Escape from the pit: a woman's resistance in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939-1943
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Albany
State University of New York Press
[2023]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Excelsior editions
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| Beschreibung: | Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Originally published in the British Mandate for Palestine, in Hebrew and under the title "Bindudim uvamahteret" in 1944 by Hakibbutz Hameuchad. An unauthorized English-language edition was published in the United States bearing an assertion of Copyright 1947 by Sharon Books, Inc. |
| Beschreibung: | xv, 200 Seiten, 20 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karte 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781438494777 9781438494784 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Escape from the pit |b a woman's resistance in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939-1943 |c Renia Kukielka |
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| 500 | |a Originally published in the British Mandate for Palestine, in Hebrew and under the title "Bindudim uvamahteret" in 1944 by Hakibbutz Hameuchad. An unauthorized English-language edition was published in the United States bearing an assertion of Copyright 1947 by Sharon Books, Inc. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Foreword to the 1947 English-language edition Ludwig Lewisohn “Autobiographical” note appearing in the 1947 English-language edition Acknowledgments Asya Kovnat ix xi xiii Introduction Severin Hochberg 1 Chapter One : The First Years 9 Chapter Two : Homeless 31 Chapter Thr 49 ee: The Bendzin Kibbutz Chapter Fou r: In the Toils of theGestapo Chapter Fiv e: Rescue 93 119 gallery ofphotographs follows page 138 Afterword: Life after Escape Asya Kovnat, with Paulina Ezer 139 Notes 163 Index 183
Index Note: Photographs appear on unnumbered pages following page 138 and are referenced here by figure number. “A.” See Zosia Aaron. See Kukielka, Aaron Aliyah Bet, 171nl4 Allgemeine SS, 164n7 Altman, Tosia, 65, 168nl6, 172n7, 180n82 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 7, 8, 134, 168nl7, 180n77 ammunition factories. See munitions plants Anielewicz, Mordechai, 5, 172n7 annihilation squads, 24, 51, 68, 84 Antek. See Zuckerman, Isaac antisemitism, Polish, 2-4, 144 Arens, Moshe, 159 armament plants. See munitions plants armbands, 25 Armia Krajowa (Home Army), 145, 175n21 Armia Ludowa (People’s Army), 145, 175n21 arms. See weapons Army, German: casualties in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 69-70; in invasion of Poland, 2; Jewish cooperation with, 5; supervision of forced labor by, 15; uniforms of, 168n20 army, Israeli, 154 Army, Polish, resistance to German invasion by, 2, 9 Army Group South, 2 Aryan districts, Jews hiding in, 27—28. See also Bendzin; Warsaw Aryans, passing as. See passing as Aryan Atlit, 144^15 atrocities, in German invasion of Poland, 1-3 Auschwitz: construction of camps at, 167nll; forced labor camps at, 175n22; location of, 167nll; number of deaths at, 167nll; source of Renias knowledge of, 4 Auschwitz, deportations to: from Bendzin, 5, 6, 56, 75, 77, 89, 167nll; from Myslowice prison, 109, 111, 114; from Zaglembie, 146 “B.” See Kozuch, Boleslaw; Rozenberg, Benito Bachazh, Mordecai, 52, 79 183
184 INDEX Bader, Menachem, 136-37, 148-49, 171nl4 Baghdad, 150 Banasik, Banasikowa, 124-26, 131 Banasik, Paul, 131-32 Baruch. See Gaftek, Baruch Basok, Moshe, 174nl7 Batalion, Judy, 160 Bauer, Yehuda, 158 Belgium, deportations from, 25 Belzec, 166n8 Ben-Avram, H. Sh., 141^42 Bendzin: Aryan district of, xi, 90-92, 146-47, 169n27; German annexation of, 4, 165nn3—4; Jewish population of, 165n4, 172n7; location of, 165nn3-4, 172n7; orphanage closed in, 53, 77, 178n59; photo of, Figure 3 Bendzin, deportations from: in 1943 February, 55—57; in 1943 May, 72-77; in 1943 August (final), 84-90; to Auschwitz, 5, 6, 56, 75, 77, 89, 167nll; escape during, 75—77, 87—88, 90-92; infractions leading to, 52, 55, 59; of kibbutz members, 72—77; work as protection from, 51, 59, 72-73 Bendzin, Jewish Council in: bribery of, 54; on education of children, 61; in establishment of ghetto, 54; leadership of, 4-5; in recruitment for Jewish militia, 58-59; supervision of work by, 49, 55 Bendzin, youth groups in, 4-6, 163n6; awareness of German intent in, 4; bunkers built by, 58; choice of escape or continued resistance by, 5-6, 57; before establishment of ghetto, 172n7; Jews in Palestine assisting escape of, 6; names of active, 165n7, 175n23; number of members of, 175n23; origins of, 165n4; Warsaw underground in contact with, 5, 165n4. See also Bendzin Kibbutz; specific groups and members Bendzin Ghetto, 4-5; borders of, 167n8; bunkers in, 58, 72-73, 84, 87-90, 167nl3; deportations from (See Bendzin, deportations from); dual leadership of, 158; escape during deportations from, 75-77, 87-88, 90-92;
establishment of, 53-55, 167n8, 172n7; forced labor by residents of, 55; guarding of, 55, 56, 167n8; housing shortage in, 53-55; Jewish militia of, 55, 56, 58-62, 73, 84; kibbutz’s move into, 53-55, 172n8; liquidation of, 5, 84—92; location of, 167n8; nurseries in, 55; as open vs. closed, 4, 55; orphaned children in (See Kibbutz Atid); penalty for leaving, 55; population of, 4, 53, 173n8; preparation for defense of, 5, 55-58, 62, 64-65; remaining Jews after liquidation, 90, 92, 126, 146-47; uprising of 1943 in, 6, 89—90, 146, 166n4, 175n25; ZOB in, 146, 175n23. See also specific residents Bendzin Kibbutz, 49-92; arrival of Renia at, 4, 43-47; attempts to join partisan units by, 65, 77-80, 168n23; bunkers built by, 58, 87, 167nl3; choice of escape or continued resistance by, 5-6, 57; in clash with Jewish militia, 58-62; deportation of members of, 72-77; diversity of youth groups in, 146, 165n7; in education of orphans, 53, 61, 77-78; as family, 4; Hershel Springer as leader of, 158, 172n8; history of, 172n8; house in ghetto,
INDEX 54-55, 57, 167nl0, 173n8; illegal members of, 52-53; laundry service by, 49, 52-53, 166n2, 172n8; during liquidation of ghetto, 90-92; meaning of name of, 172n8; move into ghetto, 53-55, 172n8; number of members of, 4, 49, 172n8; organization into units, 57; preparations for resistance by, 5, 55-58, 62, 64-65; prewar activities of, 172n8; reports from Warsaw to, 64-71; in uprising of 1943, 89-90, 146; weapons of, 57, 64, 71-72, 78, 79; work by members of, 49, 52-53, 55; work certificates in, 49, 59, 72-73. See also specific members Ben-Gurion, David, 7, 171nl4, 177n40, 177n42 Ben-Nun, Yitzhak, Figure 2 Bergen, Doris, 159-60 Bernard, Hedva, 89—90 Betar, 175n20 Biduchowska, Wanda, 5 Bielsk, 123, 127 Bindudim Uvamachteret (Kukielka), 142. See also Escape from the Pit Black Dogs, 24, 164n7 blackmail, 3, 28-29 blisters, 17 Blochatz, Kalman, 80 blue stars, 12-13, 25, 164n3 Bnei Akiva, 166n7(ch2) Bocian, Zippora, 60, 89-90 Boehm, 88 Book of Ghetto Wars, The (Zuckerman and Basok), 144, 174nl7 Bornblatt, Heniek, 60, 92 boycotts, economic, 3 boys. See men and boys Brandes, Aharon, 176n27 Brandes, Zvi: in attempts to join partisan units, 78; death of, 89; 185 as illegal member of kibbutz, 52; photo of, Figure 7; in preparations for resistance in Bendzin, 57; role in resistance, 166n6; in selection of Renia as courier, 66; in smuggling of people from Bendzin to Warsaw, 81; ZOB at Bendzin established by, 146 bribery: of Gestapo, 114; of Jewish Council, 15, 18, 54; at orphanages, 27; and Renias capture, 94; in Renias escape to Palestine, 7-8, 130, 132-33 Bricha, 168nl4 Britain,
limits on immigration to Palestine under, 174nl8, 177n35 Budapest, Renias escape through, 7-8, 133-34, 147-48, Figure 2 Bug River, 10 Bulgaria, Renias escape through, 8, 136 bunkers: in Bendzin, 58, 72-73, 84, 87-90, 167nl3; built by ZOB, 175n23; of Kubylec family, 122—25, 131-32, 147, 170nl; in Warsaw, 64, 70, 81 Buraks, Adek, 180n82 burials. See graves buses and trucks: deportations on, 60; escapees on, 70, 81, 83; gassing in, 23-24 Bzhokowski, Roman, 179n61 camps. See death camps; displaced persons camps; forced labor camps; specific locations capture, of Renia: near Katowice in 1943, 5, 93-97, 156; near Sandziszôw in 1942, 37—38 Catholic Church: antisemitism and, 3; Renia passing as member of, 7, 42, 43, 94, 103, 108, 134
186 INDEX cattle cars, 36, 56, 75, 84 Celina. See Lubetkin, Zivia Central Industrial Zone, 2 Charsznica, 38-39, 43 Chavka. See Lenchner, Chavka Chelmno, 4 children: at Bendzin (See Kibbutz Atid); escape to Palestine by, 135; in hiding, 33-34, 36; in Myslowice prison, 112-13; non-orphaned, turned over to orphanages, 27; passing as Aryans, 27; at Treblinka, 50; in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 68—69; work by, 27 Chmielnik, 9-12, 164nl, 179n64 cigarettes, 51 circumcision, 27, 157 cities, large: deportations from, 23, 24-25; vs. small towns, conditions in, 23 citizenship, in Palestine, 144, 145 civilians, atrocities against, in invasion of Poland, 2, 3 clothing: documents smuggled in, 94; at forced labor camps, 16-17; in Katowice prison, 100; money smuggled in, 66; in Renias escape to Palestine, 149; weapons smuggled in, 64. See also uniforms communists, Polish, 8, 168nl5 concentration camps. See death camps cooperation: with Germans, 5; among youth groups, 146, 175n24 courier(s): advantages of women as, 5, 157; danger of work of, 157; number of, after Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 157, 180n79; role in resistance, 157; working in pairs, 71. See also specific people courier, Renias work as, 66-84; and attempts to join partisan networks, 79; capture on failed trip of, 93-97; dangers of travel to vs. from Warsaw, 71-72; duration of, 142; first trip during Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 66-71, 146; funding for, 66, 168nl7 180n77; last trip of, to pick up documents, 80-84, 146 “Cywia,” as code word for Poland, 177n36 Czçstochowa: ghetto of, 66-67, 83-84; smuggling route through, 44, 63, 64, 66-67, 71
Dawidson, Gusta, 180n82 death (extermination) camps: memoirs by survivors of, 160, 182nl03; sources of Jewish knowledge of, 4. See also specific locations death penalty: for evaders of forced labor, 14, 16; in German prisons, 99-100, 111; for minor transgressions, 51. See also massacres dehumanization, 145 Denmark, deportations from, 25 deportations, 24-29; dangerous work as way to avoid, 25-26; destinations unknown in, 24-25, 50; escape during, 32-36, 52, 108; Jewish knowledge of massacres as purpose of, 24-26; from large cities, 23, 24-25; massacres in process of, 24, 31-32; number of, 1941-1942, 29; from other European countries, 25, 50; work certificates as protection from, 51, 59, 72-73. See also specific locations Diary from the Ghetto, A (Klinger), 170nl0 Diner, Hasia, 181n87 disease: in forced labor camps, 47; in ghettos, 15-16; at Myslowice prison, 110; typhus, 15-16, 47, 110; venereal, 22
