Hungry and starving: voices of the great Soviet famine, 1928–1934
"In the wake of Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924, various protagonists grappled to become his successor, but it was not until 1928 that Joseph Stalin emerged as leader of the Russian Marxists' Bolshevik wing. Surrounded by an increasingly hostile capitalist world, Stalin reasoned that S...
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| Zusammenfassung: | "In the wake of Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924, various protagonists grappled to become his successor, but it was not until 1928 that Joseph Stalin emerged as leader of the Russian Marxists' Bolshevik wing. Surrounded by an increasingly hostile capitalist world, Stalin reasoned that Soviet Russia had to industrialize in order to survive and prosper. But domestic capital was scarce, so the country's minerals, timber, and grain were sold abroad for hard currency for funding the development of heavy industry. Claiming total control of agricultural management and production, Stalin implemented the collectivization of farming, consolidating small peasant holdings into large collective farms and controlling their output. The program was economically successful, but it came at a high social cost as the state encountered intense resistance, and between 1928 and 1934 collectivization led to the deaths of at least ten million people from starvation and associated diseases. Hungry and Starving elicits the voices of both the culprits and the victims at the centre of this horrific process. Through primary accounts of collectivization as well as the eyewitness observations of ambassadors, reporters, tourists, fellow travellers, Russian emigres, tsarist officials, aristocrats, scientists, and technical specialists, James Gibson engages the crucial notions and actors in the academic discourse of the period. He finds that the famine lasted longer than is commonly supposed, that it took place on a national rather than a regional scale, and that while the famine was entirely man-made - the result of the ruthless manner in which collectivization was executed and enforced - it was neither deliberate nor ethnically motivated, given that it was not in the Soviet state's economic or political interest to engage in genocide. Highlighting the experiences of life and death under Stalin's ruthless regime, Hungry and Starving." |
| Beschreibung: | 482 Seiten Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780228019992 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS Tables | ix Acknowledgments | xi A Note on Transliteration | xiii · Prologue: The 1928-34 Famine in Perspective | 3 1 A Special Famine | 16 2 A Hidden Famine | 85 3 A Natural Famine? | 124 4 An Unnatural Famine? | 134 5 A Manifold Famine | 202 6 The Relatively Worst Case: Kazakhstan | 240 7 The Absolutely Worst Case: The Ukraine - The North Caucasus | 258 Epilogue: The 1928-34 Famine in Retrospect | 282 Glossary I 295 Abbreviations | 297 Notes I 299 Bibliography | 437 Index I 471
BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Abbe, James E. I Photograph Russia. New York: Robert Μ. McBride and Co., 1934. - “Men of Cablese.” New Outlook, 162, no. 6 (1933): 27-32. Adon’eva, S.B., ed. Muzhskoi rod. Pervoe litso. Edinstvennoe chislo: Dnevniki D.L Lukichova i D.P. Bespalova. St Petersburg: Proppovsky Tsentr, 2013. Aldazhumanov, K.S., M.K. Kairgaliev, V.P. Osipov, and lu.I. Romanov, comps. Nasil’stvennaia kollektivizatsiia i golod v Kazakhstane 1931-1933 gg: Sbornik dokumentov i materialov. Almaty, kz: Fond XXI veke, n.d. Alexievich, Svetlana. Last Witnesses: Unchildlike Stories. Trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. New York: Penguin Books, 2019. -Second-Hand Time. Trans. Bela Shayevich. London: Fitzcarraldo Editions, 2016. - The Unwomanly Face of War: An Oral History of Women in World War II. Trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. New York: Random House, 2018. Anonymous. A letter of 24 April 1933 from the Mennonite village of Woldenfuerst in the Kuban, https://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/holodomor_ letters.htm. Anonymous [Jack Heinz II]. Experiences in Russia -1931: A Diary. Pittsburgh: Alton Press, 1932. Anonymous. “Starving on the Volga.” New York Times, 8 March 1892,9. - “Visitors Describe Famine in Ukraine.” New York Times, 29 August 1933,6. Antipova, O.A. et al., comps. Golod v sssr 1930-1934 gg./Famine in the ussr, 1930-1934. Moscow: Federal’noe arkhivnoe agentsvo, 2009. Applebaum, Anne. Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine. London: Allen Lane, 2017. Ashmead-Bartlett, E. Riddle of Russia. London: Cassell, 1929. Avdeenko, Aleksandr.
“Otluchenie.” Znamia no. 3 (March 1989): 5-73. Barmine, Alexander. One Who Survived: The Life Story of a Russian under the Soviets. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1945.
438 BIBLIOGRAPHY Barnes, Ralph. “Million Feared Dead of Hunger in South Russia.” Herald-Tribune (New York), 21 August 1933,7. Barratt, Andrew, and Barry R Scherr, comps, and trans. Maksim Gorky: Selected Letters. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Beal, Fred E. Proletarian Journey: New England, Gastonia, Moscow. New York: Hillman-Curl, 1937. Bednarek, Jerzy, and Diana Bojko, eds. Holodomor: The Great Famine in Ukraine, 1932-1933. Trans. Dariusz Serôwka. Warsaw-Kiev: Instytut Pamieci Narodowej, 2009. [Published in Polish as Bednarek, Jerzy, comp, and ed. Holodomor, 19321933: Wielki Glôd na Ukrainie w dokumentach polskiej dyplomacji i wywiadu. Warsaw: Polski Instytut Spraw Mi dzynarodowych, 2008.] Berdinskikh, Viktor. Rus’ krest’ianskaia: Zrimyi mir russkoi derevni. Moscow: Lomonosov, 2020. Berelovich, A., and V. Danilov, eds. Sovetskaia derevniia glazami vchK-OGPUnkvd, 1918-1939: Dokumenty i materialy v4 tomakh. 4 vols. Moscow: rosspen, 2000-12. Berezina, Aleksandra. Raskulachivanie. Arkhangelsk: Lotsiia, 2022. Blumenfeld, Hans. Life Begins at 65: The Not Entirely Candid Autobiography of a Drifter. Montreal: Harvest House, 1987. Bondar, N.I., and O.V. Matveev, comps, and eds. Istoricheskaia pamiat’ naseleniia luga Rossii 0 golode 1932-1933 gg: Materialy nauchno-prakticheskii konferentsii. Krasnodar: Traditsiia and Plekhanovets, 2009. Bratiushchenko, lu.V. Kogda arkhivy otkryvaiut sekrety. St Petersburg: RDK-print, 2005. Brezhnev, Leonid. The Virgin Lands. Trans. Robert Daglish. Moscow: Progress, 1978. Bright-Holmes, John, ed. Like It Was: The Diaries of Malcolm Muggeridge.
London: Collins, 1981. Bruski, Yan Yatsek. “Bol’shoi golod na Ukraine v svete dokumentov polskoi diplomatii i razvedki.” Evropa 21, no. 4 (2006): 97-152. [Bullard, Reader]. Inside Stalin’s Russia: The Diaries of Reader Bullard, 1930-1934. Ed. Julian and Margaret Bullard. Charlbury, uk: Day Books, 2000. Bullard, Reader. Camels Must Go: An Autobiography. London: Faber and Faber, 1961. Burrell, George A. An American Engineer Looks at Russia. Boston: Stratford, 1932.
439 BIBLIOGRAPHY Cairns, Andrew. “Agricultural Production in Soviet Russia.” United Kingdom, The National Archives, fo 371/17252, no. 345940. Cairns, Andrew. The Soviet Famine, 1932-33: An Eye-Witness Account of Conditions in the Spring and Summer 0/1932. Ed. Tony Kuz. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1989. Carynnyk, Marco, Lubomyr Y. Luciuk, and Bohdan S. Kordan, eds. The Foreign Office and the Famine: British Documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932-1933. Kingston, ON/Vestal, ny: Limestone Press, 1988. Cherepnin, N.P. Dnevnik lishentsa: Kashin v 1930-1931 gg. Moscow: Vishnevyi Pirog, 2011. Christensen, Alva. “Girls Find Filth and Famine on Leaving Moscow.” Chicago Daily Tribune, 18 January 1933,8. Chuev, Felix. Tak govoril Kaganovich: Ispoved’ stalinskogo apostola. Moscow: Otechestvo, 1992. Reprinted in 2019. Chukovskaia, Lidia. Zapiski ob Anne Akhmatovoi. Vol. 2.5th rev. ed. Moscow: Soglasie, 1997. Chukovskii, Komei. Dni moei zhizni. Comp. E.Ts. Chukovskaia. Moscow: Boslen, 2009. [Chukovskii, Kornei]. Komei Chukovsky, Diary, 1901-1969. Trans. Michael Henry Heim, ed. Victor Erlich. New Haven, ст: Yale University Press, 2005. Ciliga, Ante. The Russian Enigma. Trans. Fernand G. Fernier, Anne Cliff, Margaret Dewar, and Hugo Dewar. London: Ink Links, 1979. Clyman, Rhea G. “Children Lived On Grass Only Food in Farm Area Grain Taken from Them.” Evening Telegram (Toronto), 16 May 1933,1,36. - “Dares Warning of Death to Discover Grim Secret of Russia’s Famine-Land.” Evening Telegram (Toronto), 10 May 1933,1,3. - “Girl from New Toronto Begs Bread in
Russia Father Lured by Job.” Evening Telegram (Toronto), 15 May 1933,1,3. - “Peasants Live in Ground Machines Rust in Fields on Russian State Farm.” Evening Telegram (Toronto), 23 May 1933,1,31. - “Russian Peasant Shot for ‘Stealing’ Own Cow to Give Children Food.” Evening Telegram (Toronto), 30 May 1933,1,23. - “Women Harvesters Toil Under Threat of Rifles on Soviet ‘Collective.’” Evening Telegram (Toronto), 22 May 1933,1,14. - “Wrecks Litter Railroad Death Is a Commonplace in Georgian Mountains.” Evening Telegram (Toronto), 31 May 1933,1,12.
440 BIBLIOGRAPHY Cockfield, Jamie H., ed. Black Lebeda: The Russian Famine Diary of ara Kazan District Supervisor J. Rives Childs, 1921-1923. Macon, ga: Mercer University Press, 2006. Commission on the Ukraine Famine. Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932-1933: Oral History Project of the Commission on the Ukrainian Famine. Ed. Leonid Hertz and James E. Mace. 3 vols. Washington, dc: United States Govern ment Printing Office, 1990. - Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932-1933: Report to Congress. Washington, dc: United States Government Printing Office, 1988. Czapski, Jôzef. Inhuman Land: Searchingfor the Truth in Soviet Russia, 1941-1942. Trans. Antonia Lloyd-Jones. New York: New York Review Books, 2018. Dalton, Hugh. Fateful Years: Memoirs, 1931-1945. London: Frederick Muller, 1957. Danilov, Viktor, and Alexis Berelowitch. “Les documents sur la champagne sovié tique 1918-1937.” Cahiers du monde russe 35, no. 3 (1994): 633-82. Danilov, V.P., N.A. Ivnitskii, eds. Dokumenty svidetel’stvuiut: Iz istorii derevni nakanune i v khode kollektivizatsii 1927-1932 gg. Moscow: Politizdat, 1989. Danilov, V.P., O.V. Khlevniuk, and A.Iu. Vatlin, eds. Kak lomali nep: Stenogrammy plenumov tsk vKp(b) 1928-1929 gg. 5 vols. Moscow: MFD, 2000. Danilov, V., R. Manning, and L. Viola, eds. Tragediia sovetskoi derevni. Kollek- tivizatsiia i raskulachivanie. Dokumenty i materialyv 5 tomakh 1927-1939.5 vols. Moscow: rosspen, 1999-2004. Davies, R.V., Oleg V. Khlevniuk, E.A. Rees, Liudmila P. Kosheleva, and Larisa A. Rogovaya, comps, and eds. The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence, 1931-36.
Trans. Steven Shabad. New Haven, ст: Yale University Press, 2003. Dmitrienko, N.M., and G.V. Shipilinoi, comps. Kak my zhili: Vospominaniia i ustnie svidetel’stva tomskikh krest’ian. Tomsk: Izdatel’stvo Tomskogo universiteta, 2014. Dominique, Pierre. Secrets of Siberia. Trans. Warre B. Wells. London: Hutchinson, 1934· Durant, Will. Tragedy of Russia: Impressions from a Brief Visit. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1933. Duranty, Walter. “Russians Hungry, But Not Starving.” New York Times, 31 March 1933Elagin, Jury. Ukroshchenie iskustv. New York: Izdatel’stvo imeni Chekhova, 1952. Elmhirst, Leonard K. Trip to Russia. New York: New Republic, 1934.
