Ripped apart: Volume 1 The Cyprus crisis, 1963-64
Ripped Apart Volume 1 provides an even-handed and richly illustrated account of the military history of Cyprus between independence from Britain and the events of 1964. Describing the tensions that emerged between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots through the 1960s, Ripped Apart helps to provide a bett...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Warwick
Helion & Company Limited
[2023]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Europe@war series
no. 34 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | Ripped Apart Volume 1 provides an even-handed and richly illustrated account of the military history of Cyprus between independence from Britain and the events of 1964. Describing the tensions that emerged between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots through the 1960s, Ripped Apart helps to provide a better understanding of a conflict that remains highly controversial. Volume 1 examines the local military build-up and a series of armed clashes that shook the island in 1964, and lays much of the background to the events that would follow in the 1970s. |
| Beschreibung: | 73 Seiten, viii Seiten Tafeln |
| ISBN: | 9781804512128 |
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Helion Company Limited Unit 8 Amherst Business Centre Budbrooke Road Warwick CV34 5WE England Tel. 01926 499 619 Email: info@helion.co.uk Website: www.helion.co.uk Twitter: @helionbooks Visit our blog http://blog.helion.co.uk/ Text ©Tom Cooper, Dave Watson Dimitris Vassilopoulos 2023 Photographs © as individually credited Colour artwork © David Bocquelet, Tom Cooper 2023 Maps © Micky Hewitt, Anderson Subtil 2023 Cover image: On 16 August 1964, six pilots of Republic RF-84F Thunderflash reconnaissance fighters of the Royal Hellenic Air Force, were tasked with flying photo-reconnaissance over Cyprus. One of the jets in question is visible in the foreground. Upon reaching the island, they were intercepted by English Electric Lighting F.Mk 3 interceptors of No. 111 Squadron, Royal Air Force, one of which is visible in the background. Careful manoeuvring by British pilots successfully frustrated most of the Greek attempts to photograph their targets: only one RF-84F returned with images that were clear enough to interpret. (Artwork by Pablo Albornoz © Helion Company 2023) Designed and typeset by Mach 3 Solutions (www.mach3solutions.co.uk) Cover design Paul Hewitt, Battlefield Design (www.battlefield-design.co.uk) Every reasonable effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The author and publisher apologise for any errors or omissions in this work, and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. CONTENTS Abbreviations Preface 2 3 4
14 24 37 42 46 57 Backgrounds Hellenic Armed Forces Turkish Armed Forces of the mid-1960s Aphrodite's Island Factor Foreign Bases The First Cyprus Crisis On the Brink of War 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Conclusion Documentation Bibliography Notes Author Biographies 69 69 69 71 74 ICELAND SWEDEN FINLAND RUSSIA NORWAS KEU „ESTONIA) I NETHERLANOS 2 BELGIUM gs, 3 Luxembourg S. 4 SWITZERLAND ‘LATVIA * юм S Croatia [Lithuania ΊΓ J UNITED . H1N0D0M 6 SLOVENIA 7 BOSKIR J Herzegovina BELARUS чй 8 MONTENEGRO -o 9 Kosovo 10 North Macedonia POLAND GEAMANU UKRAINE 11KALINCRAD-OBLAET (Russia} ίιονηκ FRANCE AUSTRIA HUNGARS ROMANIA ISBN 978-1-804512-12-8 SERBIA SPAIN British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the express written consent of Helion Company Limited. We always welcome receiving book proposals from prospective authors. CORSICA ITALS BULOARIA TURKES 'SHHOIHin IREECE SICILU/ НЯНЯ СУРЖ MAP OF EUROPE SINCE 1992 Note: In order to simplify the use of this book, all names, locations and geographic designations are as provided in The Times World Atlas, or other traditionally accepted major sources of reference, as of the time of described events.