INDEX displaced persons (DP) camps, 15051 Dmowski, Roman, 3 documents, smuggling of, 64, 94. See also forged documents; identification documents Dolnorowa, Frumka, 89-90 Dombrowka: deportations from, 51, 84; Renia in hiding in, 124-27 Dorka, 125 DP. See displaced persons Draenger, Shimshon, 180n82 Dror. See Hechalutz Dror Dror, Zvi, 149-50 dual leadership, 158 Dvorsky, Tuvia, 59, 89—90 economic boycotts, 3 education: of orphans at Bendzin, 53, 61, 77-78, 167n9; prewar, of women, 157; of Renia, xi, 3, 104, 141, 144 Eichmann, Adolf, trial of, 155, 159, Figure 14, Figure 15 Einsatzgruppen, 2 Elbaum, Pinek, 52 Elia-Yeshaya, 134 Eliza. See Sittenfeld, Eliza English language, Renias knowledge of, 151. See also Escape from the Pit (Kukielka), 1947 English-language edition of escape: choice between continued resistance and, 5-6, 57; during deportations, 32—36, 52, 108; from forced labor camps, 17; from ghettos, 26-29; from Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 70-71. See also specific locations and people Escape from the Pit (Kukielka): accuracy of, 143, 173nl0; contemporary impact of, 149-51; republication of, 187 155-56; significance of, 1, 142-43, 160-61; themes and topics of, 1-8, 142; title of, 142, 151; in United States, 151, 158-60; writing of, 1, 141, 143 Escape from the Pit (Kukielka), 1944 Hebrew edition of, 141-44; author name given in, 143-44, 178n49; potential revised edition of, 154; reprinting of, 143; timing of publication of, 143, 158, 173nl3; title page of, Figure 13', translation from Polish for, 141-42 Escape from the Pit (Kukielka), 1946 Yiddish edition of, 151 Escape from
the Pit (Kukielka), 1947 English-language edition of, 151, 159; author name given in, 151; forward to, ix-x, 151; note to, xixii, 151, 163nl Europa Plan, 170n9 executions. See death penalty; massacres extermination camps. See death camps extortion, 26-28 eyewitnesses to Holocaust: first telling of stories in Palestine, 140—41, 147-49, 172n5, 177n34; importance of survival of, 62-63; Renias as first comprehensive written account by, 143, 149; at Treblinka, 51, 166n3. See also specific people Ezer, Paulina, afterword by, 139—61 Finkelstein, Shmuel, 79 firearms. See weapons fire bombs, 64 Fishel, Max, 73, 75-76 Fisher, Max, 129, 176n25, Figure 2 flags, 149 Flames in the Ashes (documentary), 154-55, 159 Folman, Chavah, 65
188 INDEX Folman, Marek: in attempts to join partisan units, 77-80; at Bendzin after final deportations, 90; in education of orphans, 53, 77-78; family of, 82; role in resistance, 168n22 food: in bunkers, 64; deportation for possession of banned, 51; during deportations, 24-25; in forced labor, 47; during German invasion, 12; in ghettos, 14-15, 22-23; at Katowice prison, 98, 101; at Myslowice prison, 106, 109-10, 112; ration cards for, 14, 19, 23, 124 forced (slave) labor: by ghetto residents, 14-15, 55; in munitions plants, 25-26, 164n8(chl), 173nll; Renia as first to describe, 143, 173nll forced labor camps: at Auschwitz, 175n22; conditions in, 16-17, 47, 130; escape from, 17; girls in, 36—37; transportation to, 16. See also specific locations forced prostitution, 22 forged documents: for escaping from ghettos, 26, 80-83, 93; for escaping from Poland, 125; ration cards, 124; in Renias capture near Katowice, 93-97; in Renias courier work, 5, 67, 71; seals on, 82, 87, 95, 96, 102-3; of Zivia, Figure 4 France, deportations from, 25 Frank, Hans, 164n3 Freedom Pioneers. See Hechalutz Dror Friedländer, Saul, 160 Frumka. See Plotnicka, Frumka funding: for escape to Palestine, 7; for Kubylec bunker, 124; for underground resistance, 66, 168nl7, 180n77 Gaftek, Baruch: death of, 167n9; in education for Kibbutz Atid, 53, 61, 167n9; in establishment of Kibbutz Atid, 178n59; photo of, Figure 6·, in preparations for resistance in Bendzin, 57; recruited for militia, 59; role in resistance, 146, 167n9; in selection of Renia as courier, 66; in smuggling of people from Bendzin to Warsaw,
81; in uprising at Bendzin, 89-90; in ZOB, 146 Galicia, 173n9 gassing: at Treblinka, 50-51; in trucks, 23-24 Gelbart, Ina, 71, 81-83, 168nl9, 180n79 Gelblum, Irena. See Halina gendarmes. See police gender equality, during vs. after war, 157-58 gender roles, in Israel, 157-58 General Government: border of, 43, 44; escapees from, 52; establishment of, 165n3, 173n9; massacres in, 50, 51, 173n9 Geneva. See Switzerland German Army. See Army, German Germans: ethnic {See Volksdeutsche); Jewish cooperation with, 5; vs. Poles, Renias attitude toward, 3 Germany: children from Myslowice prison sent to, 112; displaced persons camps in, 150; smuggling of Bendzin children to, 80-81, 152 Gestapo: in annihilation squads, 51; in capture of Renia, 96-97, 156; in deportations, 24-25, 73, 75, 84; and escapees from ghettos, 27; forced labor supervised by, 16; in ghettos, 14, 16; at Katowice prison, 97-105; massacres by, 20-22; at
INDEX Myslowice prison, 109-11, 114-15, 127 “Gestapo, Jewish,” 61 ghettos: deportations from (See deportations); disease in, 15-16; dual leadership in, 158; escapees from, 26-29; establishment of, 13, 22; food in, 14-15, 22-23; forced labor in, 14—15, 55; Jewish Councils role in, 14; Jewish militia’s role in, 14—15; liquidation of, 23; livelihoods in, 19-20; Poles barred from, 14, 19; purpose of concentrating Jews in, 23; romantic relationships in, 158, 180n82; transportation between, 18-19, 23. See also specific locations Gino, Tzahi, Figure 18 girls. See women and girls Glanz, Rivka, 83-84, 169n25, 180n82 Glick, Ruth, 173nl3 Gola, Mire, 180n82 Goldbrom, Alter, 58, 60, 79 Goldfarb, Zvi, 134, Figure 2 Goldstein, Ubek, 79 Gordonia Hatzioni, 80, 163n6, 165n7, 168n23 Goslavsky, Gutek, 58, 74, 76 Gouri, Haim: Flames in the Ashes, 154-55, 159; on meeting Renia, 139^10, 171 n2; Renias influence on, 150 graves: cemetery, 21; digging of, 20, 22, 32; pits as, at Treblinka, 51, 161 Great Deportation, from Warsaw Ghetto, 145 Grosman, Haika, 180n82 Haaretz (newspaper), 173nl3 Habonim, 134 189 Hadari, Ze’ev (Wenya Pomeranz, “W”), 134, 136-37, 148-49, 171nnl3-14 Haganah, 149 Hague, The, 6, 57, 125 Haifa, 137, 140, 154-56 Hakibbutz Hameuchad (United Kibbutz Movement), 141-42, 154, 173nl3 Halina (Irena Gelblum), 6, 116-23, 163n8 Hancia. See Plotnicka, Hancia Hancia and Frumka, 144, 166n4, 167n7, 174nl5 Hanoar Hatzioni (Zionist Youth): and Bendzin Ghetto liquidation, 90-91, 169n27; ideology of, 163n6, 166n7(ch2); representative sent to Palestine by, 148, 177n37; smuggling Jews to Slovakia,
125, 147, 176n30 Hansdorf, Ilsa: death oF, 115, 156-57; German capture of, 93-97; at Katowice prison, 97-102, 115, 157; during liquidation of Bendzin Ghetto, 86, 89—92, 157; near deportation of, 73; in smuggling of children to Germany, 80-81 Harel, Ilana, Figure 18 Harel, Jacob (Koby), 154, Figure 18 Harel, Liran, Figure 18 Harel, Tai, Figure 18 Ha-Sefer Ha-Meshugah (Gouri), 139-40 Hashomer Hatzair (Young Guards): attempts to join partisan units by, 79—80, 168n23; at Bendzin after liquidation, 147; ideology of, 163n6, 165n7; leaders of, in Bendzin, 172n7; in Renias escape to Palestine, 132, 134; representative sent to Palestine by, 148, 177n37
190 INDEX Hebrew language, Renias knowledge of, 141, 142, 144, 154, 156. See also Escape from the Pit (Kukielka), 1944 Hebrew edition of Hechalutz Dror (Freedom Pioneers): attempts to join partisan units by, 79-80, 168n23; at Bendzin after liquidation, 147; escape to Palestine by members of, 140; headquarters of, 141; ideology of, 163n6, 165n7; leadership of, 145, 158; Renia chosen to represent, in Palestine, 148; in Renias escape to Palestine, 134, 140, 148; Renias membership in, 140, 163n6; Sarahs membership in, 172n8. See also specific members heroism: in Holocaust literature, ix; of Renia, X, 143 Hershel. See Springer, Hershel Hershkovitz, Akiva, 153-54, 155, Figure 16 Hershkovitz, Jacob. See Harel, Jacob Hershkovitz, Leah. See Waldman, Leah Hershkovitz, Merav. See Waldman, Merav Hershkovitz, Renia. See Kukielka, Renia Hershlikowitz, Abraham, 59, 74, 76 Heydrich, Reinhard, 2 hiding, living in, 26-29; in Aryan districts, 27-28; by children, 33-34, 36; in Poles’ homes, 20, 26, 28, 36, 113-14; in woods, 27, 36, 42-43, 70. See also bunkers; specific locations and people Himmler, Heinrich, 2 Hitler, Adolf, 2 Hochberg, Severin, 1—8 Hofenberg, Monia (Monish), 128, 136, 152, 170n6, Figure 2 Holland, deportations from, 25 Holocaust literature, ix-x; depiction of women in, 158, 160; heroism in, ix; in United States, 158-60; written by women vs. men, 143, 158, 160, 182nnl03-4. See also specific books Holohita, 92 Home Army (Armia Krajowa), 145, 175n21 Horowitz, Sara, 160 hostages, 12, 59-60, 111 Hugo Schneider AG, 164n8(chl) Hungarian Jews, 133, 171nl4 Hungary: German occupation
of, 7, 148; Joseph Kornianski in, 129; Renias escape through, 7-8, 130, 132-35, 147-48, Figure 2 hunger: death from starvation, 20, 22, 24; in forced labor, 15, 16; during German invasion, 12; in ghettos, 20, 22—23; at Myslowice prison, 109-10 identification documents and passports: of couriers, 71; for escaping from Bendzin, 80—84, 93, 146; for escaping from Poland, 125; foreign, for avoiding deportations, 57, 167nl2 identification documents and passports, of Renia: in capture near Katowice, 93-97; in courier work, 5, 67, 71; in escape to Palestine, 7, 133-35, 148; found in Charsznica station, 38, 43 lisa. See Hansdorf, lisa immigration to Palestine: illegal, 144-45, 150; legal, 7, 129, 148, 174nl8, 177n35 industrial areas, 2 In the Days of Destruction and Revolt (Lubetkin), 155, 172n5, 174nl9, 178n49
INDEX Iraq, 150 Isaac. See Zuckerman, Isaac Israel, establishment of state of, 154, 158. See also Palestine Israeli War of Independence, 154 Istanbul: Renias escape through, 136—37, 148-49; Zionist contacts in, 6, 7, 136, 148, 168nl7, 171nl4 7 Was Ordered to Live (Lenchner), 170n2 JDC. See American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Jçdrzejôw: Aarons postwar visits to, 151, 153; antisemitism in, 3; German capture of, 9-10, 163n2; Kukielka family’s flight from, 9-10; Kukielka family’s return to, 12-13; location of, 163n2; Renias childhood in, xi; Renias husband from, 153 Jçdrzejôw ghetto, 13-17; deportations from, 18, 35—37, 163n2; disease in, 15-16; escapees passing through, 32—36; establishment of, 13—17, 163n2; Jewish Council in, 13—16, 18; Jewish militia in, 14-15, 18; laborers from, 14-17 Jelesnia, 125, 127 Jewish Agency: in Istanbul, 171nl4; in Renias escape to Palestine, 7-8; Renias work for, 144—45 Jewish Book Annual, 158-59 Jewish Combat Organization (ZOB), 145—46; in Bendzin, 146, 175n23; bunkers built by, 175n23; on escape of Frumka, 6; establishment of, 145, 175n20; women in, 157, 167nl4. See also specific members Jewish Council: bribery of, 15, 18, 54; in deportations, 51; duties of, 14; in Jçdrzejôw, 13-16, 18; leadership 191 of, 4—5, 14; in Lodz, 5; of Slovakia, 170n9; in transportation of Jews, 16, 18-19. See also Bendzin, Jewish Council in “Jewish Gestapo,” 61 Jewish Military Organization (ZZW), 175n20 Joachimowicz (friend), 37-38 Joseph Ha-Cohen, ix Joseph K. See Kornianski, Joseph Journal ofJewish Education, 159 Judenrat. See Jewish Council Kalmaniya, 149
Kalmanowich, Tuvia, 58, 59 Kamionka, 53, 167n8, 172n7. See also Bendzin Ghetto Kaplan, Eliezer, 7, 177n40 Kasia, 125 Katowice: Renia accused of being Jewish in, 91-92, 169n28; Renias capture near, 5, 93-97, 156; in Renias escape from prison, 121; in route to Slovakia, 125, 127 Katowice prison: lisa in, 97—102, 115, 157; Renia in, 96-106, 143 Katzengold, Halla, 80 Kaufman, 59-60 Kazik (Simha Rotem), 70, 168nl8 Kazimierz, 39-40 Kempner, Vitka, 180n82 Kibbutz Arid, at Bendzin: in attempts to join partisan groups, 79; deportations and, 74; education of, 53, 61, 77-78, 167n9; establishment of, 152, 178n59; after final deportations, 90; in hiding after liquidation, 126; in house with Bendzin Kibbutz, 53, 54, 61, 173n8; smuggling out of Poland, 80-81, 126, 128, 152