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Jehanne Μ., and Katherine R. Jolluck, eds. Gulag Voices: Oral Histories of Soviet Incarceration and Exile. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Goichenko, D.D. Skvoz raskulachivanie i golodomor: Svidetel’stvo ochevidtsa. Ed. P.G. Protsenko. Moscow: Russkii put’, 2006. Golitsyn, Sergei. Memoirs of a Survivor. Trans. Nicholas Witter. London: Reportage Press, 2008. Gorbachev, Mikhail. Memoirs. Trans. Georges Peronansky and Tatjana Varsavsky, ed. Martin McCauley. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
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INDEX Abbe, James, 3321211, 358П91, збоп99 Acmeists, 97,352162 Afghanistan, 250 Agricultural Training Farm and Experimen tal Station (Verblyud), 184-5,196, 3991273, 4021338, 4031339. See also state farms (sovkhozes) agriculture: challenges of, 125,192-5, 312159, 3718, 4021327, 4021328, 4021334 diseases of, 195-6; impact of famine on, 59,142; in dustry’s dependence on, 53,231-2; intensi fication of, 13,15,228,31156; management of, 196-8,3271165, 403П340; mechanization of, 183-5,18 9-91· 378135, 38in6o, 3991270; nomadism in, 76; policies of, 55-6,124, 133-6,281,288, 37013; production rates of, 137 138,154,179,202-6,221-3; statistics for, 56,405m; transport of products of, 198-9. See also climate; collective farms (kolkhozes); collectivization; drought; fer tilizers; food; grain; peasantry; Soviet Union; state farms (sovkhozes) Akhmatova, Anna, 282,352162 Alexievich, Svetlana, 38,171,259,290 alimentary dystrophy, 34314 Alliluyeva, Nadezhda, 90,347134, 3501149 allotment gardens, 228 Altai Kray, 27,40,48-9,54-5,384П89; collec tive farms in, 72,160,199; famine in, 318П72; peasant uprising in, 87. See also Siberia American Relief Administration, 10,45, 3261151 Andreyev, Andrei, 272 “anecdotes,” 18,22,23,31,53, 315126 Anglo-Russian Trading Cooperative Society (arcos), 144 Animal Farm (Orwell), 366П135 anti-Semitism, 426125 Antonov, Alexander, 87,3081125 Argentina, 234-5 aristocracy, 6,34,87. See also “former per sons”; Tsarist regime Ashmead-Bartlett, Ellis, 24 Asiatic Russian steppe, 3,12-14,126,128,258, 37°n6 Association for Communal Cultivation (τοζ),4ΐ8η6 atheism, 244-5
Australia, 198,234-5 Babel, Isaac, 98-9, 352171 Barmine, Alexander, 44,223,235,285, 409181 Barnes, Ralph, 103,354П84, 355190 “barracks socialism,” 241 Basmachi Revolt, 240-1,418П3 “bayization,” 242. See also kulakization Beal, Fred, 26,30,37,317154 bednyaks, 19,140,144, 376120, 383П81, 3931183; arrest of, 272; and class, 155,21011; and collectivization, 150,152,314П13; persecution of, 171. See also kulaks; peas antry; srednyaks Bélgium, 236-7 Belomor Canal, 317163, 3401323 Belorussia, 28,76,107-8,153, 320198; famine in, 76,106,224,276, 349146, 4151155, 432132; population of, 417П2, 425120; relo cation from, 278 Bely, Andrei, 309П40 Benefit: A Poor Man’s Chronicle (Platonov), 99 Beriozka, 35 Berlan, Pierre, 100 Berliner Tageblatt, 22,140 Blok, Alexander, 10,309П40
472 Blue Army of the peasants, 308125 Blumenfeld, Hans, 398242 Bolshevik regime, 6-8, n, 307124 309135, 317П61; agricultural policy of, 20,55-6, 60, 134-6,147,281,381П60; attitude towards peasantry of, 86-8,150,152,212-13,285; and Cossacks, 272-3; denomadization policy of, 241-2; dogmatism of, 289-92,332П211, 405m; economic policy of, 136-7,142-3; fi nances of, 33-4; knowledge of the famine of, 93; peasant problem of, 137,139-42; ruthlessness of, 169-70; support for, 51,55; and the Ukraine, 262, 424114. See also bureaucracy; Communist Party of the Soviet Union (cpsu); First Five Year Plan; New Economic Policy (nep); Soviet Union Bolshevism, 79,135,332П211,344П10. See also communism; socialism bread, 19-20,35,90,314П18,340П140; diet of, 39,51; “famine,” 62-3; fraud in, 268; search for, 28-9; traders of, 411П104. See also food; grain breadlines, 19-22,24,25,115,319185 Brezhnev, Leonid, 294,31156, 347132 British Embassy, 17,37,54,102-3,3281185. See also Bullard, Reader; Cairns, Andrew British Labour Party, 113,115 Bryant, Louise, 109 bubonic plague, 179,180,182 Buchma, Amvrosy, 3681154 Budyonny, Semyon, 243 Bukharin, Nikolai, 92,143,149,229, 347136, 378139 Bullard, Reader, 28-9,45,221,331202, 358П91 bureaucracy, 40,169,243,3231120; abuses of, 249; access to food of, 42,54; blame placed on, 404П351; denial of famine by, 81,85,924; dogmatism of, 135,196,219-20; exactions of, 141,158,210; failures of, 108,116,225; lies of, 119; scapegoating of, 91,127,144-5,217, 349146; statistical work of, 58,405m. See also Bolshevik regime; Soviet Union “Burnt Ruins” (Klyuev), 96-7 Butyrka
Prison, 99 “Caftan War,” 86-7 Cairns, Andrew, 36-7,39-42,73-4,287, 3201107, 3231120; on collectivization, 424113; on Soviet agriculture, 127-8,130, 188,192-6,198,202 INDEX Calder, John, 43 Canada, 14,15,57,234-5,339ПЗО8, 432132; agricultural productivity of, 198,229,230, 371ml, 379155; imports from, 4131123; Ukrainian community of, 286-7,360099 cannibalism, 8,10,66, 68-71,3371263; in Kazakhstan, 248-9; in North Caucasus, 271; in the Ukraine, 266 Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (Marx), 135 capitalism, 109,113-16,354187, 433141; in the countryside, 285; industrial, 86,88,135; in dustrial capitalism’s complicity in the famine, 237-8; and world trade, 235-8, 4141138 censorship, 53,95,99; efficacy of, 115,176, 353176, 359192; of foreign journalists, 85, 100-1,103 Central Black Earth Region, 6,53,128,154, 259,286; livestock in, 188, 3901145; migra tion to, 258,277; reporting from, 104; state procurement from, 210 Chamberlin, Sonya, 112-13, з58п9 Chamberlin, William, 17,31,55-6,304013, 314П7,358П91; on censorship, 100; esti mates of famine deaths by, 58; reporting of, 105-6,287,333П213,353176 charity, 60,72,73,247,291 Chechens, 270, 3971213, 426125 Cheka, 6, и, зоопб, 387П116. See also ogpu Chekhov, Anton, 6,4311122 chernozyom, 259,261,285,286 Chevengur (Platonov), 5 children: abandonment of, 250-3,3411325; deaths of, 75, 305117; diseases of, 66; home less, 80-3,181,418П4; mortality rates of, 44, 59; murder of, 69-71; orphaned, 10, 308030, 310148; starvation of, 264,266-8 China, 42,57,110,250,421160 cholera, 6,10,179,180,183,421058 Cholerton, Alfred, 103,114
Christensen, Alva, 3210115,428050 Christian Science Monitor, 17,105,358091 Chubar, Vlas, 217,263 Chukovsky, Koroei, 95,109 Ciliga, Ante, 4,122,141,229,259 Civil War (1918-1922), 6,8,20,86-7,307124; cost of, 33,137; lasting impact of, 262; West ern intervention in, 207. See also White Army
INDEX class war, 122,125,156,274; and famine, 285, 290, 432131 clergy, 86-7, See also Russian Orthodox Church climate, 126-8,130,131,200, 373146; of the Central Black Earth region, 286; of the Ukraine, 259. See also agriculture; drought; Soviet Union Clyman, Rhea, 38,102,122,190,321П115, 333П213; on children, 427130; on collec tivization, 185,196,264,4031339 Cole, Margaret, 115,129 collective farms (kolkhozes), 12,19,45,146-7, 314П10; abandonment of, 27,74,79,159-60, 179, 3380288,3871126; failure of, 52, 67-8, 177, 355189; famine on, 29,40-1,93-4,122, 350153; foreign tours of, 328П185; in litera ture, 95,98; livestock on, 187,189,245,2689; management of, 196-7,270,411П102; mechanization of, 190; mortality rates on, 58-60; new policy for, 55-6,224-8; produc tion of, 203-4,243-4; resistance to, 90,130, 150-2,165-6,290, 432131; size of, 161,183, 196; state procurement from, 209-11,21314,218-21; theft from, 166-7; triumph of, 292-3; work on, 178,3261147, 386П110. See also collectivization; state farms (sovkhozes) collectivization, 3,19,36,45, 312170, 316П40; as a cause of famine, 72,90,105,132-4,230, 237,283,288, 4321132; of Cossacks, 273-4; crisis of, 200-1,290-1; data on, 405m; and drought, 125; “excesses” of, 120,213,382173; forced, 48,55,84,260-1,352172; foreign re ports of, 108,110, 3281185; and grain pro duction, 202,206; impact on peasants of, 87,179,259,3421341, 347131, 347Π34, 3880133; in literature, 95,98-100; of live stock, 186-8,244-6; pace of, 161,381П60, 389П136; of pastoral nomads, 42,240,2423,250; policy of, 143-4,146-7,149-53,1578; resistance to,
106-7,154,159,164-70,264, 381П65, 424112, 427128; of Romany, 418то; and supports and survival strategies dur ing famine, 60-2; Western complicity in, 238-9,4151150, 416П159; witnesses of, 11718. See also collective farms (kolkhozes); state farms (sovkhozes) colonialism, 240,242 473 communism, 8,11,79,3071124; atheism of, 37513; construction of, 135,289; disillusion ment with, 114, 353178; economic revolu tion of, 146; enemies of, 92; leaders of, 351159; opposition to, 29; violence of, 57, 89. See also Bolshevism; socialism; War Communism Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and En gels), 135 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (cpsu), 3,11,26; archives of, зоопб; knowl edge of the famine of, 93,118,120-1; mem bers of, 60; privileges of, 79. See also Bolshevik regime; bureaucracy Cossacks, 87, 260, 425117, 428156; deporta tion of, 103,105-6,277; repression of, 216, 272-5, 428163, 432131. See also Kuban Valley cotton, 26,48,149,156,419132 counter-revolutionaries, 91,92,127,269, 319184 432131; among the bureaucracy, 349146; among the peasantry, 216,272,276; support for, 93, 318172 “Cow, The” (Platonov), 186 crime: caused by hunger, 44,47,62,74,83, 117,251-2; on collective farms, 19; of peas ant against peasant, 411П101; reporting on, 3657128 Crimea, 97,122,209,233, 3281185, 42314, 432132. See also Tatars dacha, 74,3381294 Dalton, Hugh, 113 De Give, Mary, 321115, 428150 dekulakization, 168,170-1,289,393П183. See also kulakization denomadization, 242,244,248,250. See also sedentarization deportation: of Cossacks, 103,273-5; of eth nic groups, 396П213,428П62; of farmsteaders,
225; of kulaks, 153,155,157,170,174,176; of pastoralists, 242; resistance of, 188; of ■ Ukrainians, 258. See also migration Derzhinsky, Felix, 6 Dittloff, Fritz, 192,196,273,333П213, 359194 404П341 Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 98 Donbass, 207,230,262,388П131, 4041341 drought, 6,8,9,12,124-9, tyi, 372m4; as a
474 cause of famine, 37016; “pendulum princi ple” of, 14-15, 312170. See also agriculture; climate Drusag (German-Russian Seed Joint-Stock Company), 105,192,196,3231120, 3331213, 3591194 Durant, Will, 42,221 Duranty, Walter, 10,86,102,333П213,354184; reporting by, 106-7,120-1, 355190, збоп99, з63тз dysentery, 10,179,181, 3981242 Eikhe, Robert, 251 Eisenstein, Sergei, 86 epidemic diseases, 6,10,12,27,179-82,29912, 310П44; in Kazakhstan, 246-8,418П15; of livestock, 188. See also malnutrition; vari ous diseases ethnicity, 82,176,262,270,366П140,426025; and deportation, 3981213, 417m, 426125; and famine, 154-5,258,285,287, 432131, 432132; of the Ukraine, 321115, 331202, 425П20. See also genocide ethnocide, 254,255 European Russian steppe, 3,12-14,258-60; agricultural zone of, 287; crops in, 194; drought on, 125,126,128; famine in, 37; fodder production of, 300П4. See also North Caucasus Region; Ukraine, the Everything Flows (Grossman), 177 Fabians, 113,32115 famines, general, 3,143-4,29912; causes of, 87,125-6,134,178,230, 304Ш3,375П5; defi nition of, 24; denial of, 85; end of, 15; mor tality rates of, 5 6-6 0,71,3321208 farmsteaders, 389П136; grain concealment by, 272; migration of, 275; plot-sizes of, 411102; relief for, 225-7; repression of, 216, 273; state procurement from, 209,213; Ukrainian, 259; war on, 285. See also kulaks fascism, 53,115,380158. See also Germany fertilizers, 15,152,178,197 First All-Union Conference of Stakhanovites, 56, 330197 First All-Union Congress of Collective Farm Shock Brigaders, 45,91,177 First Circle, The (Solzhenitsyn), 345115 First Five
Year Plan, 17,19,34,120,31417, INDEX 3321211; cost of, 3891139; foreign reporting on, 360П99; grain harvest of, 204; indus trial policy of, 283,375113; introduction of, 146; results of, 160,221,223, 409177; short falls of, 237. See also Bolshevik regime; col lectivization; industrialization First International Wheat Conference, 235, 4141139 First World War, 8,33,137,240,250,282 Fischer, Louis, 177,221,355П90 food: assistance of, 224-7; export of, 72; prices of, 23,26,55; search for, 21,24,28-33, . 43,47-51,73-6; seizure of, 40,87; “surro gates” for, 37,62-8,251,3351243,3351244. See also bread; breadlines; grain; livestock; potatoes; rationing "food squads,” 6 Foot, Michael, 115 Ford Motor Company, 115, 319184,3321208 “former persons,” 4,21,35, 315119 Foundation Pit, The (Platonov), 99 Fourteen Little Red Huts (Platonov), 99-100 France, 100,234-7,261,292,3270173,378П37, 434П49 Gantt, Horsley W., 45,57,179 gender, 59,81,165,3330216,3330217 “General Idea,” 135,378139 General Line, The (Eisenstein), 86 genocide, 4,246,254, зоопб, 432131. See also golodomor, holodomor gentry, 60,84,137; estates of, 140-1,146, 381П60,38165. See also aristocracy; Tsarist regime Georgia, 29,263,321115 Germany, 207,236-7,239,3231120, 358П91, 380158; collaboration with, 426125 com plicity in the famine of, 238,292; imports ' by, 291; Soviet invasion by, 426127; trade with USSR of, 234,235, 4151158, 435151 Gigant sovkoz, 185,196,4030339. See also state farms (sovkhozes) Godunov, Boris, 11,305015 Goichenko, Dmitry, 264-5 gold, 33-5,72,231,235 golodomor, 288,418ml, 432131 Goloshchyokio, Filipp