RIPPED APART VOLUME 1: THE CYPRUS CRISIS 1963-64 CONCLUSION In conclusion, the Akritas Plan, as pursued by Makarios and his aides with support from Athens, failed. Principally due to its plotters underestimating Turkish Cypriot strength and resolve but also because they - and the Greek government - thought that Ankara’s threat with intervention was a bluff. The fighting of 1964 thus ended without an expulsion of the Turkish Cypriot community, without its subjection to the Greek rule, and without enosis: indeed, without resolving any of the outstanding issues between the two communities and leaving a blazing trail of bitter hatred in its wake. The crisis thus went on and within the following years, was to bring Greece and Turkey to the brink of war at least two additional times; these stories are going to be covered in subsequent volumes of this mini-series. DOCUMENTATION From the British National Archives (TNA): • • • • The Importance to the UK of the SBAs in Cyprus (DEFE -5189-3, 8 March 1971). Possible Use of Facilities in the Cyprus Base by NATO, Annex to DP.88/94, DEFE 4:173, (29 July 1964). Stationing of Turkish Forces in Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus, DEFE 4:173, (24 July 1964). Intelligence reports 1966-72, DEFE 31:26 WO 386/2, ‘Intercommunal Fighting - Nicosia - December 1963’, Joint Intelligence Group (Cyprus), Secret Intelligence Report, No. 36,17 January 1964. Chief of Staffs Committee, DEFE 4/164,11 February 1964. CAB 128/38, ‘Memorandum by Prime Minister’, Conclusions of a Meeting of the Cabinet, 3 January 1964. Special Branch report, CO 926/1473, March 1960
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EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 34 NOTES Chapter 1 1. Unless stated otherwise, this chapter is based on Provence, The Last Ottoman Generation; Barr, A Line in the Sand; Faroqhi, Geschichte des Omanischen Reiches; Ker-Lindsay, The Cyprus Problem; Blumi, Ottoman Refugees; Kreiser, Geschichte Istanbuls; Perrett, Desert Warfare; Watson, Chasing the Soft Underbelly. Chapter 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Watson, Chasing the Soft Underbelly, pp.14-16. Schick et all, Turkey in Transition, p.142. Tetik, North Star, p.237. Fanning, Turkish Military in the Korean War, p.81. Hastings, The Korean War. Danisman, Situation Negative, p.22. Henderson, The Birth ofNATO, p.105. Pach, Arming the Free World, p.88. Ibid., p.208 Göktepe, British Foreign Policy Towards Turkey, p.50. Göktepe, British Foreign Policy Towards Turkey, p.8. CENTO was formally dissolved in 1979 after the Iranian Revolution, although in practice it was wound down after the Cyprus conflict in 1974. Birand, Shirts ofSteel, p.195. Jenkins, Context and Circumstances, p.15. Unless stated otherwise, this and the following sub-chapters are based on Dupuy et all, The Almanac of World Military Power; Rohwer et all, Seemacht; Unless stated otherwise, this sub-chapter is based on Nikolajsen, Turkish Military Aircraft, and Green Fricker, The Air Forces of the World. Chapter 4 1. Thompson (ed.), War in Peace, pp.114 Ker-Lindsay, Cyprus Problem, pp.22-23. Chapter 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 72 The National Archives (TNA), CAB 191:6, JIG (Cyprus) 1964, 27 February 1964. Watson, Chasing the Soft Underbelly, p.72. Lloyd, Suez 1956, p.56.
Burr et all, The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis Criss, ‘Strategic Nuclear Missiles in Turkey’. According to recollections of one of US Air Force officers deployed in Turkey at the time, provided in the course of an e-mail exchange in 2005 on condition of anonymity, soon after the installation of Jupiters in Turkey, the Soviet Air Force deployed a ‘MiG’ fighter jet in a clandestine effort to photograph the facility. The aircraft in question reached the site undisturbed and made a pass, but then crashed, killing its pilot. An inspection of the wreckage and cameras revealed that it captured very good photographs of the site, at least comparable to those taken by US aircraft over Cuba in