192 INDEX Kibbutz Bendzin. See Bendzin Kibbutz Kibbutz Dafna, xi-xii, 140—41, 144, Figure 12 kibbutzim, definition of, 165n5, 172n8 Kibbutz Lohamei Hagetaot, 156 Kielce (city): antisemitism in, 3; deportations from, 31-32, 35-36; pogroms in, 3, 178n55 Kielce (province): antisemitism in, 3; in German invasion of Poland, 2 Kleiman, Leibish, 179n64 Kleiman, Rakhel, 179n64 Klinger, Chajka: diary of, 173nl2; escape from Bendzin Ghetto, 147; escape to Palestine, 130, 132, 173nl2, 177n37; on gender equality in Palestine, 157; role in resistance, 170nl0; romantic relationship of, 180n82 Kolb, BenZion, 164nl0 Kollek, Teddy, 171nl4 Korchak, Rozka, 181n94 Kornianski, Joseph: escape to Palestine, 140, 147; Gouri on meeting, 139—40; in Hungary, 129; photo of, Figure 12-, recounting experiences to Jews in Palestine, 139—40, 147, 149, 172n5, 177n34; vs. Renia, attention paid to memoirs of, 158; role in resistance, 170n5, 171n2; in Slovakia, 125 Kosice, 133 Kovnat, Asya: afterword by, 139-61; photo of, Figure 19 Kovnat, Sonia Lion, 155, 156 Kovner, Abba, 180n82 Koziebrodzka, Lonka, 65 Kozlovsky, David, 58, 80 Kozlow, 38—39 Kozlowski, David, 180n82 Kozuch, Boleslaw (“B.”), 90—92, 146, 169nn27-29, 176n27 Krakow, 130 Kritzer, Tali, vi-vii Kruvka, Yitzhak, 59, 60, 79-80 Kubylec, Mieczyslaw: capture and death of, 147; and family’s bunker, 131, 170nl; in hiding, 123-24; in smuggling of Jews to Slovakia, 125, 127, 147 Kubylec, Pietr, 147, 170nl Kubylec family, 170nl, 176n31; bunker of, 122-25, 131-32, 147, 170nl Kukielka, Aaron (brother): aid sent to parents sent by, 43; arrival in Israel, 151;
at munitions plant, 47, 173nll; photo of, Figure 17', postwar visits to Jçdrzejôw, 151, 153; at Sandziszôw, Renia reunited with, 36—37 Kukielka, Abram Alter (grandfather), 179n64 Kukielka, Bella (sister), 153, 172n8 Kukielka, Estera Malka (grandmother), 179n64 Kukielka, Esther (sister), 153 Kukielka, Jacob (brother), 36 Kukielka, Leah (mother): death of, 153, 166n8; in hiding near Miechôw, 42-44; last letter to Renia from, 46-47, 160-61; parents of, 179n64; in Sandomierz, 45^17, 166n8; separation from family, 36-37 Kukielka, Moshe Leib (father): children of, xi; death of, xi, 153, 166n8; in hiding near Miechôw, 42-44; in Jçdrzejôw, xi, 12; last letter to Renia from, 46-47, 160-61; parents and siblings of, 179n64; in Sandomierz, 45^47, 156, 166n8, 179n72; separation from family, 36-37; Zionism of, xi
INDEX Kukielka, Renia: birth and childhood of, xi, 172n4; children of, 145, 154; death of, 157; death of family of, xi, 153, 166n8, 179n64; education of, xi, 3, 104, 141, 144; extended family of, 179n64; marriage of, 153-54, 155; name of, 143-44, 151, 154, 155; other writings of, 144; secretarial work by, 144, 154; siblings of, xi, 153. See also Escape from the Pit Kukielka, Sarah (sister): aid sent to parents by, 43; arrival at Bendzin, 165n6; at Bendzin after final deportations, 90, 92, 124-25; death of, 152—53, 165n6; escape from Bendzin Ghetto, 147; German capture of, xi, 152; in Hechalutz Dror before war, 172n8; photo of, Figure 8-, planned escape from Poland, 132, 152; Renia’s correspondence with, 42-43, 11516; in Renia’s departure for Slovakia, 126; in Renia’s escape from prison, 6, 115-23; in Renia’s journey to Bendzin, 43-44; Renia’s postwar search for, 152-53; reunions with Renia, 4, 45-47, 92, 116-17; role in resistance, 165n6; during uprising at Bendzin, 176n25 Kukielka, Tzvi (brother), 150-51, 154 Kukielka, Yankele (Yaakov) (brother), 43, 45-46, 153 Kuprienko, Tatiana, 113-14 labor. See forced labor leadership, dual, 158 Lenchner, Chavka: arrival in Palestine, 143, 174nl4; at Bendzin after final deportations, 90, 124-25; escape from Bendzin Ghetto, 147; escape to Palestine, 126—27, 152, 170n2; in 193 hiding in Dombrowka, 124-25; as nurse, 77, 170n4; photos of, Figure 2, Figure 12-, in Renia’s departure for Slovakia, 126; role in resistance, 170n2; on Sarah’s death, 153; during uprising at Bendzin, 176n25 Leser, Bronia, 179n60 Leser, Esterka, 179n60 Lewisohn,
Ludwig, ix-x Liaison Office. See Lishkat Hakesher lice, 17, 99 Light of Days, The (Batalion), 160 Liptovsky Svaty/Mikulaitis (Miklas), 129-30, 170n7 Lishkat Hakesher (Liaison Office), 7, 148, 171nl4, 177nn39-40 literature, Jewish, ix-x. See also Holocaust literature Lodz, 5, 130 Lubetkin, Zivia: on defense preparations, 62; forged documents of, Figure 4; on Hancia’s escape from Poland, 62-63; In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, 155, 172n5, 174nl9, 178n49; as leader of Hechalutz Dror, 145; misinformation about death of, 148; on moving from Bendzin to Warsaw, 81; name of, used as code word, 177n36; photos of, Figure 10, Figure 15·, postcards mailed to JDC by, 180n77; on Renia’s escape from Poland, 125, 132; on Renia’s escape from prison, 115—16, 123; role in resistance, 148, 167nl4; in romantic relationship with Isaac, 180n82; on Sarah’s death, 153; in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 65-68, 70, 148, 168nl4; in ZOB, 148 Lublin, 130 Lucamante, Stefania, 160 Lwôw, 16—17
194 INDEX Maccabi, 134 Majdanek, 130 map, of Renias escape route, vi-vii Marcus, Moshe, 88 Marder, Zippora, 73, 79 Marek. See Folman, Marek martyrdom, ix massacres: annihilation squads in, 24; as continuous, 23-24; in deportation process, 24, 31-32; by gassing in trucks, 23-24; in General Government zone, 50, 51, 173n9; during German invasion, 11—12; by Gestapo, 20-22; Jewish understanding of scope of, 26; sources of Renias knowledge of, 24-26. See also specific locations mass deportations. See deportations master narrative, of Holocaust literature, 160 Max E See Fisher, Max Meirov, Saul, 177n40 memoirs. See Holocaust literature Menachem B. See Bader, Menachem men and boys, Jewish: circumcision of, 27, 157; courier work by women vs., 5, 157; gender equality during vs. after war, 157-58; Holocaust literature by, 143, 158, 160, 182nl03; passing as Aryans, 27-29 Merin, Moshe (Moszek), 4-5, 80, 169n24, Figure 9 Meyer. See Shulman, Meyer Michalkowice, 122-24, 127, 170nl Michman, Dan, 159 Miechow, 42-44 Miklas, 129-32, 170n7 militia, Jewish: annihilation squads and, 24, 51-52; at Bendzin Ghetto, 55, 56, 58-62, 73, 84; in deportations, 51, 73, 84; duties of, 14-15, 18; escapees hunted by, 52; establishment of, 13—14; German execution of, 52; as Jewish Gestapo, 61; Renia aided by member of, 41, 43 Mishmar HaEmek, 149 Molchadsky, 59 money. See bribery; funding Monish. See Hofenberg, Monia Moskowitz, Rivka, 81-83, 93, 123 munitions plants: forced labor in, 25-26, 164n8(chl), 173nll; Poles’ refusal to work in, 26. See also Skorzysk Myslowice prison, 105-23; children in, 112-13; daily
routine at, 108-10; deportations to Auschwitz from, 109, 111, 114; functions of, 107, 169n2; Gestapo at, 109-11, 114— 15, 127; location of, 169n2; other escape attempts from, 110, 114-15; Renias as earliest description of, 143; Renias escape from, 6, 115-23; Renias letter to Warsaw from, 113; Renias transfer to, 5, 105-6; torture at, 107, 109, 111-12, 114 Narodowa Democracy (ND) Party, 3 New York Times Book Review, 159 Nida River, 9 Novak family, 131, 169n27, 169n29, 176n28 nurseries, ghetto, 55 Ofer, Dalia, 159, 164nll Oksenhedler-Kozhuch, Fridka, 177n37 One Year in Treblinka (Wiernik), 166n3 orphanages: in Bendzin, closure of, 53, 77, 178n59; non-orphaned children turned over to, 27. See also Kibbutz Atid
INDEX Oswiecim. See Auschwitz ovens, at Treblinka, 50 Palestine: citizenship in, 144, 145; first presentations of Holocaust stories in, 140-41, 147—49, 172n5, 177n34; gender equality in, 157-58; illegal immigration to, 144—45, 150; legal immigration to, 7, 129, 148, 174nl8, 177n35; Moshe Kukielka’s prewar wish to move to, xi; in rescue of Polish Jews, 6-7, 148-49 Palestine, Renias escape to, 6—8, 119-37; arrival in Palestine, xi, 8, 137, 140; through Bulgaria, 8, 136; first detailed description of route of, 143, 147, 173nl2; Hechalutz Dror in, 140; hiding in Poland before, 122-27; through Hungary, 7-8, 130, 132-35, 147-48; map of route, vi-vii; Myslowice prison escape before, 5, 115-23; number of people taking route of, 7, 164nll; through Romania, 8, 136; through Slovakia, 6-7, 125-32; smugglers’ role in, 7, 147; through Syria, 8, 137; through Turkey, 8, 134, 13637, 147, 148—49. See also Hungary; Slovakia Palestine (Israel), Renias life in, 139-61; education in, 144; in Flames in the Ashes, 154-55, 159; interviews about, 154-55, 159; at Jewish Agency, 144—45; marriage in, 153-54, 155; secretarial work in, 154; start of, xi, 8, 137, 140; writing in, 141, 143, 144 Palestine Bureau, 133, 134, 136 Palmach, 139-40, 149-50, 178n50 partisan units: Bendzin Kibbutz’s attempts to join, 65, 77-80; 195 German capture and punishment of, 111-12; Renia accused of membership in, 103 passing as Aryan, 26-29; forged documents for, 26; by men and boys, 27-29; by orphans of Bendzin, 80-81, 152; by women and girls, 5, 26-27 passing as Aryan, by Renia, 5; church attendance in, 41—42, 43; in
first trip to Warsaw, 66—71; household work done by, 41—43; physical appearance in, 5, 40, 66. See also courier, Renias work as passing as Catholic, by Renia, 7, 42, 43, 94, 103, 108, 134 passports. See identification documents passwords, bunker, 64 patches. See Star of David Peoples Army (Armia Ludowa), 145, 175n21 Perlis, Rivka, 155, 159 Perlstadt, Max, 74 Pesachson, Gisya, 71 Pesachson, Irka, 80 Pesachson, Leah, 80 Pésci, Katalin, 160 photographs: of Aaron, Figure 17', of Asya Kovnat, Figure 19', of Baruch, Figure 6-, of Bendzin, Figure 3', of Chavka, Figure 2, Figure 12-, of forged documents, Figure 4·, of Frumka, Figure 5', of group escaping Poland with Renia, Figure 2', of Isaac, Figure 10, Figure 14·, of Joseph Kornianski, Figure 12·, of postwar Zionist collective in Poland, Figure 10·, of Sarah, Figure 8·, of tide page of Escape from the Pit, Figure 13', of Zivia, Figure 10, Figure 15', of Zvi, Figure 7
196 INDEX photographs, of Renia: in 1940s, in Palestine, Figure 1, Figures 11—12·, in 1980s-2000s, in Israel, Figures 16-19", with group escaping Poland, Figure 2 Pilsudski, Josef, 4 Pinczow, 179n64 pits, at Treblinka, 51, 161 Plotnicka, Frumka: arrival at Bendzin, 6, 51-52; in clash with Jewish militia, 59-61; courier work of, 166n4; death of, 89-90, 166n4; Handa and Frumka on, 144, 166n4, 167n7 174nl5; Hancia’s difficulty leaving, 63; as illegal member of kibbutz, 52; in leadership of Bendzin Ghetto, 158; in move into Bendzin Ghetto, 53, 54; on partisan networks, 79; photo of, Figure 5", on preparations for resistance, 57; response to deportations at Bendzin, 72—74; response to escape offers, 6, 57; role in resistance, 6, 144, 166n4; in selection of Renia as courier, 66; in smuggling of people from Bendzin to Warsaw, 81; in uprising at Bendzin, 89-90; on Vilna, 51-52; and Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 65-66; work at Bendzin by, 52-53; ZOB at Bendzin established by, 146 Plotnicka, Hancia: death of, 68, 167n7; Handa and Frumka on, 144, 166n4, 167n7, 174nl5; as illegal member of kibbutz, 52; role in resistance, 144, 166n7(ch3); smuggled abroad through Warsaw, 62—63, 64, 167n7; in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 65, 68, 167n7; work at Bendzin by, 52-53 Podsiadly Street, 167nl0, 173n8 pogroms, 3, 178n55 Pohorilla, Marcus, 78 Poland: German invasion of, 1-2, 9-13; number of Jews killed in, 140; three zones of, 165n3, 173n9. See also specific locations Poles: antisemitism of, 2-4, 144; barred from ghettos, 14, 19; on deportations, 75; extortion by, 26, 27; German atrocities against, 2, 3; vs.