Isayevich, 241-3,250, 254,422178 "Goloshchyokin’s genocide,” 246,254
475 INDEX Gorbachev, Mikhail, 293 Gorbatsevich, Dionisy, 55 Gorky, Maxim, 27-8,96,109,134, 317163, 35156—35159, 396П214; and agriculture, 4021328, 4151155; death of, 352171; Writers’ Brigade of, 3401323 grain: and class war, 156; cultivation of, 12-15, 300П4,3153, 312163 3721113,376П19; dis eases of, 195-6,408П48; export of, 26,28, 34,72,142,206-8,230-8,291,3381285, 379155, 413113; growing conditions of, 126-30,132,192-5, 37016; harvest of, 131, 154 279-80; hoarding of, 9,272,430185 loan of, 224-7; loss of, 198, 402327, 4021328; price of, 8,139-40,379143, 389П139; private traders of, 154,379П49; production of, 197,202-4,259-60, добиз, 419128; sabotage of, 165-7, 391154 seizure of, 20,27,38,40,80,133, 307124, 318172, 346123, 367П147; state procurement of, 144-5,149 208-21,263,284,312172, 411П103; theft of, 61-2,122-3,249,3681167; transport of, 198-9. See also agriculture Grankina, Nadezhda, 120 Great Depression, 34,78,228,231-3,238,292, 38ОП57 Great Krinitsa, The (Babel), 99 Great Leap Forward, no “Great Plan for the Transformation of Na ture” (1948), 31157 Great Russians, 260-2,283,286-7,306П20, 316134 316П46; children of, 82; in Kazakh stan, 255,417m, 418П13; loyalty to Stalin of, 427128; in the Ukraine, 423m, 425120 Great Terror, 109-10,114,282-3,291, 315132, 3281175. See also purges Griffin, Frederick, 77,3391308 Grossman, Vasily, 177,261,3351244, 43117 Gulag camps, 12,88, 319184, 3281175, 3871116; accounts of, 34314 death in, 106; peasants in, 169,3921178 Hawker, Charles, 55-6, 3991272 Hearst, William Randolph, 300П6 Heinz, John, 124,37ОП4 Herman, Sam, 115 Herman,
Victor, 32,115,207,319184 Herriot, Édouard, 116-17,261 Herzen, Alexander, 34419 Hindus, Maurice, 107-8,112,354084,355090, 364П109,381067; disillusionment of, 364П110 Holocaust, 283 holodomor, 4,38,288, зоопб, 432131, 432132 Hoover, Herbert, 380П57 housing, 25,43; condition of, 277-8,284; shortage of, 49,51,160,3881134 Hughes, Langston, 110-11 hunger strikes, 23,30 Hurdy-Gurdy, The (Platonov), 99 ideology, 94,120,122,169,363П105. See also Bolshevik regime; communism; “General Idea”; socialism imperialism, 240 industrialization, 4,17,135,142,146; financing of, 33-4,72,120,139,206-7,221,237-9, 413113; impact of famine on, 51-2; and the peasantry, 149,387П131; policy of, 223,233, 283,375113; price of, 432132; resistance of, 264; Western complicity in, 238-9, 4161159 industrial strikes, 45,52,137,317154 3261146 industry, 17,38,45,76,283; and agriculture, 139; focus of, 184; impact of famine on, 51, 53; labour for, 160,387П131; modernization of, 230; policies for, 135-7; provisioning of, i44-5 155 influenza, 6,179 Ingushes, 270 intellectuals, 79,169,262 Intourist, 39,73,120,174,185,3391308. See also tourists Iran, 250 Isayev, Uraz, 246,248 Istoriia krest’ianstva sssr (Sharapov and Danilov), 347132 Istrati, Panait, 346128 Italy, 27,115, 230,235-7,434049 Italyanka, 165,291,3901153 Izmailov, Konstantin, 40,48-9,54-5,186 Japan, 207,239,380158 Jewish Daily Forward, 18,106, 359198 Jewish populace, 39,316П34,3841197 Jones, Gareth, 46,50-1,3231120, 3261155, 355188; famine reporting by, 104-5,124-5, 287,355189, 355П90; journalism of, 37ОП4 journalists: censorship of, 85, зоопб, 355П90;
476 foreign, юо-4,114,354187, зб573о; meth ods of, 370П4; silences of, 176,287 Kaganovich, Lazar, 29,61,89,3351230, 347136,348П41; denial of famine by, 92; en forcement of procurement by, 215-17; tyranny of, 283,291 Kalinin, Mikhail, 5,10,116,136,261,345119, 347136; letters to, 158,164,240,247,249 Kalmyks, 4, 3961213, 417m, 426125 “Kazakhicide,” 254 Kazakhs, 42,48-9,241,287,417m; ethnocide of, 254-7; loss of livestock of, 246; migra tion of, 250-4,421061,42164 421065; sedentarization of, 243-5,420144 starva tion of, 246-9,254,258,420147, 421П55 Kazakhstan, 6,12-15,58,81,300П4,419128; collectivization of, 243-6; devastation of, 285; disease in, 181-2,418П15; drought in, 125,128,129; economy of, 242,419132; famine in, 29,37,42-3,240-1,247-55, 420147, 421155, 422180; migration to, 258; settlement in, 417m; state procurement from, 209 Kharkov (Kharkiv), the Ukraine, 30,321115; factories in, 51-2; famine in, 38-9; migra tion to, 3371281; orphaned children in, 268, 3411325 Kharkov Tractor Factory, 32,199,4011305 Khatayevich, Mendel, 198-201,215,411П103 Khrushchev, Nikita S., 3,10,12-15,27, 89; agricultural reforms of, 135,293,312П70; “secret speech” of, 426125 on the Ukraine, 259,42304 Kibalchich, Victor (Victor Serge), 4,253, 29912 Kiev (Kyiv), 5,30,69, зобпо; famine in, 92, 94,264-5,427131; mobilization of the pop ulation of, 279 Kirgizians, 42,48-9,254. See also Kazakhs Klyuev, Nikolai, 96-7 Koestler, Arthur, 30,32,74,75-6, 319185; dis illusionment of, 3651128; on the famine, 113-14 kolkhozes. See collective farms (kolkhozes) kolkhozniks. See peasantry Komsomol,
88,117,169 Kopelev, Lev, 87-8,94,289-90, 345115, 350150, 434П44 INDEX Korolenko, Vladimir, 8-10 Kosior, Stanislav, 93-4,185,188,214,217,263 Kravchenko, Victor, 117,212, 3211 Krivitsky, Walter, 81 Kuban Valley, 97,192,196,258; destruction of, 272-5,277; epidemic in, 106,182; repressions of, 216; Western reporters in, 103,194 Kulagin, Peter, 93 kulakization, 157,159,171,175-6, 384П93, 3 8 5П10 6; and deportation, 3941199; in Kazakhstan, 242,249-50; in the Ukraine, 261; witness to, 117,289. See also dekulak ization kulaks, 11,19,21,3331222, 334П222,376П20; arrest of, 272; assistance of, 60; classifica tion as, 383181, 393183, 3931184 393П193; and collectivization, 148,151-6; commer cial production of, 141; deportation of, 1714,3947199 3961213 3971217, 417m, 435152; elimination of, 157,170,174-6,269,290, 384093; as enemies of Marxism, 87-9,91, 143-4,211,285, 346123; livestock of, 188; persecution of, 108,117,119,122,217, 355189, 3681149, 385П106; resistance of, 159, 396П207, 424112; state procurement from, 210; Ukrainians as, 261. See also bednyaks; peasantry; srednyaks Lang, Harry, 106, 359198 Lang, Lucy, 35,116,3411325 359198 League of Nations, 239, зоопб Leder, Mary, 78 Le Matin, 107,360П99,4151158 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (Ulyanov), 10,88-9, 109-10,307124, 345118; economic policy of, 138,142; mausoleum of, 18,21 Leningrad: famine in, 22,25-6,31,44,49, 308П30; peasants in, 78,3371281; provision ing of, 245; reporting from, 106; siege of, 333П217,34304 Le Petit Parisien, 50,3270173 lishentsy. See "former persons” literature, 95-100 Littlepage, John, 22,175-6,242,315132,
385П106 Little Russians. See Ukrainians Litvinov, Ivan, 3671147 Litvinov, Maxim, 354184 livestock, 13,290,300П4; breeding of, 237;
477 INDEX care for, 40011289,401П290; fodder for, 68; herders of, 42; in Kazakhstan, 241-5,248; loss of, 185-9,197 268-9,3521172,3941199, 4001277; seizure of, 6,19,40,170,252, 418112; slaughter of, 27,164,171, 3901145, 400П282; supply of, 227; support of in famine, 61, 64; theft of, 62,251 Lucchini, Pierre, 3251128 Lugansk, 5,189 Lugovskaya, Nina, 3281175 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 8-9,95 Lyons, Eugene, 17,21,58,332П211, 353178; on the cause of famine, 37515; on censorship, 101,107,356П90; on other reporters, 314П7, 358П91,360П99; reporting by, 103,113; on visitors to the USSR, 363П105 Lysenko, Trofim, 13,313172, 3271165 378142, 4030340 Machine and Tractor Stations (MTS), 12,13, 191,201,210; payment of, 228; repression of, 218 Magnitogorsk, 315133, 375ШЗ, 385П106 Maillart, Ella, 3251133 malaria, 106,179,180,182,274 malnutrition, 16-17; death by, 26,107,179-82, 359198; diseases of, 10,12, 67,179-80, 29912, 34314 of livestock, 188,245; of peasants, 40, 66,83; and work, 131. See also epidemic diseases; starvation Manchester Guardian, 45,103,300П6, 354187, 358091 Mandelstam, Nadezhda, 118,179, 352165 Mandelstam, Osip, 97-8,352162 Man’kov, Arkady, 49-50 Marino Sanatorium, 81 Marxism, 86-7,135 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 121 McCarthy, Joseph, 358П91 mental illness, 66,71,177. See also cannibal ism Metropolitan Vickers, 103, 354186, 355090 mgla, 127, 408148 migration, 73-4,76-80; of children, 82-3; to cities, 160,290; and disease, 182; of Kaza khs, 250-4; prevention of, 275,337П281; of Ukrainians, 258. See also deportation; “passportization”; peasantry Mikoyan, Anastas, 15,31,319П80,348П41
militarization, 136,206,208,233,239, 4161159. See also Red Army Minsk, Belorussia, 35,106 Mirsky, Dmitry S., 109 Molotov, Vyascheslav, 29,307124, 347136, 348П40,348041; denial of famine by, 92; enforcement of procurement by, 216-17; grain requisitioning by, 144; tyranny of, 283,291 Mongolia, 250,355188 Morozov, Pavlik, 167 Moscow: famine in, 9-10,20-5,29-31,43-4, 50-1,367П147; peasants in, 75,78,3371281; provisioning of, 245 Muggeridge, Malcolm, 45-6,3261151, 3261155, 354187; on the cause of the famine, 134,37ОП3; famine reporting by, 103; on foreign visitors to the USSR, 114-15; on other reporters, 35484 356П90,358П91, 360П99,365П130 Muslims, 240-1,244,417m Narkomtorg, 23 nationalism, 262,263, 286. See also Ukrainian nationalists nationalization, 135,137,146 “neo-NEP,” 224,227,229,409181 Nepmen, 91,138,143-4,175 Neruda, Pablo, 3651125 Nevadovskaya, Tatyana, 255 New Economic Policy (nep), 19,33,138-9, Зоопб, 307124; end of, 142-3; harvest of, 206,210; and peasants, 147,241; and private traders, 91; support for, 38165. See also Bolshevik regime New York Evening Journal, 359198 New York Times, 10,106-7,120-1,360П99 NKVD, 241,293, 3281175, 389П136. See also OGPU nomadism, 42,48,76, 242,250. See also denomadization; Kazakhs nomads, 72,133,240-4,284-6,431П16. See also Kazakhs North Caucasus Region, 6,423m, 42318, 425117; cannibalism in, 70-1; collectiviza tion in, 157,352172; devastation of, 194, 270-1,274-5; drought in, 125,128,132,154; exports from, 231,233; famine in, 37,46-7, 258,259-60,350П53; migration from, 79,
478 276-7; mortality rates in, 58,59,333П213; orphaned children in, 81; reporting from, 105-6; resettlement of, 277; in the Second World War, 3231120; state procurement from, 209-10,215-16,272 Novosibirsk, Siberia, 41-2,145,181, 3201107 OGPU, 16,36,30006,313П2; policing of peas ants by, 61-2,269,276-7; political force of, 146; press censorship by, 103, 353176; pris ons of, 387116; provisioning of, 79,80,165; reporting on the famine by, 93; suppres sion of the peasantry by, 159,169,379149, 425121; tactics of, 3920181 oil, 234,235,291-2,313172 Old and New (Eisenstein), 86 Omsk, Siberia, 41-2,144,252 One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (Solzhenitsyn), 88 On the Russian Peasantry (Gorky), 96 Orenburg, 14,120,126,253,430m Orlova, Raisa, 88 Orwell, George, 366П135 Osherowitch, Mendel, 18,39 Ovey, Esmond, 25,46,85,259 "passportization," 79,83,277,3371281 Pasternak, Boris, 8,98 Pauls, Agnes, 3680149 peasaot commune, 60,73,137,146,34409 peasant rebellion, 20,425117. See also politi cal unrest peasantry: apathy of, 177-8,3901153, 3970224; attitudes toward, 85-6,108, 34419, 347134, 35156, 4311122; blamed for famioe, 72,94,111-12,121-2,378037, 3870134; classes of, 16,19; 00 collective farms, 146-51,161-4; defeat of, 83-4,95,171, 269-70,281, 430189; as eoemies of Marx ism, 86-91, 96,143-4; and famine, 5,7-9, 21,22,36-7,39-40,307124; foreign report ing about, 104-5,292; health of, 179-83; livelihoods of, 124,138-41,407030; live stock of, 187-8; aod mechaoization, 190-1; migration of, 42-3,51,73-80,179,3370281, 3901146; mobility of, 275-9,388П131, 3880133; mortality rates of,
58, 60,305017, 3321208; and the Orthodox Church, 3871124 political unrest of, 11,20,27,35-6, INDEX 52,145,159,318072,3251128; production of, 141-2, 377131, 431016; purge of, 293; resis tance of, 130,137,159-60,164-9,290-1, 376115,38165 384П101; starvation of, 45-7, 131,133, 3971231; state exactions from, 21013,220-1,3890139; support strategies of, 60-2; terrorization of, 271-2; in the Ukraine, 264; war on, 154-5,157-8,223,259, 284-6,300П6; workload of, 192-3,386П110, 3860111. See also bednyaks; class war; col lective farms (kolkhozes); collectivization; dekulakization; kulaks; srednyaks; state farms (sovkhozes) People’s Commissariats, зоопб. See also bu reaucracy Petkevich, Tamara, 3671146 Petlyura, Symon, 263,269, 426123, 432131 Petrograd. See Leningrad Pilnyak, Boris, 85-6,88,34415 Pilsudski, Jozef, 263, 426123 “Pitchfork Movement,” 87 Platonov (Klimentov), Andrei, 5,59,96,9910 0,18 6,352172 Podlubny, Stepan, 121,369П167 Poland, 73,195,235-7, 425121; threat of, 218, 262-3,276,426123 Politburo, 145,157,166,210,347П36,379152; food distribution by, 224,227; procure ments by, 215,231; trade policy of, 235-7 political unrest, 11,23; in Kazakhstan, 243; lack of, 83; of the proletariat, 28; suppres sion of, 72-3; of workers, 52. See also peas ant rebellion; peasantry “politotdels,” 218-19 Possessed, The (Dostoyevsky), 345716 Postyshev, Pavel, 215-16,263,4281146 potatoes, 22,26,32,48,42317; diet of, 39,51 Potyomkin villages, 366П141 Preobrazhensky, Yevgeny, 149,383176 press, 100,354187; international, 4151158; So viet, 117,360П99,3671147. See also journal ists Prishvin,