September-October 1962. That said, and while such an effort almost certainly took place, considering the distance of Izmir from nearest air bases in Bulgaria or the USSR, it is unlikely that the aircraft in question was a MiG: fighter jets of types available at the time - like MiG-15, MiG-17, MiG-19, and MiG-21 - would have lacked the range necessary for such an operation from bases in Bulgaria or south-western USSR. Therefore, it is certain that the Soviets deployed a different type for this purpose but this was then mis-identified as a ‘MiG’. Dupuy et all, pp.92-93 117-119. Chapter 6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Saka, Mehmet. Ege Denizinde Turk Haklari, (Istanbul: Dergâh, 1977, first published in 1955), p.65. Republic of Türkiye, Militarization of Eastern Aegean Islands Contrary to the Provisions of International
Agreements https:// www.mfa.gov.tr/militarization-of-eastern-aegean-islandscontrary-tp-the-provisions-of-international-agreements.en.mfa. Ergil, G, The dark side of nationalism, (Today’s Zaman, 17 September 2008), https://web.archive.org/ web/20081123064334/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/ yazarDetay.do?haberno=153309 Chrysostomou, pp.240, 248-251. Unless stated otherwise, based on Ker-Lindsay, The Cyprus Problem; Solsten, Cyprus: a Country Study; Francis, A Business of Some Heat; Kyle, Cyprus, in search of Peace Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’; Special national Intelligence Estimate, Number 29.3-64: The Cyprus Dispute, 19 June 1964 (CIA/FOIA/ERR), p.12; TNA: WO 386/2, ‘Intercommunal Fighting - Nicosia - December 1963’, Joint Intelligence Group (Cyprus), Secret Intelligence Report, No. 36, 17 January 1964; Chrysostomou, pp.240, 248-251; Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’; Ker-Lindsay, pp.34-35. Notably, the first element of ELDYK arrived on Cyprus on 16 August 1960, on board the Royal Hellenic Navy’s Landing Ship Tank Limnos. The base of the contingent was established west of Nicosia, in the Gerolakkos area, right next to the camp of the Turkish contingent. Special national Intelligence Estimate, Number 29.3-64: The Cyprus Dispute, 19 June 1964 (CIA/FOIA/ERR), pp.12-13. Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’. Mitsainas, Hellenic Wings over Cyprus, pp.50. Special national Intelligence Estimate, Number 29.3-64: The Cyprus Dispute, 19 June 1964 (CIA/FOIA/ERR), pp.12-13. Special Branch report,
CO 926/1473, March 1960. Ker-Lindsay, pp.34-35 Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’. Special national Intelligence Estimate, Number 29.3-64: The Cyprus Dispute, 19 June 1964 (CIA/FOIA/ERR), p.12 Tiirkman, Reasons for Tiirkiye’s Intervention in Cyprus and the Cyprus Conflict 1955-64, p.287. Ibid Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’. ‘August 1964: The Hellenic Air Force Flies for the first time over Cyprus’ (in Greek), Defencereview.gr, 3 November 2018. TNA: OF 371/174757, ‘British views on Enosis’, 9 May 1964. Ker-Lindsay, pp.35-36 Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’. TNA, Chief of Staffs Committee, DEFE 4/164, 11 February 1964; Ker-Lindsay, p.38. Notably, the original complement of the UNFICYP included 1,150 Canadian, 700 Finnish, 700 Swedish, 500 Irish, and 3,500 British troops led by Indian Army General Gyani. TNA, ‘Inward Telegram to Commonwealth Relations Office’, HQ. British Forces Cyprus, 25 May 1964. Special national Intelligence Estimate, Number 29.3-64: The Cyprus Dispute, 19 June 1964 (CIA/FOIA/ERR), p.7. Vlassis et all, ‘The Harvard Mission to Cyprus’. The ‘Parnitha’ radar station was operated by the RHAF. The unit in question was established in Kavouri, outside Athens, in 1955 and initially equipped with US-made TPS-1E and TPS-10D early warning radars. In May 1958, it was re-equipped with FPS-8 sets, supported by FPS-6 height-finding radars and then established a station at Karavola, on Mount Parnitha, which resulted in its calls-sign. Notably, the unit in question remains on this
site until today - of course, re-equipped with modern systems.