Germans, Renias attitude toward, 3; Jewish property given to, 13, 36, 54; Jews denounced by, 111; Jews hiding in homes of, 20, 26, 28, 36, 113-14; in munitions plants, 26; paradox of Jewish relations with, 3; prewar Jewish relations with, 3-4; at Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 68-69, 146 police, German: in capture of Renia, 93-96; Jews disguised as, 70-71; supervision of forced labor by, 15 police, Jewish, Bendzin Ghetto guarded by, 5, 167n8. See also militia, Jewish Polish Army, resistance to German invasion by, 2, 9 Polish consulate, in Budapest, 133-34 Polish language: Jewish women vs. men’s knowledge of, 157; Renia writing in, 141 Polish Workers Party (PPR), 8, 64, 103, 134, 168nl5 Polska Partja Robotnicza (PPR), 8, 64, 103, 134, 168nl5 Pomeranz, Wenya. See Hadari, Ze’ev Porat, Dina, 148-49, 159, 175n24, 177n42 postcards, coded, 180n77 Presov, 132-33, 171nll prisons. See Katowice prison; Myslowice prison Prohibited in a New Land (Glick), 173nl3
INDEX property, Jewish: burned by Jews, 54; German confiscation of, 13, 14; Poles as recipients of, 13, 36, 54 prostitution, forced, 22 Radom, 130 rape, 22 ration cards, 14, 19, 23, 124 Reichenau, Walther von, 2 Renia. See Kukielka, Renia rescues. See escape resistance. See underground resistance revenge, 150 ribbons, 12-13, 164n3. See also Star of David Ringelblum, Emanuel, 3 Romania, Renias escape through, 8, 136 romantic relationships, in ghettos, 158, 180n82 Ronen, Avihu, 146^47, 158, 159 Rosenberg, Yaakov, 176n30 Rossner, Alfred, 4, 72, 75, 168n20 Rotem, Simha (Kazik), 70, 168nl8 Rozenberg, Benito (“B.”), 130, 132, 170n8 Rubinstein, Sarah, 74 Rumkowski, Mordechai, 5, 169nn24-25 Sadeh, Yitzhak, 139^0, 149 Sandomierz: deportations from, 156, 166n8, 179n72; labor camp at, 164n6; location of, 166n8; Renias parents in, 45—47, 156, 166n8, 179n72 Sandziszôw, 36-37, 165nl Sarah. See Kukielka, Sarah Schoenthal, Aaron, 59 Schwarzbaum, Alfred (Alf), 164nl0, 168nl7, Figure 9 seals, on forged documents, 82, 87, 95, 96, 102-3 197 secretarial work, by Renia, 144, 154 Sedziszow-Malopolski, 165nl Sharett, Moshe, 7, 177n40 Sharon Books, 151 Shimshi, Naomi, 155, 159 Shulman, Meyer, 86-89; on Bendzin deportations, 87-89, 169n26; escape from Bendzin Ghetto, 176n28; in hiding, 86-89, 169n27, 176n28; and Kubylec bunker, 123-24, 131-32; in Renias escape, 122; role in resistance, 86-87, 176n28 Shulman, Nechama (Nacha), 122, 169n26 Siemianowice, 122 Sikorski, Wladyslaw, 7, 103, 134, 169nl Silberschein, Abraham, 164nl0 “Silence, Years of,” 159, 181n87 Silesia, 2 Sittenfeld, Eliza: at Bendzin
after final deportations, 90; deportation of Hershel and, 75-76; in education of orphans, 53, 77-78; in hiding in Dombrowka, 124-26; planned escape from Poland, 152; and Renias escape to Slovakia, 126, 132; in smuggling of children to Germany, 80-81; during uprising at Bendzin, 176n25 Skarzysko-Kamienna, 130, 164n8(chl), 173nll Skorzysk munitions plant, 25, 35, 47, 130, 164n8(chl), 166n9, 173nll slave labor. See forced labor Slovakia: escape to Palestine through, 6-7, 125-32, 147, 176n30; German invasion of, 170n7; Jewish Council of, 170n9 Slovakian Jews, 129-30, 147, 176n32 smuggling: of documents, 64, 94; in ghettos, 19; of weapons, 64, 71-72
198 INDEX smuggling, people: from Bendzin Ghetto into Warsaw, 62, 81—84; of Hancia, 62-63, 64, 167n7; of orphans out of Bendzin Ghetto, 80-81, 126, 128, 152; of Renia into Warsaw, 66—67; in Renias journey to Bendzin, 43—44; to Slovakia, 125. See also Palestine, Renias escape to Sochnut. See Jewish Agency sonder. See work certificates Sosnowiec: Jewish population of, 165n4, 172n7; Renias stay in, 85-86 Sosnowiec Ghetto: deportations from, 51, 84, 85, 108; establishment of, 172n7; location of, 167n8, 172n7; uprising of 1943 at, 146 Soviet Union, eastern Poland occupied by, 165n3, 173n9 Special Operations of the Jewish Agency Political Department. See Lishkat Hakesher Springer, Hershel: Boehm and, 88; in clash with Jewish militia, 60-61 ; death of, 168n21; deportation and return of, 74-77; in establishment of Kibbutz Atid, 178n59; in final deportation, 89; as leader of Bendzin Kibbutz, 158, 172n8; in move into Bendzin Ghetto, 53, 54; orders on use of bunkers, 72; on partisan networks, 79; in preparations for resistance, 57; role in resistance, 146, 168n21; in selection of Renia as courier, 66; in smuggling of people from Bendzin to Warsaw, 81; in ZOB, 146 Springer, Joel, 60, 74, 76 spying: by prisoners at Katowice, 100; Renia suspected of, 103-4, 115, 143 Srodula, 172n7. See also Sosnowiec Ghetto SS, 2, 164n7 Stara-Zagora, 136 Star of David, Figure 3; blue, 12-13, 25, 164n3; on Slovakian Jews, 130; yellow, 25, 56 starvation, death from, 20, 22, 24 Staszôw, 10, 12 suicide: in early occupation, 18, 23; lisas attempt at, 100; at Myslowice prison, 110; Renias contemplation of, 85;
in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 68-69 Switzerland, Zionist contacts in, 6, 168nl7, 177n39 Syria, Renias escape through, 8, 137 Szenes, Hannah, 173nl3 Tatra Mountains, 6 Technion, 153-54 Tenth Army (Wehrmacht), 2 torture: at Myslowice prison, 107, 109, 111-12, 114; of Renia, at Katowice prison, 97, 101-6 train, deportations by: in cattle cars, 36, 56, 75, 84; from other European countries, 25, 50. See also specific locations train, limitations on travel by, 14, 19 Treblinka, 50-51; eyewitness accounts of, 51, 166n3; killing process at, 50-51; pits at, 51, 161; source of Renias knowledge about, 4, 50-51 Treblinka, deportations to: from Jçdrzejôw, 163n2; from Sandomierz, 156, 166n8, 179n72; from Warsaw, 145; from Wodzislaw, 47, 164n6 trucks. See buses and trucks Trzebinia, 66, 93—96 Turkey: Renias escape through, 8, 136-37, 147, 148-49; visas from, 7, 133-34, 147, 149, 176n33; Zionist contacts in, 6, 7, 8, 134, 136, 148, 168nl7
INDEX typhus, 15-16, 47, НО Tzvi. See Kukielka, Tzvi Ukrainians, 24, 50, 51 underground resistance, Jewish, 4-6; captured members of, 65; communication through couriers in, 5; funding sources for, 66, 168nl7, 180n77; national, 5; organization into units, 57, 64; womens role in, 157-58. See also specific groups and locations underground resistance, Polish, 2, 5, 9, 145, 175n21 underground trade. See smuggling Ungar, Eliezer, 177n34 uniforms: of annihilation squads, 24; German, 4, 168n20; police, 70-71; prisoner, 100 United States, Escape from the Pit in, 151, 158-60 uprising, at Bendzin Ghetto, 6, 89-90, 146, 166n4, 175n25. See also Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; Warsaw Uprising venereal diseases, 22 Vilna, 51-52 visas, Turkish, 7, 133-34, 147, 149, 176n33 Volksdeutsche, 2, 11, 13, 24, 164n2 “W.” See Hadari, Ze’ev Waffen-SS, 2 Waldman, Leah, 154, Figure 18 Waldman, Merav, Figure 18 Waldman, Roie, Figure 18 Waldman-Gino, Michal, Figure 18 War and Genocide (Bergen), 159 War of Independence, Israeli, 154 Warsaw, Aryan section of: bunkers in, 64, 81; Hancia smuggled abroad 199 through, 62—63, 167n7; Jews hiding in, 28; Jews living in, 62, 64-65, 70, 71; Renias failed trip to, 93-97; Renias trips to (See courier, Renias work as); smuggling Jews from Bendzin into, 62, 81-84; during Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 70; Zoliborz district of, 28 Warsaw Central Committee of the Polish Hechalutz, 51, 166n5 Warsaw Ghetto: bunkers in, 64, 70; deportations from, 62, 145; population of, 62; underground resistance in, 5-6, 64-71, 165n4; weapons in, 64. See also specific groups and residents Warsaw Ghetto
Uprising (1943), 65-71; armed resistance by Jews after, 146; Bendzin couriers sent to learn about, 66-71; couriers working after, 157, 180n79; duration of, 70; escapes and rescues during, 70-71; German casualties in, 69-70; Hancia in, 65, 68, 167n7; Isaac in, 70; Mordechai Anielewicz in, 5; Renias visit as courier during, 66-71, 146; Simha Rotem (Kazik) in, 70, 168nl8; Tosia Altman in, 65, 168nl6; Zivia in, 65-68, 70, 148, 168nl4 Warsaw Uprising (1944), 168nl4, 168nl8 weapons: of Bendzin Kibbutz, 57, 64, 71-72, 78, 79; in bunkers, 64; smuggling of, 64, 71-72; in Warsaw Ghetto, 64 Wehrmacht, 2, 4, 14 Weiss, Dr., 85-86 White Paper (1939), 174nl8, 177n35 Wiernik, Yankel, 166n3 will to live, 16, 19, 43, 45, 53 witnesses. See eyewitnesses
INDEX 200 Wnuk, Fishel, 74 Wodzislaw, 18, 37, 47, 164n6 Wodzislaw Ghetto, 156, 164n6, 179n72 women and girls, Jewish: courier work by men vs., 5, 157; education of, 157; in forced labor camps, 36-37; gender equality for, during vs. after war, 157-58; in Holocaust literature, depiction of, 158, 160; Holocaust literature by, 143, 158, 182, 182nl04; livelihoods in ghettos, 19-20; passing as Aryans, 26-27; role in resistance, 157-58; in ZOB, 157, 167nl4 woods, hiding in, 27, 36, 42-43, 70 work certificates (sonder), 51, 59, 61, 72-73, 166nl Yablonka, Hanna, 181n94 Yad Vashem Holocaust Remembrance Center, 155 Yakubowitz, Penina, 89-90 Yankele. See Kukielka, Yankele “Years of Silence,” 159, 181n87 yellow stars, 25 Yiddish language: Escape from the Pit translated into, 151; Renias knowledge of, 141 Yishuv, in rescue of Polish Jews, 6, 148-49, 177n42 Yitzhak. See Zuckerman, Isaac youth groups, Zionist, 4-6, 145-49; awareness of German intent in, 4, 145; cooperation among, 146, 175n24; diversity of ideology in, 4, 165n7, 175n24; gender equality in, 157; goals of, 165n7; Jews in Palestine assisting escape of, 6-7; number of members of, 165n7; origins of, 165n7; postwar, in Poland, Figure 10; prewar, Renias lack of membership in, 173n8; in Renias escape to Palestine, 134; reorganization after German ban on, 166n7(ch2); romantic relationships in, 158, 180n82; self-assessment of resistance by, 145, 174nl9. See also specific groups, locations, and members Zaglembie: deportations from, 146; German annexation of, 172n7; Jewish Council of, 4-5; youth movements in, 172n7. See also Bendzin;
Sosnowiec Zionism: of Moshe Kukielka, xi; postwar, in Poland, Figure 10. See also youth groups Zivia. See Lubetkin, Zivia ZOB. See Jewish Combat Organization Zoliborz district, 28 Zosia (“A.”), 64-65, 67-68, 97 Zuckerman, Isaac (Yitzhak): arrival in Palestine, 153, 179n63; The Book of Ghetto Wars, 144, 174nl7; in contact with Bendzin, 62; on Joseph Kornianski, 171n2; as leader of Hechalutz Dror, 145; photos of, Figure 10, Figure 14; on Renias escape from Poland, 125; on Renias escape from prison, 123; in Renias last courier trip to Warsaw, 82-83; in Renias return to Bendzin during liquidation, 86; role in resistance, 82-83, 168nl4; in romantic relationship with Zivia, 180n82; on Sarah’s death, 153; in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 70 Zvi. See Brandes, Zvi Zvi G. See Goldfarb, Zvi Zywiec, 111 ΊΧ4Ι. See Jewish Military Organization Bayerische Staatsbibliothek |
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Contents Foreword to the 1947 English-language edition Ludwig Lewisohn “Autobiographical” note appearing in the 1947 English-language edition Acknowledgments Asya Kovnat ix xi xiii Introduction Severin Hochberg 1 Chapter One : The First Years 9 Chapter Two : Homeless 31 Chapter Thr 49 ee: The Bendzin Kibbutz Chapter Fou r: In the Toils of theGestapo Chapter Fiv e: Rescue 93 119 gallery ofphotographs follows page 138 Afterword: Life after Escape Asya Kovnat, with Paulina Ezer 139 Notes 163 Index 183
Index Note: Photographs appear on unnumbered pages following page 138 and are referenced here by figure number. “A.” See Zosia Aaron. See Kukielka, Aaron Aliyah Bet, 171nl4 Allgemeine SS, 164n7 Altman, Tosia, 65, 168nl6, 172n7, 180n82 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), 7, 8, 134, 168nl7, 180n77 ammunition factories. See munitions plants Anielewicz, Mordechai, 5, 172n7 annihilation squads, 24, 51, 68, 84 Antek. See Zuckerman, Isaac antisemitism, Polish, 2-4, 144 Arens, Moshe, 159 armament plants. See munitions plants armbands, 25 Armia Krajowa (Home Army), 145, 175n21 Armia Ludowa (People’s Army), 145, 175n21 arms. See weapons Army, German: casualties in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 69-70; in invasion of Poland, 2; Jewish cooperation with, 5; supervision of forced labor by, 15; uniforms of, 168n20 army, Israeli, 154 Army, Polish, resistance to German invasion by, 2, 9 Army Group South, 2 Aryan districts, Jews hiding in, 27—28. See also Bendzin; Warsaw Aryans, passing as. See passing as Aryan Atlit, 144^15 atrocities, in German invasion of Poland, 1-3 Auschwitz: construction of camps at, 167nll; forced labor camps at, 175n22; location of, 167nll; number of deaths at, 167nll; source of Renias knowledge of, 4 Auschwitz, deportations to: from Bendzin, 5, 6, 56, 75, 77, 89, 167nll; from Myslowice prison, 109, 111, 114; from Zaglembie, 146 “B.” See Kozuch, Boleslaw; Rozenberg, Benito Bachazh, Mordecai, 52, 79 183
184 INDEX Bader, Menachem, 136-37, 148-49, 171nl4 Baghdad, 150 Banasik, Banasikowa, 124-26, 131 Banasik, Paul, 131-32 Baruch. See Gaftek, Baruch Basok, Moshe, 174nl7 Batalion, Judy, 160 Bauer, Yehuda, 158 Belgium, deportations from, 25 Belzec, 166n8 Ben-Avram, H. Sh., 141^42 Bendzin: Aryan district of, xi, 90-92, 146-47, 169n27; German annexation of, 4, 165nn3—4; Jewish population of, 165n4, 172n7; location of, 165nn3-4, 172n7; orphanage closed in, 53, 77, 178n59; photo of, Figure 3 Bendzin, deportations from: in 1943 February, 55—57; in 1943 May, 72-77; in 1943 August (final), 84-90; to Auschwitz, 5, 6, 56, 75, 77, 89, 167nll; escape during, 75—77, 87—88, 90-92; infractions leading to, 52, 55, 59; of kibbutz members, 72—77; work as protection from, 51, 59, 72-73 Bendzin, Jewish Council in: bribery of, 54; on education of children, 61; in establishment of ghetto, 54; leadership of, 4-5; in recruitment for Jewish militia, 58-59; supervision of work by, 49, 55 Bendzin, youth groups in, 4-6, 163n6; awareness of German intent in, 4; bunkers built by, 58; choice of escape or continued resistance by, 5-6, 57; before establishment of ghetto, 172n7; Jews in Palestine assisting escape of, 6; names of active, 165n7, 175n23; number of members of, 175n23; origins of, 165n4; Warsaw underground in contact with, 5, 165n4. See also Bendzin Kibbutz; specific groups and members Bendzin Ghetto, 4-5; borders of, 167n8; bunkers in, 58, 72-73, 84, 87-90, 167nl3; deportations from (See Bendzin, deportations from); dual leadership of, 158; escape during deportations from, 75-77, 87-88, 90-92;
establishment of, 53-55, 167n8, 172n7; forced labor by residents of, 55; guarding of, 55, 56, 167n8; housing shortage in, 53-55; Jewish militia of, 55, 56, 58-62, 73, 84; kibbutz’s move into, 53-55, 172n8; liquidation of, 5, 84—92; location of, 167n8; nurseries in, 55; as open vs. closed, 4, 55; orphaned children in (See Kibbutz Atid); penalty for leaving, 55; population of, 4, 53, 173n8; preparation for defense of, 5, 55-58, 62, 64-65; remaining Jews after liquidation, 90, 92, 126, 146-47; uprising of 1943 in, 6, 89—90, 146, 166n4, 175n25; ZOB in, 146, 175n23. See also specific residents Bendzin Kibbutz, 49-92; arrival of Renia at, 4, 43-47; attempts to join partisan units by, 65, 77-80, 168n23; bunkers built by, 58, 87, 167nl3; choice of escape or continued resistance by, 5-6, 57; in clash with Jewish militia, 58-62; deportation of members of, 72-77; diversity of youth groups in, 146, 165n7; in education of orphans, 53, 61, 77-78; as family, 4; Hershel Springer as leader of, 158, 172n8; history of, 172n8; house in ghetto,
INDEX 54-55, 57, 167nl0, 173n8; illegal members of, 52-53; laundry service by, 49, 52-53, 166n2, 172n8; during liquidation of ghetto, 90-92; meaning of name of, 172n8; move into ghetto, 53-55, 172n8; number of members of, 4, 49, 172n8; organization into units, 57; preparations for resistance by, 5, 55-58, 62, 64-65; prewar activities of, 172n8; reports from Warsaw to, 64-71; in uprising of 1943, 89-90, 146; weapons of, 57, 64, 71-72, 78, 79; work by members of, 49, 52-53, 55; work certificates in, 49, 59, 72-73. See also specific members Ben-Gurion, David, 7, 171nl4, 177n40, 177n42 Ben-Nun, Yitzhak, Figure 2 Bergen, Doris, 159-60 Bernard, Hedva, 89—90 Betar, 175n20 Biduchowska, Wanda, 5 Bielsk, 123, 127 Bindudim Uvamachteret (Kukielka), 142. See also Escape from the Pit Black Dogs, 24, 164n7 blackmail, 3, 28-29 blisters, 17 Blochatz, Kalman, 80 blue stars, 12-13, 25, 164n3 Bnei Akiva, 166n7(ch2) Bocian, Zippora, 60, 89-90 Boehm, 88 Book of Ghetto Wars, The (Zuckerman and Basok), 144, 174nl7 Bornblatt, Heniek, 60, 92 boycotts, economic, 3 boys. See men and boys Brandes, Aharon, 176n27 Brandes, Zvi: in attempts to join partisan units, 78; death of, 89; 185 as illegal member of kibbutz, 52; photo of, Figure 7; in preparations for resistance in Bendzin, 57; role in resistance, 166n6; in selection of Renia as courier, 66; in smuggling of people from Bendzin to Warsaw, 81; ZOB at Bendzin established by, 146 bribery: of Gestapo, 114; of Jewish Council, 15, 18, 54; at orphanages, 27; and Renias capture, 94; in Renias escape to Palestine, 7-8, 130, 132-33 Bricha, 168nl4 Britain,
limits on immigration to Palestine under, 174nl8, 177n35 Budapest, Renias escape through, 7-8, 133-34, 147-48, Figure 2 Bug River, 10 Bulgaria, Renias escape through, 8, 136 bunkers: in Bendzin, 58, 72-73, 84, 87-90, 167nl3; built by ZOB, 175n23; of Kubylec family, 122—25, 131-32, 147, 170nl; in Warsaw, 64, 70, 81 Buraks, Adek, 180n82 burials. See graves buses and trucks: deportations on, 60; escapees on, 70, 81, 83; gassing in, 23-24 Bzhokowski, Roman, 179n61 camps. See death camps; displaced persons camps; forced labor camps; specific locations capture, of Renia: near Katowice in 1943, 5, 93-97, 156; near Sandziszôw in 1942, 37—38 Catholic Church: antisemitism and, 3; Renia passing as member of, 7, 42, 43, 94, 103, 108, 134
186 INDEX cattle cars, 36, 56, 75, 84 Celina. See Lubetkin, Zivia Central Industrial Zone, 2 Charsznica, 38-39, 43 Chavka. See Lenchner, Chavka Chelmno, 4 children: at Bendzin (See Kibbutz Atid); escape to Palestine by, 135; in hiding, 33-34, 36; in Myslowice prison, 112-13; non-orphaned, turned over to orphanages, 27; passing as Aryans, 27; at Treblinka, 50; in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 68—69; work by, 27 Chmielnik, 9-12, 164nl, 179n64 cigarettes, 51 circumcision, 27, 157 cities, large: deportations from, 23, 24-25; vs. small towns, conditions in, 23 citizenship, in Palestine, 144, 145 civilians, atrocities against, in invasion of Poland, 2, 3 clothing: documents smuggled in, 94; at forced labor camps, 16-17; in Katowice prison, 100; money smuggled in, 66; in Renias escape to Palestine, 149; weapons smuggled in, 64. See also uniforms communists, Polish, 8, 168nl5 concentration camps. See death camps cooperation: with Germans, 5; among youth groups, 146, 175n24 courier(s): advantages of women as, 5, 157; danger of work of, 157; number of, after Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 157, 180n79; role in resistance, 157; working in pairs, 71. See also specific people courier, Renias work as, 66-84; and attempts to join partisan networks, 79; capture on failed trip of, 93-97; dangers of travel to vs. from Warsaw, 71-72; duration of, 142; first trip during Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 66-71, 146; funding for, 66, 168nl7 180n77; last trip of, to pick up documents, 80-84, 146 “Cywia,” as code word for Poland, 177n36 Czçstochowa: ghetto of, 66-67, 83-84; smuggling route through, 44, 63, 64, 66-67, 71
Dawidson, Gusta, 180n82 death (extermination) camps: memoirs by survivors of, 160, 182nl03; sources of Jewish knowledge of, 4. See also specific locations death penalty: for evaders of forced labor, 14, 16; in German prisons, 99-100, 111; for minor transgressions, 51. See also massacres dehumanization, 145 Denmark, deportations from, 25 deportations, 24-29; dangerous work as way to avoid, 25-26; destinations unknown in, 24-25, 50; escape during, 32-36, 52, 108; Jewish knowledge of massacres as purpose of, 24-26; from large cities, 23, 24-25; massacres in process of, 24, 31-32; number of, 1941-1942, 29; from other European countries, 25, 50; work certificates as protection from, 51, 59, 72-73. See also specific locations Diary from the Ghetto, A (Klinger), 170nl0 Diner, Hasia, 181n87 disease: in forced labor camps, 47; in ghettos, 15-16; at Myslowice prison, 110; typhus, 15-16, 47, 110; venereal, 22
INDEX displaced persons (DP) camps, 15051 Dmowski, Roman, 3 documents, smuggling of, 64, 94. See also forged documents; identification documents Dolnorowa, Frumka, 89-90 Dombrowka: deportations from, 51, 84; Renia in hiding in, 124-27 Dorka, 125 DP. See displaced persons Draenger, Shimshon, 180n82 Dror. See Hechalutz Dror Dror, Zvi, 149-50 dual leadership, 158 Dvorsky, Tuvia, 59, 89—90 economic boycotts, 3 education: of orphans at Bendzin, 53, 61, 77-78, 167n9; prewar, of women, 157; of Renia, xi, 3, 104, 141, 144 Eichmann, Adolf, trial of, 155, 159, Figure 14, Figure 15 Einsatzgruppen, 2 Elbaum, Pinek, 52 Elia-Yeshaya, 134 Eliza. See Sittenfeld, Eliza English language, Renias knowledge of, 151. See also Escape from the Pit (Kukielka), 1947 English-language edition of escape: choice between continued resistance and, 5-6, 57; during deportations, 32—36, 52, 108; from forced labor camps, 17; from ghettos, 26-29; from Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 70-71. See also specific locations and people Escape from the Pit (Kukielka): accuracy of, 143, 173nl0; contemporary impact of, 149-51; republication of, 187 155-56; significance of, 1, 142-43, 160-61; themes and topics of, 1-8, 142; title of, 142, 151; in United States, 151, 158-60; writing of, 1, 141, 143 Escape from the Pit (Kukielka), 1944 Hebrew edition of, 141-44; author name given in, 143-44, 178n49; potential revised edition of, 154; reprinting of, 143; timing of publication of, 143, 158, 173nl3; title page of, Figure 13', translation from Polish for, 141-42 Escape from the Pit (Kukielka), 1946 Yiddish edition of, 151 Escape from