Mikhail, 119 private property, 88,135,234,261; collec tivization of, 60, 62,147,151,154,157,245; destruction of, 19,278; seizure of, 122,163, 170-1,177,381П60,385П106, 3941199 private traders, 154,175. See also Nepmen Privin, Yevgeny Natanovich, 17
INDEX proletariat, 86,88,122; creation of, 242; dicta torship of, 135,364П119,37517, 405m; rural, 146; victory of, 154-5. See also workers propaganda, 115,176,183,364П119 prostitution, 43 Pugachov, Yemelyan, 425117 Pulitzer Prize, 354184 360П99 purges, 17,23,110,114; of agricultural offi cials, 127,216; of Kazakhs, 241; of old Bol sheviks, 44,114,136,215,251,276, 319185; of peasants, 293; support for, 409П81; of tech nicians, 4041341; threat of, 158; of Ukrainian nationalists, 30,263; victims of, 1271165, 330П200; of writers, 99,34415. See also Great Terror; show trials 479 Quiet Flows the Don (Sholokhov), 95,350153 Quisling, Vidkund, 262 Romany, 418т Rosen, Joseph, 45, 3261151 Rostov-on-Don, 103,126,216,237, 428163 RSFSR, 11,14,261,300П4,432132; drought in, 132; livestock supply of, 186; peasant popu lation of, 167,376П20. See also Great Rus sians Rudenko, Mykola, 45, 3261148 Russell, Bertrand, 364П119 Russia (non-Soviet), 5-6,8-11,305115. See also Great Russians; rsfsr; Russian Feder ation; Tsarist regime Russian army, 8 Russian Federation, 3321205, 371ml, 432132 Russian Orthodox Church, 60,140-1,352173, 370m, 381П60 Russification, 240,263,281 Ryskulov, Turar, 246,248-50,254 ' racism, 110,244 rail network, 24,48,102,233; bread traders on, 411П104; children on, 250,268; exiles on, 29,171,179,268,277, 3681147; failure of, 127,198-9,279-80; journalists on, 104,287; search for food on, 75-80,82,275. See also migration; “passportization” Ramsay, Katharine, Duchess of Atholl, 85, 115,3421339 rationing, 16,21-3,25,32,430П10; in cities, 160; and economic reform, 137; end
of, 55; for exiles, 172; for foreigners, 44,112-13; and fraud, 315133; and mortality, 59,283; for workers, 51 Razin, Stepan, 425117 Red Army, 6,36,53; grain reserve of, 131,208; help with the harvest of, 228; political force of, 146; provisioning of, 72,79,91,137,144, 165,245,349147; settlement of soldiers of, 277; strength of, 93,380П58; suppression of the peasantry by, 159,169,428163 Red Cavalry (Babel), 98-9 Red Cross, 10,72 “Red Terror,” 6,135,282,387П116 Reed, John, 109 Repair-Technical Stations (rts), 13 Richardson, Stanley, 333П213, 357190 Robins, Raymond, 89 Robinson, Robert, 3321208 Romania, 73,195,235,262 Sakharov, Andrei, 426125, АЗ4П43 Sanger, Richard H., 359198 Scheffer, Paul, 22,23,25,140-1, 377127 Schiller, Otto, 39-40,42,48,3231120; on agri culture, 135,197,200,206,261,270,389П139, 400П277; on mortality rates, 55,59,186, 229,333П213, 3971217; on the peasantry, 923,132,176,178,223,273-4; reporting by, 287, 288-9,4151158 scorbutus (scurvy), 179-82,420П44 Scott, John, 164,385П106 Second Five Year Plan, 52,204,406П3 Second World War, 12,282, зоопб, 3231120, 375113, 426127; deportation of populations during, 3 9 6П213,428162; Soviet carnage of, 291,293,3961207 sedentarization, 42,240,242-3,246 serfdom, 11,86,34409; collectivization as, 149,170,212,226,229, 35519 Serge, Victor. See Kibalchich, Victor (Victor Serge) settler colonialism, 240,242,244,417m Shaginyan, Marietta, 94 Shakty trial, 4041341 Shalamov, Varlam, 34314, 3921178 Shaporina, Lyubov, 25-6,118,154,164 Shaw, George Bernard, 9 9,112-13,365724 Shayakhmetov, Mukhamet, 244,247,250, 419129 Sheboldayev,
Boris, 106,215,273,359П96
480 Shitts, Ivan, 29912, 315119 Sholokhov, Mikhail, 91,95,151,187,211, 350053 show trials, 103, 354186, 355190, 3921181. See also Great Terror; purges Siberia, 6,13,53; disease in, 181,182; drought in, 125,128,129; exile to, 171, 3941199; famine in, 29,39-41,46,54,194; migration to, 10,251,252; oil production in, 312172; opposition to collectivization in, 164,168; orphaned children in, 81; peasant revolt in, 87; state procurement from, 144-5,209, 42318. See also Altai Kray Simenon, George, 174 smallpox, 163,179,181-3,3991264, 418115 Smith, Homer, 43,77 socialism, 94,113,115,138,143,229; belief in, 350150, 35159, 356П90; building of, 26,28, 81,150,284,289; and the defeat of the peas antry, 284; and food, 283; foreign help for, 196; propaganda for, 23,80,94,219; victory of, 246,3981243; violence of, 57. See also “barracks socialism”; Bolshevism; class war; communism; “state capitalism” “socialist realism,” 28 Socialist Revolutionaries (srs), 153,168,276, 43122 Sollohub, Edith, 307124 308П30 Solovetsky Islands, 127,157,387П116 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 8,283,3321208, 345115, 350153, 432132; on collectivization, 61,73,79,154,171,178,288; on the German occupation, 426127; Gulag of, 88,125, 387П116. See also First Circle, The (Solzhen itsyn); One Day in the Life of Ivan Deniso vich (Solzhenitsyn) Sorokin, Pitirim, 6-8,10, 309135, 364П119 Soviet Central Asia, 10, 30,37,48,241 Soviet Gold Trust, 175 Soviet Union, 33-4,62,240,255,299m; agri cultural environment of, 13-15,125-6,1312; 195,287,37112; agricultural production of, 141-2,179,202-6,221-3,259-60, 42318; deportation of
ethnicities by, 396123, 428162; disillusionment with, 176,354187, 359198; exports of, 231-9,291, 4131123, 4141130; famine in, 5-12,16-17,134, 282-3, 285,287-8, зоопб, 304П13, 432132; food culture of, 293; health care in, 180-2; immi INDEX gration to, 78,340П313,366П136,366П140; imports of, 292, 312172, 435151; isolation of, 136,229-30,380П57; migration within, 79,179; military strength of, 380158; offi cial statistics of, 56-7,330П200,331П202, 349146, 405m; population of, 274, 4141137, 424114 procurements by, 208-9,215,246; republics of, 262-3; response to famine of, 71-2,85,249,3371280, 338П285,421155; security of, 83,207,221,384П93,4151158, 427128, 433141; state press of, 101; state violence in, 23,29,284,348П41; tax exac tions of, 210; visitors to, 44,109-16,129. See also Bolshevik regime; bureaucracy; Khrushchev, Nikita S.; Stalin, Joseph sovkhozes. See state farms (sovkhozes) Spain, 115,434049 “special settlements,” 171-3,277 srednyaks, 19,140-1,144,376020, 383П81, 393П183; arrest of, 272; and collectivization, 151; livestock of, 188; persecution of, 170-1. See also bednyaks; kulaks; peasantry Stalin, Joseph, 3,12-13,31157, 346024, 426125, 434149; agricultural policy of, 19, 126-7,169,223-4,281; apologists for, 108, 109,114,117; attitude towards peasantry of, 89-90,139,346125; economic policy of, 143,146,156-7,229-30; grain requisitioning by, 144-5; hatred of, 332П211; hypocrisy of, 56; knowledge of the famine of, 89-91,94, 347031,350153; purges of, 217-18,293, 315032,3300200; responsibility for famine of, 72,134,291, зоопб, 43118, 434142; sup port for, 2
8,51,119,212,3651125, 409181; trade policy of, 231; tyranny of, 282-3,287, 294; and violence, 57,98,170 Stalinism, 3-4,221,292,307024, 434149 Stalin Peace Prize, 3650125 stanitsas, 103,216,273-4. See also Cossacks starvation, 3,12,16,46-8,29912 304113; cause of, 133,237,276; in the cities, 284, 308П30; denial of, 111,113,116,291,360П99; and disease, 181,183; foreign reporting on, 58; ideological justification for, 120-2, 355П90, 3687167, 4131113; impact of, 21,24, 67,292,333П214, 359198; of Kazakhs, 24654; of kulak exiles, 172-3; official response . to, 26,45, 34314; of peasants, 22,27-9,37, 40-1,54; planned, 168,288-9, зоопб; and
INDEX political unrest, 52-3; of Russian villages, 273-4; of workers, 26,30,42,4151155. See also cannibalism “Stary Krim” (Mandelstam), 97 “state capitalism,” 138. See also socialism State Commission for the Electrification of Russia (goelro), 137 state farms (sovkhozes), 13,146,184-5, 314П10, 3881135, 4031339; livestock on, 245, 269; management of, 197, 217-18,270; mechanization of, 189-90; new policy for, 224,227; size of, 196; state procurement from, 209,213,218. See also Agricultural Training Farm and Experimental Station (Verblyud); collective farms (kolkhozes); Gigant sovkoz State Hermitage Museum, 10,34 Steffens, Lincoln, 88,109,110,345120 “steppe golodomor,” 254 Stoneman, William, 103, 354184, 356П90 St Petersburg. See Leningrad Strang, William, 358П91,360П99 Strom, Arne, 43,183,3251137 Strong, Anna Louise, no, 176 suicide, 29,32,66,78,173,219, 352172 sukhovei, 127-8,130', 192,372122, 373048, 408148 Symbolist poets, 309П40,352162 “Tambov Brotherhood,” 87 Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 26,47,104, 419132 Tatars, 64,119,254,396П213, 4711, 42314 426125 Terekhov, Roman, 90-1 terrorism, 159,164,168-70, 3921181; famine as, 291; of grain requisitions, 427128; against peasants, 271-2; state, 23,29. See also purges timber, 172-3,207,234,238,291-2, 3421339, 435152; scarcity of, 352172, 379143; targets for, 218 “Time of Troubles,” 8,305115, 310147 Tolstaya-Voyeikova, Olga, 35,49,118 Tolstoy, Leo, 6 Tomsk, Siberia, 29,145,172 ’ Torgov, Igor, 170 Torgsin (All-Union Association for Trade with Foreigners on the Territory of the ussr), 33-5,44,45,47,3251138; food sales 481 of, 320П89;
foreign customers of, 320197; state profits from, 291-2 tourists, 4,34,44, 85,107,34312. See also In tourist Toz, 418П6 Trans-Siberian Railway, 82 Tretyakov Gallery, 34 Trotsky, Leon, 92,138,142-3,227,229,347136 Trotskyism, 99,34415 Tsarist regime, 6,11,114,305115, 31646, 391170; Cossack support for, 272, 428156; grain exports of, 4131113; grain harvest of, 204,206; imperialism of, 240; kulaks under, 152. See also aristocracy; “former persons”; gentry; serfdom tuberculosis, 26,100,181,182 Tulaikov, Nikolai, 12 Turkestan, 10,240,250,285,3251128, 418П4 Turkey, 33,250 TurkSib Railway, 3271166 Twenty-Five Thousanders, 211-12,243,289 typhoid, 10,179-83,309П41,3981242 typhus, 10,26,27,94,179-82,309П41; as lead ing cause of death, 3981242; scourge of, 398П243 Uigurs, 254 Ukraine, the, 4,262-3,306П20,425118; can nibalism in, 69-70; climate of, 127-8,132, 378П42; collectivization of, 157,179,382173, 424113; devastation of, 264-8,285,286, 430189; epidemic disease in, 180-2; exports from, 231,233; famine in, 6, 9,21,37-9,46, 47,93-4,258-60, 300П6; genocide in, 432131, 432132; harvest in, 154,177,192-6, 203-4,423113, 42318; industrial workers in, 51-2; livestock of, 188-9; and migration, 76, 79,275,276-7; mortality rates in, 58,59, 331П2О2,3321208, 332П210, 3331213, 333П214; observations of, 98-9,104-7,11617; orphaned children in, 83; peasant revolt in, 159,425117; populations of, 261,423m, 425120; relief for, 224-5; resettlement of, 277-80; state procurement from, 144,20910,214-15,217,219-20, 379149, 411П103; wheat production of, 14,15,90,129,131,185, 300П4,3741155. See also
holpäomor Ukrainian nationalists, 6,30,262-3, зоопб, 306П20,360П99; in North America, 286-8
INDEX 482 Ukrainians, 3-4,316146; children of, 82; col laboration with Nazi Germany of, 426125; collectivization of, 260-1; famine deaths of, 331202; in Kazakhstan, 254,255,417m, 418П13; loss of, 258-9; in the Soviet Union, 424114, 425120 Umansky, Konstantin, 101-2, 35619 Union for the Struggle for Discipline, 212 United Kingdom, 207,234-7,291,435П51; complicity in the famine of, 238,239,292. See also British Embassy United States: agricultural productivity of, 125,371П11; as enemy of the ussr, 4141138; recognition of the ussr by, 207,239, 360П99,380П57; trade with ussr of, 234-8, 292; Ukrainian community of, 286-7, 4321132 URI, 103,113,332П2П, 353П78 Urals, 6,13; disease in, 182; drought in, 125, 128,129; grain requisitioning in, 144; in dustry in, 207,230; orphaned children in, 81 urbanization, 233 ussr. See Soviet Union Utley, Freda, 28,55,131, 318166 Uzbekistan, 26,419132 Uzbeks, 254 Vavilov, Nikolai, 48,3271165 403П340 venereal disease, 183 Verblyud. See Agricultural Training Farm and Experimental Station (Verblyud) Virgin and Idle Lands Program (vilp), 1315,126,255,300П4, 3156, 312163 Virgin Soil Upturned (Sholokhov), 95 “Volga famine” (1921-22), 6-11,306П19, 308П30 Volga German Republic, 60, 64, 3231120, ‘ 426125 Volga Valley Region, 6,13,127; agriculture in, 200-1,222-3,384П91,42318; during the Civil War, 87; collectivization of, 157; drought in, 125,128,129,132,306П19, 307123, 37on6, 373148; exports from, 233; famine in, 37,46; livestock in, 189; and mi gration, 79,251,253; mortality rates in, 5960,3331213; orphaned children in, 81; state procurement from,
209-10,215-16 Volovich, Hava, 266-7 Vblters, Rudolf, 41-2,47,82,180-1,3241126 Voroshilov, Kliment, 194, 347136, 380158 Vyvyan, John, 16 Waldhauer, Oskar, 10 Wangenheim, Alexei, 126-7 War Communism, 75,86,136-7,344ШО, .381065 Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 111-12,32115 3657 Wells, Carveth, 78,264,271 Wells, H.G., 57,308П30,3261144 364П119 Western Siberia. See Siberia Wettlin, Margaret, 44,356П90,364П110 White, William Allen, 354184 White Army, 86-7,106,109,207,261; Cos sacks in, 272-3, 428156 White Russians, 316П46. See also Belorussia Williams, Whiting (Charles), 131,152,268, 333П214, збзтоз Witkin, Zara, 43-4,115-16,3251134 332П211, 355П90 Wood, William, 181, 3981253 workers: allotment gardens for, 228,4121105 attitudes towards peasants of, 87,122,225; conscription of, 137; and famine, 25-6,30, 38,40-1,47-8,50-1; income of, 268; migra tion of, 74-5; mobilization for the harvest of, 278-80,429182; orphaned children of, 82, 3411332; political unrest of, 11,51-3, 319176; provisioning of, 91,165; rationing for, 21-3,3241126; “shock,” 61,326П147; support for state of, 169,211-12. See also Twenty-Five Thousanders World War I. See First World War World War П. See Second World War Yagoda, Genrikh, 215,276 Yakovlev, Yakov, 220, 4031339 Yezhov, Nikolai 241, 352171 Yushchenko, Viktor, 333124 Zakheim, Judel, 175 Zatmilova, Galina, 117 zazhitochniks, 19,27,150,170-1, 383П81 Zelënaia, Rina, 76 zemlyankas, 68,78,253,340П311, 4031339 f^ Bayorlache i Staatsbibliothek München