RIPPED APARTVOLUME 1:THE CYPRUS CRISIS 1963-64 23. ‘August 1964: The Hellenic Air Force Flies for the first time over Cyprus’ (in Greek), Defencereview.gr, 3 November 2018. 24. Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’. 25. Special national Intelligence Estimate, Number 29.3-64: The Cyprus Dispute, 19 June 1964 (CIA/FOIA/ERR), p.13-14. 26. Nikolajsen, (former officer of the Royal Danish Armed Forces and one of leading historians of the HVKK), interview, 08/2005. 8. Chapter 7 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. For an analysis of communications between the enclaves see: Keser, Kibris Türk Mücadele Tarihinde Iletisim 1954-1974. Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’. ‘Chronology June 16, 1964 - August 31, 1964‘, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 18/No. 4, Autumn 1964 Ole Nikolajsen, interview, 08/2005 02/2018. Mitsainas, Hellenic Wings over Cyprus, pp.71; ‘Chronology June 16, 1964 - August 31, 1964’, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 18/No. 4, Autumn 1964 Ole Nikolajsen, interview, 08/2005. Notably, considering the distance from Eskisehir to Cyprus and Crete, Kalenterides' testimony is rather questionable, or there is a big problem with all of available translations of it. At least it is highly questionable if Töpel would have taken-off for a mission to attack Greek Cypriot patrol boats off the coast of Cyprus, with Souda AB as ‘alternative’ target. At most, it is possible that the flight plan the Greeks reported to have found in Töpel's flight suit was that for an alternative operation, not for an alternative target. This discrepancy was never
reasonably explained by any of available Greek sources. Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’ Nikolajsen, interview, 08/2005. Mitsainas, Hellenic Wings over Cyprus, p.87. JATO stood for ‘jet-assisted take off’, even though - more precisely - it was ‘rocket assisted take-off’. Essentially, it consisted 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. of attaching booster rockets under the rear fuselage to achieve a quicker take-off, especially of fully loaded aircraft on much too short runways. Once the aircraft was airborne, rockets were ejected. As it turned out, the commander of the RHAF detachment forward deployed at Maritsa airfield on Rhodes was expecting a formation of RHAF T-6s (see below for details) to appear and waiting for them - instead for F-84Fs. Therefore, he was instructed to create a pretext for temporarily closing the runway of his facility, which he did, citing a failure of the runway lighting. Ironically, while forcing F-84Fs to return to Crete on last drops of fuel, this act enabled the following T-6s to proceed precisely along the plan. Moreover, the commander of the Ziros/Sitia radar station on Rhodes (operated by the 3rd Aera Control Centre), was informed that the Τ-6-mission was about to take place but did not expect his system to detect their low altitude approach. In order to avoid any kind of collision, he was instructed to divert any approaching aircraft away. Therefore, even if Louloudakis would have contacted the tower, he would not receive a permission to land at Maritsa. Mitsainas, Hellenic Wings over Cyprus, p.83. Ibid., p.87. Ibid.,
p.89. According to Roulias’ logbook two of the RF-84Fs participating on the mission were #740 and #588 (Sergios Papasis, interview with Dimitris Vassilopoulos, 01/2023). TNA, Part I to COS 50th meeting, DEFE 4:173, (August 1964). Ill Squadron Operational Record Book, August 1964. Not all the displacements were long-distance. For example, about 5,000 Turkish Cypriots left the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita, for safer parts of the city. Lord Carver, Peacekeeping in Cyprus, in J.Koumoulides, (Editor), Cyprus in Transition 1960-1985 (London: Trigraph, 1986), p.26. 73 |
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Helion Company Limited Unit 8 Amherst Business Centre Budbrooke Road Warwick CV34 5WE England Tel. 01926 499 619 Email: info@helion.co.uk Website: www.helion.co.uk Twitter: @helionbooks Visit our blog http://blog.helion.co.uk/ Text ©Tom Cooper, Dave Watson Dimitris Vassilopoulos 2023 Photographs © as individually credited Colour artwork © David Bocquelet, Tom Cooper 2023 Maps © Micky Hewitt, Anderson Subtil 2023 Cover image: On 16 August 1964, six pilots of Republic RF-84F Thunderflash reconnaissance fighters of the Royal Hellenic Air Force, were tasked with flying photo-reconnaissance over Cyprus. One of the jets in question is visible in the foreground. Upon reaching the island, they were intercepted by English Electric Lighting F.Mk 3 interceptors of No. 111 Squadron, Royal Air Force, one of which is visible in the background. Careful manoeuvring by British pilots successfully frustrated most of the Greek attempts to photograph their targets: only one RF-84F returned with images that were clear enough to interpret. (Artwork by Pablo Albornoz © Helion Company 2023) Designed and typeset by Mach 3 Solutions (www.mach3solutions.co.uk) Cover design Paul Hewitt, Battlefield Design (www.battlefield-design.co.uk) Every reasonable effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The author and publisher apologise for any errors or omissions in this work, and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. CONTENTS Abbreviations Preface 2 3 4
14 24 37 42 46 57 Backgrounds Hellenic Armed Forces Turkish Armed Forces of the mid-1960s Aphrodite's Island Factor Foreign Bases The First Cyprus Crisis On the Brink of War 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Conclusion Documentation Bibliography Notes Author Biographies 69 69 69 71 74 ICELAND SWEDEN FINLAND RUSSIA NORWAS KEU „ESTONIA) I NETHERLANOS 2 BELGIUM gs, 3 Luxembourg S. 4 SWITZERLAND ‘LATVIA * юм S Croatia [Lithuania ΊΓ J UNITED . H1N0D0M 6 SLOVENIA 7 BOSKIR J Herzegovina BELARUS чй 8 MONTENEGRO -o 9 Kosovo 10 North Macedonia POLAND GEAMANU UKRAINE 11KALINCRAD-OBLAET (Russia} ίιονηκ FRANCE AUSTRIA HUNGARS ROMANIA ISBN 978-1-804512-12-8 SERBIA SPAIN British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the express written consent of Helion Company Limited. We always welcome receiving book proposals from prospective authors. CORSICA ITALS BULOARIA TURKES 'SHHOIHin IREECE SICILU/ НЯНЯ СУРЖ MAP OF EUROPE SINCE 1992 Note: In order to simplify the use of this book, all names, locations and geographic designations are as provided in The Times World Atlas, or other traditionally accepted major sources of reference, as of the time of described events.