the Pit (Kukielka), 1947 English-language edition of, 151, 159; author name given in, 151; forward to, ix-x, 151; note to, xixii, 151, 163nl Europa Plan, 170n9 executions. See death penalty; massacres extermination camps. See death camps extortion, 26-28 eyewitnesses to Holocaust: first telling of stories in Palestine, 140—41, 147-49, 172n5, 177n34; importance of survival of, 62-63; Renias as first comprehensive written account by, 143, 149; at Treblinka, 51, 166n3. See also specific people Ezer, Paulina, afterword by, 139—61 Finkelstein, Shmuel, 79 firearms. See weapons fire bombs, 64 Fishel, Max, 73, 75-76 Fisher, Max, 129, 176n25, Figure 2 flags, 149 Flames in the Ashes (documentary), 154-55, 159 Folman, Chavah, 65
188 INDEX Folman, Marek: in attempts to join partisan units, 77-80; at Bendzin after final deportations, 90; in education of orphans, 53, 77-78; family of, 82; role in resistance, 168n22 food: in bunkers, 64; deportation for possession of banned, 51; during deportations, 24-25; in forced labor, 47; during German invasion, 12; in ghettos, 14-15, 22-23; at Katowice prison, 98, 101; at Myslowice prison, 106, 109-10, 112; ration cards for, 14, 19, 23, 124 forced (slave) labor: by ghetto residents, 14-15, 55; in munitions plants, 25-26, 164n8(chl), 173nll; Renia as first to describe, 143, 173nll forced labor camps: at Auschwitz, 175n22; conditions in, 16-17, 47, 130; escape from, 17; girls in, 36—37; transportation to, 16. See also specific locations forced prostitution, 22 forged documents: for escaping from ghettos, 26, 80-83, 93; for escaping from Poland, 125; ration cards, 124; in Renias capture near Katowice, 93-97; in Renias courier work, 5, 67, 71; seals on, 82, 87, 95, 96, 102-3; of Zivia, Figure 4 France, deportations from, 25 Frank, Hans, 164n3 Freedom Pioneers. See Hechalutz Dror Friedländer, Saul, 160 Frumka. See Plotnicka, Frumka funding: for escape to Palestine, 7; for Kubylec bunker, 124; for underground resistance, 66, 168nl7, 180n77 Gaftek, Baruch: death of, 167n9; in education for Kibbutz Atid, 53, 61, 167n9; in establishment of Kibbutz Atid, 178n59; photo of, Figure 6·, in preparations for resistance in Bendzin, 57; recruited for militia, 59; role in resistance, 146, 167n9; in selection of Renia as courier, 66; in smuggling of people from Bendzin to Warsaw,
81; in uprising at Bendzin, 89-90; in ZOB, 146 Galicia, 173n9 gassing: at Treblinka, 50-51; in trucks, 23-24 Gelbart, Ina, 71, 81-83, 168nl9, 180n79 Gelblum, Irena. See Halina gendarmes. See police gender equality, during vs. after war, 157-58 gender roles, in Israel, 157-58 General Government: border of, 43, 44; escapees from, 52; establishment of, 165n3, 173n9; massacres in, 50, 51, 173n9 Geneva. See Switzerland German Army. See Army, German Germans: ethnic {See Volksdeutsche); Jewish cooperation with, 5; vs. Poles, Renias attitude toward, 3 Germany: children from Myslowice prison sent to, 112; displaced persons camps in, 150; smuggling of Bendzin children to, 80-81, 152 Gestapo: in annihilation squads, 51; in capture of Renia, 96-97, 156; in deportations, 24-25, 73, 75, 84; and escapees from ghettos, 27; forced labor supervised by, 16; in ghettos, 14, 16; at Katowice prison, 97-105; massacres by, 20-22; at
INDEX Myslowice prison, 109-11, 114-15, 127 “Gestapo, Jewish,” 61 ghettos: deportations from (See deportations); disease in, 15-16; dual leadership in, 158; escapees from, 26-29; establishment of, 13, 22; food in, 14-15, 22-23; forced labor in, 14—15, 55; Jewish Councils role in, 14; Jewish militia’s role in, 14—15; liquidation of, 23; livelihoods in, 19-20; Poles barred from, 14, 19; purpose of concentrating Jews in, 23; romantic relationships in, 158, 180n82; transportation between, 18-19, 23. See also specific locations Gino, Tzahi, Figure 18 girls. See women and girls Glanz, Rivka, 83-84, 169n25, 180n82 Glick, Ruth, 173nl3 Gola, Mire, 180n82 Goldbrom, Alter, 58, 60, 79 Goldfarb, Zvi, 134, Figure 2 Goldstein, Ubek, 79 Gordonia Hatzioni, 80, 163n6, 165n7, 168n23 Goslavsky, Gutek, 58, 74, 76 Gouri, Haim: Flames in the Ashes, 154-55, 159; on meeting Renia, 139^10, 171 n2; Renias influence on, 150 graves: cemetery, 21; digging of, 20, 22, 32; pits as, at Treblinka, 51, 161 Great Deportation, from Warsaw Ghetto, 145 Grosman, Haika, 180n82 Haaretz (newspaper), 173nl3 Habonim, 134 189 Hadari, Ze’ev (Wenya Pomeranz, “W”), 134, 136-37, 148-49, 171nnl3-14 Haganah, 149 Hague, The, 6, 57, 125 Haifa, 137, 140, 154-56 Hakibbutz Hameuchad (United Kibbutz Movement), 141-42, 154, 173nl3 Halina (Irena Gelblum), 6, 116-23, 163n8 Hancia. See Plotnicka, Hancia Hancia and Frumka, 144, 166n4, 167n7, 174nl5 Hanoar Hatzioni (Zionist Youth): and Bendzin Ghetto liquidation, 90-91, 169n27; ideology of, 163n6, 166n7(ch2); representative sent to Palestine by, 148, 177n37; smuggling Jews to Slovakia,
125, 147, 176n30 Hansdorf, Ilsa: death oF, 115, 156-57; German capture of, 93-97; at Katowice prison, 97-102, 115, 157; during liquidation of Bendzin Ghetto, 86, 89—92, 157; near deportation of, 73; in smuggling of children to Germany, 80-81 Harel, Ilana, Figure 18 Harel, Jacob (Koby), 154, Figure 18 Harel, Liran, Figure 18 Harel, Tai, Figure 18 Ha-Sefer Ha-Meshugah (Gouri), 139-40 Hashomer Hatzair (Young Guards): attempts to join partisan units by, 79—80, 168n23; at Bendzin after liquidation, 147; ideology of, 163n6, 165n7; leaders of, in Bendzin, 172n7; in Renias escape to Palestine, 132, 134; representative sent to Palestine by, 148, 177n37
190 INDEX Hebrew language, Renias knowledge of, 141, 142, 144, 154, 156. See also Escape from the Pit (Kukielka), 1944 Hebrew edition of Hechalutz Dror (Freedom Pioneers): attempts to join partisan units by, 79-80, 168n23; at Bendzin after liquidation, 147; escape to Palestine by members of, 140; headquarters of, 141; ideology of, 163n6, 165n7; leadership of, 145, 158; Renia chosen to represent, in Palestine, 148; in Renias escape to Palestine, 134, 140, 148; Renias membership in, 140, 163n6; Sarahs membership in, 172n8. See also specific members heroism: in Holocaust literature, ix; of Renia, X, 143 Hershel. See Springer, Hershel Hershkovitz, Akiva, 153-54, 155, Figure 16 Hershkovitz, Jacob. See Harel, Jacob Hershkovitz, Leah. See Waldman, Leah Hershkovitz, Merav. See Waldman, Merav Hershkovitz, Renia. See Kukielka, Renia Hershlikowitz, Abraham, 59, 74, 76 Heydrich, Reinhard, 2 hiding, living in, 26-29; in Aryan districts, 27-28; by children, 33-34, 36; in Poles’ homes, 20, 26, 28, 36, 113-14; in woods, 27, 36, 42-43, 70. See also bunkers; specific locations and people Himmler, Heinrich, 2 Hitler, Adolf, 2 Hochberg, Severin, 1—8 Hofenberg, Monia (Monish), 128, 136, 152, 170n6, Figure 2 Holland, deportations from, 25 Holocaust literature, ix-x; depiction of women in, 158, 160; heroism in, ix; in United States, 158-60; written by women vs. men, 143, 158, 160, 182nnl03-4. See also specific books Holohita, 92 Home Army (Armia Krajowa), 145, 175n21 Horowitz, Sara, 160 hostages, 12, 59-60, 111 Hugo Schneider AG, 164n8(chl) Hungarian Jews, 133, 171nl4 Hungary: German occupation
of, 7, 148; Joseph Kornianski in, 129; Renias escape through, 7-8, 130, 132-35, 147-48, Figure 2 hunger: death from starvation, 20, 22, 24; in forced labor, 15, 16; during German invasion, 12; in ghettos, 20, 22—23; at Myslowice prison, 109-10 identification documents and passports: of couriers, 71; for escaping from Bendzin, 80—84, 93, 146; for escaping from Poland, 125; foreign, for avoiding deportations, 57, 167nl2 identification documents and passports, of Renia: in capture near Katowice, 93-97; in courier work, 5, 67, 71; in escape to Palestine, 7, 133-35, 148; found in Charsznica station, 38, 43 lisa. See Hansdorf, lisa immigration to Palestine: illegal, 144-45, 150; legal, 7, 129, 148, 174nl8, 177n35 industrial areas, 2 In the Days of Destruction and Revolt (Lubetkin), 155, 172n5, 174nl9, 178n49
INDEX Iraq, 150 Isaac. See Zuckerman, Isaac Israel, establishment of state of, 154, 158. See also Palestine Israeli War of Independence, 154 Istanbul: Renias escape through, 136—37, 148-49; Zionist contacts in, 6, 7, 136, 148, 168nl7, 171nl4 7 Was Ordered to Live (Lenchner), 170n2 JDC. See American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Jçdrzejôw: Aarons postwar visits to, 151, 153; antisemitism in, 3; German capture of, 9-10, 163n2; Kukielka family’s flight from, 9-10; Kukielka family’s return to, 12-13; location of, 163n2; Renias childhood in, xi; Renias husband from, 153 Jçdrzejôw ghetto, 13-17; deportations from, 18, 35—37, 163n2; disease in, 15-16; escapees passing through, 32—36; establishment of, 13—17, 163n2; Jewish Council in, 13—16, 18; Jewish militia in, 14-15, 18; laborers from, 14-17 Jelesnia, 125, 127 Jewish Agency: in Istanbul, 171nl4; in Renias escape to Palestine, 7-8; Renias work for, 144—45 Jewish Book Annual, 158-59 Jewish Combat Organization (ZOB), 145—46; in Bendzin, 146, 175n23; bunkers built by, 175n23; on escape of Frumka, 6; establishment of, 145, 175n20; women in, 157, 167nl4. See also specific members Jewish Council: bribery of, 15, 18, 54; in deportations, 51; duties of, 14; in Jçdrzejôw, 13-16, 18; leadership 191 of, 4—5, 14; in Lodz, 5; of Slovakia, 170n9; in transportation of Jews, 16, 18-19. See also Bendzin, Jewish Council in “Jewish Gestapo,” 61 Jewish Military Organization (ZZW), 175n20 Joachimowicz (friend), 37-38 Joseph Ha-Cohen, ix Joseph K. See Kornianski, Joseph Journal ofJewish Education, 159 Judenrat. See Jewish Council Kalmaniya, 149
Kalmanowich, Tuvia, 58, 59 Kamionka, 53, 167n8, 172n7. See also Bendzin Ghetto Kaplan, Eliezer, 7, 177n40 Kasia, 125 Katowice: Renia accused of being Jewish in, 91-92, 169n28; Renias capture near, 5, 93-97, 156; in Renias escape from prison, 121; in route to Slovakia, 125, 127 Katowice prison: lisa in, 97—102, 115, 157; Renia in, 96-106, 143 Katzengold, Halla, 80 Kaufman, 59-60 Kazik (Simha Rotem), 70, 168nl8 Kazimierz, 39-40 Kempner, Vitka, 180n82 Kibbutz Arid, at Bendzin: in attempts to join partisan groups, 79; deportations and, 74; education of, 53, 61, 77-78, 167n9; establishment of, 152, 178n59; after final deportations, 90; in hiding after liquidation, 126; in house with Bendzin Kibbutz, 53, 54, 61, 173n8; smuggling out of Poland, 80-81, 126, 128, 152
192 INDEX Kibbutz Bendzin. See Bendzin Kibbutz Kibbutz Dafna, xi-xii, 140—41, 144, Figure 12 kibbutzim, definition of, 165n5, 172n8 Kibbutz Lohamei Hagetaot, 156 Kielce (city): antisemitism in, 3; deportations from, 31-32, 35-36; pogroms in, 3, 178n55 Kielce (province): antisemitism in, 3; in German invasion of Poland, 2 Kleiman, Leibish, 179n64 Kleiman, Rakhel, 179n64 Klinger, Chajka: diary of, 173nl2; escape from Bendzin Ghetto, 147; escape to Palestine, 130, 132, 173nl2, 177n37; on gender equality in Palestine, 157; role in resistance, 170nl0; romantic relationship of, 180n82 Kolb, BenZion, 164nl0 Kollek, Teddy, 171nl4 Korchak, Rozka, 181n94 Kornianski, Joseph: escape to Palestine, 140, 147; Gouri on meeting, 139—40; in Hungary, 129; photo of, Figure 12-, recounting experiences to Jews in Palestine, 139—40, 147, 149, 172n5, 177n34; vs. Renia, attention paid to memoirs of, 158; role in resistance, 170n5, 171n2; in Slovakia, 125 Kosice, 133 Kovnat, Asya: afterword by, 139-61; photo of, Figure 19 Kovnat, Sonia Lion, 155, 156 Kovner, Abba, 180n82 Koziebrodzka, Lonka, 65 Kozlovsky, David, 58, 80 Kozlow, 38—39 Kozlowski, David, 180n82 Kozuch, Boleslaw (“B.”), 90—92, 146, 169nn27-29, 176n27 Krakow, 130 Kritzer, Tali, vi-vii Kruvka, Yitzhak, 59, 60, 79-80 Kubylec, Mieczyslaw: capture and death of, 147; and family’s bunker, 131, 170nl; in hiding, 123-24; in smuggling of Jews to Slovakia, 125, 127, 147 Kubylec, Pietr, 147, 170nl Kubylec family, 170nl, 176n31; bunker of, 122-25, 131-32, 147, 170nl Kukielka, Aaron (brother): aid sent to parents sent by, 43; arrival in Israel, 151;
at munitions plant, 47, 173nll; photo of, Figure 17', postwar visits to Jçdrzejôw, 151, 153; at Sandziszôw, Renia reunited with, 36—37 Kukielka, Abram Alter (grandfather), 179n64 Kukielka, Bella (sister), 153, 172n8 Kukielka, Estera Malka (grandmother), 179n64 Kukielka, Esther (sister), 153 Kukielka, Jacob (brother), 36 Kukielka, Leah (mother): death of, 153, 166n8; in hiding near Miechôw, 42-44; last letter to Renia from, 46-47, 160-61; parents of, 179n64; in Sandomierz, 45^17, 166n8; separation from family, 36-37 Kukielka, Moshe Leib (father): children of, xi; death of, xi, 153, 166n8; in hiding near Miechôw, 42-44; in Jçdrzejôw, xi, 12; last letter to Renia from, 46-47, 160-61; parents and siblings of, 179n64; in Sandomierz, 45^47, 156, 166n8, 179n72; separation from family, 36-37; Zionism of, xi
INDEX Kukielka, Renia: birth and childhood of, xi, 172n4; children of, 145, 154; death of, 157; death of family of, xi, 153, 166n8, 179n64; education of, xi, 3, 104, 141, 144; extended family of, 179n64; marriage of, 153-54, 155; name of, 143-44, 151, 154, 155; other writings of, 144; secretarial work by, 144, 154; siblings of, xi, 153. See also Escape from the Pit Kukielka, Sarah (sister): aid sent to parents by, 43; arrival at Bendzin, 165n6; at Bendzin after final deportations, 90, 92, 124-25; death of, 152—53, 165n6; escape from Bendzin Ghetto, 147; German capture of, xi, 152; in Hechalutz Dror before war, 172n8; photo of, Figure 8-, planned escape from Poland, 132, 152; Renia’s correspondence with, 42-43, 11516; in Renia’s departure for Slovakia, 126; in Renia’s escape from prison, 6, 115-23; in Renia’s journey to Bendzin, 43-44; Renia’s postwar search for, 152-53; reunions with Renia, 4, 45-47, 92, 116-17; role in resistance, 165n6; during uprising at Bendzin, 176n25 Kukielka, Tzvi (brother), 150-51, 154 Kukielka, Yankele (Yaakov) (brother), 43, 45-46, 153 Kuprienko, Tatiana, 113-14 labor. See forced labor leadership, dual, 158 Lenchner, Chavka: arrival in Palestine, 143, 174nl4; at Bendzin after final deportations, 90, 124-25; escape from Bendzin Ghetto, 147; escape to Palestine, 126—27, 152, 170n2; in 193 hiding in Dombrowka, 124-25; as nurse, 77, 170n4; photos of, Figure 2, Figure 12-, in Renia’s departure for Slovakia, 126; role in resistance, 170n2; on Sarah’s death, 153; during uprising at Bendzin, 176n25 Leser, Bronia, 179n60 Leser, Esterka, 179n60 Lewisohn,
Ludwig, ix-x Liaison Office. See Lishkat Hakesher lice, 17, 99 Light of Days, The (Batalion), 160 Liptovsky Svaty/Mikulaitis (Miklas), 129-30, 170n7 Lishkat Hakesher (Liaison Office), 7, 148, 171nl4, 177nn39-40 literature, Jewish, ix-x. See also Holocaust literature Lodz, 5, 130 Lubetkin, Zivia: on defense preparations, 62; forged documents of, Figure 4; on Hancia’s escape from Poland, 62-63; In the Days of Destruction and Revolt, 155, 172n5, 174nl9, 178n49; as leader of Hechalutz Dror, 145; misinformation about death of, 148; on moving from Bendzin to Warsaw, 81; name of, used as code word, 177n36; photos of, Figure 10, Figure 15·, postcards mailed to JDC by, 180n77; on Renia’s escape from Poland, 125, 132; on Renia’s escape from prison, 115—16, 123; role in resistance, 148, 167nl4; in romantic relationship with Isaac, 180n82; on Sarah’s death, 153; in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 65-68, 70, 148, 168nl4; in ZOB, 148 Lublin, 130 Lucamante, Stefania, 160 Lwôw, 16—17
194 INDEX Maccabi, 134 Majdanek, 130 map, of Renias escape route, vi-vii Marcus, Moshe, 88 Marder, Zippora, 73, 79 Marek. See Folman, Marek martyrdom, ix massacres: annihilation squads in, 24; as continuous, 23-24; in deportation process, 24, 31-32; by gassing in trucks, 23-24; in General Government zone, 50, 51, 173n9; during German invasion, 11—12; by Gestapo, 20-22; Jewish understanding of scope of, 26; sources of Renias knowledge of, 24-26. See also specific locations mass deportations. See deportations master narrative, of Holocaust literature, 160 Max E See Fisher, Max Meirov, Saul, 177n40 memoirs. See Holocaust literature Menachem B. See Bader, Menachem men and boys, Jewish: circumcision of, 27, 157; courier work by women vs., 5, 157; gender equality during vs. after war, 157-58; Holocaust literature by, 143, 158, 160, 182nl03; passing as Aryans, 27-29 Merin, Moshe (Moszek), 4-5, 80, 169n24, Figure 9 Meyer. See Shulman, Meyer Michalkowice, 122-24, 127, 170nl Michman, Dan, 159 Miechow, 42-44 Miklas, 129-32, 170n7 militia, Jewish: annihilation squads and, 24, 51-52; at Bendzin Ghetto, 55, 56, 58-62, 73, 84; in deportations, 51, 73, 84; duties of, 14-15, 18; escapees hunted by, 52; establishment of, 13—14; German execution of, 52; as Jewish Gestapo, 61; Renia aided by member of, 41, 43 Mishmar HaEmek, 149 Molchadsky, 59 money. See bribery; funding Monish. See Hofenberg, Monia Moskowitz, Rivka, 81-83, 93, 123 munitions plants: forced labor in, 25-26, 164n8(chl), 173nll; Poles’ refusal to work in, 26. See also Skorzysk Myslowice prison, 105-23; children in, 112-13; daily
routine at, 108-10; deportations to Auschwitz from, 109, 111, 114; functions of, 107, 169n2; Gestapo at, 109-11, 114— 15, 127; location of, 169n2; other escape attempts from, 110, 114-15; Renias as earliest description of, 143; Renias escape from, 6, 115-23; Renias letter to Warsaw from, 113; Renias transfer to, 5, 105-6; torture at, 107, 109, 111-12, 114 Narodowa Democracy (ND) Party, 3 New York Times Book Review, 159 Nida River, 9 Novak family, 131, 169n27, 169n29, 176n28 nurseries, ghetto, 55 Ofer, Dalia, 159, 164nll Oksenhedler-Kozhuch, Fridka, 177n37 One Year in Treblinka (Wiernik), 166n3 orphanages: in Bendzin, closure of, 53, 77, 178n59; non-orphaned children turned over to, 27. See also Kibbutz Atid
INDEX Oswiecim. See Auschwitz ovens, at Treblinka, 50 Palestine: citizenship in, 144, 145; first presentations of Holocaust stories in, 140-41, 147—49, 172n5, 177n34; gender equality in, 157-58; illegal immigration to, 144—45, 150; legal immigration to, 7, 129, 148, 174nl8, 177n35; Moshe Kukielka’s prewar wish to move to, xi; in rescue of Polish Jews, 6-7, 148-49 Palestine, Renias escape to, 6—8, 119-37; arrival in Palestine, xi, 8, 137, 140; through Bulgaria, 8, 136; first detailed description of route of, 143, 147, 173nl2; Hechalutz Dror in, 140; hiding in Poland before, 122-27; through Hungary, 7-8, 130, 132-35, 147-48; map of route, vi-vii; Myslowice prison escape before, 5, 115-23; number of people taking route of, 7, 164nll; through Romania, 8, 136; through Slovakia, 6-7, 125-32; smugglers’ role in, 7, 147; through Syria, 8, 137; through Turkey, 8, 134, 13637, 147, 148—49. See also Hungary; Slovakia Palestine (Israel), Renias life in, 139-61; education in, 144; in Flames in the Ashes, 154-55, 159; interviews about, 154-55, 159; at Jewish Agency, 144—45; marriage in, 153-54, 155; secretarial work in, 154; start of, xi, 8, 137, 140; writing in, 141, 143, 144 Palestine Bureau, 133, 134, 136 Palmach, 139-40, 149-50, 178n50 partisan units: Bendzin Kibbutz’s attempts to join, 65, 77-80; 195 German capture and punishment of, 111-12; Renia accused of membership in, 103 passing as Aryan, 26-29; forged documents for, 26; by men and boys, 27-29; by orphans of Bendzin, 80-81, 152; by women and girls, 5, 26-27 passing as Aryan, by Renia, 5; church attendance in, 41—42, 43; in
first trip to Warsaw, 66—71; household work done by, 41—43; physical appearance in, 5, 40, 66. See also courier, Renias work as passing as Catholic, by Renia, 7, 42, 43, 94, 103, 108, 134 passports. See identification documents passwords, bunker, 64 patches. See Star of David Peoples Army (Armia Ludowa), 145, 175n21 Perlis, Rivka, 155, 159 Perlstadt, Max, 74 Pesachson, Gisya, 71 Pesachson, Irka, 80 Pesachson, Leah, 80 Pésci, Katalin, 160 photographs: of Aaron, Figure 17', of Asya Kovnat, Figure 19', of Baruch, Figure 6-, of Bendzin, Figure 3', of Chavka, Figure 2, Figure 12-, of forged documents, Figure 4·, of Frumka, Figure 5', of group escaping Poland with Renia, Figure 2', of Isaac, Figure 10, Figure 14·, of Joseph Kornianski, Figure 12·, of postwar Zionist collective in Poland, Figure 10·, of Sarah, Figure 8·, of tide page of Escape from the Pit, Figure 13', of Zivia, Figure 10, Figure 15', of Zvi, Figure 7
196 INDEX photographs, of Renia: in 1940s, in Palestine, Figure 1, Figures 11—12·, in 1980s-2000s, in Israel, Figures 16-19", with group escaping Poland, Figure 2 Pilsudski, Josef, 4 Pinczow, 179n64 pits, at Treblinka, 51, 161 Plotnicka, Frumka: arrival at Bendzin, 6, 51-52; in clash with Jewish militia, 59-61; courier work of, 166n4; death of, 89-90, 166n4; Handa and Frumka on, 144, 166n4, 167n7 174nl5; Hancia’s difficulty leaving, 63; as illegal member of kibbutz, 52; in leadership of Bendzin Ghetto, 158; in move into Bendzin Ghetto, 53, 54; on partisan networks, 79; photo of, Figure 5", on preparations for resistance, 57; response to deportations at Bendzin, 72—74; response to escape offers, 6, 57; role in resistance, 6, 144, 166n4; in selection of Renia as courier, 66; in smuggling of people from Bendzin to Warsaw, 81; in uprising at Bendzin, 89-90; on Vilna, 51-52; and Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 65-66; work at Bendzin by, 52-53; ZOB at Bendzin established by, 146 Plotnicka, Hancia: death of, 68, 167n7; Handa and Frumka on, 144, 166n4, 167n7, 174nl5; as illegal member of kibbutz, 52; role in resistance, 144, 166n7(ch3); smuggled abroad through Warsaw, 62—63, 64, 167n7; in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 65, 68, 167n7; work at Bendzin by, 52-53 Podsiadly Street, 167nl0, 173n8 pogroms, 3, 178n55 Pohorilla, Marcus, 78 Poland: German invasion of, 1-2, 9-13; number of Jews killed in, 140; three zones of, 165n3, 173n9. See also specific locations Poles: antisemitism of, 2-4, 144; barred from ghettos, 14, 19; on deportations, 75; extortion by, 26, 27; German atrocities against, 2, 3; vs.
Germans, Renias attitude toward, 3; Jewish property given to, 13, 36, 54; Jews denounced by, 111; Jews hiding in homes of, 20, 26, 28, 36, 113-14; in munitions plants, 26; paradox of Jewish relations with, 3; prewar Jewish relations with, 3-4; at Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 68-69, 146 police, German: in capture of Renia, 93-96; Jews disguised as, 70-71; supervision of forced labor by, 15 police, Jewish, Bendzin Ghetto guarded by, 5, 167n8. See also militia, Jewish Polish Army, resistance to German invasion by, 2, 9 Polish consulate, in Budapest, 133-34 Polish language: Jewish women vs. men’s knowledge of, 157; Renia writing in, 141 Polish Workers Party (PPR), 8, 64, 103, 134, 168nl5 Polska Partja Robotnicza (PPR), 8, 64, 103, 134, 168nl5 Pomeranz, Wenya. See Hadari, Ze’ev Porat, Dina, 148-49, 159, 175n24, 177n42 postcards, coded, 180n77 Presov, 132-33, 171nll prisons. See Katowice prison; Myslowice prison Prohibited in a New Land (Glick), 173nl3
INDEX property, Jewish: burned by Jews, 54; German confiscation of, 13, 14; Poles as recipients of, 13, 36, 54 prostitution, forced, 22 Radom, 130 rape, 22 ration cards, 14, 19, 23, 124 Reichenau, Walther von, 2 Renia. See Kukielka, Renia rescues. See escape resistance. See underground resistance revenge, 150 ribbons, 12-13, 164n3. See also Star of David Ringelblum, Emanuel, 3 Romania, Renias escape through, 8, 136 romantic relationships, in ghettos, 158, 180n82 Ronen, Avihu, 146^47, 158, 159 Rosenberg, Yaakov, 176n30 Rossner, Alfred, 4, 72, 75, 168n20 Rotem, Simha (Kazik), 70, 168nl8 Rozenberg, Benito (“B.”), 130, 132, 170n8 Rubinstein, Sarah, 74 Rumkowski, Mordechai, 5, 169nn24-25 Sadeh, Yitzhak, 139^0, 149 Sandomierz: deportations from, 156, 166n8, 179n72; labor camp at, 164n6; location of, 166n8; Renias parents in, 45—47, 156, 166n8, 179n72 Sandziszôw, 36-37, 165nl Sarah. See Kukielka, Sarah Schoenthal, Aaron, 59 Schwarzbaum, Alfred (Alf), 164nl0, 168nl7, Figure 9 seals, on forged documents, 82, 87, 95, 96, 102-3 197 secretarial work, by Renia, 144, 154 Sedziszow-Malopolski, 165nl Sharett, Moshe, 7, 177n40 Sharon Books, 151 Shimshi, Naomi, 155, 159 Shulman, Meyer, 86-89; on Bendzin deportations, 87-89, 169n26; escape from Bendzin Ghetto, 176n28; in hiding, 86-89, 169n27, 176n28; and Kubylec bunker, 123-24, 131-32; in Renias escape, 122; role in resistance, 86-87, 176n28 Shulman, Nechama (Nacha), 122, 169n26 Siemianowice, 122 Sikorski, Wladyslaw, 7, 103, 134, 169nl Silberschein, Abraham, 164nl0 “Silence, Years of,” 159, 181n87 Silesia, 2 Sittenfeld, Eliza: at Bendzin
after final deportations, 90; deportation of Hershel and, 75-76; in education of orphans, 53, 77-78; in hiding in Dombrowka, 124-26; planned escape from Poland, 152; and Renias escape to Slovakia, 126, 132; in smuggling of children to Germany, 80-81; during uprising at Bendzin, 176n25 Skarzysko-Kamienna, 130, 164n8(chl), 173nll Skorzysk munitions plant, 25, 35, 47, 130, 164n8(chl), 166n9, 173nll slave labor. See forced labor Slovakia: escape to Palestine through, 6-7, 125-32, 147, 176n30; German invasion of, 170n7; Jewish Council of, 170n9 Slovakian Jews, 129-30, 147, 176n32 smuggling: of documents, 64, 94; in ghettos, 19; of weapons, 64, 71-72
198 INDEX smuggling, people: from Bendzin Ghetto into Warsaw, 62, 81—84; of Hancia, 62-63, 64, 167n7; of orphans out of Bendzin Ghetto, 80-81, 126, 128, 152; of Renia into Warsaw, 66—67; in Renias journey to Bendzin, 43—44; to Slovakia, 125. See also Palestine, Renias escape to Sochnut. See Jewish Agency sonder. See work certificates Sosnowiec: Jewish population of, 165n4, 172n7; Renias stay in, 85-86 Sosnowiec Ghetto: deportations from, 51, 84, 85, 108; establishment of, 172n7; location of, 167n8, 172n7; uprising of 1943 at, 146 Soviet Union, eastern Poland occupied by, 165n3, 173n9 Special Operations of the Jewish Agency Political Department. See Lishkat Hakesher Springer, Hershel: Boehm and, 88; in clash with Jewish militia, 60-61 ; death of, 168n21; deportation and return of, 74-77; in establishment of Kibbutz Atid, 178n59; in final deportation, 89; as leader of Bendzin Kibbutz, 158, 172n8; in move into Bendzin Ghetto, 53, 54; orders on use of bunkers, 72; on partisan networks, 79; in preparations for resistance, 57; role in resistance, 146, 168n21; in selection of Renia as courier, 66; in smuggling of people from Bendzin to Warsaw, 81; in ZOB, 146 Springer, Joel, 60, 74, 76 spying: by prisoners at Katowice, 100; Renia suspected of, 103-4, 115, 143 Srodula, 172n7. See also Sosnowiec Ghetto SS, 2, 164n7 Stara-Zagora, 136 Star of David, Figure 3; blue, 12-13, 25, 164n3; on Slovakian Jews, 130; yellow, 25, 56 starvation, death from, 20, 22, 24 Staszôw, 10, 12 suicide: in early occupation, 18, 23; lisas attempt at, 100; at Myslowice prison, 110; Renias contemplation of, 85;
in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 68-69 Switzerland, Zionist contacts in, 6, 168nl7, 177n39 Syria, Renias escape through, 8, 137 Szenes, Hannah, 173nl3 Tatra Mountains, 6 Technion, 153-54 Tenth Army (Wehrmacht), 2 torture: at Myslowice prison, 107, 109, 111-12, 114; of Renia, at Katowice prison, 97, 101-6 train, deportations by: in cattle cars, 36, 56, 75, 84; from other European countries, 25, 50. See also specific locations train, limitations on travel by, 14, 19 Treblinka, 50-51; eyewitness accounts of, 51, 166n3; killing process at, 50-51; pits at, 51, 161; source of Renias knowledge about, 4, 50-51 Treblinka, deportations to: from Jçdrzejôw, 163n2; from Sandomierz, 156, 166n8, 179n72; from Warsaw, 145; from Wodzislaw, 47, 164n6 trucks. See buses and trucks Trzebinia, 66, 93—96 Turkey: Renias escape through, 8, 136-37, 147, 148-49; visas from, 7, 133-34, 147, 149, 176n33; Zionist contacts in, 6, 7, 8, 134, 136, 148, 168nl7
INDEX typhus, 15-16, 47, НО Tzvi. See Kukielka, Tzvi Ukrainians, 24, 50, 51 underground resistance, Jewish, 4-6; captured members of, 65; communication through couriers in, 5; funding sources for, 66, 168nl7, 180n77; national, 5; organization into units, 57, 64; womens role in, 157-58. See also specific groups and locations underground resistance, Polish, 2, 5, 9, 145, 175n21 underground trade. See smuggling Ungar, Eliezer, 177n34 uniforms: of annihilation squads, 24; German, 4, 168n20; police, 70-71; prisoner, 100 United States, Escape from the Pit in, 151, 158-60 uprising, at Bendzin Ghetto, 6, 89-90, 146, 166n4, 175n25. See also Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; Warsaw Uprising venereal diseases, 22 Vilna, 51-52 visas, Turkish, 7, 133-34, 147, 149, 176n33 Volksdeutsche, 2, 11, 13, 24, 164n2 “W.” See Hadari, Ze’ev Waffen-SS, 2 Waldman, Leah, 154, Figure 18 Waldman, Merav, Figure 18 Waldman, Roie, Figure 18 Waldman-Gino, Michal, Figure 18 War and Genocide (Bergen), 159 War of Independence, Israeli, 154 Warsaw, Aryan section of: bunkers in, 64, 81; Hancia smuggled abroad 199 through, 62—63, 167n7; Jews hiding in, 28; Jews living in, 62, 64-65, 70, 71; Renias failed trip to, 93-97; Renias trips to (See courier, Renias work as); smuggling Jews from Bendzin into, 62, 81-84; during Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 70; Zoliborz district of, 28 Warsaw Central Committee of the Polish Hechalutz, 51, 166n5 Warsaw Ghetto: bunkers in, 64, 70; deportations from, 62, 145; population of, 62; underground resistance in, 5-6, 64-71, 165n4; weapons in, 64. See also specific groups and residents Warsaw Ghetto
Uprising (1943), 65-71; armed resistance by Jews after, 146; Bendzin couriers sent to learn about, 66-71; couriers working after, 157, 180n79; duration of, 70; escapes and rescues during, 70-71; German casualties in, 69-70; Hancia in, 65, 68, 167n7; Isaac in, 70; Mordechai Anielewicz in, 5; Renias visit as courier during, 66-71, 146; Simha Rotem (Kazik) in, 70, 168nl8; Tosia Altman in, 65, 168nl6; Zivia in, 65-68, 70, 148, 168nl4 Warsaw Uprising (1944), 168nl4, 168nl8 weapons: of Bendzin Kibbutz, 57, 64, 71-72, 78, 79; in bunkers, 64; smuggling of, 64, 71-72; in Warsaw Ghetto, 64 Wehrmacht, 2, 4, 14 Weiss, Dr., 85-86 White Paper (1939), 174nl8, 177n35 Wiernik, Yankel, 166n3 will to live, 16, 19, 43, 45, 53 witnesses. See eyewitnesses
INDEX 200 Wnuk, Fishel, 74 Wodzislaw, 18, 37, 47, 164n6 Wodzislaw Ghetto, 156, 164n6, 179n72 women and girls, Jewish: courier work by men vs., 5, 157; education of, 157; in forced labor camps, 36-37; gender equality for, during vs. after war, 157-58; in Holocaust literature, depiction of, 158, 160; Holocaust literature by, 143, 158, 182, 182nl04; livelihoods in ghettos, 19-20; passing as Aryans, 26-27; role in resistance, 157-58; in ZOB, 157, 167nl4 woods, hiding in, 27, 36, 42-43, 70 work certificates (sonder), 51, 59, 61, 72-73, 166nl Yablonka, Hanna, 181n94 Yad Vashem Holocaust Remembrance Center, 155 Yakubowitz, Penina, 89-90 Yankele. See Kukielka, Yankele “Years of Silence,” 159, 181n87 yellow stars, 25 Yiddish language: Escape from the Pit translated into, 151; Renias knowledge of, 141 Yishuv, in rescue of Polish Jews, 6, 148-49, 177n42 Yitzhak. See Zuckerman, Isaac youth groups, Zionist, 4-6, 145-49; awareness of German intent in, 4, 145; cooperation among, 146, 175n24; diversity of ideology in, 4, 165n7, 175n24; gender equality in, 157; goals of, 165n7; Jews in Palestine assisting escape of, 6-7; number of members of, 165n7; origins of, 165n7; postwar, in Poland, Figure 10; prewar, Renias lack of membership in, 173n8; in Renias escape to Palestine, 134; reorganization after German ban on, 166n7(ch2); romantic relationships in, 158, 180n82; self-assessment of resistance by, 145, 174nl9. See also specific groups, locations, and members Zaglembie: deportations from, 146; German annexation of, 172n7; Jewish Council of, 4-5; youth movements in, 172n7. See also Bendzin;
Sosnowiec Zionism: of Moshe Kukielka, xi; postwar, in Poland, Figure 10. See also youth groups Zivia. See Lubetkin, Zivia ZOB. See Jewish Combat Organization Zoliborz district, 28 Zosia (“A.”), 64-65, 67-68, 97 Zuckerman, Isaac (Yitzhak): arrival in Palestine, 153, 179n63; The Book of Ghetto Wars, 144, 174nl7; in contact with Bendzin, 62; on Joseph Kornianski, 171n2; as leader of Hechalutz Dror, 145; photos of, Figure 10, Figure 14; on Renias escape from Poland, 125; on Renias escape from prison, 123; in Renias last courier trip to Warsaw, 82-83; in Renias return to Bendzin during liquidation, 86; role in resistance, 82-83, 168nl4; in romantic relationship with Zivia, 180n82; on Sarah’s death, 153; in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 70 Zvi. See Brandes, Zvi Zvi G. See Goldfarb, Zvi Zywiec, 111 ΊΧ4Ι. See Jewish Military Organization Bayerische Staatsbibliothek |
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| id | DE-604.BV049493645 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:20:04Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:35:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781438494777 9781438494784 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xv, 200 Seiten, 20 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karte 24 cm |
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| spelling | Kukielka, Renya 1924-2014 Verfasser (DE-588)1156656370 aut Bi-nedudim uva-maḥteret (1944) Escape from the pit a woman's resistance in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939-1943 Renia Kukielka Albany State University of New York Press [2023] xv, 200 Seiten, 20 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karte 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Excelsior editions Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Originally published in the British Mandate for Palestine, in Hebrew and under the title "Bindudim uvamahteret" in 1944 by Hakibbutz Hameuchad. An unauthorized English-language edition was published in the United States bearing an assertion of Copyright 1947 by Sharon Books, Inc. Kukielka, Renya 1924-2014 (DE-588)1156656370 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1939-1943 gnd rswk-swf Junge Frau (DE-588)4162897-4 gnd rswk-swf Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd rswk-swf Jüdin (DE-588)4286934-1 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Kukielka, Renya / 1924- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Poland / Będzin / Biography Jewish ghettos / Poland / Będzin / Biography World War, 1939-1945 / Jewish resistance / Poland / Będzin / Biography Holocaust survivors / Israel / Biography Wodzisław (Poland) / Biography Israel Poland / Będzin Poland / Wodzisław 1939-1945 (DE-588)4133254-4 Erlebnisbericht gnd-content (DE-588)4003939-0 Autobiografie 1939-1944 gnd-content Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Jüdin (DE-588)4286934-1 s Junge Frau (DE-588)4162897-4 s Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 s Geschichte 1939-1943 z DE-604 Kukielka, Renya 1924-2014 (DE-588)1156656370 p Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4384-9479-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034838925&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034838925&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Kukielka, Renya 1924-2014 Escape from the pit a woman's resistance in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939-1943 Kukielka, Renya 1924-2014 (DE-588)1156656370 gnd Junge Frau (DE-588)4162897-4 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd Jüdin (DE-588)4286934-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1156656370 (DE-588)4162897-4 (DE-588)4028814-6 (DE-588)4286934-1 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4133254-4 (DE-588)4003939-0 |
| title | Escape from the pit a woman's resistance in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939-1943 |
| title_alt | Bi-nedudim uva-maḥteret (1944) |
| title_auth | Escape from the pit a woman's resistance in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939-1943 |
| title_exact_search | Escape from the pit a woman's resistance in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939-1943 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Escape from the pit a woman's resistance in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939-1943 |
| title_full | Escape from the pit a woman's resistance in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939-1943 Renia Kukielka |
| title_fullStr | Escape from the pit a woman's resistance in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939-1943 Renia Kukielka |
| title_full_unstemmed | Escape from the pit a woman's resistance in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939-1943 Renia Kukielka |
| title_short | Escape from the pit |
| title_sort | escape from the pit a woman s resistance in nazi occupied poland 1939 1943 |
| title_sub | a woman's resistance in Nazi-occupied Poland, 1939-1943 |
| topic | Kukielka, Renya 1924-2014 (DE-588)1156656370 gnd Junge Frau (DE-588)4162897-4 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd Jüdin (DE-588)4286934-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kukielka, Renya 1924-2014 Junge Frau Judenverfolgung Jüdin Polen Erlebnisbericht Autobiografie 1939-1944 |
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