CONTENTS Tables | ix Acknowledgments | xi A Note on Transliteration | xiii · Prologue: The 1928-34 Famine in Perspective | 3 1 A Special Famine | 16 2 A Hidden Famine | 85 3 A Natural Famine? | 124 4 An Unnatural Famine? | 134 5 A Manifold Famine | 202 6 The Relatively Worst Case: Kazakhstan | 240 7 The Absolutely Worst Case: The Ukraine - The North Caucasus | 258 Epilogue: The 1928-34 Famine in Retrospect | 282 Glossary I 295 Abbreviations | 297 Notes I 299 Bibliography | 437 Index I 471
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INDEX Abbe, James, 3321211, 358П91, збоп99 Acmeists, 97,352162 Afghanistan, 250 Agricultural Training Farm and Experimen tal Station (Verblyud), 184-5,196, 3991273, 4021338, 4031339. See also state farms (sovkhozes) agriculture: challenges of, 125,192-5, 312159, 3718, 4021327, 4021328, 4021334 diseases of, 195-6; impact of famine on, 59,142; in dustry’s dependence on, 53,231-2; intensi fication of, 13,15,228,31156; management of, 196-8,3271165, 403П340; mechanization of, 183-5,18 9-91· 378135, 38in6o, 3991270; nomadism in, 76; policies of, 55-6,124, 133-6,281,288, 37013; production rates of, 137 138,154,179,202-6,221-3; statistics for, 56,405m; transport of products of, 198-9. See also climate; collective farms (kolkhozes); collectivization; drought; fer tilizers; food; grain; peasantry; Soviet Union; state farms (sovkhozes) Akhmatova, Anna, 282,352162 Alexievich, Svetlana, 38,171,259,290 alimentary dystrophy, 34314 Alliluyeva, Nadezhda, 90,347134, 3501149 allotment gardens, 228 Altai Kray, 27,40,48-9,54-5,384П89; collec tive farms in, 72,160,199; famine in, 318П72; peasant uprising in, 87. See also Siberia American Relief Administration, 10,45, 3261151 Andreyev, Andrei, 272 “anecdotes,” 18,22,23,31,53, 315126 Anglo-Russian Trading Cooperative Society (arcos), 144 Animal Farm (Orwell), 366П135 anti-Semitism, 426125 Antonov, Alexander, 87,3081125 Argentina, 234-5 aristocracy, 6,34,87. See also “former per sons”; Tsarist regime Ashmead-Bartlett, Ellis, 24 Asiatic Russian steppe, 3,12-14,126,128,258, 37°n6 Association for Communal Cultivation (τοζ),4ΐ8η6 atheism, 244-5
Australia, 198,234-5 Babel, Isaac, 98-9, 352171 Barmine, Alexander, 44,223,235,285, 409181 Barnes, Ralph, 103,354П84, 355190 “barracks socialism,” 241 Basmachi Revolt, 240-1,418П3 “bayization,” 242. See also kulakization Beal, Fred, 26,30,37,317154 bednyaks, 19,140,144, 376120, 383П81, 3931183; arrest of, 272; and class, 155,21011; and collectivization, 150,152,314П13; persecution of, 171. See also kulaks; peas antry; srednyaks Bélgium, 236-7 Belomor Canal, 317163, 3401323 Belorussia, 28,76,107-8,153, 320198; famine in, 76,106,224,276, 349146, 4151155, 432132; population of, 417П2, 425120; relo cation from, 278 Bely, Andrei, 309П40 Benefit: A Poor Man’s Chronicle (Platonov), 99 Beriozka, 35 Berlan, Pierre, 100 Berliner Tageblatt, 22,140 Blok, Alexander, 10,309П40
472 Blue Army of the peasants, 308125 Blumenfeld, Hans, 398242 Bolshevik regime, 6-8, n, 307124 309135, 317П61; agricultural policy of, 20,55-6, 60, 134-6,147,281,381П60; attitude towards peasantry of, 86-8,150,152,212-13,285; and Cossacks, 272-3; denomadization policy of, 241-2; dogmatism of, 289-92,332П211, 405m; economic policy of, 136-7,142-3; fi nances of, 33-4; knowledge of the famine of, 93; peasant problem of, 137,139-42; ruthlessness of, 169-70; support for, 51,55; and the Ukraine, 262, 424114. See also bureaucracy; Communist Party of the Soviet Union (cpsu); First Five Year Plan; New Economic Policy (nep); Soviet Union Bolshevism, 79,135,332П211,344П10. See also communism; socialism bread, 19-20,35,90,314П18,340П140; diet of, 39,51; “famine,” 62-3; fraud in, 268; search for, 28-9; traders of, 411П104. See also food; grain breadlines, 19-22,24,25,115,319185 Brezhnev, Leonid, 294,31156, 347132 British Embassy, 17,37,54,102-3,3281185. See also Bullard, Reader; Cairns, Andrew British Labour Party, 113,115 Bryant, Louise, 109 bubonic plague, 179,180,182 Buchma, Amvrosy, 3681154 Budyonny, Semyon, 243 Bukharin, Nikolai, 92,143,149,229, 347136, 378139 Bullard, Reader, 28-9,45,221,331202, 358П91 bureaucracy, 40,169,243,3231120; abuses of, 249; access to food of, 42,54; blame placed on, 404П351; denial of famine by, 81,85,924; dogmatism of, 135,196,219-20; exactions of, 141,158,210; failures of, 108,116,225; lies of, 119; scapegoating of, 91,127,144-5,217, 349146; statistical work of, 58,405m. See also Bolshevik regime; Soviet Union “Burnt Ruins” (Klyuev), 96-7 Butyrka
Prison, 99 “Caftan War,” 86-7 Cairns, Andrew, 36-7,39-42,73-4,287, 3201107, 3231120; on collectivization, 424113; on Soviet agriculture, 127-8,130, 188,192-6,198,202 INDEX Calder, John, 43 Canada, 14,15,57,234-5,339ПЗО8, 432132; agricultural productivity of, 198,229,230, 371ml, 379155; imports from, 4131123; Ukrainian community of, 286-7,360099 cannibalism, 8,10,66, 68-71,3371263; in Kazakhstan, 248-9; in North Caucasus, 271; in the Ukraine, 266 Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (Marx), 135 capitalism, 109,113-16,354187, 433141; in the countryside, 285; industrial, 86,88,135; in dustrial capitalism’s complicity in the famine, 237-8; and world trade, 235-8, 4141138 censorship, 53,95,99; efficacy of, 115,176, 353176, 359192; of foreign journalists, 85, 100-1,103 Central Black Earth Region, 6,53,128,154, 259,286; livestock in, 188, 3901145; migra tion to, 258,277; reporting from, 104; state procurement from, 210 Chamberlin, Sonya, 112-13, з58п9 Chamberlin, William, 17,31,55-6,304013, 314П7,358П91; on censorship, 100; esti mates of famine deaths by, 58; reporting of, 105-6,287,333П213,353176 charity, 60,72,73,247,291 Chechens, 270, 3971213, 426125 Cheka, 6, и, зоопб, 387П116. See also ogpu Chekhov, Anton, 6,4311122 chernozyom, 259,261,285,286 Chevengur (Platonov), 5 children: abandonment of, 250-3,3411325; deaths of, 75, 305117; diseases of, 66; home less, 80-3,181,418П4; mortality rates of, 44, 59; murder of, 69-71; orphaned, 10, 308030, 310148; starvation of, 264,266-8 China, 42,57,110,250,421160 cholera, 6,10,179,180,183,421058 Cholerton, Alfred, 103,114
Christensen, Alva, 3210115,428050 Christian Science Monitor, 17,105,358091 Chubar, Vlas, 217,263 Chukovsky, Koroei, 95,109 Ciliga, Ante, 4,122,141,229,259 Civil War (1918-1922), 6,8,20,86-7,307124; cost of, 33,137; lasting impact of, 262; West ern intervention in, 207. See also White Army
INDEX class war, 122,125,156,274; and famine, 285, 290, 432131 clergy, 86-7, See also Russian Orthodox Church climate, 126-8,130,131,200, 373146; of the Central Black Earth region, 286; of the Ukraine, 259. See also agriculture; drought; Soviet Union Clyman, Rhea, 38,102,122,190,321П115, 333П213; on children, 427130; on collec tivization, 185,196,264,4031339 Cole, Margaret, 115,129 collective farms (kolkhozes), 12,19,45,146-7, 314П10; abandonment of, 27,74,79,159-60, 179, 3380288,3871126; failure of, 52, 67-8, 177, 355189; famine on, 29,40-1,93-4,122, 350153; foreign tours of, 328П185; in litera ture, 95,98; livestock on, 187,189,245,2689; management of, 196-7,270,411П102; mechanization of, 190; mortality rates on, 58-60; new policy for, 55-6,224-8; produc tion of, 203-4,243-4; resistance to, 90,130, 150-2,165-6,290, 432131; size of, 161,183, 196; state procurement from, 209-11,21314,218-21; theft from, 166-7; triumph of, 292-3; work on, 178,3261147, 386П110. See also collectivization; state farms (sovkhozes) collectivization, 3,19,36,45, 312170, 316П40; as a cause of famine, 72,90,105,132-4,230, 237,283,288, 4321132; of Cossacks, 273-4; crisis of, 200-1,290-1; data on, 405m; and drought, 125; “excesses” of, 120,213,382173; forced, 48,55,84,260-1,352172; foreign re ports of, 108,110, 3281185; and grain pro duction, 202,206; impact on peasants of, 87,179,259,3421341, 347131, 347Π34, 3880133; in literature, 95,98-100; of live stock, 186-8,244-6; pace of, 161,381П60, 389П136; of pastoral nomads, 42,240,2423,250; policy of, 143-4,146-7,149-53,1578; resistance to,
106-7,154,159,164-70,264, 381П65, 424112, 427128; of Romany, 418то; and supports and survival strategies dur ing famine, 60-2; Western complicity in, 238-9,4151150, 416П159; witnesses of, 11718. See also collective farms (kolkhozes); state farms (sovkhozes) colonialism, 240,242 473 communism, 8,11,79,3071124; atheism of, 37513; construction of, 135,289; disillusion ment with, 114, 353178; economic revolu tion of, 146; enemies of, 92; leaders of, 351159; opposition to, 29; violence of, 57, 89. See also Bolshevism; socialism; War Communism Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and En gels), 135 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (cpsu), 3,11,26; archives of, зоопб; knowl edge of the famine of, 93,118,120-1; mem bers of, 60; privileges of, 79. See also Bolshevik regime; bureaucracy Cossacks, 87, 260, 425117, 428156; deporta tion of, 103,105-6,277; repression of, 216, 272-5, 428163, 432131. See also Kuban Valley cotton, 26,48,149,156,419132 counter-revolutionaries, 91,92,127,269, 319184 432131; among the bureaucracy, 349146; among the peasantry, 216,272,276; support for, 93, 318172 “Cow, The” (Platonov), 186 crime: caused by hunger, 44,47,62,74,83, 117,251-2; on collective farms, 19; of peas ant against peasant, 411П101; reporting on, 3657128 Crimea, 97,122,209,233, 3281185, 42314, 432132. See also Tatars dacha, 74,3381294 Dalton, Hugh, 113 De Give, Mary, 321115, 428150 dekulakization, 168,170-1,289,393П183. See also kulakization denomadization, 242,244,248,250. See also sedentarization deportation: of Cossacks, 103,273-5; of eth nic groups, 396П213,428П62; of farmsteaders,
225; of kulaks, 153,155,157,170,174,176; of pastoralists, 242; resistance of, 188; of ■ Ukrainians, 258. See also migration Derzhinsky, Felix, 6 Dittloff, Fritz, 192,196,273,333П213, 359194 404П341 Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 98 Donbass, 207,230,262,388П131, 4041341 drought, 6,8,9,12,124-9, tyi, 372m4; as a
474 cause of famine, 37016; “pendulum princi ple” of, 14-15, 312170. See also agriculture; climate Drusag (German-Russian Seed Joint-Stock Company), 105,192,196,3231120, 3331213, 3591194 Durant, Will, 42,221 Duranty, Walter, 10,86,102,333П213,354184; reporting by, 106-7,120-1, 355190, збоп99, з63тз dysentery, 10,179,181, 3981242 Eikhe, Robert, 251 Eisenstein, Sergei, 86 epidemic diseases, 6,10,12,27,179-82,29912, 310П44; in Kazakhstan, 246-8,418П15; of livestock, 188. See also malnutrition; vari ous diseases ethnicity, 82,176,262,270,366П140,426025; and deportation, 3981213, 417m, 426125; and famine, 154-5,258,285,287, 432131, 432132; of the Ukraine, 321115, 331202, 425П20. See also genocide ethnocide, 254,255 European Russian steppe, 3,12-14,258-60; agricultural zone of, 287; crops in, 194; drought on, 125,126,128; famine in, 37; fodder production of, 300П4. See also North Caucasus Region; Ukraine, the Everything Flows (Grossman), 177 Fabians, 113,32115 famines, general, 3,143-4,29912; causes of, 87,125-6,134,178,230, 304Ш3,375П5; defi nition of, 24; denial of, 85; end of, 15; mor tality rates of, 5 6-6 0,71,3321208 farmsteaders, 389П136; grain concealment by, 272; migration of, 275; plot-sizes of, 411102; relief for, 225-7; repression of, 216, 273; state procurement from, 209,213; Ukrainian, 259; war on, 285. See also kulaks fascism, 53,115,380158. See also Germany fertilizers, 15,152,178,197 First All-Union Conference of Stakhanovites, 56, 330197 First All-Union Congress of Collective Farm Shock Brigaders, 45,91,177 First Circle, The (Solzhenitsyn), 345115 First Five
Year Plan, 17,19,34,120,31417, INDEX 3321211; cost of, 3891139; foreign reporting on, 360П99; grain harvest of, 204; indus trial policy of, 283,375113; introduction of, 146; results of, 160,221,223, 409177; short falls of, 237. See also Bolshevik regime; col lectivization; industrialization First International Wheat Conference, 235, 4141139 First World War, 8,33,137,240,250,282 Fischer, Louis, 177,221,355П90 food: assistance of, 224-7; export of, 72; prices of, 23,26,55; search for, 21,24,28-33, . 43,47-51,73-6; seizure of, 40,87; “surro gates” for, 37,62-8,251,3351243,3351244. See also bread; breadlines; grain; livestock; potatoes; rationing "food squads,” 6 Foot, Michael, 115 Ford Motor Company, 115, 319184,3321208 “former persons,” 4,21,35, 315119 Foundation Pit, The (Platonov), 99 Fourteen Little Red Huts (Platonov), 99-100 France, 100,234-7,261,292,3270173,378П37, 434П49 Gantt, Horsley W., 45,57,179 gender, 59,81,165,3330216,3330217 “General Idea,” 135,378139 General Line, The (Eisenstein), 86 genocide, 4,246,254, зоопб, 432131. See also golodomor, holodomor gentry, 60,84,137; estates of, 140-1,146, 381П60,38165. See also aristocracy; Tsarist regime Georgia, 29,263,321115 Germany, 207,236-7,239,3231120, 358П91, 380158; collaboration with, 426125 com plicity in the famine of, 238,292; imports ' by, 291; Soviet invasion by, 426127; trade with USSR of, 234,235, 4151158, 435151 Gigant sovkoz, 185,196,4030339. See also state farms (sovkhozes) Godunov, Boris, 11,305015 Goichenko, Dmitry, 264-5 gold, 33-5,72,231,235 golodomor, 288,418ml, 432131 Goloshchyokio, Filipp
Isayevich, 241-3,250, 254,422178 "Goloshchyokin’s genocide,” 246,254
475 INDEX Gorbachev, Mikhail, 293 Gorbatsevich, Dionisy, 55 Gorky, Maxim, 27-8,96,109,134, 317163, 35156—35159, 396П214; and agriculture, 4021328, 4151155; death of, 352171; Writers’ Brigade of, 3401323 grain: and class war, 156; cultivation of, 12-15, 300П4,3153, 312163 3721113,376П19; dis eases of, 195-6,408П48; export of, 26,28, 34,72,142,206-8,230-8,291,3381285, 379155, 413113; growing conditions of, 126-30,132,192-5, 37016; harvest of, 131, 154 279-80; hoarding of, 9,272,430185 loan of, 224-7; loss of, 198, 402327, 4021328; price of, 8,139-40,379143, 389П139; private traders of, 154,379П49; production of, 197,202-4,259-60, добиз, 419128; sabotage of, 165-7, 391154 seizure of, 20,27,38,40,80,133, 307124, 318172, 346123, 367П147; state procurement of, 144-5,149 208-21,263,284,312172, 411П103; theft of, 61-2,122-3,249,3681167; transport of, 198-9. See also agriculture Grankina, Nadezhda, 120 Great Depression, 34,78,228,231-3,238,292, 38ОП57 Great Krinitsa, The (Babel), 99 Great Leap Forward, no “Great Plan for the Transformation of Na ture” (1948), 31157 Great Russians, 260-2,283,286-7,306П20, 316134 316П46; children of, 82; in Kazakh stan, 255,417m, 418П13; loyalty to Stalin of, 427128; in the Ukraine, 423m, 425120 Great Terror, 109-10,114,282-3,291, 315132, 3281175. See also purges Griffin, Frederick, 77,3391308 Grossman, Vasily, 177,261,3351244, 43117 Gulag camps, 12,88, 319184, 3281175, 3871116; accounts of, 34314 death in, 106; peasants in, 169,3921178 Hawker, Charles, 55-6, 3991272 Hearst, William Randolph, 300П6 Heinz, John, 124,37ОП4 Herman, Sam, 115 Herman,
Victor, 32,115,207,319184 Herriot, Édouard, 116-17,261 Herzen, Alexander, 34419 Hindus, Maurice, 107-8,112,354084,355090, 364П109,381067; disillusionment of, 364П110 Holocaust, 283 holodomor, 4,38,288, зоопб, 432131, 432132 Hoover, Herbert, 380П57 housing, 25,43; condition of, 277-8,284; shortage of, 49,51,160,3881134 Hughes, Langston, 110-11 hunger strikes, 23,30 Hurdy-Gurdy, The (Platonov), 99 ideology, 94,120,122,169,363П105. See also Bolshevik regime; communism; “General Idea”; socialism imperialism, 240 industrialization, 4,17,135,142,146; financing of, 33-4,72,120,139,206-7,221,237-9, 413113; impact of famine on, 51-2; and the peasantry, 149,387П131; policy of, 223,233, 283,375113; price of, 432132; resistance of, 264; Western complicity in, 238-9, 4161159 industrial strikes, 45,52,137,317154 3261146 industry, 17,38,45,76,283; and agriculture, 139; focus of, 184; impact of famine on, 51, 53; labour for, 160,387П131; modernization of, 230; policies for, 135-7; provisioning of, i44-5 155 influenza, 6,179 Ingushes, 270 intellectuals, 79,169,262 Intourist, 39,73,120,174,185,3391308. See also tourists Iran, 250 Isayev, Uraz, 246,248 Istoriia krest’ianstva sssr (Sharapov and Danilov), 347132 Istrati, Panait, 346128 Italy, 27,115, 230,235-7,434049 Italyanka, 165,291,3901153 Izmailov, Konstantin, 40,48-9,54-5,186 Japan, 207,239,380158 Jewish Daily Forward, 18,106, 359198 Jewish populace, 39,316П34,3841197 Jones, Gareth, 46,50-1,3231120, 3261155, 355188; famine reporting by, 104-5,124-5, 287,355189, 355П90; journalism of, 37ОП4 journalists: censorship of, 85, зоопб, 355П90;
476 foreign, юо-4,114,354187, зб573о; meth ods of, 370П4; silences of, 176,287 Kaganovich, Lazar, 29,61,89,3351230, 347136,348П41; denial of famine by, 92; en forcement of procurement by, 215-17; tyranny of, 283,291 Kalinin, Mikhail, 5,10,116,136,261,345119, 347136; letters to, 158,164,240,247,249 Kalmyks, 4, 3961213, 417m, 426125 “Kazakhicide,” 254 Kazakhs, 42,48-9,241,287,417m; ethnocide of, 254-7; loss of livestock of, 246; migra tion of, 250-4,421061,42164 421065; sedentarization of, 243-5,420144 starva tion of, 246-9,254,258,420147, 421П55 Kazakhstan, 6,12-15,58,81,300П4,419128; collectivization of, 243-6; devastation of, 285; disease in, 181-2,418П15; drought in, 125,128,129; economy of, 242,419132; famine in, 29,37,42-3,240-1,247-55, 420147, 421155, 422180; migration to, 258; settlement in, 417m; state procurement from, 209 Kharkov (Kharkiv), the Ukraine, 30,321115; factories in, 51-2; famine in, 38-9; migra tion to, 3371281; orphaned children in, 268, 3411325 Kharkov Tractor Factory, 32,199,4011305 Khatayevich, Mendel, 198-201,215,411П103 Khrushchev, Nikita S., 3,10,12-15,27, 89; agricultural reforms of, 135,293,312П70; “secret speech” of, 426125 on the Ukraine, 259,42304 Kibalchich, Victor (Victor Serge), 4,253, 29912 Kiev (Kyiv), 5,30,69, зобпо; famine in, 92, 94,264-5,427131; mobilization of the pop ulation of, 279 Kirgizians, 42,48-9,254. See also Kazakhs Klyuev, Nikolai, 96-7 Koestler, Arthur, 30,32,74,75-6, 319185; dis illusionment of, 3651128; on the famine, 113-14 kolkhozes. See collective farms (kolkhozes) kolkhozniks. See peasantry Komsomol,
88,117,169 Kopelev, Lev, 87-8,94,289-90, 345115, 350150, 434П44 INDEX Korolenko, Vladimir, 8-10 Kosior, Stanislav, 93-4,185,188,214,217,263 Kravchenko, Victor, 117,212, 3211 Krivitsky, Walter, 81 Kuban Valley, 97,192,196,258; destruction of, 272-5,277; epidemic in, 106,182; repressions of, 216; Western reporters in, 103,194 Kulagin, Peter, 93 kulakization, 157,159,171,175-6, 384П93, 3 8 5П10 6; and deportation, 3941199; in Kazakhstan, 242,249-50; in the Ukraine, 261; witness to, 117,289. See also dekulak ization kulaks, 11,19,21,3331222, 334П222,376П20; arrest of, 272; assistance of, 60; classifica tion as, 383181, 393183, 3931184 393П193; and collectivization, 148,151-6; commer cial production of, 141; deportation of, 1714,3947199 3961213 3971217, 417m, 435152; elimination of, 157,170,174-6,269,290, 384093; as enemies of Marxism, 87-9,91, 143-4,211,285, 346123; livestock of, 188; persecution of, 108,117,119,122,217, 355189, 3681149, 385П106; resistance of, 159, 396П207, 424112; state procurement from, 210; Ukrainians as, 261. See also bednyaks; peasantry; srednyaks Lang, Harry, 106, 359198 Lang, Lucy, 35,116,3411325 359198 League of Nations, 239, зоопб Leder, Mary, 78 Le Matin, 107,360П99,4151158 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (Ulyanov), 10,88-9, 109-10,307124, 345118; economic policy of, 138,142; mausoleum of, 18,21 Leningrad: famine in, 22,25-6,31,44,49, 308П30; peasants in, 78,3371281; provision ing of, 245; reporting from, 106; siege of, 333П217,34304 Le Petit Parisien, 50,3270173 lishentsy. See "former persons” literature, 95-100 Littlepage, John, 22,175-6,242,315132,
385П106 Little Russians. See Ukrainians Litvinov, Ivan, 3671147 Litvinov, Maxim, 354184 livestock, 13,290,300П4; breeding of, 237;
477 INDEX care for, 40011289,401П290; fodder for, 68; herders of, 42; in Kazakhstan, 241-5,248; loss of, 185-9,197 268-9,3521172,3941199, 4001277; seizure of, 6,19,40,170,252, 418112; slaughter of, 27,164,171, 3901145, 400П282; supply of, 227; support of in famine, 61, 64; theft of, 62,251 Lucchini, Pierre, 3251128 Lugansk, 5,189 Lugovskaya, Nina, 3281175 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 8-9,95 Lyons, Eugene, 17,21,58,332П211, 353178; on the cause of famine, 37515; on censorship, 101,107,356П90; on other reporters, 314П7, 358П91,360П99; reporting by, 103,113; on visitors to the USSR, 363П105 Lysenko, Trofim, 13,313172, 3271165 378142, 4030340 Machine and Tractor Stations (MTS), 12,13, 191,201,210; payment of, 228; repression of, 218 Magnitogorsk, 315133, 375ШЗ, 385П106 Maillart, Ella, 3251133 malaria, 106,179,180,182,274 malnutrition, 16-17; death by, 26,107,179-82, 359198; diseases of, 10,12, 67,179-80, 29912, 34314 of livestock, 188,245; of peasants, 40, 66,83; and work, 131. See also epidemic diseases; starvation Manchester Guardian, 45,103,300П6, 354187, 358091 Mandelstam, Nadezhda, 118,179, 352165 Mandelstam, Osip, 97-8,352162 Man’kov, Arkady, 49-50 Marino Sanatorium, 81 Marxism, 86-7,135 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 121 McCarthy, Joseph, 358П91 mental illness, 66,71,177. See also cannibal ism Metropolitan Vickers, 103, 354186, 355090 mgla, 127, 408148 migration, 73-4,76-80; of children, 82-3; to cities, 160,290; and disease, 182; of Kaza khs, 250-4; prevention of, 275,337П281; of Ukrainians, 258. See also deportation; “passportization”; peasantry Mikoyan, Anastas, 15,31,319П80,348П41
militarization, 136,206,208,233,239, 4161159. See also Red Army Minsk, Belorussia, 35,106 Mirsky, Dmitry S., 109 Molotov, Vyascheslav, 29,307124, 347136, 348П40,348041; denial of famine by, 92; enforcement of procurement by, 216-17; grain requisitioning by, 144; tyranny of, 283,291 Mongolia, 250,355188 Morozov, Pavlik, 167 Moscow: famine in, 9-10,20-5,29-31,43-4, 50-1,367П147; peasants in, 75,78,3371281; provisioning of, 245 Muggeridge, Malcolm, 45-6,3261151, 3261155, 354187; on the cause of the famine, 134,37ОП3; famine reporting by, 103; on foreign visitors to the USSR, 114-15; on other reporters, 35484 356П90,358П91, 360П99,365П130 Muslims, 240-1,244,417m Narkomtorg, 23 nationalism, 262,263, 286. See also Ukrainian nationalists nationalization, 135,137,146 “neo-NEP,” 224,227,229,409181 Nepmen, 91,138,143-4,175 Neruda, Pablo, 3651125 Nevadovskaya, Tatyana, 255 New Economic Policy (nep), 19,33,138-9, Зоопб, 307124; end of, 142-3; harvest of, 206,210; and peasants, 147,241; and private traders, 91; support for, 38165. See also Bolshevik regime New York Evening Journal, 359198 New York Times, 10,106-7,120-1,360П99 NKVD, 241,293, 3281175, 389П136. See also OGPU nomadism, 42,48,76, 242,250. See also denomadization; Kazakhs nomads, 72,133,240-4,284-6,431П16. See also Kazakhs North Caucasus Region, 6,423m, 42318, 425117; cannibalism in, 70-1; collectiviza tion in, 157,352172; devastation of, 194, 270-1,274-5; drought in, 125,128,132,154; exports from, 231,233; famine in, 37,46-7, 258,259-60,350П53; migration from, 79,
478 276-7; mortality rates in, 58,59,333П213; orphaned children in, 81; reporting from, 105-6; resettlement of, 277; in the Second World War, 3231120; state procurement from, 209-10,215-16,272 Novosibirsk, Siberia, 41-2,145,181, 3201107 OGPU, 16,36,30006,313П2; policing of peas ants by, 61-2,269,276-7; political force of, 146; press censorship by, 103, 353176; pris ons of, 387116; provisioning of, 79,80,165; reporting on the famine by, 93; suppres sion of the peasantry by, 159,169,379149, 425121; tactics of, 3920181 oil, 234,235,291-2,313172 Old and New (Eisenstein), 86 Omsk, Siberia, 41-2,144,252 One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (Solzhenitsyn), 88 On the Russian Peasantry (Gorky), 96 Orenburg, 14,120,126,253,430m Orlova, Raisa, 88 Orwell, George, 366П135 Osherowitch, Mendel, 18,39 Ovey, Esmond, 25,46,85,259 "passportization," 79,83,277,3371281 Pasternak, Boris, 8,98 Pauls, Agnes, 3680149 peasaot commune, 60,73,137,146,34409 peasant rebellion, 20,425117. See also politi cal unrest peasantry: apathy of, 177-8,3901153, 3970224; attitudes toward, 85-6,108, 34419, 347134, 35156, 4311122; blamed for famioe, 72,94,111-12,121-2,378037, 3870134; classes of, 16,19; 00 collective farms, 146-51,161-4; defeat of, 83-4,95,171, 269-70,281, 430189; as eoemies of Marx ism, 86-91, 96,143-4; and famine, 5,7-9, 21,22,36-7,39-40,307124; foreign report ing about, 104-5,292; health of, 179-83; livelihoods of, 124,138-41,407030; live stock of, 187-8; aod mechaoization, 190-1; migration of, 42-3,51,73-80,179,3370281, 3901146; mobility of, 275-9,388П131, 3880133; mortality rates of,
58, 60,305017, 3321208; and the Orthodox Church, 3871124 political unrest of, 11,20,27,35-6, INDEX 52,145,159,318072,3251128; production of, 141-2, 377131, 431016; purge of, 293; resis tance of, 130,137,159-60,164-9,290-1, 376115,38165 384П101; starvation of, 45-7, 131,133, 3971231; state exactions from, 21013,220-1,3890139; support strategies of, 60-2; terrorization of, 271-2; in the Ukraine, 264; war on, 154-5,157-8,223,259, 284-6,300П6; workload of, 192-3,386П110, 3860111. See also bednyaks; class war; col lective farms (kolkhozes); collectivization; dekulakization; kulaks; srednyaks; state farms (sovkhozes) People’s Commissariats, зоопб. See also bu reaucracy Petkevich, Tamara, 3671146 Petlyura, Symon, 263,269, 426123, 432131 Petrograd. See Leningrad Pilnyak, Boris, 85-6,88,34415 Pilsudski, Jozef, 263, 426123 “Pitchfork Movement,” 87 Platonov (Klimentov), Andrei, 5,59,96,9910 0,18 6,352172 Podlubny, Stepan, 121,369П167 Poland, 73,195,235-7, 425121; threat of, 218, 262-3,276,426123 Politburo, 145,157,166,210,347П36,379152; food distribution by, 224,227; procure ments by, 215,231; trade policy of, 235-7 political unrest, 11,23; in Kazakhstan, 243; lack of, 83; of the proletariat, 28; suppres sion of, 72-3; of workers, 52. See also peas ant rebellion; peasantry “politotdels,” 218-19 Possessed, The (Dostoyevsky), 345716 Postyshev, Pavel, 215-16,263,4281146 potatoes, 22,26,32,48,42317; diet of, 39,51 Potyomkin villages, 366П141 Preobrazhensky, Yevgeny, 149,383176 press, 100,354187; international, 4151158; So viet, 117,360П99,3671147. See also journal ists Prishvin,