RIPPED APART VOLUME 1: THE CYPRUS CRISIS 1963-64 CONCLUSION In conclusion, the Akritas Plan, as pursued by Makarios and his aides with support from Athens, failed. Principally due to its plotters underestimating Turkish Cypriot strength and resolve but also because they - and the Greek government - thought that Ankara’s threat with intervention was a bluff. The fighting of 1964 thus ended without an expulsion of the Turkish Cypriot community, without its subjection to the Greek rule, and without enosis: indeed, without resolving any of the outstanding issues between the two communities and leaving a blazing trail of bitter hatred in its wake. The crisis thus went on and within the following years, was to bring Greece and Turkey to the brink of war at least two additional times; these stories are going to be covered in subsequent volumes of this mini-series. DOCUMENTATION From the British National Archives (TNA): • • • • The Importance to the UK of the SBAs in Cyprus (DEFE -5189-3, 8 March 1971). Possible Use of Facilities in the Cyprus Base by NATO, Annex to DP.88/94, DEFE 4:173, (29 July 1964). Stationing of Turkish Forces in Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus, DEFE 4:173, (24 July 1964). Intelligence reports 1966-72, DEFE 31:26 WO 386/2, ‘Intercommunal Fighting - Nicosia - December 1963’, Joint Intelligence Group (Cyprus), Secret Intelligence Report, No. 36,17 January 1964. Chief of Staffs Committee, DEFE 4/164,11 February 1964. CAB 128/38, ‘Memorandum by Prime Minister’, Conclusions of a Meeting of the Cabinet, 3 January 1964. Special Branch report, CO 926/1473, March 1960
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Aviation, Air International, June 1995 Yalcin, E, ‘Historical Development of Cyprus and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’, International Review of Military History, Ankara, No.87,2007 Yellice, G., ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis, and the Greek Political Reaction
(February-August 1964)’, Journal ofModern Turkish History Studies, XVII/35, 2017 Yesilbursa, B, ‘Proposals for a settlement of the Cyprus problem according to British documents 1954-1974’, History Studies, Vol.11/6, December 2019 Zaloga, S, The M47 and M48 Patton Tanks (Oxford: Osprey, 1999)
Websites Uknown Author, August 1964 - The Hellenic Air Force flies for the first time over Cyprus’ (Αύγουστος 1964: Η Ελληνική Αεροπορία πετά για πρώτη φορά πάνω από την Κύπρο), https:// defencereview.gr, 2018). URL: http://2/aygoystos-1964-i-ellinikiaeroporia-peta-gia-proti-fora-pano-apo-tin-kypro/
Uknown Author, ‘Cyprus Naval Command - From its foundation to thefuture challenges, part A’, (Διοίκηση Ναυτικού Κύπρου: Από την συγκρότηση στις προκλήσεις του μέλλοντος -Α’ Μέρος) https://e-amyna.com/, 12/10/2017, URL: https://e-amyna.com/ διοίκηση-ναυτικού-κύπρου-από-την-συγκ/ Manousogianakis S.,
Vice Admiral (ret.), ‘The Cyprus Navy till 1974 -Formation, Coup d’etat and Turkish InvasionfTo Κυπριακό Ναυτικό Μέχρι το 1974 - Συγκρότηση, Πραξικόπημα και Τουρκική Εισβολή), https://elinis.gr/, 08/08/2019, URL: https:// ε!ίηί5^Γ/το-κυπριακο-ναυτικο-μεχρι-το-1974-συγκρότ/ Papadopoulos J., ‘The
Traumas of a Secret Mission, (Οι Πληγές μίας Μυστικής Αποστολής) https://www.kathimerini.gr, ΕΡΕΥΝΕΣ 29/04/2017, URL:
