) 137,212 Dayton Peace Accords 60, 63, 66-7 Defense of Monuments of Culture 90 Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) 63 demonstrations Albanians in Serbia 62-3, 210 desecration against African American graves in the United States 205 against Jewish graves 38,204-5, 217 by or against communist regime 209-10 definition 205 during and after wars of Yugoslav dissolution 217-228 in Bosnia Hercegovina 218-21 in Croatia 217-18 in Kosovo/Kosova 216, 221-8 escalation of 185 as ethnic conflict in Socialist Yugoslavia 210-215 forms of 204, 216 grave and cemetery desecrations 201-9, 219 as grave robbing, body snatching 201,203 Index as hate crime 204-5 Ministry of Communities and Return renewal 223 Nazi and Ustasha symbols 3 OSCE, graveyard reconstruction and repair 222 political significance 207 strategies for 206 Sufi shrines, Northern Africa 4 United States 4, 205 as vandalism 73,203-4 District People’s Council, Zagreb 102,106 Djilas, Μ. 96 Djureinovic, J. 10,190 Dobrovic, V. 92 Doughty, C. 18-19 Draskovic, V. 59, 218 Dubrovnik 57,107, 211, 217 Duizings, G. 178 Dusan,
Tsar Stefan 187 Enlightenment 23, 26,151 epitaph Balkan Muslims 153-5 as form of private and public communication 159 grave marker text 153-4,199 on grave markers, early 153 on grave markers, Protestant 153 on graves, pre-Islamic Arabic 153 on graves, signs of Islamization 153 increase of epitaphs on grave markers 159 Quranic citations on epitaphs 153 Serbian laments 159,197-200 eradication/removal of graves 77 ethnic cleansing 66, 208 ethnicization of the dead 186,189, 214,228 ethnoreligious segregation in cemeteries 111, 114-15 exclusion from burial rites and cemeteries by Communists 77-8, 96 by religious groups 22,25, 32, 38,42, 101,118 exhumation Bleiburg 189 German War Graves Commission 190 historical 4, 25, 34-5, 83, 128-9 Kodeks Pogrebne Usluge 138-40
Index Kujundzic, V. 140 Law on Cemeteries 91 mass graves 186 Orthodox graves 218 prevention of vampirization 129 repatriation 75-6 Sarajevo 221 Second World War 189-90 secondary burial 128-9,144 Srebrenica 189-90 of war dead 83-4, 91 Federal and Republic Archives 15 Federation of Bosnia Hercegovina 67-8, 221 First World War 43, 50,53-4, 58, 60-1, 64, 73-5,77, 94, 163,194, 223 French Revolution 23, 25, 28-9,148 funding cemetery maintenance and care 82, 111, 118, 209, 239 creation of cemeteries and memorials 22, 29, 76, 79-82, 84, 92, 109-10, 131 decentralized laws regarding 81 lack of/inadequate 16,79, 91,109-10 local for cemeteries and memorials 79 local for Partisan Cemetery, Mostar 81 Local People’s Councils for graves and cemeteries 80 maintenance costs 81,83,103-4,107, 118-19,222 Partisan cemeteries 82 profit from burials 30 profit from cemetery land/grounds 104 Funeral Associations 128 funeral service, ZAGS 44-5 funeral societies 126-8,131 Gaj, L. 162 Gal, S. 14 Gazi Husrev-Beg library, Sarajevo 220 Geiger, V. 77 Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft 97-8 Geneva Conventions, 1949 206 German War Graves Commission (see also Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgraberfursorge) 190 Gladstone, W. 18 Glenny, Μ. 164 321 Golubnjaca [The Dove Hole] (see also politicization) 188 Grace (Krstovdan) Incident 213-16 Granesina, Croatia 108 Grant, S. 75 grave markers abstract 93 in burial culture 178 burial rituals 14-15 change over time 154-61 early 148-9 emblems of political affiliation 228 epitaphs increase 159 homogeneity during Communist era 157 inclusive religious symbols 232 and language 161-7 maps
191 mixed marriage 18,168-71, 211 multigenerational 155-6 Muslim 41, 141, 149-50, 152-6, 160, 171-9, 192 as nationalist symbols 5 options during Communist era 158 pebbles on Jewish graves 151 photographs on grave markers 152-3, 174, 176, 182-3, 235-7, 240 politicization of grave markers 179, 191-201 politicization of script on grave markers 166 religious affiliation 149 renovation of grave markers 157, 191, 200-2 sculptures and figurines 154, 234 soldiers’ 192-3,196 soldiers’, five-pointed star, hammer and sickle 84 under communism, epitaphs, symbols, photographs 157-8 Veteran’s Association 7 grave ownership (see also leased graves) 30 Greenberg, R. 162 Guide to Funeral Services (Kodeks Pogrebne Usluge) 138-9 Habermas, J. 11,13 Hadith 40, 41 Hadiihalilovic, S. 220
322 Hague Convention 206 Halevi, L. 9,41,174 Hamersmitd, A. 201 Hayden, R. 169 HDZ (see Croatian Democratic Community) Hermann, V. 217 Herscher, A. 10,206,211,214,221 Hevra Kadisha 39,127 Hitler, A, 38 Hobson, R. 169 Holy Council of the Serbian Orthodox Church 211 Hoxha, A. 62, 221 hygiene 5, 26-32, 34, 45, 99,101,129-32, 142,144 identity Albanian 61-2,192 Bosniak 67, 200, 225, 232 bosnjastvo 64 collective identity 4-5,17,73,78-9, 84, 88-9, 134-5, 227-8, 230 Croatian 56, 63-5,194 national vs religious 46, 71,227, 229 Serbian 164,166,187,212 Yugoslav 78,161 Illyrian movement 162 Imperial War Graves Commission, 1920 94 Independent State of Croatia (NDH) 65,188-9 interethnic and interfaith marriages (see also mixed marriages) 26, 38, 65, 97,108,168 Interwar Yugoslavia (see also Kingdom of Yugoslavia) 49, 51,101,118,163 Islam in Europe aniconistic policies 173 graves, egalitarian 149 historical background 39-43 Islamic Religious Community (IVZ) 104-5,115,123 Islamization/Islamic nationalism in Bosnia Hercegovina 65, 67,153 Izetbegovic, A. 65, 66,119 Jasenovac, Croatia 87, 210 Jashari family 63 Jeftic, Archpriest S. 210-15 Index Jewish diaspora 35-6 Jim Crow Acts 4 JMO (see Yugoslav Muslim Organization) JNA (see Yugoslav Peoples Army) Joseph II, Emperor 100 Jovanovic, A. 126 Jovanovic, Μ. 129 Judaism in Europe 35-9 Jupp, P. 25 Karadzic, R. 66 Karadiic, V. 162 Karge, H. 10,79,85,87 Kelly, C. 45 Kingdom of Serbia 58 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 50, 54 Kingdom of Yugoslavia (see also Interwar Yugoslavia) 54, 61, 64 KLA (see Kosovo Liberation Army) Kodeks Pogrebne Usluge
(Guide to Funeral Services) 138 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) 63, 221,224 Kosovo/Kosova, historical context 60-3 Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo 211 Krajina (see Vbjska Krajina) Kselman, T. 150 Kujundzic, V. (see also Exhumation) 140 Kulen Vakuf, Bosnia Hercegovina 88, 95 laments, lamentation 33-4,159,197 landmines 217, 220 language BCMS (Bosnian-Croatian-MontenegrinSerbian) 162-3 BCS (Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian) 16, 162-3,239 common language 162 Croatian Literary Language 1967 162 Declaration on the Name and Position of the Croatian Literary Language 162 for education and tourism 164-5 on grave markers 161-7,192 and identity 167-71 linguistic complexity 161-7 linguistic diversity as obstacle to unity 162
Index Serbo-Croatian/Croato-Serbian 161-3 Vienna Linguistic Agreement, 1850 162 Laqueur, T. 8,10,18, 97-8,110, 227 Lawler, A. 10, 73, 85, 87, 227-8 laws Agents, policies, and laws 68-72 Commemoration of Historical Events and People 90 Law on People’s Councils (Narodni Odbori) 1946 99,102,105 Law on Agrarian Reform 1945 72,127 Law on Burials and Cemeteries in Serbia 1961 140 Law on Cemeteries, Bosnia Hercegovina 1960 90-1,115, 117,127 Law on Cemeteries, Croatia 1965 82, 102-3, 113, 155 Law on Cemeteries, Ferizaj, Kosovo 1961 106 Law on Cemeteries, revised, Serbia, 1965 140 Law on Cemeteries, Serbia, 1961 106 Law on Expropriation 1947 72 Law on Funeral Activity and the Maintenance and Administration of Cemeteries 119 Law on Legal Status of Religious Communities 1953 72, 106, 132, 137 Laws on Graves for Soldiers 81 Lazar, King 188 LCY (see League of Communists of Yugoslavia) LDK (see Democratic League of Kosovo) League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) (see also Communist Party of Yugoslavia) 51, 67 leased graves 30-1, 34, 37, 82,148,157 Lenin’s Mausoleum 44-5 Limani, Μ. 214 Ljubuncic, H. 70 Malcolm, N. 41 marginalization 67, 208 mass graves commemorating deaths of those killed by Communist regime 201 323 France 28 individual and mass graves, ossuaries 82 Jasenovac, Croatia 210 ossuaries for civilian victims of war 86 PLA, funding from SUBNOR 79 Srebrenica, Bosnia Hercegovina 189-90 Massey, R. 169 Matica Hrvatska 136 Matich, O. 152 maticne knijige birth, marriage, and death records 70, 72 Mbembe, A. 207-8 McAllester, Μ. 224 Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Arts and
Sciences 1986 52, 59, 164, 188 Menachemsen, N. 204 Merridale, C. 46 Mihailovic, D. 58 Military Frontier (see Vojska Krajina) Miloradovic, G. 96,142 Milosevic, S. 52, 59, 60, 63,188, 224 Ministry of Communities and Return, Kosova 222 Misiraca, D. 87 Mitrofan, Monk 33 mixed marriages (see also interethnic/ interfaith marriages) burial complications 15,118,120-1, 124,169 communist encouragement of 161,168-9 grave desecration 211 grave markers 18,148,168-72, 184, 240-1 monuments and memorials abstract design (see also Symbols) 92-3 Bleiburg massacre, Mirogoj Cemetery, Zagreb 201 commemoration of ethnoreligious dead (see also SUBNOR) 87-8 design and construction 79 exclusion of anti-regime war deaths 77-8, 96, 200-1,228, 231 exhumation 77 Kulen Vakuf massacre 88 Monuments of the Revolution, District of Slavonska Pozega 83
324 monuments to victims of fascism 81-2, 85, 87, 90, 92, 94, 231 Partisan 1-2, 68, 73, 76, 79-80, 83, 86, 88-92, 96,165-6, 182-3, 208,227-8 Second World War 5,76, 85, 88, 201 Srebrenica, Bosnia Hercegovina 189-90 symbols 149,151,155,166 mortuary and mortuaries 23,42,101,119, 126,130 Mytum, H. 148 nationalism and religion 6, 56, 58,64-5,177, 212, 233 ethnoreligious 124,161,189, 233 nineteenth century 40, 50 rise of in Socialist Yugoslavia 18,52,56, 65, 162, 164, 185,188 nationalization (see also laws) of cemeteries 119-20 of church properties 72,102,106-7, 114-17,120, 123,126 effect on cemeteries and funeral industry 43-4, 105,128,132,155, 233 NATO 60, 63, 66, 203, 221-3 Nazis 3, 38, 50, 65, 76, 179, 204 NDH (see Independent State of Croatia) necropolitics 207-8 Nemanjic Dynasty 212 Netherlands 25-6, 37-8,153 Niebyl, D. 10 Nora, P. 10 Novi Pazar (Sandzak of), Serbia 100,114, 123, 130, 173-4,210, 230 Novi Sad Agreement, SerboCroatian 162-3 O’Dell, E. 208 Office of the Islamic Union, Kosova 221 Old Serbia 213-14 Omerdic, Μ. 220 Operations Flash and Storm 57 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 222-4 Orthodox Church 32-5 In Bosnia Hercegovina 116 Russian Orthodox Church 44-5 Index Serbian Orthodox Church 10, 52, 58-9, 61-2,126,140-1,188-9,21014, 221 ossuaries creation by SUBNOR 84 individual and mass graves 82 Orthodox cemeteries 34 Ossuary to the People’s Heroes in Veliki Park 91 Vraca Partisan Cemetery and Memorial Park, Sarajevo, Bosnia Hercegovina 92 ossuary, ossuaries (see also charnel house) 1,5,6, 22, 24, 26, 34, 36, 37, 73, 78-9, 82, 84-7,89,
90-1, 92, 96, 148,164, 227 Ottoman Empire 13,40, 53, 64,100, 152-3 Paris Peace Conference 61 Partisan cemeteries to create collective identity 230-1 creation of “communities of the dead” 96 “generally Yugoslav” (opstejugoslovenski) 94, 95 overcome/alleviate grief 83-8,230 for tourism and education (see also language, script) 89 unequally valued 86 Partisans (PLA/People’s Liberation Army) 6-7, 50, 68-9, 79-80, 82-3, 86-7 Party of Democratic Action (SDA) 66-7 Patriarch German 211 Patriarchate of Pec 212,224-5 Pavicevic, A. 129,141 Perica, V. 55 Petrovic, E. 128 Petrovic, R. 169 Pijade, Μ. 126 pilgrimage 42, 53, 90,186 plague 22, 32, 34, 37 Politicization cemetery politicization 5,96, 217, 228, 231 of the dead 179-81, 185, 188,228, 231 exhumation of mass graves 186 Golubnjaca [The Dove Hole] 188 of mass graves 186-91
Index nationalist narrative of bones and graves 228, 231 of partisan cemeteries and graves 68, 86, 96,179-81 repoliticization of mass graves 185 Ustasha rehabilitation through politicization of the dead 189 of war dead 76-8,91,148, 179-84, 185,189 Pollack, C. 190 Protestant Reformation 24-6 Public/Private dichotomy 11-15 Public/Private forms of mourning 11,14, 17,73,79,88-9, 97,133,136, 144,168, 190,197, 240 Public Health Act of 1850, Great Britain 30 Putnam, R. 168 Qur’an epitaphs on graves 152-3,173,194 regarding burial culture 39,41 Rabbinical Board of the Committee for the Preservation of Jewish Cemeteries in Europe 35 Radic, R. 71 Radulovic, J. 188 Rambouillet international peace negotiations 60 Rankovic, A. 55, 58-9,62,116,134-5 Ravnikar, E. 92 reburial (see also Exhumation) 6,110, 128-9, 189-90 Reconstruction Implementation Commission for Serbian Orthodox Religious Sites 222 registration of births and weddings, ZAGS 44 Reis-ul-Ulema 65,115 relics 32, 140, 187-8 religious minorities 57-8 Resurrection 22, 31-2, 35-7,42,98,140 Riedelmayer, A. 218,221 Ritig, S. 54, 55, 70,103-6, 209 Roma 87, 114, 118,205,222, 235-40 Rubic, D. 121 Rugg, J. 8, 25, 30 Rugova, I. 63 325 Salis-Seewis, Bishop 54 Samec, I. 108 Savez Udruzenje Boraca Narodnooslobodilackog Rata (see SUBNOR) Schauble, Μ. 189-90 Schlesinger, Rabbi E. 35, 37 Schulz, F. 8-9 Scientific Revolution 23, 26,203 Scott, J. 177 Script Arabic script on Muslim graves 152 Cyrillic 56,161,163 Cyrillic, Graberje, Croatia (see also Desecrations) 211-12 Cyrillic vs. Latin 163 in education and usage 163 equality of, Novi Sad
Agreement 163 and ethnoreligious or political identity 161 Latin script 161 mixed marriage 18,184 mixed script 166-7 and national identity 164 SUBNOR, script on monuments 165 and symbols on grave markers 164-7 SDA (see Party of Democratic Action) SDS (see Serbian Democratic Party) Second Balkan War 1913 40 Second Vatican Council 55 Second World War exhumation 189-90 institutionalized memory 4-6, 78-9 Jews 38, 204 Kulen Vakuf 88 monuments and memorials 85,190-1 occupations 58, 61 Partisans 6, 50-1, 71, 76,189, 231 politicization of dead 76-8,179,185,189 Ustasha 56,188 secularization Bosnia Hercegovina 115-20 burial practices 26 secular cemeteries 17, 25,97-8,121, 124,227 secular control 115 Serbia and Croatia 100-9 Western European 8-9, 23-4 Sehman, K. 108-9 Sehovic, S. 114
326 Sekulic, D. 169 Self-Managed Social Agreements 83 Separation of church and state 13, 25, 70-2,104, 229 Serbia historical context 57-60 League of Communists of Serbia 52 Ministry for Kosovo and Metohija 222 Serbian Writer’s Association 188 Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) 66 Serbian Republic (RS) declaration of independence 66,187,194, 239 Seselj, V. 59,119,197 Shoup, P. 67 Silajdzic, H. 67 Slavonia, Eastern and Western, Croatia 53, 57,59,101,111,123 Smolkin, V. 44,139 Soviet Union 9,16,51, 71, 76, 78, 86, 96, 105,140,179-80 CARC/Council for Affairs of Religious Cults 44, 69 CAROC/Council of Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church 44, 69 New Economic Policy 44 Red Funerals 43 Red Square graves 44 religious funerals 46 War Communism 43 Sremec, Μ. 134 St. Ilija Parish Church, Zenica, Bosnia Hercegovina 120 steed (stecak) 40 Stepinac, A. 55-6 Strossmayer, Bishop 54 SUBNOR (Savez Udruzenje Boraca Narodnooslobodilackog Rata) commemoration of ethnoreligious dead 87-8 creation of ossuaries, common mausoleums 84 creation of secular all-Yugoslav funeral ritual 142 exhumation of unknown soldiers 84 graves of soldiers, maintenance, preservation, establishment 68 inclusive of religious traditions 143 Law on Graves for Soldiers, Bosnia Hercegovina 81 Index Partisan cemeteries 180 rulebook for military funerals 142 segregated sections for soldiers buried in non-Partisan cemeteries 180 structure 69 Veteran’s Organization 68 Subotic, J. 10 Susie, Μ. 41 symbols abstract design 92-3, 96, 227,230 alternative political symbols 181 in burial culture 46 images/effigies on graves 152-3 mixed
marriage 71, 240 National Albania black double-headed eagle 7,191-2 maps 191-2 Bosnia Hercegovina fleur-de-lis 194, 196,200 shield, blue and gold 194-6,202 Croatia braided cross 194-5 sahovnica (checkerboard flag) 56, 192, 194,201-2 Serbia double-headed white eagle 59-60, 194,198 ocilo (Serbian cross) 197-8,223 Political Communist party symbols on grave markers 179-81 five-pointed Partisan Stars 84,92, 180, 200,230, 224 hammer and sickle on grave markers 84,224, 230 Religious Catholic symbols on grave markers 150-1 forms of crosses on grave markers 149-51 in the Soviet Union 45 Islamic Crescent Moon and Star 152, 171, 173, 232,234,240 Muslim soldiers 192 Orthodox Cross 151, 197 Protestant symbols on grave markers 150-1 Star of David 151
Index script and symbols on grave markers (see also script) 165-7 sculptures and figurines on grave markers 154, 234 shapes, symbols, images, and epitaphs 148-54,175 under communism, epitaphs, symbols, photographs 157-8 Tauber, E. 121 tehvid 42,129 Tihic, S. 89-90 Tito, J. B. 50-2, 54-6, 58-9, 69, 86, 92, 124, 133-4, 143,211 Tjentiste, Battle of Sutjeska 80 Tomb of the People’s Heroes, 1948, Kalemegdan Park, Belgrade 96 Treaties of Versailles, Trianon, Lausanne, Sèvres, and Neuilly 75 Treaty for the Protection of Minorities 61 Tudjman, F. 56, 59,164,200 Tvrtko I 64, 194 UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 206, 224 United Nations brokered/imposed Peace Agreement of 1991 57-9 United States 4, 9, 60-1,74-6, 96,168, 203, 205 Ustasha 54, 56, 58, 65,77, 87,188-9, 201,211 vakuf (waqf) 65,100,105, 116 vampirization 33, 35, 129 Van Onselen, C. 4 327 Vanderstraeten, R. 153 Veteran’s Association (VA) 7, 68, 79 victims of ethnic violence vs. victims of fascism 87-8 Victims of Fascist Terror (Zrtva Fasistickog Terora) (ZFT) 86, 92 Vincent, F. 205-7, 214,225, 227 Vivod, Μ. 59 Vojska Krajina (Military Frontier), Croatia 53, 57, 59, 111, 123,217 Vojvodina, Serbia 4, 51-3, 58, 60-1, 63, 76, 100,104, 111, 138, 169, 188, 232 Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgraberfursorge (see also German War Graves Commission) 76 Walton, J. 155,201 warchitecture 206 Wars of Yugoslav dissolution 4, 6,18, 53,185 Wenzel, Μ. 220 Winter, J. 10,73,84 Yugoslav Muslim Organization (JMO)64 Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA) 57, 59, 209,217 Zadusnice (see also Day of the Dead) 34, 212 ZAGS,
registration of births and weddings 44 Zenica, Bosnia Hercegovina 116,120, 127,128, 171 Zmaj, J. 140 |
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| author | Lilly, Carol S. 1959- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1089862547 |
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| author_sort | Lilly, Carol S. 1959- |
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| bvnumber | BV049572862 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1430764335 (DE-599)BVBBV049572862 |
| edition | First edition |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:30:48Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-22T17:49:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781350285828 9781350285866 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xiv, 327 Seiten Illustrationen, 1 Karte |
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| spelling | Lilly, Carol S. 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)1089862547 aut Death and burial in socialist Yugoslavia the politicization of cemeteries and ethnic conflict in the Balkans Carol S. Lilly First edition London ; New York ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney Bloomsbury Academic 2024 xiv, 327 Seiten Illustrationen, 1 Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index "Across the globe, memorial and grave sites are being increasingly weaponized in conflicts and politicized by parties to advance agendas. Here, Carol S. Lilly examines ideas of death, politics, memory, ideology and nationalism in the former Yugoslav republics of Bosnia-Hercegovina, Croatia, and Serbia to shine fresh light on cemetery culture in 20th-century Europe. More specifically, Death and Burial in Socialist Yugoslavia investigates how the Communist Party of Yugoslavia created its own communities of the dead by implementing cemetery policies which reinforced their ideals of secularism, pluralism, brotherhood, and unity. However, in doing so the communist regime left the previous system of ethno-religious segregation in place and further isolated Catholics, Orthodox, Muslims and Jews who continued to be buried in separate locations. This in turn further politicized burial rites and exacerbated tensions between different ethno-religious communities. As a result, by the time Yugoslavia disintegrated in the early 1990s, dead bodies and cemeteries had become a concerted weapon of war in the ongoing ethnic conflict. Ultimately, then, this timely study reveals for the first time the extent to which the communist regime not only failed to created their own communities of the dead but also further divided and alienated living communities in Yugoslavia."-- Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Ethnischer Konflikt (DE-588)1268481068 gnd rswk-swf Politisierung (DE-588)4046590-1 gnd rswk-swf Friedhof (DE-588)4018537-0 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd rswk-swf Burial / Balkan Peninsula / History Memorials / Balkan Peninsula / History Cemeteries / Balkan Peninsula / History European history Memorials, monuments Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 g Friedhof (DE-588)4018537-0 s Ethnischer Konflikt (DE-588)1268481068 s Politisierung (DE-588)4046590-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-350-28586-6 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-350-28585-9 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-3502-8586-6 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-3502-8583-5 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, eBook 978-1-3502-8584-2 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034917996&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034917996&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034917996&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Lilly, Carol S. 1959- Death and burial in socialist Yugoslavia the politicization of cemeteries and ethnic conflict in the Balkans Ethnischer Konflikt (DE-588)1268481068 gnd Politisierung (DE-588)4046590-1 gnd Friedhof (DE-588)4018537-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1268481068 (DE-588)4046590-1 (DE-588)4018537-0 (DE-588)4028966-7 |
| title | Death and burial in socialist Yugoslavia the politicization of cemeteries and ethnic conflict in the Balkans |
| title_auth | Death and burial in socialist Yugoslavia the politicization of cemeteries and ethnic conflict in the Balkans |
| title_exact_search | Death and burial in socialist Yugoslavia the politicization of cemeteries and ethnic conflict in the Balkans |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Death and burial in socialist Yugoslavia the politicization of cemeteries and ethnic conflict in the Balkans |
| title_full | Death and burial in socialist Yugoslavia the politicization of cemeteries and ethnic conflict in the Balkans Carol S. Lilly |
| title_fullStr | Death and burial in socialist Yugoslavia the politicization of cemeteries and ethnic conflict in the Balkans Carol S. Lilly |
| title_full_unstemmed | Death and burial in socialist Yugoslavia the politicization of cemeteries and ethnic conflict in the Balkans Carol S. Lilly |
| title_short | Death and burial in socialist Yugoslavia |
| title_sort | death and burial in socialist yugoslavia the politicization of cemeteries and ethnic conflict in the balkans |
| title_sub | the politicization of cemeteries and ethnic conflict in the Balkans |
| topic | Ethnischer Konflikt (DE-588)1268481068 gnd Politisierung (DE-588)4046590-1 gnd Friedhof (DE-588)4018537-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ethnischer Konflikt Politisierung Friedhof Jugoslawien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034917996&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034917996&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034917996&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lillycarols deathandburialinsocialistyugoslaviathepoliticizationofcemeteriesandethnicconflictinthebalkans |