Mikhail, 119 private property, 88,135,234,261; collec tivization of, 60, 62,147,151,154,157,245; destruction of, 19,278; seizure of, 122,163, 170-1,177,381П60,385П106, 3941199 private traders, 154,175. See also Nepmen Privin, Yevgeny Natanovich, 17
INDEX proletariat, 86,88,122; creation of, 242; dicta torship of, 135,364П119,37517, 405m; rural, 146; victory of, 154-5. See also workers propaganda, 115,176,183,364П119 prostitution, 43 Pugachov, Yemelyan, 425117 Pulitzer Prize, 354184 360П99 purges, 17,23,110,114; of agricultural offi cials, 127,216; of Kazakhs, 241; of old Bol sheviks, 44,114,136,215,251,276, 319185; of peasants, 293; support for, 409П81; of tech nicians, 4041341; threat of, 158; of Ukrainian nationalists, 30,263; victims of, 1271165, 330П200; of writers, 99,34415. See also Great Terror; show trials 479 Quiet Flows the Don (Sholokhov), 95,350153 Quisling, Vidkund, 262 Romany, 418т Rosen, Joseph, 45, 3261151 Rostov-on-Don, 103,126,216,237, 428163 RSFSR, 11,14,261,300П4,432132; drought in, 132; livestock supply of, 186; peasant popu lation of, 167,376П20. See also Great Rus sians Rudenko, Mykola, 45, 3261148 Russell, Bertrand, 364П119 Russia (non-Soviet), 5-6,8-11,305115. See also Great Russians; rsfsr; Russian Feder ation; Tsarist regime Russian army, 8 Russian Federation, 3321205, 371ml, 432132 Russian Orthodox Church, 60,140-1,352173, 370m, 381П60 Russification, 240,263,281 Ryskulov, Turar, 246,248-50,254 ' racism, 110,244 rail network, 24,48,102,233; bread traders on, 411П104; children on, 250,268; exiles on, 29,171,179,268,277, 3681147; failure of, 127,198-9,279-80; journalists on, 104,287; search for food on, 75-80,82,275. See also migration; “passportization” Ramsay, Katharine, Duchess of Atholl, 85, 115,3421339 rationing, 16,21-3,25,32,430П10; in cities, 160; and economic reform, 137; end
of, 55; for exiles, 172; for foreigners, 44,112-13; and fraud, 315133; and mortality, 59,283; for workers, 51 Razin, Stepan, 425117 Red Army, 6,36,53; grain reserve of, 131,208; help with the harvest of, 228; political force of, 146; provisioning of, 72,79,91,137,144, 165,245,349147; settlement of soldiers of, 277; strength of, 93,380П58; suppression of the peasantry by, 159,169,428163 Red Cavalry (Babel), 98-9 Red Cross, 10,72 “Red Terror,” 6,135,282,387П116 Reed, John, 109 Repair-Technical Stations (rts), 13 Richardson, Stanley, 333П213, 357190 Robins, Raymond, 89 Robinson, Robert, 3321208 Romania, 73,195,235,262 Sakharov, Andrei, 426125, АЗ4П43 Sanger, Richard H., 359198 Scheffer, Paul, 22,23,25,140-1, 377127 Schiller, Otto, 39-40,42,48,3231120; on agri culture, 135,197,200,206,261,270,389П139, 400П277; on mortality rates, 55,59,186, 229,333П213, 3971217; on the peasantry, 923,132,176,178,223,273-4; reporting by, 287, 288-9,4151158 scorbutus (scurvy), 179-82,420П44 Scott, John, 164,385П106 Second Five Year Plan, 52,204,406П3 Second World War, 12,282, зоопб, 3231120, 375113, 426127; deportation of populations during, 3 9 6П213,428162; Soviet carnage of, 291,293,3961207 sedentarization, 42,240,242-3,246 serfdom, 11,86,34409; collectivization as, 149,170,212,226,229, 35519 Serge, Victor. See Kibalchich, Victor (Victor Serge) settler colonialism, 240,242,244,417m Shaginyan, Marietta, 94 Shakty trial, 4041341 Shalamov, Varlam, 34314, 3921178 Shaporina, Lyubov, 25-6,118,154,164 Shaw, George Bernard, 9 9,112-13,365724 Shayakhmetov, Mukhamet, 244,247,250, 419129 Sheboldayev,
Boris, 106,215,273,359П96
480 Shitts, Ivan, 29912, 315119 Sholokhov, Mikhail, 91,95,151,187,211, 350053 show trials, 103, 354186, 355190, 3921181. See also Great Terror; purges Siberia, 6,13,53; disease in, 181,182; drought in, 125,128,129; exile to, 171, 3941199; famine in, 29,39-41,46,54,194; migration to, 10,251,252; oil production in, 312172; opposition to collectivization in, 164,168; orphaned children in, 81; peasant revolt in, 87; state procurement from, 144-5,209, 42318. See also Altai Kray Simenon, George, 174 smallpox, 163,179,181-3,3991264, 418115 Smith, Homer, 43,77 socialism, 94,113,115,138,143,229; belief in, 350150, 35159, 356П90; building of, 26,28, 81,150,284,289; and the defeat of the peas antry, 284; and food, 283; foreign help for, 196; propaganda for, 23,80,94,219; victory of, 246,3981243; violence of, 57. See also “barracks socialism”; Bolshevism; class war; communism; “state capitalism” “socialist realism,” 28 Socialist Revolutionaries (srs), 153,168,276, 43122 Sollohub, Edith, 307124 308П30 Solovetsky Islands, 127,157,387П116 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 8,283,3321208, 345115, 350153, 432132; on collectivization, 61,73,79,154,171,178,288; on the German occupation, 426127; Gulag of, 88,125, 387П116. See also First Circle, The (Solzhen itsyn); One Day in the Life of Ivan Deniso vich (Solzhenitsyn) Sorokin, Pitirim, 6-8,10, 309135, 364П119 Soviet Central Asia, 10, 30,37,48,241 Soviet Gold Trust, 175 Soviet Union, 33-4,62,240,255,299m; agri cultural environment of, 13-15,125-6,1312; 195,287,37112; agricultural production of, 141-2,179,202-6,221-3,259-60, 42318; deportation of
ethnicities by, 396123, 428162; disillusionment with, 176,354187, 359198; exports of, 231-9,291, 4131123, 4141130; famine in, 5-12,16-17,134, 282-3, 285,287-8, зоопб, 304П13, 432132; food culture of, 293; health care in, 180-2; immi INDEX gration to, 78,340П313,366П136,366П140; imports of, 292, 312172, 435151; isolation of, 136,229-30,380П57; migration within, 79,179; military strength of, 380158; offi cial statistics of, 56-7,330П200,331П202, 349146, 405m; population of, 274, 4141137, 424114 procurements by, 208-9,215,246; republics of, 262-3; response to famine of, 71-2,85,249,3371280, 338П285,421155; security of, 83,207,221,384П93,4151158, 427128, 433141; state press of, 101; state violence in, 23,29,284,348П41; tax exac tions of, 210; visitors to, 44,109-16,129. See also Bolshevik regime; bureaucracy; Khrushchev, Nikita S.; Stalin, Joseph sovkhozes. See state farms (sovkhozes) Spain, 115,434049 “special settlements,” 171-3,277 srednyaks, 19,140-1,144,376020, 383П81, 393П183; arrest of, 272; and collectivization, 151; livestock of, 188; persecution of, 170-1. See also bednyaks; kulaks; peasantry Stalin, Joseph, 3,12-13,31157, 346024, 426125, 434149; agricultural policy of, 19, 126-7,169,223-4,281; apologists for, 108, 109,114,117; attitude towards peasantry of, 89-90,139,346125; economic policy of, 143,146,156-7,229-30; grain requisitioning by, 144-5; hatred of, 332П211; hypocrisy of, 56; knowledge of the famine of, 89-91,94, 347031,350153; purges of, 217-18,293, 315032,3300200; responsibility for famine of, 72,134,291, зоопб, 43118, 434142; sup port for, 2
8,51,119,212,3651125, 409181; trade policy of, 231; tyranny of, 282-3,287, 294; and violence, 57,98,170 Stalinism, 3-4,221,292,307024, 434149 Stalin Peace Prize, 3650125 stanitsas, 103,216,273-4. See also Cossacks starvation, 3,12,16,46-8,29912 304113; cause of, 133,237,276; in the cities, 284, 308П30; denial of, 111,113,116,291,360П99; and disease, 181,183; foreign reporting on, 58; ideological justification for, 120-2, 355П90, 3687167, 4131113; impact of, 21,24, 67,292,333П214, 359198; of Kazakhs, 24654; of kulak exiles, 172-3; official response . to, 26,45, 34314; of peasants, 22,27-9,37, 40-1,54; planned, 168,288-9, зоопб; and
INDEX political unrest, 52-3; of Russian villages, 273-4; of workers, 26,30,42,4151155. See also cannibalism “Stary Krim” (Mandelstam), 97 “state capitalism,” 138. See also socialism State Commission for the Electrification of Russia (goelro), 137 state farms (sovkhozes), 13,146,184-5, 314П10, 3881135, 4031339; livestock on, 245, 269; management of, 197, 217-18,270; mechanization of, 189-90; new policy for, 224,227; size of, 196; state procurement from, 209,213,218. See also Agricultural Training Farm and Experimental Station (Verblyud); collective farms (kolkhozes); Gigant sovkoz State Hermitage Museum, 10,34 Steffens, Lincoln, 88,109,110,345120 “steppe golodomor,” 254 Stoneman, William, 103, 354184, 356П90 St Petersburg. See Leningrad Strang, William, 358П91,360П99 Strom, Arne, 43,183,3251137 Strong, Anna Louise, no, 176 suicide, 29,32,66,78,173,219, 352172 sukhovei, 127-8,130', 192,372122, 373048, 408148 Symbolist poets, 309П40,352162 “Tambov Brotherhood,” 87 Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 26,47,104, 419132 Tatars, 64,119,254,396П213, 4711, 42314 426125 Terekhov, Roman, 90-1 terrorism, 159,164,168-70, 3921181; famine as, 291; of grain requisitions, 427128; against peasants, 271-2; state, 23,29. See also purges timber, 172-3,207,234,238,291-2, 3421339, 435152; scarcity of, 352172, 379143; targets for, 218 “Time of Troubles,” 8,305115, 310147 Tolstaya-Voyeikova, Olga, 35,49,118 Tolstoy, Leo, 6 Tomsk, Siberia, 29,145,172 ’ Torgov, Igor, 170 Torgsin (All-Union Association for Trade with Foreigners on the Territory of the ussr), 33-5,44,45,47,3251138; food sales 481 of, 320П89;
foreign customers of, 320197; state profits from, 291-2 tourists, 4,34,44, 85,107,34312. See also In tourist Toz, 418П6 Trans-Siberian Railway, 82 Tretyakov Gallery, 34 Trotsky, Leon, 92,138,142-3,227,229,347136 Trotskyism, 99,34415 Tsarist regime, 6,11,114,305115, 31646, 391170; Cossack support for, 272, 428156; grain exports of, 4131113; grain harvest of, 204,206; imperialism of, 240; kulaks under, 152. See also aristocracy; “former persons”; gentry; serfdom tuberculosis, 26,100,181,182 Tulaikov, Nikolai, 12 Turkestan, 10,240,250,285,3251128, 418П4 Turkey, 33,250 TurkSib Railway, 3271166 Twenty-Five Thousanders, 211-12,243,289 typhoid, 10,179-83,309П41,3981242 typhus, 10,26,27,94,179-82,309П41; as lead ing cause of death, 3981242; scourge of, 398П243 Uigurs, 254 Ukraine, the, 4,262-3,306П20,425118; can nibalism in, 69-70; climate of, 127-8,132, 378П42; collectivization of, 157,179,382173, 424113; devastation of, 264-8,285,286, 430189; epidemic disease in, 180-2; exports from, 231,233; famine in, 6, 9,21,37-9,46, 47,93-4,258-60, 300П6; genocide in, 432131, 432132; harvest in, 154,177,192-6, 203-4,423113, 42318; industrial workers in, 51-2; livestock of, 188-9; and migration, 76, 79,275,276-7; mortality rates in, 58,59, 331П2О2,3321208, 332П210, 3331213, 333П214; observations of, 98-9,104-7,11617; orphaned children in, 83; peasant revolt in, 159,425117; populations of, 261,423m, 425120; relief for, 224-5; resettlement of, 277-80; state procurement from, 144,20910,214-15,217,219-20, 379149, 411П103; wheat production of, 14,15,90,129,131,185, 300П4,3741155. See also
holpäomor Ukrainian nationalists, 6,30,262-3, зоопб, 306П20,360П99; in North America, 286-8
INDEX 482 Ukrainians, 3-4,316146; children of, 82; col laboration with Nazi Germany of, 426125; collectivization of, 260-1; famine deaths of, 331202; in Kazakhstan, 254,255,417m, 418П13; loss of, 258-9; in the Soviet Union, 424114, 425120 Umansky, Konstantin, 101-2, 35619 Union for the Struggle for Discipline, 212 United Kingdom, 207,234-7,291,435П51; complicity in the famine of, 238,239,292. See also British Embassy United States: agricultural productivity of, 125,371П11; as enemy of the ussr, 4141138; recognition of the ussr by, 207,239, 360П99,380П57; trade with ussr of, 234-8, 292; Ukrainian community of, 286-7, 4321132 URI, 103,113,332П2П, 353П78 Urals, 6,13; disease in, 182; drought in, 125, 128,129; grain requisitioning in, 144; in dustry in, 207,230; orphaned children in, 81 urbanization, 233 ussr. See Soviet Union Utley, Freda, 28,55,131, 318166 Uzbekistan, 26,419132 Uzbeks, 254 Vavilov, Nikolai, 48,3271165 403П340 venereal disease, 183 Verblyud. See Agricultural Training Farm and Experimental Station (Verblyud) Virgin and Idle Lands Program (vilp), 1315,126,255,300П4, 3156, 312163 Virgin Soil Upturned (Sholokhov), 95 “Volga famine” (1921-22), 6-11,306П19, 308П30 Volga German Republic, 60, 64, 3231120, ‘ 426125 Volga Valley Region, 6,13,127; agriculture in, 200-1,222-3,384П91,42318; during the Civil War, 87; collectivization of, 157; drought in, 125,128,129,132,306П19, 307123, 37on6, 373148; exports from, 233; famine in, 37,46; livestock in, 189; and mi gration, 79,251,253; mortality rates in, 5960,3331213; orphaned children in, 81; state procurement from,
209-10,215-16 Volovich, Hava, 266-7 Vblters, Rudolf, 41-2,47,82,180-1,3241126 Voroshilov, Kliment, 194, 347136, 380158 Vyvyan, John, 16 Waldhauer, Oskar, 10 Wangenheim, Alexei, 126-7 War Communism, 75,86,136-7,344ШО, .381065 Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 111-12,32115 3657 Wells, Carveth, 78,264,271 Wells, H.G., 57,308П30,3261144 364П119 Western Siberia. See Siberia Wettlin, Margaret, 44,356П90,364П110 White, William Allen, 354184 White Army, 86-7,106,109,207,261; Cos sacks in, 272-3, 428156 White Russians, 316П46. See also Belorussia Williams, Whiting (Charles), 131,152,268, 333П214, збзтоз Witkin, Zara, 43-4,115-16,3251134 332П211, 355П90 Wood, William, 181, 3981253 workers: allotment gardens for, 228,4121105 attitudes towards peasants of, 87,122,225; conscription of, 137; and famine, 25-6,30, 38,40-1,47-8,50-1; income of, 268; migra tion of, 74-5; mobilization for the harvest of, 278-80,429182; orphaned children of, 82, 3411332; political unrest of, 11,51-3, 319176; provisioning of, 91,165; rationing for, 21-3,3241126; “shock,” 61,326П147; support for state of, 169,211-12. See also Twenty-Five Thousanders World War I. See First World War World War П. See Second World War Yagoda, Genrikh, 215,276 Yakovlev, Yakov, 220, 4031339 Yezhov, Nikolai 241, 352171 Yushchenko, Viktor, 333124 Zakheim, Judel, 175 Zatmilova, Galina, 117 zazhitochniks, 19,27,150,170-1, 383П81 Zelënaia, Rina, 76 zemlyankas, 68,78,253,340П311, 4031339 f^ Bayorlache i Staatsbibliothek München |
| adam_txt | |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | |
| author | Gibson, James R. 1935- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)121316378 |
| author_facet | Gibson, James R. 1935- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Gibson, James R. 1935- |
| author_variant | j r g jr jrg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049487300 |
| classification_rvk | RQ 10675 NQ 5055 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1437866541 (DE-599)BVBBV049487300 |
| discipline | Geschichte Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte Geographie |
| era | Geschichte 1928-1933 gnd Geschichte 1928-1934 gnd Geschichte 1932-1933 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1928-1933 Geschichte 1928-1934 Geschichte 1932-1933 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV049487300</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20240826</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t|</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">240105s2024 xx |||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780228019992</subfield><subfield code="c">Hardcover</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-2280-1999-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1437866541</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV049487300</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-521</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RQ 10675</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142407:12819</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NQ 5055</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)128530:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Gibson, James R.</subfield><subfield code="d">1935-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)121316378</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Hungry and starving</subfield><subfield code="b">voices of the great Soviet famine, 1928–1934</subfield><subfield code="c">James R. Gibson</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Montréal ; Kingston ; London ; Chicago</subfield><subfield code="b">McGill-Queen's University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2024]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="c">© 2024</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">482 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"In the wake of Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924, various protagonists grappled to become his successor, but it was not until 1928 that Joseph Stalin emerged as leader of the Russian Marxists' Bolshevik wing. Surrounded by an increasingly hostile capitalist world, Stalin reasoned that Soviet Russia had to industrialize in order to survive and prosper. But domestic capital was scarce, so the country's minerals, timber, and grain were sold abroad for hard currency for funding the development of heavy industry. Claiming total control of agricultural management and production, Stalin implemented the collectivization of farming, consolidating small peasant holdings into large collective farms and controlling their output. The program was economically successful, but it came at a high social cost as the state encountered intense resistance, and between 1928 and 1934 collectivization led to the deaths of at least ten million people from starvation and associated diseases. Hungry and Starving elicits the voices of both the culprits and the victims at the centre of this horrific process. Through primary accounts of collectivization as well as the eyewitness observations of ambassadors, reporters, tourists, fellow travellers, Russian emigres, tsarist officials, aristocrats, scientists, and technical specialists, James Gibson engages the crucial notions and actors in the academic discourse of the period. He finds that the famine lasted longer than is commonly supposed, that it took place on a national rather than a regional scale, and that while the famine was entirely man-made - the result of the ruthless manner in which collectivization was executed and enforced - it was neither deliberate nor ethnically motivated, given that it was not in the Soviet state's economic or political interest to engage in genocide. 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| geographic | Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 gnd Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kasachstan Ukraine Russland Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV049487300 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:19:05Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-10T19:05:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780228019992 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034832688 |
| oclc_num | 1437866541 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-29 DE-12 DE-188 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-29 DE-12 DE-188 DE-521 |
| physical | 482 Seiten Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240423 |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | McGill-Queen's University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Gibson, James R. 1935- Verfasser (DE-588)121316378 aut Hungry and starving voices of the great Soviet famine, 1928–1934 James R. Gibson Montréal ; Kingston ; London ; Chicago McGill-Queen's University Press [2024] © 2024 482 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "In the wake of Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924, various protagonists grappled to become his successor, but it was not until 1928 that Joseph Stalin emerged as leader of the Russian Marxists' Bolshevik wing. Surrounded by an increasingly hostile capitalist world, Stalin reasoned that Soviet Russia had to industrialize in order to survive and prosper. But domestic capital was scarce, so the country's minerals, timber, and grain were sold abroad for hard currency for funding the development of heavy industry. Claiming total control of agricultural management and production, Stalin implemented the collectivization of farming, consolidating small peasant holdings into large collective farms and controlling their output. The program was economically successful, but it came at a high social cost as the state encountered intense resistance, and between 1928 and 1934 collectivization led to the deaths of at least ten million people from starvation and associated diseases. Hungry and Starving elicits the voices of both the culprits and the victims at the centre of this horrific process. Through primary accounts of collectivization as well as the eyewitness observations of ambassadors, reporters, tourists, fellow travellers, Russian emigres, tsarist officials, aristocrats, scientists, and technical specialists, James Gibson engages the crucial notions and actors in the academic discourse of the period. He finds that the famine lasted longer than is commonly supposed, that it took place on a national rather than a regional scale, and that while the famine was entirely man-made - the result of the ruthless manner in which collectivization was executed and enforced - it was neither deliberate nor ethnically motivated, given that it was not in the Soviet state's economic or political interest to engage in genocide. Highlighting the experiences of life and death under Stalin's ruthless regime, Hungry and Starving." Geschichte 1928-1933 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1928-1934 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1932-1933 gnd rswk-swf Agrarreform (DE-588)4000776-5 gnd rswk-swf Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd rswk-swf Holodomor (DE-588)1151824690 gnd rswk-swf Hunger (DE-588)4026212-1 gnd rswk-swf Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd rswk-swf Lebensmittelversorgung (DE-588)4034917-2 gnd rswk-swf Landwirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4034453-8 gnd rswk-swf Kolchose (DE-588)4164642-3 gnd rswk-swf Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Kasachstan (DE-588)4029839-5 g Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 s Geschichte 1928-1933 z DE-604 Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Holodomor (DE-588)1151824690 s Geschichte 1932-1933 z Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Agrarreform (DE-588)4000776-5 s Hunger (DE-588)4026212-1 s Kolchose (DE-588)4164642-3 s Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 s Landwirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4034453-8 s Lebensmittelversorgung (DE-588)4034917-2 s Geschichte 1928-1934 z Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-0-2280-2000-4 (DE-604)BV049624605 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-0-2280-2001-1 (DE-604)BV049624605 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034832688&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034832688&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034832688&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034832688&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034832688&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034832688&sequence=000011&line_number=0006&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Gibson, James R. 1935- Hungry and starving voices of the great Soviet famine, 1928–1934 Agrarreform (DE-588)4000776-5 gnd Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd Holodomor (DE-588)1151824690 gnd Hunger (DE-588)4026212-1 gnd Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd Lebensmittelversorgung (DE-588)4034917-2 gnd Landwirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4034453-8 gnd Kolchose (DE-588)4164642-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4000776-5 (DE-588)4164682-4 (DE-588)1151824690 (DE-588)4026212-1 (DE-588)4160816-1 (DE-588)4034917-2 (DE-588)4034453-8 (DE-588)4164642-3 (DE-588)4029839-5 (DE-588)4061496-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Hungry and starving voices of the great Soviet famine, 1928–1934 |
| title_auth | Hungry and starving voices of the great Soviet famine, 1928–1934 |
| title_exact_search | Hungry and starving voices of the great Soviet famine, 1928–1934 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Hungry and starving voices of the great Soviet famine, 1928–1934 |
| title_full | Hungry and starving voices of the great Soviet famine, 1928–1934 James R. Gibson |
| title_fullStr | Hungry and starving voices of the great Soviet famine, 1928–1934 James R. Gibson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hungry and starving voices of the great Soviet famine, 1928–1934 James R. Gibson |
| title_short | Hungry and starving |
| title_sort | hungry and starving voices of the great soviet famine 1928 1934 |
| title_sub | voices of the great Soviet famine, 1928–1934 |
| topic | Agrarreform (DE-588)4000776-5 gnd Kollektivierung (DE-588)4164682-4 gnd Holodomor (DE-588)1151824690 gnd Hunger (DE-588)4026212-1 gnd Hungersnot (DE-588)4160816-1 gnd Lebensmittelversorgung (DE-588)4034917-2 gnd Landwirtschaftsentwicklung (DE-588)4034453-8 gnd Kolchose (DE-588)4164642-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Agrarreform Kollektivierung Holodomor Hunger Hungersnot Lebensmittelversorgung Landwirtschaftsentwicklung Kolchose Kasachstan Ukraine Russland Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034832688&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034832688&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034832688&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034832688&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034832688&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034832688&sequence=000011&line_number=0006&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gibsonjamesr hungryandstarvingvoicesofthegreatsovietfamine19281934 |
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Inhaltsverzeichnis