History of the Caucasus: Volume 2 In the shadow of great powers
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| Format: | Buch |
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2023
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Contents TX · A Fragmented Identity: An Introduction to Contemporary Ethnic and Political Conditions in the Caucasus II. In the Wake of International Great-Power Politics in • IV » i 7 1. The Golden Age of Georgia 2. The Mongol incursions and supremacy в 30 The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 49 50 53 60 1. Semi-independent Armenian warlords and Muslim Armenian viziers 2. The Rubenids of Cilicia: From principality to kingdom 3. The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia The South Caucasus under Turkmen, Ottoman and Iranian Safavid Domination 1. Georgia and the devastations of Timur-e Lang 2. The partition of Georgia Excursus: The Armenian catholicosate’s return to Etchmiadzin and a renewed schism 3. The South Caucasus as battleground for eight Ottoman-Safavid wars 4. The South Caucasus under Safavid rule Excursus: The Armenian Mekhitarist congregation 5. A brief reunification of Kartli and Kakheti and the foundation of independent khanates 73 74 78 80 84 101 109 111
vi I HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS: VOLUME 2 T J V · VI. VIL First Russian Advances into the North Caucasus 113 1. The defence pact of 1557 between Kabarda and Russia 2. The Cossacks and the first Russian military lines 3. Mongol Kalmyks in the north-eastern Caucasus 114 122 130 The Caucasus under Russian Rule 133 1. From the Treaty of Georgiyevsk (1783) to the annexation of Georgia in 1801 134 2. Iran’s interlude with Napoleon and Russia’s conquest of the South Caucasian khanates and sultanates 3. The resistance of North Caucasian mountain peoples 3.1 Yermolov’s first offensives north of the Greater Caucasus 3.2 The jihad of the imams 3.3 The conquest, resettlement and expulsion of the Circassians 4. Russian administration and the rise of nationalism 5. The Russian conquest of the former western Armenia 1877-1878 Excursus: Oil-drilling at Baku and the Nobel brothers 6. The emergence of nationalist and social-revolutionary parties, Armenian massacres and ethnic unrest 6.1 Armenian nationalist and socialist parties in the Russian and Ottoman empires 6.2 Georgian socialists 6.3 Pan-Turkism and socialism in the South Caucasian Muslim provinces 139 181 A Short-Lived Independence and Foreign Interventions 183 1. World War I, the Armenian Genocide and the collapse of the Russian Empire 2. The Transcaucasian Republic, the declaration of independence of Georgia, Azerbaijan and 184 Armenia, and foreign interventions 2.1 The short-lived Transcaucasian Republic 2.2 Ethnic and social conflicts in Georgia 2.3 The Republic of Armenia 2.4 The race for Baku 2.5 War in Karabakh, Nakhchivan,
Zangezur and Kars 2.6 Armenia and the Paris Peace Conference 3. The Russian Civil Wars 1917-1920 and the short-lived North Caucasian states 148 149 152 163 165 169 171 174 175 179 195 195 196 199 201 203 207 217
CONTENTS e IX. Under Soviet Rule 223 1. Soviet consolidation of power, collectivization and Stalin’s purges 2. Operation Edelweiss: The battle for the Caucasus in World War II Excursus: Richard Sorge, Stalin’s master spy 3. Deportations and the start of the Cold War 4. Political stagnation and the rise of nationalism 224 230 230 240 242 Independence in the South Caucasus 247 248 249 252 260 265 1. The disintegration of the Soviet Union 2. The Armenian declaration of independence and the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh 3. The Azerbaijani declaration of independence and the development of the oil and gas industry 4. The First Nagorno-Karabakh War 1992-1994 5. Georgian independence and the South Ossetian and Abkhazian wars Autonomy and Failed Independence in the North Caucasus XL I 1. The northern region: Rostov, Krasnodar, Adygea, Stavropol and Kalmykia 2. The western and central region: Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, 273 275 277 North Ossetia-Alania and Ingushetia 3. The eastern region: Chechnya and Dagestan 281 The Caucasus in the Twenty-First Century 1. Republics and regions of the North Caucasus 2. The independent republics in the South Caucasus 2.1 Azerbaijan 2.2 The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 27 September-10 November 2020 2.3 Armenia 2.4 Georgia 2.4.1 The Georgian-Russian War 7-12 August 2008 2.4.2 Georgia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia since the 2008 war 3. Outlook 289 290 294 294 298 302 304 306 309 312 V
viii I HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS: VOLUME 2 Appendix: Chronology of the most important Caucasian dynasties 313 Notes 317 Bibliography 339 List of Maps 350 Photo credits 351 Acknowledgements 352 Indexes 353 Concepts 355 People 363 Places 369
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I Index: People Page locators in italic refer to captions; ‘n’ after a locator indicates the endnote number. A Abaqa, Il-Khan 43,44,66,67 Abashidze, Aslan 267-8,304 Abashidze, Ivan 112 Abbas I, Shah 86,92,94-5,96,98,99,99 Abbas II, Shah 100,101 Abbas Mirza, Crown Prince 143,150 ‘Abd al-Kadr, qadi 150 Abdul Hamid II, Sultan-Caliph 175,181 Abdulatipov, Ramazan 292-3 Abdulaziz, Sultan 164 Abdullah Beg, King 107, 111 Abdulmejid, Sultan 160,166,325-6n92 Abraham III, Catholicos 107 Abraham Petros I Ardzivian, Patriarch 110 Abramov, Sergey 286 Abu'l-Aswar Shavur, Emir 17,18 Abu Bakr, Nusrat al-Din, atabeg 22, 25,30 Abu Bakr, Miran Shah’s son 76 Abu Sa'id, Il-Khan 47 Abu Said, Miran Shah’s grandson, 322n34 Abuletisdze, Dzagan, Duke 14 Adam of Gaston, Baron and Regent 61 al-Adid, Caliph 53 al-Adil I Ayyub, Emir 30 al-Afdal Shahanshah, Vizier 50,51-2 Afridun, Shirvanshah 15,16 Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar 135,136 Aghbugha II, atabeg 81 Aghsartan I (Akhsitan), King 10-11 Aghsartan I (Akhsitan) ibn Manuchihr, King 20 Aghsartan II, King 15 Aharonian, Avetis 329nl47 Ahmad, Il-Khan 41 Ahmad Jalayir, Sultan 75 Ahmad Khan Usmi of the Kaitag 129 Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shah 178 Ahmed III, Sultan 109 Akhtayev, Akhmad 283,288 Akhundov, Vali (Vali Axundov) 243,246 ‘Ala al-Din Muhammad II, Shah 31,35 Albrecht, Prince of Prussia 161 Alda, Alanian Princess 8-9 Aleksandre I, eristavi 75 Aleksandre (Alexander) I, King 76, 78-9, 80,81 Aleksandre I of Kakheti, King 82,84 Aleksandre II of Imereti, King 82,84 Aleksandre II of Kakheti, King 92, 93-4,95 Aleksandre III of Imereti, King 100,101 Aleksandre III of
Kakheti, King 107 Aleksandre IV of Imereti, King 101 Aleksandre, Prince (Vakhtang Vis grandson) 111 Aleksandre of Imereti, Prince 103 Alekseyev, Mikhail Vasilyevich 218, 330n201 Alexander I, Tsar 136,137,138,141-2, 143,324nl Alexander II, Tsar 129,161,164,165,166 Alexander III, Tsar 166,170,225 Alexander, Prince 143 Alexander Gagarin, Prince 161 Alexei I, Tsar 100,130 Alexios I Komnenos, Emperor 27, 53-4 Alexios III Angelos, Emperor 60 ‘Ali, Caliph 84 Ali-Bey, Sefer 324n21 ‘Ali ibn Musa al~Rida, eighth Shiite Imam 258 Alibek Haji (Khadzhi) 169-70 Alice of Armenia, Levon Is niece 59 Alikhanov-Avarsky, Maksud, General 180 Aliyev, Heydar (Heydar Oliyev), General and President 243,246, 252-3, 254-5,259,260,262,264,265, 294 Aliyev, Ilham, President 260,265, 294-5,298,301,302 Aliyev, Mukhu 292 Alkhanov, Alu 286 Allaverdi II Hasan Jalalyan, melik 36 Allen, W.E.D. 89,92,112,324n25, 327nl8 Alp Arslan, Sultan 10,11,12 Alqas Mirza, Governor 87-8 Атак Bek 150 Amaury I (Amalric) of Jerusalem 53, 56-7 Amaury de Lusignan 60,71 Ambrosi, Catholicos-Patriarch 226 al-Amir, Caliph 52 Amirov, Said 293 Ananias, Archbishop 60 Andranik Ozanian, General 185,189, 195,200,205,263 Andronikos Komnenos, Emperor 27 Andropov, Yuri 246 Angelo da Clareno 67 Ankvab, Aleksandr 310 Anna, Empress 48 Anton II, Catholicos 137 Apraksin, Fyodor Matveyevich, General Admiral 129,132 Apridon 22 Archil (Nazar Khan), King 101,103 Ardzinba, Vladislav 269-70 Areveltsi, Vardan 18,42 Arghun, Il-Khan 45 Arghun Aqa, Emir 40-1,42 Argutinsky-Dolgorukov, Prince 157 Arsanov, Vakha 283 Arslan-Shah, Prince 18 Artsruni, Abul Gharib
53 Artsruni family 26,37,54 Ascelin of Cremona 42 Ashot I Bagrationi, kouropalates 136 Ashraf Hotaki Ghilzai, Shah 107 al-Ashraf Musa, Emir 35 al-Ashraf Sha’ban, Sultan 72 Atatürk see Kemal Pasha, Mustafa al-Athir, Izz ad-Din ibn 10,33, 35,51,62, 66,318n82 Athon, King 15 Äträk, Prince 15 AtsizibnUvaq 12 Aushev, Ruslan, General 280 Avar royal family 153,156 al-Awhad Ayyub, Emir 30,35 Ayuka Khan 131-2 в Babadzhanian, Hamazasp, Chief Marshal 240 Babikian, Astvatzatur, Abbot 110 Baddeley, John F. 118, 324n4 Badr al-Jamali, Vizier 50, 52, 54, 57 Bagapsh, Sergei 310,337nl03 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr 290,335n5 al-Baghdadi, Khalid, Sheikh 152 Baghirov, Kamran 252 Baghirov, Mir Jafar (Mircafar Bagirov) 226,240-1,243 Baghvashi family 14 Bagramyan, Ivan, Marshal 240 Bagrat I, Prince of Mukhrani 85 Bagrat III, King 8,46 Bagrat III of Imereti, King 13, 87 Bagrat IV, King 8, 9-11,12,317nl0 Bagrat IV of Imereti, King 101 Bagrat V, Prince and King 13,48,74-5 Bagrat VI/Bagrat II of Imeret 81-2 Bagrat VII (Bagrat Khan) 96 Bahaeddin $akir 189 Baibars I, Sultan 43,44,46,65-6,67 Baiju Noyan, General 40,42, 63, 64 Bairam Beg 84 Bakar, Regent 104 Bakikhanov, Abbas Qoli 87 Balagai, Prince 43 Baldwin I of Jerusalem (Baldwin of Boulogne), King 51, 54 Baldwin III of Jerusalem, King 56 Baldwin of Marash 55 Balfour, Arthur 205 Bamatov, Haydar 196 Bar Hebraeus 64,67 BaraqKhan 4 Baratashvili, Nikoloz 304 Barsama, Philaretos’ son 53 Barsegh I, Catholicos 54 Bartolomeo of Bologna 47 Baryatinsky, Alexander Ivanovich, General and Viceroy 161,162, 164,165 Barzani, Mustafa, Mullah 241 Basayev, Shamil
261,270,276,278,280, 282,283, 286 Basil, Emperor 48 Basil II, Emperor 8 Batu Khan 36,40,42,43, 64,319nl38, 319nl53 Baydu, Il-Khan 45 Bayezid I, Sultan 76 Bayezid II, Sultan 85 Bebutov, Vasily Ossipovich, General 160 Behbud Khan Javanshir 328n34 Века Jaqeli of Samtskhe 46,48 Bell, James Stanislaus 132,152,160, 323n8 Benedict XII, Pope 69 Berdi Beg, Governor 48 Bergmann, Georgy, General 185-6 Beria, Lavrenti 179,182, 225-6, 233, 240, 241,242,331nl0 Berke, Khan 43,44,65,319nl38, 319nl52,319nl53 Berkyaruq, Sultan 14 Berthelot, Philippe 208 Beybulat Taymazoglu (Taymi Bibolt) 150 Bibilov, Anatoly 294,310, 312, 338nl09 Bicherakhov, Georgy 218 Bicherakhov, Lazar, Colonel 202,218 Bierkamp, Walther 236 Bilarghu, Emir 58,68, 69 Birkin, Rodion Petrovich 93, 94 Bismarck, Otto von 4,170 Blinken, Antony 333n34 Bohemond II of Antioch, King 55 Bohemond III of Antioch, King 57,59,60 Bohemond IV of Antioch, King 61-2,64 Bohemond of Taranto, Prince 54 363
364 J HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS: VOLUME 2 Borena, Princess 10 Boris Godunov, Tsar 94,122,324n29 Boschayev, Akhmet 275 Bournoutian, George A. 325n48 Brezhnev, Leonid 244,246 Budyonny, Semyon, General 222 Bugha, Emir 45 Bulakh Khan 153 Burdukhan, Giorgi Ill’s wife 22 Burjanadze, Nino 272 Buryatsky, Said (Aleksandr Tikhomirov) 293 Bush, George W. 307 Buturlin, Ivan, General 96,122,126 Bzhania, Aslan 310 c Callixtus HI, Pope 81 Carpine, Giovanni da Pian del 63,64, 321n56 Catherine II, Tsarina 105, 111, 135-6 Celestine Ш, Pope 60 Cemal Azmi 189 Cemal (Jemal) Bey 188,328n28 Chagatai Khan 319nl49 Chancellor, Richard, Captain 105 Chardin, Jean 90,96,101 Charles V, Emperor 87 Chavchavadze, Ilia 180 Cherevichenko, Yakov, General 233 Cherkezov, Varlam 179 Chermoyev, Abdul Mejid (Tapa) 217,218 Chernomyrdin, Viktor 275,276 Chkheidze, Nikolai (Karlo) 180,194 Chkhenkeli, Akaki 195 Chkhetidze, Yevdemon, Catholicos 13 Choban, Emir 47 Chormaghun (Chormaqan), General 35, 36,40, 62 Chqondideli, Giorgi, Archbishop 13, 15,17 Christie, Charles, Captain 143 Churchill, Winston 185,186,327n5 Çiller, Tansu 214,254,262 Clement Ш, Pope 58 Clement VI, Pope 71 Clement XI, Pope 58 Clinton, Bill 255 Clinton, Hillary 302 Conrad of Hildesheim, Bishop 60 Conrad von Wittelsbach, Cardinal 60 Constantine I, Emperor 43 Constantine IX, Emperor 10 Cornell, Svante 255,280, 334n87 Curzon, George Nathaniel, Lord 145,205 D Dadiani, Nino, regent-dowager 324n21 Dadiani family 78,83, 87,136,138 Dadishkeliani, Konstantine 161 Dadoyan, Seta 50,52 Daichin Tayishi, King 130,131 Dalai Lama 276 Damadian, Mihran 216 Damat Ferid
Pasha, Grand Vizier 188, 189 Daniyal, Sultan 159 Darbinyan, Armen 264 D’Arcy, Joseph, Major 143 Dardel, Jean 72 Darejan, Queen consort 101,323n90 Darma Bala 132 David Beg 106,106 Davit, Catholicos 79 Davit, Prince 136 Davit I of Kakheti, King 94 Davit II, Catholicos 322n29 Davit II of Imereti, King 138 Davit III, Catholicos 81, 322n29 Davit III Kouropalates of Tao 8 Davit IV (David), King 10,12,12,13-18, 13,16,17,19,34,46 Davit IV, Catholicos 322n29 Davit V, Catholicos 243 Davit V, Prince and King 18,21 Davit VI Narin, King 34,36, 37,40, 42, 47 Davit VII Ulu, Prince and King 30,36, 40,42,43-4,319nl03, 319nll6 Davit VIII, King 45-6,47 Davit IX, King 48 Davit X, King 85,87 Davit XI (Daud Khan), King 89,90,92, 99 Davit of Kakheti, Prince 8 Davit Soslan, Prince and Consort King 22,23, 25, 27,30 al-Dawla, Jamal 50 De Castelli, Teramo Christoforo 100 De Waal, Thomas 301 Degmer, Mustafa Arif 188 Demetre I, Prince and King 9-10,12, 18,20 Demetre II, Prince and King 15,16,44-5 Demetre III, со-ruler King 79,81 Demetre of Kakheti 84-5 Demirchyan, Karen 245,251, 252,264 Demirel, Süleyman 254-5 Demna (Demetre), Prince 20,21 Denikin, Anton Ivanovich, General 199, 200, 203,204,205,206,211, 329n92 White army 199,201,204,207,210, 217,218-22,220, 224,330n201, 330n209 Derev, Stanislav 278 Devlet Giray, Crimean Tatar Khan 90, 119,121 Disraeli, Benjamin 170 Div Sultan Rumlu, General 87 Dmitry Svyatopolk-Mirsky, Prince 169 Doihara, Kenji, Colonel 230 Dokuz Khatun, Hülegü's wife 43, 64 Donduk Dashi Khan 132 Donduk Ombo Khan 132 Dondukov-Korsakov, Alexander 166,167 Doukas family 27 Dro (Drastamat
Kanayan), General 185, 189,200,206,214,239 Dubois de Montpéreux, Frédéric 151-2 Dudayev, Dzhokhar 268,280,281-2, 293,333n68 Dunsterville, Lionel, Major General 202 Durgulel, King 10,11 D’Usson, Jean-Louis, Marquis 106 E Eastmond, Antony 26,30 Edward I of England, King 65 Elchibey (Elçibay, 'the messenger’, Abulfaz Aliyev) 246,252,253-5, 259 Eldigüz, Shams aï-Oin, atabeg 18,21 Elena of Imereti 13 Elizabeth I, Queen 122 Eljigidei, General 64 Emmanuel, Georgy Arsenyevich, General 153 Enver Pasha, Ismail 4,176,185-7,189, 193,195,196,199,201-3 Eprem Π, Catholicos 243 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip 301 Erekle I of Kakheti, King 100,101 Erekle I of Kartli (Nazar Ali Khan) 101-1 Erekle II of Kakheti and Kartli, King 107, 108,111-12,134,135,136 Eugene III, Pope 60 Eugene IV, Pope 80 F Fadhl II of Ganja, Emir 10-11 Fadhl IV, Emir 18 Fadhlallah Hamdani, Rashid al-Din, Grand Vizier 43 Fakhr al-Din Bahramshah, Emir 318n80 Farrukh Yasar, Shirvanshah 84 Fäsi, Johann Kaspar, Major General 156, 158 Fath-Ali, Shah 141-2,143-4 Fath-‘AliKhanQuba’i 111 Fath-‘AliShahQajar 136 Feodor I, Tsar 93,94,324n29 Ferhad Pasha 89 Filimonov, Ataman Alexander Petrovich 218-19, 222 Foch, Ferdinand, Field Marshal 210 Francis, Pope 260 Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Crown Prince Archduke 170,185 Frederick I Barbarossa, Emperor 17, 22,58 Frederick II, Emperor 35 Frederick III, Emperor 81 Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia 22 Freytag, Robert Karlovich, General 159 Fukuyama, Francis 274,334n2 G Gabriel de Luetz, Baron 87 Gabriel of Melitene 50 Gagetsi, Vahram 36 Gagik II, King 53 Gagloyev, Alan 312,338nl09 Gaidar, Yegor 275
Galafiyev, General 158 Galvani, Pelagio 31 Gamidov, Abdusamad 293 Gamrekeli Toreli 22 Gamsakhurdia, Konstantine 244 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad 244,265-6, 267-8,269,270, 272,288, 332n98 Gardane, Claude Matthieu de 141 Garegin II, Catholicos 302 Garsevan Chavchavadze, Prince 135 Gasanov, Abusupyan 336nl3 Gaspirah (Gasprinsky), Ismail 181 Gayane, Abbess 79 Gaykhatu, Il-Khan 45 Genghis Khan 31, 32,43, 65, 75-6, 319nl38,319nl49 Getagazhev, Artur 293 Gevorg V Surenian, PatriarchCatholicos 176,184-5 Ghazan, Il-Khan 41,45-6,67,68, 321185 Ghazi, Emir 55 Ghazi, Prince 121 Ghazi Muhammad, Dagestani Avar Imam 149,152,153 Ghazi Muhammad Pasha (Shamil’s son) 157,159,161,164,169 Ghiyath ad-Din, Prince 33-4 Ghiyath al-Din Masud, Sultan 18 Gilbert de Bois 31 Giorgi I, King 8-9,317n6 Giorgi I Dadiani, eristavi 136 Giorgi II, Prince and King of Georgia (r. 1072-1089) 10,11,12-13,14 Giorgi II of Imereti, King (r. 1565-1585) 13 Giorgi II of Kakheti, King (r. 1511-1513) 84-5 Giorgi III, Prince and King 18,20,21-2, 21 Giorgi III of Imereti 96 Giorgi IV Lasha, со-ruler King 22,27, 30-3,34,40 Giorgi V ‘the Magnificent’, King 46,47-8 Giorgi VI, Prince and King 46 Giorgi VII, Prince and King 75,76 Giorgi VIII/Giorgi I of Kakheti, King 79, 81-2 Giorgi IX, King 87 Giorgi X of Kartli, King 93,95,96 Giorgi XI of Kartli (Shah Nawaz II), King 101-2 Gurgin Khan 102,104 Giorgi XII, King 136 Giray, Adil, shamkhal 104 Glonistavisdze, Anton, Archbishop 27 Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb 129 Godfrey of Bouillon 51 Golikov, Filipp, General 231 Golitsyn, GrigorySergeyevich 167,169, 179 Golovin, Yevgeny Alexandrovich, General
156,158 Goltz, Thomas 254 Gonzalez de Clavijo, Ruy 76 Gorbachev, Mikhail 244,246,248, 251-2,253,265,266,281 Gorchkhanov, Ilyas 278 Göring, Hermann 230 Gosh, Mkhitar 24,25,25 Gotsinsky, Najmuddin 217,218,224 Grabbe, Pavel Khristoforovich, General 152,156-7,158 Grachev, Pavel 282,284 Grechko, Andrei, General 237 Gregory IX, Pope 37,40 Grekov, Nikolai Vasilyevich, General 150 Grigor II, Catholicos 54 Grigor II Vkayaser, Catholicos 52, 54 Grigor III, Catholicos 54 Grigor IV Tgha, Catholicos 60 Grigor V, Catholicos 60 GrigorVIApirat, Catholicos 60 Grigor VII, Catholicos 67,68 Grigor IX, Catholicos 80 Grigores, Abbot 25 Grigoryan, Mavel, General 302 Gryznov, General 180 Gudovich, General 135,141,142,149 Güldenstädt, JohannAnton 324n43 Gumbaridze, Givi 265-6 Gumbatov, Alikram (Hummatov), Colonel 255 Gurandukht (Äträk’s daughter) 317n35 Gurandukht (Bagrat IV s sister) 10
INDEX: PEOPLE Gurandukht (Davit IV’s wife) 18,318n46 Gurieli, Sophia, Regent-Dowager 138 Guy de Lusignan see Kostantin II of Cilician Armenia Guy de Lusignan of Jerusalem, King 57, 58 Güyük, Great Khan 40,43,63,64, 32156 Gvantsa, Davit Ulu’s wife 42 H Hadid, Zaha 295 al-Hafiz, Caliph 52 Hagelin, Karl Wilhelm 173-4 Hagop, scribe 23 Hajinsky, Isabey, Baron 172 Haji Bakr 160 Haji Daud 105,323n96 Hajji Muhammad 160 Hajji Murad 153,156,157,159 al-Hakim bin-Amr Allah, Fatimid caliph 8 Hamazasp (Srvandztian) 189 Hamidov, Iskender (îsgandar Hamidov) 254,261 Hamza Bek, Dagestani Avar Imam 149, 152,153,156 al-Harakani, Said, alim 150 Hart, Liddell 235 Harutyunyan, Grigor (Grigory Arutinov) 242 Harutyunyan, Suren 251 Hasan-i Buzurg, Jalayirid ruler 48 Hasan-i Kuchik, Prince 48 Hasan Jalal Dawla of Khachen 36,42, 63, 81 Haydar, Sheikh 84 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin 262 Helena (Emperor Constantine’s mother) 43 Helena Argyros, Princess 9 Henrylof Jerusalem, King 59 Henry VI, Emperor 60 Henry of Cyprus, King 63 Hethum I, King 62-4, 66,67 Hethum II, King 46, 67-8 Hethum II, Regent 58 Hethum III, Baron 61 Hethum of Korykos 45,62 Hewitt, George 324n21 Hewsen, Robert 81 Heygendorff, Ralph von, Colonel 238 Himmler, Heinrich 236 Hitler, Adolf 134,230,232,237,238, 331n51 see also Nazi Germany Hobart Pasha (Augustus Charles Hobart-Hampden) 326nl40 Hoff, Nicolai 178 Honorius III, Pope 35 Hovannisian, Richard G. 175, 209 Hovhannes Krnetsi 47 Hovhannes-Smbat III, Armenian ruler 8 Hovhannisyan, Hovhannes, Abbot 300 Hovsepian, General 207 Hrahad 50,320n4 Hülegü, Il-Khan 42-4,62, 64-5, 66, 319nl53 Husayn,
Shah 98,102,104 Husayn ibn al-Afdal 51 Hüseynov, Surat (Surat Hüseynov) 254, 260, 262 Ibrahim I, Shirvanshah 75,76 Ibrahim II, Sheikh 84 Ibrahim Inal 10 Ibrahim Khalil Khan Javanshir, King 111 Ibrahim Pasha, Ottoman General 61 Ibrahim Pasha Milli 176 lese (Ali Quli Khan/Mustapha Pasha) 104,106-7 Ilia II, Catholicos 243 Ilyumzhinov, Kirsan 277 Imad al-Din Zengi, atabeg 55 Inauri, Aleksi, General 242 Innocent XI, Pope 101 loane IV, Catholicos 15 loane VI, Catholicos 24-5 loane VII, Catholicos 23 Ioseliani, Jaba 265-6,268,270,272 Irene Palaiologina(EmperorBasils wife) 48 Isa Khan of Kakheti 96 Isakov, Ivan, Admiral 240 Iskander, ruler of the Qara Qoyunlu 320nl71 Isma'il, Shah 84, 85, 87 Isma'il Mirza, Governor 87, 88 Ismailov, Abdulkhakim 239 Iulon, Prince 136 Ivan III of Moscow, Grand Duke 84 Ivan IV ‘Grozny’, Tsar 90, 95,105,115, 118-19,121,122 Ivane II Jaqeli of Samtskhe, atabeg 76, 78 Ivane Abazasdze, Duke 8 Ivane Baghvashi 12 Ivane Bagration-Mukhransky, Prince 160,326n95 Ivane Mukhrani, Prince 135 Ivanishvili, Bidzina 271,309 Ivelich, Major General 156 Izzet Pasha, Yusuf, Major General 203 J Ja'afar al-Sadiq 323nll2 Jacob of Tarsus, Catholicos 69 Jadaros, Prince 15 Jafar Pasha, 93 Jaffar III Ali, Emir 9 Jahan Shah, Muzaffar al-Din, Sultan 79, 80,81,322n27,322n34 Jalal al-Din Manguberti, Sultan 30, 35-6,319nl06 Jamal al-Din 156,160,326n94 Jani Beg, Khan 48,320nl75 Jaqeli family 89, 90 Jaubert, Pierre Amédée 140,141 Javadov, Rovshan (Röv^an Cavadov), Colonel 254-5,262 Jebe, Mongol General 32,33 Jemal Pasha, Ahmed 176,189,328n28 Jevdet (Cevdet) Bey 186,189 Jochi Khan
319nl38,319nl49,319nl53 John, Prester 17 John II Komnenos, Emperor 55, 71 John XXII, Pope 46 John Armenia 53 John de Brienne, King of Jerusalem 61 John of Castile, King 72 John of Florence, 46-7 John of Montecorvino, Archbishop 68 John Paul II, Pope 260 Jones, Harford, Sir 141,142 Joscelin II, Count of Edessa 55 Junaid, Sheikh 84 Juvaini, ‘Ala al-Din Ata-Malik 35,40,42, 319nl38 Juvaini, Shams al-Din, Vizier 42 к al-Kadari, Abu Muhammad (Rustam Aselderov) 290 Kadyrov, Akhmad 284, 286 Kadyrov, Ramzan 280,281, 286,290, 293 Kadyrov family 286 Kai-Khosrow II, Sultan 36, 40,319nll6 Kaikhosro II Jaqeli, atabeg 87 Kaikhosro Bagrationi, King 102 Kaitukin, Sheapshoko (Qeitiqwe) 121 Kajaznuni, Hovhannes 200 Kalamanos, Governor 57 Kaledin, Ataman Aleksei 218 Kalimatov, Mahmud-Ali 294 Kamenev, Lev 173 Kamkov, Fyodor, Major General 237 Kanbulat, Prince 121 Kantaria, Meliton Varlamis dze, Sergeant 239 Karabekir Pasha, Kazim, General 195, 206,211,211-13 Karachaqay Khan 98 Kay-Qubad I, Sultan 35, 62,63 Kebedov, Bagaudtin 283 Ked Buqa, Commander 64,65 Kekaumenos, General 10 Kelesh Ahmed Bey 138 Kemal Pasha, Mustafa (Ataturk) 191, 206,207, 210,211-12 Kerbogha, atabeg 54 Kerensky, Aleksandr 193, 218 Kerry, John 333n44 Keshishian, Gabriel (‘Mihran’) 176 Ketevan, Dowager Queen 96, 98 KevorkV, Catholicos 226 KevorkVI, Catholicos 245 Khadjimba, Raul 310 Khalil, Sultan (al-Ashraf Khalil) 66, 67 Khalil Bey, General 196,206 Khalid ibn al-Walid 290 Khalil Pasha, General 201 Khalilov, Rappani 287 Khalilullah II, Sheikh 84 Khanjian, Aghasi 226 Khatisyan, Alexander 213 al-Khattab (Samir al-Suwailim) 261,
282,283,286,288 Kheren Donduk Khan 132 Khodarkovsky, Michael 114,119 Khoo-ÖrlögTayishi, King 130 Khoren I, Catholicos 226 Khosia Lashkhishvili, Vizier 101 Khoyski, Fatali Khan (Fatali xan Xoyski) 205,328n34 Khrimian, Mkrtich, Patriarch-Catholicos 176 Khrushchev, Nikita 226,242-3, 246, 248,277 ‘Secret Speech’ 242,276 Khudabanda, Shah 92 Khudyakov, Sergei, Marshal 240 Khutlu Bugha, amirspasalar 44,45 Khwandamir, Ghiyas ad-Din Muhammad 75 Kilaghbian, Yeghia, General Abbot 110 Kilij Arslan II, Sultan 57 Kirakos I of Khor Virap, Catholicos 80 Kirakos Gandzaketsi 24, 36,40,42,60, 63, 64 Kirichenko, Nikolai, General 237 Kirov, Sergei 214,216,218 Kisriev, Enver 114,283,284, 292 Kissinger, Henry 3-4 Kitovani, Tengiz 265,268,270,272 Kleist, Ewald von, Field Marshal 232, 233,235,237,238 Klugenau, Franz Klüge von, Major General 156,158 Knorring, Carl Heinrich von, General 136 Kocharyan, Robert 262,263-4, 265, 302 Kochinyan, Anton 242-3,245 Kogh Vasil,‘Basil the Bandit’ 50,55 Kokoity, Eduard 305 Kolchak, Aleksandr, Admiral 220-1, 330n204 Komnenos, Andronikos 56 Komnenos, David 27 Komnenos, Manuel 21,27 Komnenos family 27 Kondratyev, Veniamin, Governor 276 Konrad, Rudolf, General 237 Konstantine, King (r. 1293-1327 in Imereti) 47 Konstantine I of Georgia, King (Giorgi VIPs half-brother, r. 1405-1412) 76 Konstantine I of Kakheti 92,95-6 Konstantine I of Vahka, Baron 53, 54 Konstantine II of Georgia, King 82-3 Konstantine II of Kakheti (Muhammad Quli Khan), King 106-7 Korganian, Stepan 207 Kornilov, Lavr, General 218,219 Kostantin I, Catholicos 57 Kostantin I of Cilician Armenia, King 68
Kostantin II of Cilician Armenia, Baron 55 Kostantin II of Cilician Armenia (Guy de Lusignan), King 71 Kostantin III, Catholicos 69 Kostantin III of Cilician Armenia, King 63,71-2 Kostantin IV of Cilician Armenia, King 72 Kostantin VI, Catholicos of Vahka 80 Kostantin of Barbaron 61-2 Kostantin sparapet 69 Kotlyarevsky, Pyotr, Major General 143 Kovalensky, Pyotr Ivanovich 136 Kozak, Dmitry 291 Krasin, Leonid 173,179 Krasnov, Pyotr, General 219,330n202 Kravchenko, General 169 Kress von Kressenstein, Friedrich Freiherr, General 176,195,196, 199, 200,201-2 Krimetsi, Malachia 72 Kublai Khan, Great Khan 43,44, 319753 Kuchenei (Gueshchenei/Maria Cherkasskaya) 90,119 Kunduchov, Musa, General 165 Kutateladze, Vakhtang 272 Kutayfat ibn al-Afdal, Vizier and Caliph 52 Kvirike III of Kakheti, Prince 8,93 Kymineianos, Eustathios, Admiral 56 | 365
366 I HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS: VOLUME 2 L Lakoba, Nestor 226 Lala Mustafa Pasha 92 Lavrov, Sergei 302,307 Lazarev, Ivan, General 136,137 Lenin 173,179,194,198, 211,212,216, 224,240 Levan I Dadiani of Mingrelia, King 87 Levan I of Kakheti, King 86,87,88,89, 90, 92 Levan, Prince 135 Levon I, Baron (Leon, Leo, r. 1129-1137) 55 Levon I, King (Leon, Leo, r. 1198-1219) 24,52,57-61,57 Prince Levon II (1187-1198) 60 Levon Π, Prince and King 65, 66, 67 Levon III, King 58, 68 Levon IV, King 69 Levon V, King 72,321П104 Lindsay, Henry, Lieutenant 143 Liparit IV Baghvashi, Duke 8,9-10 Liparit V Baghvashi, Duke 12,14 Liparit family 9 Lissanevich, General 150 List, Field Marshal 233,235,237 Litvinenko, Aleksandr 264-5 Lloyd George, David 210 Longworth, John 152 Loris-Melikov, Mikhail, Lieutenant General 169 Lossow, Otto von, General 196,199 Louis IX, King of France 41,63-4,81 Luarsabl of Kartli, King 87,89 Luarsab II Kartli, King 96 Lucius III, Pope 60 Ludovico da Bologna 81 Lyakhov, Vladimir, General 186 Μ MacDonell, Ranald, Major 202 Madatov, Major General 150 Magomedov, Magomedali 292, 336nll Magomedov, Magomedsalam 292 Mahmud I, Sultan-Caliph 108 Mahmud II bin Muhammad, Sultan 16, 17,18 Mai-Mayevsky, Vladimir, General 221 Makayev, Daurbek 279 Malcolm, John, Captain 141 Malenkov, Georgy 226 Malik Shah, Sultan 10,12,13,14,317n28 Malik Shah of Iconium 54 Mamia I of Guria, King 87 Mammadov, Novruz (Mammadov) 295 Mammadov, Yagub (Yaqub Mammadov) 254 Mammadova, Gulchohra (Gülçohra Mammadova) 246 Mamontov, Konstantin, General 221 Mamstruk, Prince 121 Mankaberdeli family 44 Manstein, Erich
von, Field Marshal 238 Mansur, Sheikh (Ushurma) 149,152, 293 Mantashev, Alexander 173 Manuchihr (Manuchar) I 87 Manuchihr II Jaqeli (Mustafa Pasha), Prince 89 Manuchihr HI ibn Kasran, Shirvanshah 15,17,18 Manuel I Komnenos, Emperor 17,56,57 Manukian, Aram 200 Mao Zedong 226 Mar Yahballaha III, Nestorian Catholicos 67 Marco Polo 62, 66-7 Margvelashvili, Giorgi 309 Mariam Artsruni of Vashpurakan, Queen Dowager 8,9,10 Markare of Ani 23 Marshall, Alex 227 Marta, Princess 10 Marutha, St 42 Marx, Karl 248 Maskhadov, Aslan 282-3,284,286 Masud I, Sultan 56 Matteos II Izmirlian, Patriarch-Catholicos 176 Matthew of Edessa 50,54 Mazniashvili, Giorgi, General 198-9,200 Medvedev, Dmitry 280,294,302,307 Mehmet II, Sultan 82,119,322n33 Mehmet III, Sultan 93 Mehmet V, Sultan 185 Melkhonian, Stephanos, Abbot 110 Menyaylo, Sergey 294 Merkel, Angela 337n74 Mesrop I of Cilicia, Catholicos 71-2 Mesrop of Khizan 96,98 Metsobetsi, Tovma 75 Michael II Doukas, Prince and Emperor 10 Michael IX Palaiologos, Emperor 67 Michael Romanov, Tsar 99 Mikaelian, Arsen 206 Mikel (Michael) I, King 47 Mikhail Nikolayevich, Grand Duke 165, 166,171 Mikoyan, Anastas 202 Miles, Richard 272 Milne, George, Major General 199,200, 206-7 Milyutin, Dmitry Alekseyevich, General 156,161,163,164,169, 170 Minas, Bishop 25 Minorsky, Vladimir 20 Mir Mahmud 102 Mir Ways 102,107 Miran Shah, Governor 75, 76 Mirtskhulava, Aleksandre 242 Mirza Muhammad Reza Qazvini 139, 141 Mitayev, Ali, Sheikh 224 Mkhargrdzeli, Avag, amirspalasar 35, 36-7,40,42, 62 Mkhargrdzeli, Ivane, msakhurtukhutsesi and atabeg 23-4,25,26,27,30,31, 32,34,35,43
Mkhargrdzeli, Sargis, amirspalasar 21, 23,318n62 Mkhargrdzeli, Shanshe 30,36,41,43 Mkhargrdzeli, Vahram 31,32 Mkhargrdzeli, Zakare, amirspalasar 23, 24-5, 26,27,30,318n62 Mkhargrdzeli, Zakare II 41,42 Mkhargrdzeli brothers 22,23-7,24,30 see also Mkhargrdzeli, Ivane; Mkhargrdzeli, Zakare Mkhargrdzeli family 26,37,42,157 Mkhetsidze family 102 Mkhitar (Mekhitar) Sebastatsi 109-10 Mkhitar Sparapet 106 Mleh I, Baron 57 Mohammad, Qazi 241 Mohammad Reza, Shah 240 Mohammed bin Salman, Crown Prince 304 Molotov, Vyacheslav 226,240 Momine Khatun 18 Monck-Mason, Major 205 Möngke, Great Khan 37,41,42,43, 64-5,319nl53 Möngke-Temür Khan 44-5 Morgenthau, Henry 186-7 Mshetsi, Nerses 44 Mugith al-Din Tughril Shah, Emir 33 Muhammad, Prophet 84,149,164 Muhammad I Tapar, Sultan 15 Muhammad‘Ali Mirza 141 Muhammad'Ali Shah Qajar, Shah 178 Muhammad Amin 160,325-6n92 Muhammad Asiyalav 160 Muhammad Hasan Khan 111 Muhammad $efi (Shafi), Shamil’s son 161 Mukhitar I, Catholicos 69,71 Mukhrani family 85,191,135 Mukhrani-Bagrationi family 107, 326n95 Mulard, François Henri 139 Münejjimbashi, Ahmad ibn Lütfullah 75 Münnich, von, Field Marshal 129,134 Murad III, Sultan 89 Muratoff, Paul 327nl8 Muravyov-Amursky, Nikolai Nikolayevich, General 326n93 Muravyov-Karsky, Nikolai Nikolayevich, General 160,168,326n93 Musayev,Musa 293 Mustafayev, Imam 243 al-Mustali (Ahmad ibn al-Mustansir), Caliph 50-1 al-Mustansir, Caliph 50,51 Mutallibov, Ayaz (Mütallibov) 253-4 Muzaffar al-Din Qajar, Shah 178 Myshlayevsky, Aleksandr, General 185, 186 Mzetchabuk Jaqeli of SamtskheSaatabago, atabeg 87 Mzhavanadze, Vasil, General
242,244 N Nader Shah (Tahmasp-Quli Khan) 107-8,111,168 Najm al-Din Ilghazi ibn Artuq, ruler of Aleppo 16,51 Napoleon I, Emperor 110,129,138,139, 141 1798 Egyptian campaign 140 1812 invasion of Russia 142 see also Napoleonic Wars Narimanov, Nariman 215 al-Nasawi, Muhammad 35, 36 al-Nasir, Caliph 25 Nasir al-Din Vahram Shah, Emir 27 Nazarbekian, Tovmas, General 194,195, 200,212 Nauruz, Emir 67 Nefiset (Shamil’s grand-daughter) 164 Neidhardt, Alexander Ivanovich, General 158,159 Nepokoychitsky, Arthur, General 169 Nerses IV Shnorhali, Catholicos 57 Neumann, Karl Friedrich 116 Nicholas I, Tsar 129,143,152,156,159, 160,161,165 Nicholas II, Tsar 167,169,176,180-1, 193 Niedermayer, Oskar von, Major General 238 Nikephoros II Phokas, Emperor 58, 71 Nikolai, Grand Duke 169,190,191,194 Nikolayevich de Giers, Mikhail 178 Nikon, Patriarch 122-3 Nizam al-Mulk, Vizier 10,14,317n28 Nizar ibn al-Mustansir 51,52 Nobel, Alfred 171,172,173 Nobel, Emil 171 Nobel, Immanuel 171 Nobel, Immanuel (Ludwig’s son) 173, 174, 3261158 Nobel brothers (Ludwig and Robert) 171-4,171 NogaiNoyan 43,44 Norris, David, Commodore 202 Nubar, Boghos 329-30nl47 Nur al-Din Zengi, atabeg 56 Nur al-Din Zengi, ruler of Syria 52-3,57 Nuri Pasha (Nuri Killigil) 202,205 Nzhdeh, Garegin (Ter-Harutyunyan), General 185,205,206,213,214 0 Obama, Barack 309 Obruchev, Nikolay, General 170 Ögödei Great Khan 36,40,319nl49 Oljeitu, Il-Khan 69 Omar, Caliph 108 Omar, Miran Shah’s son 76 Omar Khan 135,137 Omar Pasha 160 Orbelian, Abuleth, Governor 17,18 Orbelian, Elikum 36 Orbelian, Ivane, Governor 18,20, 21 Orbelian, Smbat 18,36-7
Orbelian, Stepanos, Bishop and Archbishop 20,21,43,44,46, 69,80 Orbelian, Tarsaich, atabeg 44 Orbeliani, Grigol 165 Orbeliani family 20,37,40,44,45, 318n50 Ordzhonikidze, Sergo Konstantinovich 179,180,199, 214,216,218,227 Oscar II, King 173 Oshin (founder of the Hethumid dynasty) 53,54 Oshin, King 68-9 Oshin III, Baron 61 Oshin of Korykos, Regent 69,71 Osman Ferid Pasha (Sheikh al-Haram) 164 Osman Pasha 92,121 Othman Murad 156 Ott, Eugen, Colonel 230 Otto of Freising 17 Ouseley, Gore 143 Ozaki, Hotsumi 230,231 Özbek Khan 46 P Paata Bagrationi, Prince 111 Pakhu-Bike, regent 153 Pakourianos, Gregory 12 Palmerston, Lord 151 Pannwitz, Helmuth von, General 238 Pashinyan, Nikol 301,302,303, 304
INDEX: PEOPLE Paskevich, Ivan Fyodorovich, General 90,143-3,146-7,153, 168,193 Patiashvili, Jumber 265 Paull, Tsar 136 Paykar Khan, chieftain 98 Peratoner, Alberto 110 Peskov, Dmitry 294 Peter I, Tsar 96,103,104-5,119,126, 129,132,323n96,323n99 Peter I of Cyprus, King 72 Philaretos Brachamios 50,53 Philip, King 61-2 Philip IV, King of Spain 98-9 Philip VI, King of France 69 Philippa, Levon Is niece 61 Philippe II Augustus, French King 58 Philippe of Burgundy, Duke 81 Phokas, Nikephoros Barytrachelos 8 Pirumian, General 207 Pishevari, Sayyed Ja'far 241 Pius II, Pope 81 Platon Zubov, Prince 135 Plehve, Vyacheslav von 167,169 Poghos (Paul) I, Catholicos 72 Poidebard, Antoine, Captain 206 Poroshenko, Petro 310 Potemkin, Grigory, Prince 135 Potemkin, Pavel, Lieutenant General 135 Proshian family 33,44,45 Przhevalsky, Mikhail, General 193 Puntsuk Tayishi 131 Putin, Vladimir 272,274,276,290,302, 309,312 Chechnya and 274,284,286,305 on NATO’s eastward expansion 306 North Caucasus economy 291-2 recentralization of Russian bureaucracy 292 Wagner Group and 336n21 Raymond I of Antioch, King 55 Raymond-Ruben, Prince 59, 60, 61 Raynaldof Châtillon, Prince 56 Read, Nikolai Andreyevich, General 160 Reynolds, Michael 195 Reza Shah 240 Rice, Condoleezza 307,337n77 Richard I of England, ‘the Lionheart’ 58 Richmond, Walter 119,152,283 Roger of Salerno 16 Roinashvili, Alexander 161 Romanos III, Emperor 9 Romanos IV, Emperor 11 Romanov, Michael 122 Romieu, Antoine-Alexandre 141 Rosen, Grigory Vladimirovich, General 153 Rosenberg, Alfred 236 Roslin, Toros 44 Rostom of Guria, Prince 87 Rostom Khan
(Khosro Mirza), King 99, 100,101 Rostom of Racha, eristavi 112 the Rothschilds 172,173,174 Roubaud, Franz 157 Ruben I, Baron 53 Ruben II, Baron 57 Ruben III, Baron 57 Rubruck, William of 41-2, 64 Rukn al-Din Süleyman II, Sultan 27 Runciman, Steven 64 Ruoff, Richard, General 232,237 Rustam, 57 Rusudan (Davit IV’s daughter) 15 Rusudan (Demetre Is daughter) 18 Rusudan (Giorgi Ill’s daughter) 21, 27 Rusudan, (Davit IV’s first wife) 15 Rusudan, Georgian Queen 13,22,30, 33-5,36,37,40,62,319nl03, 319nll6 Ruzzik ibn Tala’ i, Vizier 53 Rycroft, William, Major General 200 Q Qalawun, Sultan 44,46,65,65,66,67 Qara Yusuf, Sultan 76 Qavam, Ahmad 241 Qizil Arslan, atabeg 22 Qubasar 21,22 Quli, Prince 43 Qutlu Arslan 22 Qutlugh Shah, General 46,68 Qvarqvare I Jaqeli, King 47 Qvarqvare II Jaqeli, King 81-2 Qvarqvare II of Samtskhe 82 Qvarqvare III of Samtskhe 87 Qvarqvare IV, atabeg 89 R Rabban Bar Sauma 67 Radde, Gustav 143 Raduyev, Salman 283 RahimaKhanim 258 Rainald of Dassel 17 Ramazanov, Sirajuddin 283 Ramishvili, Noe 225 Rasulzade, Mahammad Amin 182 Rawlinson, Alfred, Colonel 202,208, 212,330nl72 Rayevsky, Nikolai, General 152 Rayfield, Donald 35,135-6,272 Raymond, Prince 59 s Saakadze, Giorgi 96,98 Saakashvili, Mikheil 272,304-10, 334nl05,337n77 Sadulayev, Abdul-Halim 286 Sadun Mankaberdeli 44 Safi, Shah 99,100 Safi al-Din Ishaq, Sheikh 84 Safonov, General 251 Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Sultan 64, 65 Saladin, Sultan (Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub) 30,53,57,58 Saltan Mahmut 96 Saltanuk (Sultanuko/Mikhail Temryukovich), Prince 119,121 Sam Mirza 87 Samaghar, General 65 Sanakoyev, Dmitry 305
Sanders, Liman von, General 184 Sanuto the Elder, Marino 68 Sargis I of Jerusalem, Patriarch 68 Sargis Jaqeli, Prince 42,43,44 Sargsyan, Serzh 262,263-4,302 Sargsyan, Vazgen 264 Sarkissian, Armen 302-3 Sarkozy, Nicolas 308 Sartaq Khan 36, 64 Sattar Khan 178 Sayid Ahmed Orlat, lord of Shaki 76 Schellendorf, Friedrich Bronssart von, General 184 Schulenburg, Friedrich-Werner von der 196,236 SeferBey Zaneqo 160 Selim I, Sultan 72,85, 87 Selim Khan, ruler of Ganja 101 Semyon Zvenigorodsky, Prince 94 Semyonov, Vladimir 277-8 Senekerim-Hovhannes, Armenian ruler 8 Serebryakov, Lazar Markosovich, Admiral 152 Sergeyev, Igor 284 $evki, Yakub, General 206 Shadjin Lama 276 Shah Nawaz II (Giorgi XI), King 101 Shah Rukh (Timur’s son, 1409-1447) 78, 79,322nl7 Shah Rukh, Shirvanshah (r. 1535-1538) 87 Shahmazian, Arsen, Lieutenant Colonel 205 Shahumyan (Shaumian), Stepan 180, 182,194,195,202,329Ш15 Shahverdi Khan Ziyadoghlu Qajar, King 111 Shahverdi Sultan, Governor 89 Shamil, Dagestani Avar Imam 115,149, 151,152,153,156-60,161-3, 161, 162,165,218 Shams al-Khilafa, Governor 51 Shaposhnikov, Yevgeny, Marshal 260 Sharaf al-Ma‘ali ibn al-Afdal, Vizier 52 Sharukhan, Khan 15 Shendrikovtsy/Shendrikov brothers (Lev and Ilia) 182 Shevardnadze, Eduard 244,248,265, 268, 269, 270, 272,305 Shervashidze, Aslan Bey 138 Shervashidze, Mikhail 138 Shervashidze, Sefer Ali-Bey 138 Shervashidze family 137,138 Shihab al-Din Toghrul, atabeg 62 Shio II, Catholicos 322n29 Shuttleworth, Digby, Colonel 205 Sidorin, Vladimir, General 221 Sigua, Tengiz 268 al-Simirumi, Kamal al-Din, Vizier 18 Simon, bishop of Bedia and
Alaverdi 17 Simon I of Kartli (r. 1556-1569, 1578-1599) 89-90,92,93 Simon II Khan 98,99 Simon of Kartli (r. 1712-1714) 104 Simon of Saint-Quentin 40 Simonyan, Margarita 301 Sitlarabi (Sayyid alArab) 11,317nl8 Skoropadskyi, Hetman Pavel Petrovich 201 Skylitzes, John 10 Smbat, King 67-8 Smbat Sparapet 56, 57, 63-4,66 Smele, Jonathan 218 Sofiysky, Nikon, Archbishop 180 Solomon I, King 101 Solomon I Bagrationi of Imereti, King 111-12,138 Solomon II of Imereti, King 138 Sorge, Richard 230-1,231 Sorkaktani Beki, Hülegu s mother 64 Soros, George 272, 334nl05 Spencer, Edmund 152 Stalin, Joseph (loseb Jughashvili) 134, 136,137,179, 202,207,214,215, 216,224,242,326nl56 1907 Tbilisi bank robbery 173,179 Cold War 241 crimes committed/ordered by 173, 179,180,242,243 dacha (country house), Abkhazia 225 death 226,240, 242 definition of nation 224 mass deportations of Caucasians 240 OrderNo. 227 233 personality cult 226 Stalinist purges 216,225-6,227,230 ‘Workers of the Caucasus, the hour of revenge has struck’ 173 see also Soviet Union Stanyan, Abraham 105 Stauffenberg, Claus Schenk von, Colonel 236 Stenka Razin 122 Stephanie (Rita), Levon I’s daughter 61 Stephen (Thoros Us brother) 56,57 Stephen IV, Catholicos 67 Stokes, Claude, Colonel 202 Stolypin, Pyotr 181 Stopka, Krzysztof 68 Sübotai, Mongol General 32,33, 319nl04 Sufi Khalil Beg Mawsilu 82 Sukhotin, Major General 112 Suleiman, Shah 101 Suleiman Efendi 160 Süleyman, Sultan 87-8 Süleyman ibn Qutalmïsh, Sultan 53 Sultan-Galiev, Mirsaid 226 Sultan ibn Mahmud (Shahanshah ibn Mahmud) 21,60 Sultanov, Khosrov bey (Xosrovbay Sultanov) 205-6
Sumbat Davitis-dze 8 Suslov, Mikhail 240 T Talbot, Strobe 264 Tahir, Prince 75, 76 Tahmasp I, Shah 87, 88,89 Tahmasp II, Shah 106,107 Tahmasp-Quli Khan (Nader Shah) 107-8,111 Taitbout de Marigny, Chevalier 116, 323nll Talaat Pasha, Mehmet 176,178,186-7, 189 Tala’i ibn Ruzzik al-Armani, Vizier 52-3 Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles-Maurice de 141 Tamar (Bagrat IV’s wife) 101 Tamar (Davit IV’s daughter) 15 Tamar (Queen Rusudan's daughter) 34, 36 Tamar, Queen (Giorgi Ill’s daughter) 18, 19,21-3,21,26,27,30,31, 35,47, 318n82 Tamar, heiress to Imereti 76 Tamta, Ivane Mkhargrdzeli’s daughter 30,35 Tancred of Hauteville 54 Targamadze, Kakha 272 Tatishchev, Mikhail Ignatyevich 95-6 Tatoul 50 Taziyev,Ali‘Maghas’ 293 Teague-Jones, Reginald 196,202, 329nll5 as Ronald Sinclair 202, 329nll6 Teimuraz (Solomon Is nephew) 112 Teimuraz I of Kakheti, King 96,98-9, 100 | 367
368 I HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS: VOLUME 2 Teimuraz II of Kakheti and Kartli, King 107,108, 111 Temryuk, Prince 90,118-19,121 Ter-Petrosian ('Kamo') 179 Ter-Petrosyan, Levon 251-2,262,264, 334n82 Theodore III, Catholicos 322n29 Thomas, Regent 57 Thomson, Robert W. 13,15,317nl0, 317n23 Thomson, William Montgomerie, General 204-5 Thoros (Hethum Is son) 65, 66 Thoros I, Baron 54,55,58, 71,320n29 Thoros II, Baron 55-7,56 Thoros III, King 67 Thoros of Edessa 50,54 Tigranes II, King 207 Timur e-Lang, Emir 48, 72, 74-6,168 Tolf, Robert 173 Tolui Khan 43,319nl49 Toqtamish, Prince 74,75 Töregene, Ögödei’s widow 40 Vasilyev, Vladimir 292-3 Vazirov, Abdurrahman (Abdurrahman Vazirov) 252,253 Vazken I, Catholicos 245 Velyaminov, Aleksei 149-50,152,153, 159,161 Veradzin, Minas 216 Verkovsky, Colonel 150 Villari, Luigi 167,169,179,180 Vivian, Katharine 317n23 Vladimir Monomakh 15 Vladislav, Aaron 10 Vladislav, Ivan 10 Volsky, Arkady 251 Volynsky, Artemy, Governor 104 Vorontsov, Mikhail Semyonovich, General 159,160 Vorontsov-Dashkov, Ilarion 169,176, 180,185,186,190 Voroshilov, Kliment 226 Vyshnevetsky, Dmytro, ataman 119 Toreli, Gamrekeli 318n62 w Torcli-Akhaltsikheli, Ivane, General 35 Torcli-Akhaltsikheli, Shalva, General 35 Tormasov, Alexander, viceroy 138 Tornikian, Davit, Archbishop 54 Tottleben, Gottlob Curt Heinrich von, General 112 Toumanoff, Cyril 317n23,322n29 Trdat IV, King 79 Trotsky, Leon 179,202, 222 Truman, Harry 241 Trump, Donald 309 Tsereteli, Irakli 181 Tsitsianov, Pavel, General 136-7,138, 140-1 Tughril (Doglubeg), Sultan 10 Tughril, ruler of Nakhchivan 16 Tushayev,
Magomed, Major General 293 Tutar, Prince 43 Tyulenev, Ivan, General 233 и Wagner, Moritz 145,151-2,156 Wangenheim, Hans von, Baron 178,185 Ware, Robert 114,283,284,292 Wehib Pasha, Mehmed, General 194, 195,196,199,200,210 Westenenk, Louis 178 Wilhelm II, Emperor 182 Williams, William Fenwick, General 160-1,168 Wilson, Henry, Sir 210 Wilson, Woodrow 4,203,206,207,208, 210,213,329nl43 Witsen, Nicolaas 103 Wrangel, Pyotr Nikolayevich, General 211,213,221,225, 330n213 X Xiphias, Nikephoros 8 Ubashi Khan 132 Umarov, Dokka (Abu Umar) 286, 290 Urban II, Pope 53 Urban VIII, Pope 98-9 Urquhart, David 151,152,160 Uthman, Caliph 108 Uzbek, Muzaffar al-Din, atabeg 30,35 Uzun Haji (Saltinsky) 217,220 Uzun Hasan, Sultan 81,82,82, 322n34 V Vahram, chronicler 55 Vahram, Vizier 52 Vakhtang (Davit IV’s son) 18, 318n46 Vakhtang (Simon Is son) 89 Vakhtang I of Imereti, King 101 Vakhtang II, King 45 Vakhtang III, King 46 Vakhtang IV, King 79, 81 Vakhtang V of Kartli (Shah Nawaz), King 100,101 Vakhtang VI of Kartli 102-5,106-7, 111 Y Yandarbiyev, Zelimkhan 283,335n54 Yanis al-Rumi al-Armani, Vizier 52 Yaqub Beg, Emir 80 Yaqub Beg, Sultan 82,84 Yegorov, Mikhail 239 Yemelyan Pugachev 132 YepremKhan 178 Yermolov, Alexei Petrovich, Commander in-Chief 143,149-52 Yeltsin, Boris 248, 269,270, 280, 282, 283 Yevdokimov, Nikolai, General 161-2,164 Yevkurov, Yunus-bek, General 280, 293-4 Yevloyev, Magomed 293 Yudenich, General 186,189,190-1,191, 193, 202 Yuri, Kipchak Prince 33 Yuri Bogolyubsky, Prince 22,25 Yusifbeyli, Nasib bey 206 z Zabel (Isabella), Queen 60, 61-2, 64 Zal (Aleksandre I’s son) 79
Zaleski, Marcin 146 Zarobyan, Yakov 245 Zass, Grigory Khristoforovich von, General 152 Zavriev, Hakob 194 Zeitzier, Kurt, General 238 Zhordania, Noe 179,180,181,194,200, 204,216 Zhukov, Georgy, Marshal 226 Zhvania, Zurab 272 Zourabichvili, Salome 309 Zubov, Valeriyan, General 136 Zurab I, eristavi 98,99 Zyazikov, Murat 293
I 369 Index: Places Page locators in italic refer to captions and those in bold refer to maps; ‘n after a locator indicates the endnote number. A Abkhazeti principality 83 Abkhazia 12,13 1992-1993 Abkhaz-Georgian War 268,268,270 2008 Georgian-Russian War 307-8 Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) 199,265 Abkhaz National Guard 269,270 Abkhaz People’s Council 197,198-9 Abkhaz Revolutionary Committee (Revkom) 199 Abkhaz Supreme Council 266 abolition of autonomous princedom 164 Bolshevik Russia and 198,199 Catholicosate of 43,82 Chechen fighters 270,272 Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus and 270 ethnic and social conflicts 197-8, 199,265 Georgia and 42,197-9,310 independence from Georgia 4, 83, 199, 265,266,269,270,306, 308, 334n90,337n81 as internationally isolated republic 270,272 military interventions 198 multivectoral' vs univectoral’ foreign policy 310,337nl04 nationalism 265 New Athos Monastery 197 Ottomansand 138 reintegration into Georgia’s central authority 304,310 Russian Empire and 138,163,197 Russian Federation and 270,304, 305,306,308,310 Russian‘peace-keeping force’ 268, 270,305 Russophobia 265 Stalin’s dacha (country house) in 225 see also Abkhazians; Georgia Absheron Peninsula 173,259,333n34 Nardaran Mosque 258 oil derricks of the Branobel Company 171 Ramana medieval fortress 41 Adjara Adjarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) 265,334n87 independence from Georgia 267-8 reintegration into Georgia’s central authority 304 Adygea/Republic of Adygea 276,290 Afghanistan 1979-1989 war 246 1996-2001 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
283 Afghan Taliban 152,153 heroin exports 262 Iran and 144-5 Kandahar province 102 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and 262 Soviet Union and 246 US operations in 152 see also Afghans Agarani fortress 11 Ahlat 30,35 Akhalkalaki 10,138,196, 200,203, 207, 267 population 329n87 Russian military base at 270 Akhaltsikhe 1828-1829 Russian-Turkish War 90 fortress (Lomsia) 90,146 Ottomansand 89 Russian Empire and 138,147 slave trade 89, 90 Akhulgo: Russian siege and capture of 156-7 Akka, siege of 58 Alagir ruins 123 Albania 81,137, 246 Amberd 25 Amberd fortress 26 Anah^a fortress, Pozanti 51 Anakopia 9,12, 81,317n6 Anamur fortress (Mamure Kalesi) 62,63 Ananuri Church of the Dormition 104 Church of the Redeemer 104 fortress 104 Anapa 130,147,160, 237 slavery 150,151 Anatolia 1511 Qizilbash revolt 85 Circassians in 164 Georgia and 11,25 Mongols and 36 Ottomans and 87,93 Russian Empire and 178 Anazarbos 55,58 Anazarbos fortress (Anavarza Kalesi) 54,58,68 Justinopolis, Justinianopolis 58 Ani 10 Georgia and 8,17,18, 20-1,25,26-7, 41-2, 60,76 Horomos Monastery 23 Mongol invasions 36 Muslim plunder of 30 Antioch 50, 53,54, 55 fall of 66, 67 Syriac Orthodox Church 82 Antioch, Principality of 54,58-60,58 Ararat Ararat plain 25,80 Mount Ararat 213 Aras plain 3 Ardabil 30 Armenia 72 1828 Russian annexation of Iranian Armenia 80 1877-1878 Russian conquest of former western Armenia 169-70 1919-1920 Paris Peace Conference 207,208-13,209, 329-30nl47 1921 anti-Soviet uprising 214 1991 Alma-Ata Protocol 252 twenty-first century 302-4,312 2018 ‘Velvet Revolution’ 302 2022-present Russian invasion of
Ukraine 294, 303, 312 ‘Armenian Question’ 178, 209-10 Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic 213, 214,224, 242-3, 244 Azerbaijan/Armenia population exchange 251 Azerbaijan/Armenia relations 4,251, 333n44 Byzantium and 20 cemeteries 5,94 churches 20,24,25,26,27,30,33,37, 40,41,43,45,46, 79,144 coinage 100 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 298,302 Constitutional Court of Armenia 302 corruption 302 current dilemmas 302,303-4,312 de-Russification of names 332n21 earthquakes 25,245, 251 energy issues 244-5 EU and 301,302,303,336n56, 337n62 Evangelical Church in 80 Georgia-Armenia war 200,205 Gladzor university 44,45 identity 4,72, 80,169 independence 196,213, 248,249, 251,252 Iran and 312 as landlocked country 216, 249, 265 language 109,226, 242 monasteries 20,23,24,25,25,26,26, 27,33,37,40,43,44,45,144,261 Mongol invasions 32,36,42,62 mosques 145 NATO 212 Nazi Germany and 239 population decline 302 reconquest of former Armenian territories 25-6 Republic of Armenia 199-200,206, 252 Republic of Mountainous Armenia 185, 214 Russian Federation and 195,294, 301, 302,303,312, 336n56 Safavidsand 100 six Armenian vilayets 175,176,178, 204,207 Soviet collectivization of agriculture 227 Soviet Union and 213,214,216, 224, 227 Treaty of Batumi 200 Turkey/Armenia relations 4,212-14, 302 Turkish Western Armenia 166,245 univectoral foreign policy 337-8nl04 US and 303,333n44 see also Armenian Catholic Church; Armenian Genocide; Armenian nationalism; Armenian Orthodox Church; Armenians; Armenians and the Ottoman Empire; Cilicia; Nagorno-Karabakh conflict; Yerevan Armenian Cilicia see
Cilicia Armenian Genocide Memorial, Tsitsernakaberd 188,244,245 Arran 18,31 Georgia and 20 Mongols and 33,42 Ascalon 51,52,64 Astvatsatsin Church, Monastery of Tegher, Armenia 37 Austro-Hungarian Empire 4,167,191, 207 1878 Berlin Congress 170 Autonomous Gorskaya (Mountainous) SSR 224
370 I HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS: VOLUME 2 Ayas 67,69 Ayas fortress (Laiazzo, Yumurtalik) 62,66 Azerbaijan 18, 75 1918 partition 196,205 1919-1920 Paris Peace Conference 207,208 twenty-first century 294-8,312 2022-present Russian invasion of Ukraine 294,298 annexation by Russia 181 anti-Armenian nationalism 246 anti-Armenian pogroms 251 Armenia/Azerbaijan population exchange 251 Armenia/Azerbaijan relations 4,251, 333n44 Atropatene/Azerbaijan toponyms 327n205 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 205 Azerbaijan People’s Republic 240,241 Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic 206,224,242-3,245-6 cemeteries 142 coinage 100 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 295 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 252,254 current challenges 298,312 de-Russification of names 253 economy 295,298 EU and 303 identity 4,181 independence 196, 246,248, 253 Iran and 254,260,297,301 Israel/Azerbaijan relations 260,294, 295 as landlocked country 259, 294,295 language 84,226, 242 monasteries 47,99,261,320nl71 Mongols and 36,42 multivectoral foreign policy 337nl04 nationalism 167,246,253 NATO and 255,259 oil and gas industry 171,174,245-6, 253,255, 259-60, 295,297-8, 303, 333nn33-4,333n50 Ottoman-Iranian wars 92 Ottoman-Russian clashes 105 pan-Islamism 181,182 Russia Empire and 181 Russian Federation and 255,294-5, 312 Russification and nationalism 167 Safavids and 87,92,96,100,181 as secular state 260 Shia Islam 87,246,258,260 social order 181 Soviet Union and 206,224 Timur e-Lang and 75 Turkey/Azerbaijan relations 6, 254-5,294-5,312 Turkification policy 255 Turkmenistan and 297 US and 255,259,
294-5,333n44 World Warli 245 see also Azerbaijanis; Baku; NagornoKarabakh conflict Azerbaijan Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan 6 Azov fortress 119,122,130,201 В Baghdad caliphate in 14 Mongols and 64 Safavids and 107 Baghras fortress (castle of Gaston) 58-9, 320n43 Baku 84,181 1905 Baku unrest and Dashnaks 173, 175,176,178 1918 Armenian massacres 328n34 1990 ‘Black January’ (Soviet military intervention) 250,251,252,253 Azeris/Armenians ethnic strife 182 Bolsheviks/Bolshevik Russia 180, 206 city wall 105 'Dunsterforce' mission 202 Eternal Flame Monument, Martyr’s Cemetery 250,252 ethnic nationalism 182 Flame Towers 250,297 Heydar Aliyev Center 295 ‘Norperforce’ in 204,205 oil production at 171-4,196, 201-3, 230, 235, 245,331n28,331n50 Ottomans and 92 revolutionaries from 173 Russia and 105,107 Russian Empire and 140-1 Safavids and 87,96 Social Democratic Party 182 Soviet Union and 230 World War I 201-3,204 World War II 230,331n28 see also Azerbaijan Baku Commune 195, 201 the Balkans 4,166 Circassians in 164 Ottomans and 170 Batumi 48,138,169, 205,216 Alphabetic Tower 267 oil terminal and port 172-3,195 Porta Tower 267 Russian Empire and 170 Russian base at 267-8,270 Bayburt 191,193,195 Black Sea 13,17,27,196 1918 Armistice of Mudros 203 2008 Georgian-Russian War 308 Ottomans and 80,84,134 Russian Empire and 134,147,148, 151,160,161,170 Treaty of Nymphaion 48 Venice and 48 Black Sea Soviet Republic 218 Bolshevik Russia 196,197, 210 Abkhazia and 198,199 Turkish-Russian alliance 210 World War I 193-4,201,207 see also Bolsheviks; Russian Empire; Soviet Union Bosnia and
Herzegovina 170 British Empire 105,166 India and 145 Russian Empire and 145 trade 105-6 see also Great Britain Bukhara 92 Bulgaria 146 1876 Bulgarian April Revolt 165,169 Bulgarian Empire 8 Byzantium Armenia and 20 Cilicia and 50,53,54,55,56-7 crisis in 11 Crusaders and 14,27, 53-4 Georgia and 8,9-10,11,27 fortresses 12,51,56,58,63, 71 see also Byzantine Empire; Constantinople Byzantine Empire 81,84,130 Roman-Byzantine Empire 114 see also Byzantium Calicadnus (Göksu) River 58 Caspian Sea 6,27,134 Caspian ACG fields 255,259,333n34 fossil fuels in 6,297 as lake or sea? 297 as landlocked 297,336n28 Russian Empire and 143 Russian Federation and 297 Shirvan and 20 Volga-Baltic Canal system 297 Volga-Don Canal system 297, 336n28 the Caucasus Caucasian Union 312 EU and 312 geography 3 German troops in 233,234,236,236, 237 Islamic State 283, 286 main gas and oil pipelines in 256-7 nationalisms 6 NATO and 312 present states and republics of 3-4,6 Russian conquest of the Caucasus by late 1829 and foundation of forts to 1818 124 Soviet Union 4,5,312 state-building process 4 Turkey and 6,301 volatility 6 see also North Caucasus; South Caucasus Caucasus Emirate 290 Chechen-Ingush ASSR 240,246,279-80 Chechnya 153,240 1999 Chechen-Dagestan War 283-4, 287,288 2022-present Russian invasion of Ukraine 312 All-National Congress of the Chechen People 281 Chechen Republic 281-3 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 280, 281,290 'Chechenization' of state power and administration 286 Cossacks and 165 as destabilizing neighbour 275,276 federal subsidies 293,294,336nl5 as 'FSB-free zone’ 293 imamate 169-70
independence from Russia 281-2 Islamic State 283 ‘pacification’ of 290 Putin, Vladimir and 274,284, 286, 305 radical Islamism 283 religious self-awareness 246 Russian Empire and 148,149,150, 157,158-9,161-2,165, 281 Russian Federation and 275,281-2, 290,293 Shamil, Imam and 157-9,162 sharia law 283 smuggling 282,283 Soviet repression in 224-5 State Shura (Council) 283 Wahhabi Salafism 283,286 see also Chechen Wars; Chechens; Grozny China 48,132,319nl53 2022-present Russian invasion of Ukraine 312 Cultural Revolution 226 economic reform 248 Great Walls of 128 Chokh fortified village 162 Cilicia (Armenian Cilicia) 44,45,47 1895 and 1909 massacres 72 1915 genocide 72 Armenian Catholic patriarchate of Cilicia 110 Armenian Legion 215-16 Armenian refugees in 209,215 Armenian Orthodox Church 53, 60-1,67,68,69,71-2,80,215 Armenian warlords and Muslim Armenian viziers 50-3 Ayyubids and 50,57 Byzantium and 50,53,54, 55,56-7 ‘Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia’ 80,322n24 churches 320nl8 Crusader States and 50,52-3,55,57 Crusaders and 53-4,57-8,63,64 Cyprus and 50,58,60,69,72 Danishmendid dynasty and 50,55 fortresses 53,320nl8 Franceand 207,209 fratricidal wars 67-9 Holy Roman Empire and 60 Il-Khanate and 67,69 infighting 50, 68, 69,71 kingdom of Cilician Armenia 58,59, 60-72, 71 as kingdom in exile 50 Mamelukes and 50,58,62,65-7,68, 69,71, 71,72 monasteries 320nl8 Mongols and 50, 62-4,68 principalities 50, 53-60, 63 Republic of Cilicia 216 Rubenids of Cilicia 50,51,53-60 Rum Seljuks and 50, 54,62 trade 58, 66, 67,69 Turkey and 72,216 see also Armenia; Sis Cilician Gates 51,
53,54,66 Circassia Cossacks and 164 Crimean Tatars and 115,122 Ottoman-Crimean Tatar slave hunting raids into 119 Russian Empire and 115,149,150-1, 161,163-5 see also Circassians Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus 270 Constantinople 9,10,14 1204 Sack of Constantinople 27 1453 fall of Constantinople 27,48, 80, 81 Kostantiniyye/Istanbul (Ottoman era) 84 Patriarch of Constantinople 4 Russian Empire and 129,134,135, 145,170,184,186
INDEX: PLACES Crimea 48 1562-1563 Russian-Crimean war 121 Crimean Tatar dynasty of Giray 84 famine 226-7 the Nogai and 130 Ottoman-Crimean campaign against Astrakhan 90 Ottoman era 84 Russian annexation of 129,135,161, 337n62 Soviet Union and 226-7 vilayet (province) of Kefe (Caffa) 84 see also Crimean Tatars; Crimean War Crusader States 12 Cilicia and 50,52-3,55,57 County of Tripoli 320n25 Edessa 54 infighting 55 Kingdom of Jerusalem 320n25 see also Crusaders; Crusades Cyprus 50, 56,56, 69 1878 Cyprus Convention 170 Cilicia and 50, 58,60,69,72 emigration of Armenians to 72 Great Britain and 184 Holy Roman Empire and 60 Dadivank Monastery, Azerbaijan 261, 300 Dagestan 75,134,246,274 1999 Chechen-Dagestan War 283-4, 287, 288 2022-present Russian invasion of Ukraine 312 Chechen refugees in 287 Crimean campaign to 108 Dagestan SR 224 ethnic diversity 275,286-7,288 federal subsidies 294 Independent Islamic Republic of Dagestan 283-4,288 Iranian-Russian military alliance 107 Irganskaya hydroelectric station 291 Islam 288 Islamic State 283 official languages 288 principalities emerged after Nader Shah’s death 111 recentralization of Russian bureaucracy 292-3 religious self-awareness 246 Republic of Dagestan 286-8,291, 292 Russian Empire and 148,149,150, 165,169-70, 325n53 Russian Federation and 288,290, 291-3 Salafism 283-4,288 Soviet Union 224-5,286-7,288 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Dagestan 288 State Council 288, 292 terrorism 287 Wahhabism 284,287,288 Yury Korchagin offshore oilfield 287 see also Dagestanis the Dardanelles 112,129,170,184,186 1917 Bolshevik
Revolution 185 1918 Armistice of Mudros 203 Dargavs, medieval graveyard 116 Darial Pass/Gorge 15,75,112,119,134, 135,159 Debet Valley 21 Derbent Georgia and 18,20,21,36 Mongol invasions 37 Ottomans and 92 Russia and 105,107,323n99 Dmanisi 17,21, 96 fortress 18 Don Cossack Host (Don Republic) 219 Dvin 25,26 Dzungaria 132 Edessa 17,54 Egrisi 13 Egypt 1798 Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign 140 Armenian Fatimid vizierates in 50-3, 57 Great Britain and 184,327nl Erzurum 170,178,211 Georgia and 27,76 Russian Empire and 191,191 Estonia 337n90 Etchmiadzin Armenian Catholicosate in 44,80 complex of 79 Euphrates River 61,65 European Union (EU) 2022-present Russian invasion of Ukraine 298 Armenia and 301,302,303,336n56, 337n62 Azerbaijan and 303 Georgia and 195,304-5,309,310, 312,337n96 Moldova and 310,312 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 301,302 oil and gas 298,303,333n51,336n36 South Caucasian states and 312 Ukraine and 312 Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia 224 Finland 134 NATO 309,337n91 Soviet-Finnish Wars 134 France 1795-1799 French Directory 139,141 1799-1804 Consulate 139 1804-1815 First Empire 139 1921 withdrawal from Turkey 216 Cilicia and 207,209 French Army 210,330nl60 Iran and 139,140,141-2,144 Napoleonic Wars 139 post-war partition of the Ottoman Empire/'mandates’ 190,216, 327nl76,330nl60 Russian Empire and 139-40 Syria and 209 World War I 185,186,191,203 Free Peoples of the Steppe 217 Galiata, defence tower 118 Gamsutl: ruined mountain village 126, 158 Ganja (Ganca) earthquake 18 Georgia and 9,11,20,25,30,34, 36, 76, 111 Kipchaks and 34 Mongolsand 36
see also Yelisavetpol Geghard Monastery, Armenia 33,44 Gelati 18 Gelati Monastery, Georgia 12,13,15, 18,85 Genoa 48,58 Treaty of Nymphaion 48 treaty with Sultan Qalawun 66 Georgia 321nl 1088 Tmogvi earthquake 13 1919-1920 Paris Peace Conference 207,208 1992-1993 Abkhaz-Georgian War 268,268, 270 twenty-first century 304-12 2003 'Rose Revolution’ (coup d’état) 272 2008 Georgian-Russian War 293, 294,301,306-9,307,337n80 2022-present Russian invasion of Ukraine 294,310,312 2022-present Russian migrants in 312 Anatolia and 11,25 Ani and 8,17,18, 20-1, 25,26-7, 41-2,60, 76 Armenia-Georgia war 200, 205 army 13,14,15-16,18,24-5,27,32, 33, 34, 35,36,46, 111, 306,318n62 Black Death 48, 74, 76 Bolshevik Russia and 198 British occupation of 204-5 Byzantium and 8, 9-10,11, 27 Catholicism in 46-7 Catholicosate and 30-1 churches 8,11,14,21,31,32,74,77, 93,103 coinage 17, 81, 321nl Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 252,270,337n73 Court of Appeal 15 corruption 272,304 cronyism and nepotism 13-14,15 Crusades and 31-2,35 Darbazi council 22,31,47, 82-3, 319nl03 Didgori Monument 16 disintegration of state unity 81-3, 90,138 dzeglis dadeba 47 earthquakes 93 economy 304 education centres and cultural revival 15 enemies 30,31 ethnic and social conflicts 4,196-9, 265 ethnic territories 265 EU and 195,304-5,309,310,312, 337n96 expansion 16-18,19,26, 27, 30, 318n88 foreign domination 90,100 Ganja and 9,11,20,25,30, 34, 36, 76, 111 | Georgian alphabets/language 103, 167,197,226,242 Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic 216,224, 242-4,265 ‘Georgification’ 196-7 German troops on the march in Georgia
(1918) 201 Golden Age 8-30 government reorganization 15,47 identities and internal tensions 4 independence of 196,197,205,248, 265-6,269 infighting and rebellions 42,81,100 Iran and 141-2 Karavi council 22 Khwarazmian invasion 35,36, 41 Kipchaks and 15-16,17,18,21, 34,35, 317n35 law enforcement 21 Military Council 268,269,270 monasteries 9,12,13,14,15,18,21,31, 32,85,85, 93,136 Mongol invasion and occupation 30, 31,32-3,35,36-7,40,42,43-6, 47,62,318-19n96,319nl38 Muslim population 17 Nakhchivan and 25,48,76 NATO and 272,304-7,309,310, 333n32,337n71,337n89 nobles 15,18,21,22,36-7,40,42,47, 79,81 oil and gas 259 Ossetian-Georgian clashes 197 Ottomans and 81,82,85, 87,88,90, 135 partition of 78-9, 82-3,83 peasant revolts 179-80 ‘Regulations of the Monarch’s Court’ 47 renaissance after 1744 111 reunification of 46,47, 88,138 Russian annexation of 136 Russian Empire and 104-5,111-12, 135-6,138,180 Russian Federation and 4, 272, 294, 304, 305,333n32 Russification and nationalism 167, 196 Safavidsand 81,88,90 Seljuks, conflict with 10,12-13, 15-17,16,18,22, 27 Shirvan and 15,17,18, 20,25,36 Soviet Union and 216, 224 state-within-the-state 26 tanmas/tamma 40,41 taxes 15,17,20, 25,40-1,46, 76,81, 180,304 Timur e-Lang’s devastation of 48, 74-6 UN membership 268 US and 195,272,307,309,310 Western democracies and 304 women high roles in 22 see also Abkhazia; Adjara; Georgian Orthodox Church; Georgians; Imereti; Kakheti; Kartli; South Ossetian; