Poland under German occupation, 1939-1945: new perspectives
"As a unique and innovative addition to the scholarship on Nazi Germany, the Holocaust, and modern Polish history, this volume provides fresh analysis on the Nazi occupation of Poland. Through new questions and engaging untapped sources the leading historians who have contributed to this volume...
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| Sprache: | English |
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New York ; Oxford
Berghahn
2024
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| Schriftenreihe: | Vermont studies on Nazi Germany and the Holocaust
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "As a unique and innovative addition to the scholarship on Nazi Germany, the Holocaust, and modern Polish history, this volume provides fresh analysis on the Nazi occupation of Poland. Through new questions and engaging untapped sources the leading historians who have contributed to this volume provide original scholarship to steer debates and expand the historiography surrounding Nazi racial and occupation policies, Polish and Jewish responses to them, persecution, police terror, resistance, and complicity"-- |
| Beschreibung: | x, 209 Seiten Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781805392439 |
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Contents Preface vii Maps ix Introduction Jonathan Huener and Andrea Löw 1 1. “So That the Future Chronicler Can Make Use Not Only of Official Documents”: How Jews in the Ghettos Documented and Researched the Holocaust in Occupied Poland 18 Andrea Löw 2. Networks of Dependence and Love: Jewish-Gentile Relationships in Nazi-Occupied Poland Natalia Aleksiun 41 3. Stories of Power: Sexual Contacts between Occupiers and Locals in German-Occupied Poland Maren Röger 65 4. KirchenpoUtik as Volkstumspolitik'. The Catholic Church in Nazi-Occupied Poland Jonathan Huener 83 5. Ordinary Organization, Extraordinary State Violence: The Polish “Blue” Police and the Holocaust in Eastern Krakow District Tomasz Frydel 6. Moral Victories? Warsaw’s Two Uprisings in World War II Winson Chu 102 127
Contents 7. Polish Debates on the Holocaust from the 1940s to the Present Dariusz Stola 153 Conclusion: Contemporary Research on the Holocaust and German Occupation of Poland - Between New Empiricism and Geschichtspolitik 182 Ingo Loose Index 201
As a unique and innovative addition to the scholarship on Nazi Germany, the Holocaust, and modern Polish history, this volume provides fresh analysis on the Nazi occupation of Poland. Through new questions and engaging untapped sources, the leading historians who have contributed to this volume provide original scholarship to steer debates and expand the historiography surrounding Nazi racial and occupation policies, Polish and Jewish responses to them, persecution, police terror, resistance, and complicity.
Index administration, of ghettos, 21—22 archives and, 23, 26-27, 31-32 Admitting the Holocaust (Langer), 183-84 agency, 8, 28-29, 103-4, 119, 184 resistance and, 4-6 AK. See Home Army Akselrad, Mira, 50-51 Alltaffgeschichte (history of everyday life), 4-5,78, 116 ghettos and, 25-28, 33-34 Altreich, 23-24, 72, 94, 99n34, 99n37 Warthegau and, 66-67, 90, 92 Anders, Wladyslaw, 132 antisemitism, 131, 133-34, 160, 167-69, 188-89 Blue Police and, 103-4, 106, 116, 119 Catholic Church and, 159, 162 sexual violence and, 76 apologetics, 162, 166, 168 Applebaum, Anne, 135 archives. See also Lodz Ghetto Archive; Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto ghetto administration and, 23, 26-27,31-32 photographs in, 26-27, 33 “Aryans,” 46, 66, 128 passing as, 6 safety and, 32, 41, 115-16 assault, sexual, 62n88 Auschwitz (Oswiçcim), 3—4, 164-65, 175nn28-29, 176n43 brothel in, 69 Catholic Church and, 162-63 deportation to, 23, 32, 69 Auschwitz International Council, 164-65, 175n30 barter, sexual, 7, 43, 70-71 Baskind, Samantha, 130 blackmail, 49-50, 53, 78, 106-7, 191 Blonski, Jan, 10 controversies and, 161—63,166-70 Blue Police (Polish Police in the General Government), 9, 121nl, 122n32, 188 AKand, 110-13, 117-18, 123n39 antisemitism and, 103-4, 106, 116, 119 executionsand, 107, 109, 115, 118,123nn39-41 German Order Police and, 102-3, 105-9 Holocaust and, 103, 111 Judenjagd and, 8, 106-7, 116-17 locals and, 114-20 perpetrator motivations and, 102-4, 106 Polish underground and, 103, 109-13, 119-20 punishment of, 106-9, 122nnl8-19 shelter of Jews and, 107-9, 112-13 Böll, Heinrich, 65 Broszat,
Martin, 91 brothels, 7, 67-70, 78 Browning, Christopher R., 102—3 brutality, 137, 156 of occupation, 2—3, 8, 73-74, 85-86, 91, 162 police, 105-6 -201-
Index burden, of rescue, 51-57 “bystanders,” 10, 154-56, 172n6, 184, 188. See also Hilberg, Raul Catholic Church, 95n2, 187. See also Kirchenpolitik antisemitism and, 159, 162 Auschwitz and, 162-63 controversies and, 163-64 East Upper Silesia and, 8, 83, 91-93 executions and, 7, 86, 91 “Final Solution” and, 93, 100n47 in General Government, 83—84 Germanization and, 91-93 hierarchy of, 85-86, 95n2 material losses of, 87—88, 98nl7 resistance and, 85-87, 89 survival of, 94 in Warthegau, 83-84, 88-91 Chelmno (Kulmhof) killing center, 3, 23, 27,31,99n41, 154 Chronicle, 23-24 Cichy, Michal, 133, 165 clergy, 7, 86-94, 95n2, 187 coercion, sexual assault and, 7, 71, 74 collaboration, 5, 119-20, 155, 160, 188-91 communism, 10, 91, 104,134-35, 138-40, 163-64 debates about the Holocaust and, 153-54, 157,159-61 media and, 170 postwar Poland and, 130-32, 142, 154, 158-59, 175n26 communities, 44 emotional, 42-43, 57 protection of, 112-18, 123n52, 123nn46-48 complicity, 10, 129, 134, 140, 143n5, 159 concentration camps Dachau, 32, 85-86, 88 deportation to, TINTS, 78, 86 documentation and, 185 conditions, in ghettos, 19-20, 22-23, 28-29, 186, 193 consent, 67, 70, 78 power and, 7, 71 controversies, 10-11, 137, 153, 159, 175n29. See also debates Blohski and, 161-63, 166-70 Catholic Church and, 163—64 Shoah and, 161 conversion, religious, 42—43, 47-49 Czerniakôw, Adam, 28, 129 Czocher, Anna, 74 Dachau concentration camp, 32, 85-86, 88 Dalejjest noc, 191-92 Dembski, Stefan, 110 Davies, Norman, 139—40 debates communism and, 153-54, 157, 159-61 on Holocaust, 1, 10-11, 153-54, 157-71 media and,
168—71, 176n43 on Neighbors, 133, 137, 153, 165—68, 170, 189-90 in postwar Poland, 168-70 deportation, 85, 87—88 to Auschwitz, 23, 32, 69 to killing centers, 21, 72-73, 78, 86 photographs of, 27 Deutsche Volksliste (DVL), 70, 9293, 112. See also Volksdeutsche diaries, as documentation, 18-19, 22-24, 42, 157-58, 183-85, 193 diversity, 5, 153, 157-58,168 in ghettos, 24, 31, 34 divorce, religious, 45—46 documentation contributors and, 30-31 diaries as, 18-19, 22-24, 42, 157-58,183-85,193 emotions and, 186-87 from ghettos, 5-6, 18-34 of mixed marriages, 42-43, 47 primary sources as, 104, 185, 192-94 -202-
Index of sexual contacts, 65 survival of, 31-34 trial proceedings as, 8, 75, 104, 108-9, 113, 118-19, 188 Duda, Andrzej, 140-41 DVL. See Deutsche Volksliste eastern Europe, mixed marriages in, 41-42, 56-57 East Upper Silesia, 2-4, 95nl Catholic Church and, 8, 83, 91-93 Eichengreen, Lucille, 24-25 Einsatzgruppen, 3 Emilia H. (survivor), 71 “emotional communities,” 42^3, 57 emotions, 42-43, 54-56, 157 history of, 186-87 empathy, 120, 159, 161, 166, 188 Encyclopedia, 25-26 Engelking, Barbara, 191—92 English language, 135, 139 enrichment, 21-22, 50, 61n45, 156, 185 ethnic Poles, 2-3, 84, 93, 111, 114-19, 158 EuropeanUnion, 134, 141—42, 190 everyday life, history of. See Alltagsgeschichte executions, 27, 72-73 Blue Police and, 107, 109, 115, 118, 123nn39-41 Catholic Church and, 7, 86, 91 extermination camps/extermination centers. See killing centers families, 29, 42-43, 46-48, 70, 107 rescue and, 49-51, 53 “Final Solution,” 20, 42,128,154, 157-60 Catholic Church and, 93, 100n47 Flaschka, Monika J., 76-77 forced prostitution, 68-69, 78 Frank, Hans, 43-44, 59nl7, 91 Gauck, Joachim, 139-40 General Government of the Occupied Polish Territories {Generalgouvernement). See also Blue Police Catholic Church in, 83—84 mixed marriages in, 44-45 sexual contacts in, 66-68, 73-74, 76-78 Gentiles, Jews and, 6,41-57,186-89 Germanization, 8, 84 Catholic Church and, 91-93 race and, 68 German language, 4, 24, 87 German men, Polish women and, 65-67, 70-73 Germany. See Nazi Germany Geschichtspolitik (the politics of history), 11, 182-83, 189-92 ghettos, 34n4, 185. See also Warsaw Ghetto
administration of, 21-22 Alltagsgeschichte and, 25—28, 33-34 conditions in, 19—20, 22—23, 28-29, 186, 193 diversity in, 24, 31, 34 documentation from, 5—6, 18-34 Lodz, 18, 22-23 policies and, 19-20 resettlement and, 31, 77, 111, 155 sexual assault and, 75 uprisings in, 9, 73, 128-31 in Warthegau, 20 Goldberg, Amos, 130 Goldhagen, Daniel J., 102—3 Grabowski, Jan, 102,108-9,191-92 Greiner, Bernd, 73-74 Greiser, Arthur, 68 Warthegau and, 8, 84, 87-88, 90-91, 93-96nn3-4, 95nl Gross, Jan Tomasz debates and, 153, 165-70, 189-91 Neighbors, 10, 133-34, 137, 153, 165-69 Grossman, Mendel, 26—27, 33 guilt, 54-55,156,192 Gulag, 130, 134-35 -203-
Index Halder, Franz, 2 Hartl, Albert, 100n47 Hebrew language, 185 Hecht, Izydor, 53-56 heroism, 162, 189 Polish, 9-10,138, 141, 169 survival and, 129-30, 132-33 Herrenmenschen, 71, 76 hierarchy of Catholic Church, 85-86, 95n2 race and, 66-67, 76—77,116—17 Hilberg, Raul, 4, 43, 119-20, 155 historical memory, 10, 19, 156-57, 168-71 politics and, 11, 135, 190-94 historiography emotions in, 186-87 of Holocaust, 103, 183—84 of occupation, 4—5, 10, 18, 27, 33-34 history. See also Alltagsgeschichte of emotions, 186—87 Geschichtspolitik, 11, 182-83, 189-92 revisions of, 11, 162, 190, 193 Hitler, Adolf, 1-2, 131, 139 Holocaust. See also specific topics Blue Police and, 103, 111 debates on, 1, 10—11, 153—54, 157-71 documentation of, 18-19 historiography of, 103, 183-84 memory and, 129, 134, 141-42 Poland and, 154-57 relationships in, 42—43 “Holocaust law,” 169, 191 Holocaust Memorial Museum, US, 19, 165 Home Army (AK), 139, 143n3 Blue Police and, 110-13, 117-18, 123n39 uprisingsand, 129, 131-33 Horowitz, Irena, 47-48 hunger, 3, 22-23, 27-28, 155 Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), 135, 166, 168-70, 190 intimate relationships, 70 Jewish-Gentile, 6, 41-57 material needs and, 7, 42-43, 68, 71-72,74 mixed, 42, 46—49 non-heterosexual, 58n5 punishment and, 72-73 secrecy of, 46—48 invasion (1939), of Poland, 2-3, 66-67,73, 78, 86,155 IPN. See Institute of National Remembrance Jaki, Wilhelm, 112-13, 123n39 Jedwabne massacre, 10, 133, 153, 165-68, 170, 189-90 Jew-Hunt. See Judenjagd Jewish-Gentile relationships, 186-89 intimate, 6, 41-57 Jewish Historical Commission, 32, 41, 130, 186
“Jewish narrative,” 130, 134, 141-42 “Polish narrative” compared to, 133, 138 Jewish population, of Poland, 1, 22, 128,154-55 Jewish women, 7, 56-57 occupiers and, 66, 68 rape and, 75-76 Jews, 129—30. See also shelter, of Jews Gentiles and, 6, 41-57,186-89 Polish, 2, 30-31,66, 75,131, 154-55, 191 race and, 44-45, 59nnl7-18 John Paul II (pope), 146n51, 163 Judenjagd (Jew-Hunt), 111, 155,188 Blue Police and, 8, 106-7, 116-17 Jus, Andrzej, 48-49, 61nn42-43 Kahane, David, 45-46 killing centers, 89-90, 109, 114-15, 123n48, 155 Auschwitz, 3-4, 164-65, 175nn28-29, 176n43 -204-
Index brothels in, 69 Chelmno, 3, 23, 27, 31, 99n41, 154 Dachau, 32, 85—86, 88 deportation to, 21, 72-73, 78, 86 documentation and, 185 Treblinka, 28, 31, 128—29 Kirchenpolitik, of National Socialism, 7-8, 84-85, 89-94 Klarfeld, Charlotta, 49—50, 61nn44—45 Komorowski, Bronislaw, 140-41, 147n59 Kriiger, Friedrich Wilhelm, 105 Krüger, Kurt, 94 Krupa, Jan, 108-9 labor camps, 52, 86-87, 116, 155 documentation and, 185 ghettos as, 23 Langer, Lawrence L., Admitting the Holocaust, 183-84 language, 183-84, 193-94 English, 135, 139 German, 4, 24, 87 Hebrew, 185 Polish, 24, 87, 154 Yiddish, 4, 25, 185-86 Lanzmann, Claude, Shoah, 10, 161 Las Casas, Bartholomé de, 183-84 Law and Justice Party (Prawo i Sprawiedliwosc), 11, 136, 169, 189 laws Holocaust, 169, 191 Nuremberg, 43-44, 59nl8, 66 Lifton, Robert Jay, 156 locals, Blue Police and, 114-20 Lodz Ghetto, 18, 22-23 Lodz Ghetto Archive, 5-6, 21, 27-28, 31-33 Chronicle of, 23-24 Encyclopedia of, 24-26 Majzlisz, Hieronim, 46-47, 60n31 Maltz, Moshe, 56-57 Maria K. (survivor), 69 marriage. See also intimate relationships; mixed marriages shelter and, 48, 50-56 taboo and, 43, 46, 57 material losses, of Catholic Church, 87-88, 98nl7 material needs, relationships and, 7, 42-43, 68, 71-72,74 material property, 175n26 enrichment and, 21-22, 50, 61n45, 156, 185 media communism and, 170 debates and, 168—71, 176n43 memory historical, 10, 19, 156—57, 168-71 Holocaust and, 129, 134, 141—42 Michnik, Adam, 134, 146n38 mixed marriages, 6, 44-46, 48, 52-55 documentation of, 42-43, 47 in eastern Europe, 41-42, 56-57 vulnerability and, 49-51 mixed
relationships, 42, 46—49 power and, 43, 55-56 “model Gau.” See Mustergau “moral victories,” totalitarianism paradigm and, 128-29, 133, 137, 141-42 motivations, of perpetrators, 102-4, 106 museums Museum of the Second World War, 135-36 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 19, 165 Warsaw Rising Museum, 137-38, 140 Mustergau (“model Gau”), 8, 84-85, 89, 92-93, 96n4 National Socialism “Final Solution” and, 20, 42, 128, 154, 157-60 Kirchenpolitik of, 7-8, 84—85, 89-94 -205-
Index Polish policy of, 83—84, 92—94, 99n39 racial ideology of, 66-67, 77-78 national treachery, 73, 187 Nazi Germany, Soviet Union compared to, 127-28, 134-37, 141-42 Nazism. See National Socialism Neighbors (Gross), 10, 169 debates on, 133, 137, 153, 165-68, 170, 189-90 Neitzel, Sönke, 74 non-heterosexual intimate relationships, 58n5 Nuremberg Laws, 43^44, 59nl8, 66 Obersalzberg retreat, 2, 12n2 occupation, of Poland, 7, 11, 115 brutality and, 2-3, 8, 73—74, 85-86, 91, 162 historiography of, 4-5, 10, 18, 27, 33-34 policies of, 3, 76, 99n39, 193 sexual violence in, 73—76 Soviet, 1, 6, 9, 42, 47-48, 130, 139-41 occupiers, П-Л Jewish women and, 66, 68 Oldakowski, Jan, 138-41 Oneg Shabbat. See Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto Order Police, 73, 119 Blue Police and, 102—3, 105-9 Oswiçcim. See Auschwitz paradigms Shoah, 134, 141-42 totalitarianism, 9, 134—36, 138-39, 146n38, 147n59 passing, as “Aryan,” 6 Pat, Jacob, 185 perpetrators, 33, 74—77, 120, 132, 155, 183-84 motivations of, 102^1, 106 rescue and, 117-18 photographs, in archives, 26-27, 33 pogroms, 48, 159, 168, 189 Pohl, Dieter, 45 Poland German occupation of, 7, 11, 42, 48, 115 Geschichtspolitik in, 11, 182-83, 189-92 Holocaust and, 154-57 Jewish population of, 1, 22, 128, 154-55 1939 invasion of, 2-3, 66-67, 73, 78, 86, 155 postwar, 57 prewar, 42, 46, 105, 114, 128, 154, 191 Soviet occupation of, 1, 6, 9, 42, 47-48, 130, 139-41 Warsaw, 9, 127-33, 136-42 Polenpolitik. See Polish Policy Poles, ethnic, 2-3, 84, 93, 111, 114-19, 158 police brutality, 105-6 policies ghettos and, 19-20 Kirchenpolitik, 7-8, 84-85,
89-94 occupation, 3, 76, 99n39, 193 Polish Criminal Police, 106, 110, 122nl4 Polish heroism, 9-10, 138, 141, 169 Polish-Jewish relations, 32, 137, 141-42, 163, 168-69, 175n26, 187 Polish Jews, 2, 30-31, 66, 75, 131, 154-55, 191 Polish language, 24, 87, 154 “Polish narrative,” 131-32, 135-37, 140-42 “Jewish narrative” compared to, 133, 138 Polish Police, General Government. See Blue Police Polish policy, of National Socialism, 83-84, 92-94, 99n39 Polish protestants, 89-92 Polish underground, 157-58 Blue Police and, 103, 109-13, 119-20 resistance and, 8-9, 109-13 -206-
Index Warsaw Ghetto and, 111, 137-38 Warsaw uprising and, 127,132—33 Polish women German men and, 65-67, 70-73 rape and, 73-78 politics archives and, 26 historical memory and, 11, 135, 190-94 politics of history. See Geschichtspolitik Poraj, Kazimiera, 51-53, 61n64 postwar Poland, 57 communism and, 130-32, 142, 154,158-59,175n26 debates in, 168-70 documentation and, 184-85 power, 105-9, 187 consent and, 7, 71 mixed relationships and, 43, 55-56 sexual contacts and, 65-67, 78 violence and, 74 Poznanski, Jakub, 18 Praglowska, Stanislawa, 53-56, 62n69 Prawo i Sprawiedliwosc. See Law and Justice Party prewar Poland, 42, 46, 105, 114, 128, 154, 191 primary sources, 104, 185, 192-94 Probst, Rudolph, 112 prostitution, 7, 67, 70 forced, 68-69, 78 protection, of communities, 11218, 123n52, 123nn46-48 protestants, Polish, 89-92 punishment of Blue Police, 106-9, 122nnl8-19 relationships and, 72-73 for sexual assault, 76-77 race Germanization and, 68 hierarchy and, 66-67, 76-77, 116-17 Jews and, 44-45, 59nnl7-18 sexual contacts and, 66-67 Volkskörper and, 44, 66 racial ideology, of National Socialism, 66-67, 77-78 rape, 62n88, 67, 73—78. See also sexual assault Regierungsbezirk Zichenau, 2, 95nl Reichsdeutsche, 66—67, 75, 77-78, 90, 99n37. See also Altreich Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreußen, 8, 83,91,93, 95nl Reichsgau Wartheland. See Warthegau relations, 186, 188. See also intimate relationships Polish-Jewish, 32, 137, 141-42, 163, 168-69, 175n26, 187 religious conversion, 42-43, 47^49 religious divorce, 45—46 rescue burden of, 51-57 family and, 49—51 perpetrators and, 117-18 resettlement,
3, 21, 83, 115—16 ghettos and, 31, 77, 111, 155 resistance, 99n39, 128-31, 133, 141-42 agency and, 4-6 Catholic Church and, 85-87, 89 Polish underground and, 8-9, 109-13 in Warsaw Ghetto, 31 responsibility, 54, 109, 161, 166, 184, 192 revisions, of history, 11, 162, 190, 193 Rich, Ian, 103 “Righteous Among the Nations,” 171, 188-89 Ringelblum, Emanuel, 30-31 Underground Archive and, 18, 32-34,185-86 Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church Roseman, Mark, 119-20 Rosenfarb, Chava, The Tree ofLife, 186 Rosenfeld, Oskar, 24-26, 32 -207-
Index Rosenwein, Barbara, 43 Ross, Henryk, 26-27, 33 Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim, 22-23, 26-27 safety, 49-50, 56, 114 “Aryans” and, 32, 41, 115-16 secrecy archives and, 23, 26-27, 31—32 of relationships, 46-48 sex work and, 67-68 sexual assault, 62n88 coercion and, 7, 71, 74 ghettos and, 75 punishment for, 76-77 sexual barter, 7, 43, 70-71 sexual contacts, 75 documentation of, 65 in General Government, 66-68, 73-74,76-78 power and, 65-67, 78 prostitution and, 67-70 relationships and, 70-73 Volksdeutsche and, 66-67, 70, 77 sexual violence, 67, 77-78 antisemitism and, 76 in occupation, 73-76 sex work, secrecy and, 67-68. See also prostitution Shaar, Pinchas, 27, 33 shelter, of Jews Blue Police and, 107-9, 112-13 marriage and, 48, 50-56 Shoah (Lanzmann), 10, 161 “Shoah paradigm,” 134, 141^42 Sierakowiak, Dawid, 22-23 Singer, Oskar, 24, 26, 32 Sobczak, Kornelia, 136 Soviet Union, 3. See also communism Blue Police and, 105 Nazi Germany compared to, 127-28, 134-37, 141-42 occupation by, 1, 6, 9, 42, 47—48, 130, 139-41 Stalin, Joseph, 131—32, 134, 137-39 Steinlauf, Michael C., 156-57 survival, 41, 57, 69, 71 of Catholic Church, 94 of documentation, 31-34 guilt and, 156 heroism and, 129—30, 132—33 taboo, marriage and, 43, 46, 57 totalitarianism paradigm, 9, 134—36, 138-39, 146n38, 147n59 “moral victories” and, 128-29, 133, 137, 141-42 trauma, 135, 156-57 treachery, national, 73, 187 Treblinka killing center, 28, 31, 128-29 The Tree ofLife (Rosenfarb), 186 trial proceedings, 8, 75, 104, 108-9, 113, 118-19, 188 Trinczer, Berta, 41^13, 58nl Tsanin, Mordechai, 185 Turowicz, Jerzy, 159,
161-62 Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto, 5-6, 21, 28-29 contributors to, 30-31 Ringelblum and, 18, 32-34, 185-86 Underground State, 103, 116. See also Polish underground Home Army (AK) and, 110-13, 117-18, 123n39, 129, 131-33, 139, 143n3 United States (US), 5, 130 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 19, 165 uprisings, 127, 136^12, 189 Home Army (AK) and, 129, 131-33 Warsaw Ghetto, 9, 73, 128-31 violence, 105-6, 116-19 power and, 74 sexual, 67, 77-78 Volksdeutsche, 90, 99n36, 107-8, 112 sexual contacts and, 66-67, 70, 77 -208-
Index Volkskörper, 44, 66 Volkstumspolitik. See Polish policy, of National Socialism von Puttkamer, Joachim, 136 vulnerability, mixed marriages and, 49-51 Warsaw, Poland, 9, 127-33, 136-42 Warsaw Ghetto, 5, 20, 28-29. See also Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto Polish underground and, 111, 137-38 resistance in, 31 Warsaw Ghetto uprising, 9, 73, 129-31, 143n3 Warsaw uprising compared to, 127-28, 133 Warsaw Rising Museum, 137-38, 140 Warsaw uprising, 147n55 Polish underground and, 127, 132-33 Warsaw Ghetto uprising compared to, 127-28, 133 Warthegau, 2—3, 99n37. See also Lodz Ghetto Altreich and, 66-67, 90, 92 Catholic Church in, 83-84, 88-91 ghetto in, 20 Greiser and, 8, 84, 87-88, 90-91, 93-96nn3-4, 95nl sexual contacts in, 66-72, 74—78 Weinberg, Gerhard, 127, 142 Welzer, Harald, 74 women, 42, 65—66. See also Polish women Jewish, 7, 56-57 YadVashem, 129-30, 165, 188-89 Yiddish language, 4, 25, 185-86 Zajfer, Cyrla, 29-30 Zelkowicz, Jozef, 23, 26, 32 Zichenau, Regierungsbezirk, 2, 95nl Zimmermann, Rudolph, 112 Zonabend, Nachman, 32-33 -209- Beyerieche Staatsbibliothek München Î |
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Contents Preface vii Maps ix Introduction Jonathan Huener and Andrea Löw 1 1. “So That the Future Chronicler Can Make Use Not Only of Official Documents”: How Jews in the Ghettos Documented and Researched the Holocaust in Occupied Poland 18 Andrea Löw 2. Networks of Dependence and Love: Jewish-Gentile Relationships in Nazi-Occupied Poland Natalia Aleksiun 41 3. Stories of Power: Sexual Contacts between Occupiers and Locals in German-Occupied Poland Maren Röger 65 4. KirchenpoUtik as Volkstumspolitik'. The Catholic Church in Nazi-Occupied Poland Jonathan Huener 83 5. Ordinary Organization, Extraordinary State Violence: The Polish “Blue” Police and the Holocaust in Eastern Krakow District Tomasz Frydel 6. Moral Victories? Warsaw’s Two Uprisings in World War II Winson Chu 102 127
Contents 7. Polish Debates on the Holocaust from the 1940s to the Present Dariusz Stola 153 Conclusion: Contemporary Research on the Holocaust and German Occupation of Poland - Between New Empiricism and Geschichtspolitik 182 Ingo Loose Index 201
As a unique and innovative addition to the scholarship on Nazi Germany, the Holocaust, and modern Polish history, this volume provides fresh analysis on the Nazi occupation of Poland. Through new questions and engaging untapped sources, the leading historians who have contributed to this volume provide original scholarship to steer debates and expand the historiography surrounding Nazi racial and occupation policies, Polish and Jewish responses to them, persecution, police terror, resistance, and complicity.
Index administration, of ghettos, 21—22 archives and, 23, 26-27, 31-32 Admitting the Holocaust (Langer), 183-84 agency, 8, 28-29, 103-4, 119, 184 resistance and, 4-6 AK. See Home Army Akselrad, Mira, 50-51 Alltaffgeschichte (history of everyday life), 4-5,78, 116 ghettos and, 25-28, 33-34 Altreich, 23-24, 72, 94, 99n34, 99n37 Warthegau and, 66-67, 90, 92 Anders, Wladyslaw, 132 antisemitism, 131, 133-34, 160, 167-69, 188-89 Blue Police and, 103-4, 106, 116, 119 Catholic Church and, 159, 162 sexual violence and, 76 apologetics, 162, 166, 168 Applebaum, Anne, 135 archives. See also Lodz Ghetto Archive; Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto ghetto administration and, 23, 26-27,31-32 photographs in, 26-27, 33 “Aryans,” 46, 66, 128 passing as, 6 safety and, 32, 41, 115-16 assault, sexual, 62n88 Auschwitz (Oswiçcim), 3—4, 164-65, 175nn28-29, 176n43 brothel in, 69 Catholic Church and, 162-63 deportation to, 23, 32, 69 Auschwitz International Council, 164-65, 175n30 barter, sexual, 7, 43, 70-71 Baskind, Samantha, 130 blackmail, 49-50, 53, 78, 106-7, 191 Blonski, Jan, 10 controversies and, 161—63,166-70 Blue Police (Polish Police in the General Government), 9, 121nl, 122n32, 188 AKand, 110-13, 117-18, 123n39 antisemitism and, 103-4, 106, 116, 119 executionsand, 107, 109, 115, 118,123nn39-41 German Order Police and, 102-3, 105-9 Holocaust and, 103, 111 Judenjagd and, 8, 106-7, 116-17 locals and, 114-20 perpetrator motivations and, 102-4, 106 Polish underground and, 103, 109-13, 119-20 punishment of, 106-9, 122nnl8-19 shelter of Jews and, 107-9, 112-13 Böll, Heinrich, 65 Broszat,
Martin, 91 brothels, 7, 67-70, 78 Browning, Christopher R., 102—3 brutality, 137, 156 of occupation, 2—3, 8, 73-74, 85-86, 91, 162 police, 105-6 -201-
Index burden, of rescue, 51-57 “bystanders,” 10, 154-56, 172n6, 184, 188. See also Hilberg, Raul Catholic Church, 95n2, 187. See also Kirchenpolitik antisemitism and, 159, 162 Auschwitz and, 162-63 controversies and, 163-64 East Upper Silesia and, 8, 83, 91-93 executions and, 7, 86, 91 “Final Solution” and, 93, 100n47 in General Government, 83—84 Germanization and, 91-93 hierarchy of, 85-86, 95n2 material losses of, 87—88, 98nl7 resistance and, 85-87, 89 survival of, 94 in Warthegau, 83-84, 88-91 Chelmno (Kulmhof) killing center, 3, 23, 27,31,99n41, 154 Chronicle, 23-24 Cichy, Michal, 133, 165 clergy, 7, 86-94, 95n2, 187 coercion, sexual assault and, 7, 71, 74 collaboration, 5, 119-20, 155, 160, 188-91 communism, 10, 91, 104,134-35, 138-40, 163-64 debates about the Holocaust and, 153-54, 157,159-61 media and, 170 postwar Poland and, 130-32, 142, 154, 158-59, 175n26 communities, 44 emotional, 42-43, 57 protection of, 112-18, 123n52, 123nn46-48 complicity, 10, 129, 134, 140, 143n5, 159 concentration camps Dachau, 32, 85-86, 88 deportation to, TINTS, 78, 86 documentation and, 185 conditions, in ghettos, 19-20, 22-23, 28-29, 186, 193 consent, 67, 70, 78 power and, 7, 71 controversies, 10-11, 137, 153, 159, 175n29. See also debates Blohski and, 161-63, 166-70 Catholic Church and, 163—64 Shoah and, 161 conversion, religious, 42—43, 47-49 Czerniakôw, Adam, 28, 129 Czocher, Anna, 74 Dachau concentration camp, 32, 85-86, 88 Dalejjest noc, 191-92 Dembski, Stefan, 110 Davies, Norman, 139—40 debates communism and, 153-54, 157, 159-61 on Holocaust, 1, 10-11, 153-54, 157-71 media and,
168—71, 176n43 on Neighbors, 133, 137, 153, 165—68, 170, 189-90 in postwar Poland, 168-70 deportation, 85, 87—88 to Auschwitz, 23, 32, 69 to killing centers, 21, 72-73, 78, 86 photographs of, 27 Deutsche Volksliste (DVL), 70, 9293, 112. See also Volksdeutsche diaries, as documentation, 18-19, 22-24, 42, 157-58, 183-85, 193 diversity, 5, 153, 157-58,168 in ghettos, 24, 31, 34 divorce, religious, 45—46 documentation contributors and, 30-31 diaries as, 18-19, 22-24, 42, 157-58,183-85,193 emotions and, 186-87 from ghettos, 5-6, 18-34 of mixed marriages, 42-43, 47 primary sources as, 104, 185, 192-94 -202-
Index of sexual contacts, 65 survival of, 31-34 trial proceedings as, 8, 75, 104, 108-9, 113, 118-19, 188 Duda, Andrzej, 140-41 DVL. See Deutsche Volksliste eastern Europe, mixed marriages in, 41-42, 56-57 East Upper Silesia, 2-4, 95nl Catholic Church and, 8, 83, 91-93 Eichengreen, Lucille, 24-25 Einsatzgruppen, 3 Emilia H. (survivor), 71 “emotional communities,” 42^3, 57 emotions, 42-43, 54-56, 157 history of, 186-87 empathy, 120, 159, 161, 166, 188 Encyclopedia, 25-26 Engelking, Barbara, 191—92 English language, 135, 139 enrichment, 21-22, 50, 61n45, 156, 185 ethnic Poles, 2-3, 84, 93, 111, 114-19, 158 EuropeanUnion, 134, 141—42, 190 everyday life, history of. See Alltagsgeschichte executions, 27, 72-73 Blue Police and, 107, 109, 115, 118, 123nn39-41 Catholic Church and, 7, 86, 91 extermination camps/extermination centers. See killing centers families, 29, 42-43, 46-48, 70, 107 rescue and, 49-51, 53 “Final Solution,” 20, 42,128,154, 157-60 Catholic Church and, 93, 100n47 Flaschka, Monika J., 76-77 forced prostitution, 68-69, 78 Frank, Hans, 43-44, 59nl7, 91 Gauck, Joachim, 139-40 General Government of the Occupied Polish Territories {Generalgouvernement). See also Blue Police Catholic Church in, 83—84 mixed marriages in, 44-45 sexual contacts in, 66-68, 73-74, 76-78 Gentiles, Jews and, 6,41-57,186-89 Germanization, 8, 84 Catholic Church and, 91-93 race and, 68 German language, 4, 24, 87 German men, Polish women and, 65-67, 70-73 Germany. See Nazi Germany Geschichtspolitik (the politics of history), 11, 182-83, 189-92 ghettos, 34n4, 185. See also Warsaw Ghetto
administration of, 21-22 Alltagsgeschichte and, 25—28, 33-34 conditions in, 19—20, 22—23, 28-29, 186, 193 diversity in, 24, 31, 34 documentation from, 5—6, 18-34 Lodz, 18, 22-23 policies and, 19-20 resettlement and, 31, 77, 111, 155 sexual assault and, 75 uprisings in, 9, 73, 128-31 in Warthegau, 20 Goldberg, Amos, 130 Goldhagen, Daniel J., 102—3 Grabowski, Jan, 102,108-9,191-92 Greiner, Bernd, 73-74 Greiser, Arthur, 68 Warthegau and, 8, 84, 87-88, 90-91, 93-96nn3-4, 95nl Gross, Jan Tomasz debates and, 153, 165-70, 189-91 Neighbors, 10, 133-34, 137, 153, 165-69 Grossman, Mendel, 26—27, 33 guilt, 54-55,156,192 Gulag, 130, 134-35 -203-
Index Halder, Franz, 2 Hartl, Albert, 100n47 Hebrew language, 185 Hecht, Izydor, 53-56 heroism, 162, 189 Polish, 9-10,138, 141, 169 survival and, 129-30, 132-33 Herrenmenschen, 71, 76 hierarchy of Catholic Church, 85-86, 95n2 race and, 66-67, 76—77,116—17 Hilberg, Raul, 4, 43, 119-20, 155 historical memory, 10, 19, 156-57, 168-71 politics and, 11, 135, 190-94 historiography emotions in, 186-87 of Holocaust, 103, 183—84 of occupation, 4—5, 10, 18, 27, 33-34 history. See also Alltagsgeschichte of emotions, 186—87 Geschichtspolitik, 11, 182-83, 189-92 revisions of, 11, 162, 190, 193 Hitler, Adolf, 1-2, 131, 139 Holocaust. See also specific topics Blue Police and, 103, 111 debates on, 1, 10—11, 153—54, 157-71 documentation of, 18-19 historiography of, 103, 183-84 memory and, 129, 134, 141-42 Poland and, 154-57 relationships in, 42—43 “Holocaust law,” 169, 191 Holocaust Memorial Museum, US, 19, 165 Home Army (AK), 139, 143n3 Blue Police and, 110-13, 117-18, 123n39 uprisingsand, 129, 131-33 Horowitz, Irena, 47-48 hunger, 3, 22-23, 27-28, 155 Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), 135, 166, 168-70, 190 intimate relationships, 70 Jewish-Gentile, 6, 41-57 material needs and, 7, 42-43, 68, 71-72,74 mixed, 42, 46—49 non-heterosexual, 58n5 punishment and, 72-73 secrecy of, 46—48 invasion (1939), of Poland, 2-3, 66-67,73, 78, 86,155 IPN. See Institute of National Remembrance Jaki, Wilhelm, 112-13, 123n39 Jedwabne massacre, 10, 133, 153, 165-68, 170, 189-90 Jew-Hunt. See Judenjagd Jewish-Gentile relationships, 186-89 intimate, 6, 41-57 Jewish Historical Commission, 32, 41, 130, 186
“Jewish narrative,” 130, 134, 141-42 “Polish narrative” compared to, 133, 138 Jewish population, of Poland, 1, 22, 128,154-55 Jewish women, 7, 56-57 occupiers and, 66, 68 rape and, 75-76 Jews, 129—30. See also shelter, of Jews Gentiles and, 6, 41-57,186-89 Polish, 2, 30-31,66, 75,131, 154-55, 191 race and, 44-45, 59nnl7-18 John Paul II (pope), 146n51, 163 Judenjagd (Jew-Hunt), 111, 155,188 Blue Police and, 8, 106-7, 116-17 Jus, Andrzej, 48-49, 61nn42-43 Kahane, David, 45-46 killing centers, 89-90, 109, 114-15, 123n48, 155 Auschwitz, 3-4, 164-65, 175nn28-29, 176n43 -204-
Index brothels in, 69 Chelmno, 3, 23, 27, 31, 99n41, 154 Dachau, 32, 85—86, 88 deportation to, 21, 72-73, 78, 86 documentation and, 185 Treblinka, 28, 31, 128—29 Kirchenpolitik, of National Socialism, 7-8, 84-85, 89-94 Klarfeld, Charlotta, 49—50, 61nn44—45 Komorowski, Bronislaw, 140-41, 147n59 Kriiger, Friedrich Wilhelm, 105 Krüger, Kurt, 94 Krupa, Jan, 108-9 labor camps, 52, 86-87, 116, 155 documentation and, 185 ghettos as, 23 Langer, Lawrence L., Admitting the Holocaust, 183-84 language, 183-84, 193-94 English, 135, 139 German, 4, 24, 87 Hebrew, 185 Polish, 24, 87, 154 Yiddish, 4, 25, 185-86 Lanzmann, Claude, Shoah, 10, 161 Las Casas, Bartholomé de, 183-84 Law and Justice Party (Prawo i Sprawiedliwosc), 11, 136, 169, 189 laws Holocaust, 169, 191 Nuremberg, 43-44, 59nl8, 66 Lifton, Robert Jay, 156 locals, Blue Police and, 114-20 Lodz Ghetto, 18, 22-23 Lodz Ghetto Archive, 5-6, 21, 27-28, 31-33 Chronicle of, 23-24 Encyclopedia of, 24-26 Majzlisz, Hieronim, 46-47, 60n31 Maltz, Moshe, 56-57 Maria K. (survivor), 69 marriage. See also intimate relationships; mixed marriages shelter and, 48, 50-56 taboo and, 43, 46, 57 material losses, of Catholic Church, 87-88, 98nl7 material needs, relationships and, 7, 42-43, 68, 71-72,74 material property, 175n26 enrichment and, 21-22, 50, 61n45, 156, 185 media communism and, 170 debates and, 168—71, 176n43 memory historical, 10, 19, 156—57, 168-71 Holocaust and, 129, 134, 141—42 Michnik, Adam, 134, 146n38 mixed marriages, 6, 44-46, 48, 52-55 documentation of, 42-43, 47 in eastern Europe, 41-42, 56-57 vulnerability and, 49-51 mixed
relationships, 42, 46—49 power and, 43, 55-56 “model Gau.” See Mustergau “moral victories,” totalitarianism paradigm and, 128-29, 133, 137, 141-42 motivations, of perpetrators, 102-4, 106 museums Museum of the Second World War, 135-36 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 19, 165 Warsaw Rising Museum, 137-38, 140 Mustergau (“model Gau”), 8, 84-85, 89, 92-93, 96n4 National Socialism “Final Solution” and, 20, 42, 128, 154, 157-60 Kirchenpolitik of, 7-8, 84—85, 89-94 -205-
Index Polish policy of, 83—84, 92—94, 99n39 racial ideology of, 66-67, 77-78 national treachery, 73, 187 Nazi Germany, Soviet Union compared to, 127-28, 134-37, 141-42 Nazism. See National Socialism Neighbors (Gross), 10, 169 debates on, 133, 137, 153, 165-68, 170, 189-90 Neitzel, Sönke, 74 non-heterosexual intimate relationships, 58n5 Nuremberg Laws, 43^44, 59nl8, 66 Obersalzberg retreat, 2, 12n2 occupation, of Poland, 7, 11, 115 brutality and, 2-3, 8, 73—74, 85-86, 91, 162 historiography of, 4-5, 10, 18, 27, 33-34 policies of, 3, 76, 99n39, 193 sexual violence in, 73—76 Soviet, 1, 6, 9, 42, 47-48, 130, 139-41 occupiers, П-Л Jewish women and, 66, 68 Oldakowski, Jan, 138-41 Oneg Shabbat. See Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto Order Police, 73, 119 Blue Police and, 102—3, 105-9 Oswiçcim. See Auschwitz paradigms Shoah, 134, 141-42 totalitarianism, 9, 134—36, 138-39, 146n38, 147n59 passing, as “Aryan,” 6 Pat, Jacob, 185 perpetrators, 33, 74—77, 120, 132, 155, 183-84 motivations of, 102^1, 106 rescue and, 117-18 photographs, in archives, 26-27, 33 pogroms, 48, 159, 168, 189 Pohl, Dieter, 45 Poland German occupation of, 7, 11, 42, 48, 115 Geschichtspolitik in, 11, 182-83, 189-92 Holocaust and, 154-57 Jewish population of, 1, 22, 128, 154-55 1939 invasion of, 2-3, 66-67, 73, 78, 86, 155 postwar, 57 prewar, 42, 46, 105, 114, 128, 154, 191 Soviet occupation of, 1, 6, 9, 42, 47-48, 130, 139-41 Warsaw, 9, 127-33, 136-42 Polenpolitik. See Polish Policy Poles, ethnic, 2-3, 84, 93, 111, 114-19, 158 police brutality, 105-6 policies ghettos and, 19-20 Kirchenpolitik, 7-8, 84-85,
89-94 occupation, 3, 76, 99n39, 193 Polish Criminal Police, 106, 110, 122nl4 Polish heroism, 9-10, 138, 141, 169 Polish-Jewish relations, 32, 137, 141-42, 163, 168-69, 175n26, 187 Polish Jews, 2, 30-31, 66, 75, 131, 154-55, 191 Polish language, 24, 87, 154 “Polish narrative,” 131-32, 135-37, 140-42 “Jewish narrative” compared to, 133, 138 Polish Police, General Government. See Blue Police Polish policy, of National Socialism, 83-84, 92-94, 99n39 Polish protestants, 89-92 Polish underground, 157-58 Blue Police and, 103, 109-13, 119-20 resistance and, 8-9, 109-13 -206-
Index Warsaw Ghetto and, 111, 137-38 Warsaw uprising and, 127,132—33 Polish women German men and, 65-67, 70-73 rape and, 73-78 politics archives and, 26 historical memory and, 11, 135, 190-94 politics of history. See Geschichtspolitik Poraj, Kazimiera, 51-53, 61n64 postwar Poland, 57 communism and, 130-32, 142, 154,158-59,175n26 debates in, 168-70 documentation and, 184-85 power, 105-9, 187 consent and, 7, 71 mixed relationships and, 43, 55-56 sexual contacts and, 65-67, 78 violence and, 74 Poznanski, Jakub, 18 Praglowska, Stanislawa, 53-56, 62n69 Prawo i Sprawiedliwosc. See Law and Justice Party prewar Poland, 42, 46, 105, 114, 128, 154, 191 primary sources, 104, 185, 192-94 Probst, Rudolph, 112 prostitution, 7, 67, 70 forced, 68-69, 78 protection, of communities, 11218, 123n52, 123nn46-48 protestants, Polish, 89-92 punishment of Blue Police, 106-9, 122nnl8-19 relationships and, 72-73 for sexual assault, 76-77 race Germanization and, 68 hierarchy and, 66-67, 76-77, 116-17 Jews and, 44-45, 59nnl7-18 sexual contacts and, 66-67 Volkskörper and, 44, 66 racial ideology, of National Socialism, 66-67, 77-78 rape, 62n88, 67, 73—78. See also sexual assault Regierungsbezirk Zichenau, 2, 95nl Reichsdeutsche, 66—67, 75, 77-78, 90, 99n37. See also Altreich Reichsgau Danzig-Westpreußen, 8, 83,91,93, 95nl Reichsgau Wartheland. See Warthegau relations, 186, 188. See also intimate relationships Polish-Jewish, 32, 137, 141-42, 163, 168-69, 175n26, 187 religious conversion, 42-43, 47^49 religious divorce, 45—46 rescue burden of, 51-57 family and, 49—51 perpetrators and, 117-18 resettlement,
3, 21, 83, 115—16 ghettos and, 31, 77, 111, 155 resistance, 99n39, 128-31, 133, 141-42 agency and, 4-6 Catholic Church and, 85-87, 89 Polish underground and, 8-9, 109-13 in Warsaw Ghetto, 31 responsibility, 54, 109, 161, 166, 184, 192 revisions, of history, 11, 162, 190, 193 Rich, Ian, 103 “Righteous Among the Nations,” 171, 188-89 Ringelblum, Emanuel, 30-31 Underground Archive and, 18, 32-34,185-86 Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church Roseman, Mark, 119-20 Rosenfarb, Chava, The Tree ofLife, 186 Rosenfeld, Oskar, 24-26, 32 -207-
Index Rosenwein, Barbara, 43 Ross, Henryk, 26-27, 33 Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim, 22-23, 26-27 safety, 49-50, 56, 114 “Aryans” and, 32, 41, 115-16 secrecy archives and, 23, 26-27, 31—32 of relationships, 46-48 sex work and, 67-68 sexual assault, 62n88 coercion and, 7, 71, 74 ghettos and, 75 punishment for, 76-77 sexual barter, 7, 43, 70-71 sexual contacts, 75 documentation of, 65 in General Government, 66-68, 73-74,76-78 power and, 65-67, 78 prostitution and, 67-70 relationships and, 70-73 Volksdeutsche and, 66-67, 70, 77 sexual violence, 67, 77-78 antisemitism and, 76 in occupation, 73-76 sex work, secrecy and, 67-68. See also prostitution Shaar, Pinchas, 27, 33 shelter, of Jews Blue Police and, 107-9, 112-13 marriage and, 48, 50-56 Shoah (Lanzmann), 10, 161 “Shoah paradigm,” 134, 141^42 Sierakowiak, Dawid, 22-23 Singer, Oskar, 24, 26, 32 Sobczak, Kornelia, 136 Soviet Union, 3. See also communism Blue Police and, 105 Nazi Germany compared to, 127-28, 134-37, 141-42 occupation by, 1, 6, 9, 42, 47—48, 130, 139-41 Stalin, Joseph, 131—32, 134, 137-39 Steinlauf, Michael C., 156-57 survival, 41, 57, 69, 71 of Catholic Church, 94 of documentation, 31-34 guilt and, 156 heroism and, 129—30, 132—33 taboo, marriage and, 43, 46, 57 totalitarianism paradigm, 9, 134—36, 138-39, 146n38, 147n59 “moral victories” and, 128-29, 133, 137, 141-42 trauma, 135, 156-57 treachery, national, 73, 187 Treblinka killing center, 28, 31, 128-29 The Tree ofLife (Rosenfarb), 186 trial proceedings, 8, 75, 104, 108-9, 113, 118-19, 188 Trinczer, Berta, 41^13, 58nl Tsanin, Mordechai, 185 Turowicz, Jerzy, 159,
161-62 Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto, 5-6, 21, 28-29 contributors to, 30-31 Ringelblum and, 18, 32-34, 185-86 Underground State, 103, 116. See also Polish underground Home Army (AK) and, 110-13, 117-18, 123n39, 129, 131-33, 139, 143n3 United States (US), 5, 130 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 19, 165 uprisings, 127, 136^12, 189 Home Army (AK) and, 129, 131-33 Warsaw Ghetto, 9, 73, 128-31 violence, 105-6, 116-19 power and, 74 sexual, 67, 77-78 Volksdeutsche, 90, 99n36, 107-8, 112 sexual contacts and, 66-67, 70, 77 -208-
Index Volkskörper, 44, 66 Volkstumspolitik. See Polish policy, of National Socialism von Puttkamer, Joachim, 136 vulnerability, mixed marriages and, 49-51 Warsaw, Poland, 9, 127-33, 136-42 Warsaw Ghetto, 5, 20, 28-29. See also Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto Polish underground and, 111, 137-38 resistance in, 31 Warsaw Ghetto uprising, 9, 73, 129-31, 143n3 Warsaw uprising compared to, 127-28, 133 Warsaw Rising Museum, 137-38, 140 Warsaw uprising, 147n55 Polish underground and, 127, 132-33 Warsaw Ghetto uprising compared to, 127-28, 133 Warthegau, 2—3, 99n37. See also Lodz Ghetto Altreich and, 66-67, 90, 92 Catholic Church in, 83-84, 88-91 ghetto in, 20 Greiser and, 8, 84, 87-88, 90-91, 93-96nn3-4, 95nl sexual contacts in, 66-72, 74—78 Weinberg, Gerhard, 127, 142 Welzer, Harald, 74 women, 42, 65—66. See also Polish women Jewish, 7, 56-57 YadVashem, 129-30, 165, 188-89 Yiddish language, 4, 25, 185-86 Zajfer, Cyrla, 29-30 Zelkowicz, Jozef, 23, 26, 32 Zichenau, Regierungsbezirk, 2, 95nl Zimmermann, Rudolph, 112 Zonabend, Nachman, 32-33 -209- Beyerieche Staatsbibliothek München Î |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:25:58Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-20T00:16:20Z |
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| isbn | 9781805392439 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Poland under German occupation, 1939-1945 new perspectives edited by Jonathan Huener and Andrea Löw New York ; Oxford Berghahn 2024 x, 209 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Vermont studies on Nazi Germany and the Holocaust "As a unique and innovative addition to the scholarship on Nazi Germany, the Holocaust, and modern Polish history, this volume provides fresh analysis on the Nazi occupation of Poland. Through new questions and engaging untapped sources the leading historians who have contributed to this volume provide original scholarship to steer debates and expand the historiography surrounding Nazi racial and occupation policies, Polish and Jewish responses to them, persecution, police terror, resistance, and complicity"-- Geschichte 1939-1945 gnd rswk-swf Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Poland Jews / Poland / History / 20th century Juifs / Pologne / Histoire / 20e siècle Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd rswk-swf Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 gnd rswk-swf Poland / History / Occupation, 1939-1945 Pologne / Histoire / 1939-1945 (Occupation) Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2018 Burlington, Vt. gnd-content Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 s Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 s Geschichte 1939-1945 z DE-604 Huener, Jonathan 1963- (DE-588)130127825 edt Löw, Andrea 1973- (DE-588)132018853 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-80539-244-6 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-80539-245-3 Digitalisierung Institut für Ost- und Südosteuropaforschung, Bibliothek - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034871127&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034871127&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034871127&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Poland under German occupation, 1939-1945 new perspectives Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Poland Jews / Poland / History / 20th century Juifs / Pologne / Histoire / 20e siècle Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 gnd |
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| title | Poland under German occupation, 1939-1945 new perspectives |
| title_auth | Poland under German occupation, 1939-1945 new perspectives |
| title_exact_search | Poland under German occupation, 1939-1945 new perspectives |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Poland under German occupation, 1939-1945 new perspectives |
| title_full | Poland under German occupation, 1939-1945 new perspectives edited by Jonathan Huener and Andrea Löw |
| title_fullStr | Poland under German occupation, 1939-1945 new perspectives edited by Jonathan Huener and Andrea Löw |
| title_full_unstemmed | Poland under German occupation, 1939-1945 new perspectives edited by Jonathan Huener and Andrea Löw |
| title_short | Poland under German occupation, 1939-1945 |
| title_sort | poland under german occupation 1939 1945 new perspectives |
| title_sub | new perspectives |
| topic | Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Poland Jews / Poland / History / 20th century Juifs / Pologne / Histoire / 20e siècle Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 gnd |
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