https://www.kathimerini.gr/ investigations/907114/oi-pliges-mias-mystikis-apostolis-stinkypro/#webdoc Moutsatsos D., ‘The Turks burned Phaethon with napalms’- an interview to Stefanos Chelidonis, (Οι Τούρκοι έκαψαν το Φαέθων με ναπάλμ - Συνέντευξη στον Στέφανο Χελιδόνη), https.7/www. kathimerini.gr,
25/11/2007, URL: https://www.kathimerini.gr/ society/305768/oi-toyrkoi-ekapsan-to-faethon-me-napalm/ Vogiatzis D., HAF Museum Historian, MA, PhD, A synopsis of the Tatoi Airfield History’ (Συνοπτική Ιστορία του Αεροδρομίου του Τατοίου). (PDF) Συνοπτική ιστορία Αεροδρομίου Τατοίου | Dimitri Vogiatzis
- Academia.eduhttps://www.haf.gr Theologou A. ‘348 MTA - 64 years Eyes Open watchful “Eyes” of the Air Force’ (348 MTA: 64 χρόνια τα άγρυπνα «Μάτια» της Πολεμικής Αεροπορίας), https://www.onalert.gr/, 03/05/2017, URL: (https://www.onalert.gr/uncategorized/348-mta-62-xroniata-agrypna-matia-ths-
polemikis-aeroporias/128491/ Theotokatos V, Lt.General Anagnostopoulos - A patriot who stopped the Turkish Violation in the Air (Αντιπτέραρχος Αναγνωστόπουλος: Ο πατριώτης που σταματούσε τις τουρκικές παραβιάσεις), https://www.olympia.gr , 07/06/2020, URL:
https://www.olympia.gr/1167183/istoria/anagnostopoulostourkikes-paraviaseis/ Avramidis A., 'Goodbye to a Hero of the Skies’ (Αντίο σε έναν ήρωα των αιθέρων), https://www.kathimerini.gr, 2016, URL: https:// www.kathimerini.gr/opinion/readers/4870384/amp-laquoantio-amp-raquo-se-enan-iroa-ton-aitheron/
https://www.kathimerini.gr/world/870314/to-schedio-atseson-giato-kypriako/ 71
EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 34 NOTES Chapter 1 1. Unless stated otherwise, this chapter is based on Provence, The Last Ottoman Generation; Barr, A Line in the Sand; Faroqhi, Geschichte des Omanischen Reiches; Ker-Lindsay, The Cyprus Problem; Blumi, Ottoman Refugees; Kreiser, Geschichte Istanbuls; Perrett, Desert Warfare; Watson, Chasing the Soft Underbelly. Chapter 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Watson, Chasing the Soft Underbelly, pp.14-16. Schick et all, Turkey in Transition, p.142. Tetik, North Star, p.237. Fanning, Turkish Military in the Korean War, p.81. Hastings, The Korean War. Danisman, Situation Negative, p.22. Henderson, The Birth ofNATO, p.105. Pach, Arming the Free World, p.88. Ibid., p.208 Göktepe, British Foreign Policy Towards Turkey, p.50. Göktepe, British Foreign Policy Towards Turkey, p.8. CENTO was formally dissolved in 1979 after the Iranian Revolution, although in practice it was wound down after the Cyprus conflict in 1974. Birand, Shirts ofSteel, p.195. Jenkins, Context and Circumstances, p.15. Unless stated otherwise, this and the following sub-chapters are based on Dupuy et all, The Almanac of World Military Power; Rohwer et all, Seemacht; Unless stated otherwise, this sub-chapter is based on Nikolajsen, Turkish Military Aircraft, and Green Fricker, The Air Forces of the World. Chapter 4 1. Thompson (ed.), War in Peace, pp.114 Ker-Lindsay, Cyprus Problem, pp.22-23. Chapter 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 72 The National Archives (TNA), CAB 191:6, JIG (Cyprus) 1964, 27 February 1964. Watson, Chasing the Soft Underbelly, p.72. Lloyd, Suez 1956, p.56.
Burr et all, The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis Criss, ‘Strategic Nuclear Missiles in Turkey’. According to recollections of one of US Air Force officers deployed in Turkey at the time, provided in the course of an e-mail exchange in 2005 on condition of anonymity, soon after the installation of Jupiters in Turkey, the Soviet Air Force deployed a ‘MiG’ fighter jet in a clandestine effort to photograph the facility. The aircraft in question reached the site undisturbed and made a pass, but then crashed, killing its pilot. An inspection of the wreckage and cameras revealed that it captured very good photographs of the site, at least comparable to those taken by US aircraft over Cuba in September-October 1962. That said, and while such an effort almost certainly took place, considering the distance of Izmir from nearest air bases in Bulgaria or the USSR, it is unlikely that the aircraft in question was a MiG: fighter jets of types available at the time - like MiG-15, MiG-17, MiG-19, and MiG-21 - would have lacked the range necessary for such an operation from bases in Bulgaria or south-western USSR. Therefore, it is certain that the Soviets deployed a different type for this purpose but this was then mis-identified as a ‘MiG’. Dupuy et all, pp.92-93 117-119. Chapter 6 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Saka, Mehmet. Ege Denizinde Turk Haklari, (Istanbul: Dergâh, 1977, first published in 1955), p.65. Republic of Türkiye, Militarization of Eastern Aegean Islands Contrary to the Provisions of International
Agreements https:// www.mfa.gov.tr/militarization-of-eastern-aegean-islandscontrary-tp-the-provisions-of-international-agreements.en.mfa. Ergil, G, The dark side of nationalism, (Today’s Zaman, 17 September 2008), https://web.archive.org/ web/20081123064334/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/ yazarDetay.do?haberno=153309 Chrysostomou, pp.240, 248-251. Unless stated otherwise, based on Ker-Lindsay, The Cyprus Problem; Solsten, Cyprus: a Country Study; Francis, A Business of Some Heat; Kyle, Cyprus, in search of Peace Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’; Special national Intelligence Estimate, Number 29.3-64: The Cyprus Dispute, 19 June 1964 (CIA/FOIA/ERR), p.12; TNA: WO 386/2, ‘Intercommunal Fighting - Nicosia - December 1963’, Joint Intelligence Group (Cyprus), Secret Intelligence Report, No. 36, 17 January 1964; Chrysostomou, pp.240, 248-251; Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’; Ker-Lindsay, pp.34-35. Notably, the first element of ELDYK arrived on Cyprus on 16 August 1960, on board the Royal Hellenic Navy’s Landing Ship Tank Limnos. The base of the contingent was established west of Nicosia, in the Gerolakkos area, right next to the camp of the Turkish contingent. Special national Intelligence Estimate, Number 29.3-64: The Cyprus Dispute, 19 June 1964 (CIA/FOIA/ERR), pp.12-13. Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’. Mitsainas, Hellenic Wings over Cyprus, pp.50. Special national Intelligence Estimate, Number 29.3-64: The Cyprus Dispute, 19 June 1964 (CIA/FOIA/ERR), pp.12-13. Special Branch report,
CO 926/1473, March 1960. Ker-Lindsay, pp.34-35 Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’. Special national Intelligence Estimate, Number 29.3-64: The Cyprus Dispute, 19 June 1964 (CIA/FOIA/ERR), p.12 Tiirkman, Reasons for Tiirkiye’s Intervention in Cyprus and the Cyprus Conflict 1955-64, p.287. Ibid Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’. ‘August 1964: The Hellenic Air Force Flies for the first time over Cyprus’ (in Greek), Defencereview.gr, 3 November 2018. TNA: OF 371/174757, ‘British views on Enosis’, 9 May 1964. Ker-Lindsay, pp.35-36 Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’. TNA, Chief of Staffs Committee, DEFE 4/164, 11 February 1964; Ker-Lindsay, p.38. Notably, the original complement of the UNFICYP included 1,150 Canadian, 700 Finnish, 700 Swedish, 500 Irish, and 3,500 British troops led by Indian Army General Gyani. TNA, ‘Inward Telegram to Commonwealth Relations Office’, HQ. British Forces Cyprus, 25 May 1964. Special national Intelligence Estimate, Number 29.3-64: The Cyprus Dispute, 19 June 1964 (CIA/FOIA/ERR), p.7. Vlassis et all, ‘The Harvard Mission to Cyprus’. The ‘Parnitha’ radar station was operated by the RHAF. The unit in question was established in Kavouri, outside Athens, in 1955 and initially equipped with US-made TPS-1E and TPS-10D early warning radars. In May 1958, it was re-equipped with FPS-8 sets, supported by FPS-6 height-finding radars and then established a station at Karavola, on Mount Parnitha, which resulted in its calls-sign. Notably, the unit in question remains on this
site until today - of course, re-equipped with modern systems.
RIPPED APARTVOLUME 1:THE CYPRUS CRISIS 1963-64 23. ‘August 1964: The Hellenic Air Force Flies for the first time over Cyprus’ (in Greek), Defencereview.gr, 3 November 2018. 24. Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’. 25. Special national Intelligence Estimate, Number 29.3-64: The Cyprus Dispute, 19 June 1964 (CIA/FOIA/ERR), p.13-14. 26. Nikolajsen, (former officer of the Royal Danish Armed Forces and one of leading historians of the HVKK), interview, 08/2005. 8. Chapter 7 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. For an analysis of communications between the enclaves see: Keser, Kibris Türk Mücadele Tarihinde Iletisim 1954-1974. Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’. ‘Chronology June 16, 1964 - August 31, 1964‘, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 18/No. 4, Autumn 1964 Ole Nikolajsen, interview, 08/2005 02/2018. Mitsainas, Hellenic Wings over Cyprus, pp.71; ‘Chronology June 16, 1964 - August 31, 1964’, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 18/No. 4, Autumn 1964 Ole Nikolajsen, interview, 08/2005. Notably, considering the distance from Eskisehir to Cyprus and Crete, Kalenterides' testimony is rather questionable, or there is a big problem with all of available translations of it. At least it is highly questionable if Töpel would have taken-off for a mission to attack Greek Cypriot patrol boats off the coast of Cyprus, with Souda AB as ‘alternative’ target. At most, it is possible that the flight plan the Greeks reported to have found in Töpel's flight suit was that for an alternative operation, not for an alternative target. This discrepancy was never
reasonably explained by any of available Greek sources. Yellice, ‘The American Intervention in the 1964 Cyprus Crisis’ Nikolajsen, interview, 08/2005. Mitsainas, Hellenic Wings over Cyprus, p.87. JATO stood for ‘jet-assisted take off’, even though - more precisely - it was ‘rocket assisted take-off’. Essentially, it consisted 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. of attaching booster rockets under the rear fuselage to achieve a quicker take-off, especially of fully loaded aircraft on much too short runways. Once the aircraft was airborne, rockets were ejected. As it turned out, the commander of the RHAF detachment forward deployed at Maritsa airfield on Rhodes was expecting a formation of RHAF T-6s (see below for details) to appear and waiting for them - instead for F-84Fs. Therefore, he was instructed to create a pretext for temporarily closing the runway of his facility, which he did, citing a failure of the runway lighting. Ironically, while forcing F-84Fs to return to Crete on last drops of fuel, this act enabled the following T-6s to proceed precisely along the plan. Moreover, the commander of the Ziros/Sitia radar station on Rhodes (operated by the 3rd Aera Control Centre), was informed that the Τ-6-mission was about to take place but did not expect his system to detect their low altitude approach. In order to avoid any kind of collision, he was instructed to divert any approaching aircraft away. Therefore, even if Louloudakis would have contacted the tower, he would not receive a permission to land at Maritsa. Mitsainas, Hellenic Wings over Cyprus, p.83. Ibid., p.87. Ibid.,
p.89. According to Roulias’ logbook two of the RF-84Fs participating on the mission were #740 and #588 (Sergios Papasis, interview with Dimitris Vassilopoulos, 01/2023). TNA, Part I to COS 50th meeting, DEFE 4:173, (August 1964). Ill Squadron Operational Record Book, August 1964. Not all the displacements were long-distance. For example, about 5,000 Turkish Cypriots left the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita, for safer parts of the city. Lord Carver, Peacekeeping in Cyprus, in J.Koumoulides, (Editor), Cyprus in Transition 1960-1985 (London: Trigraph, 1986), p.26. 73 |
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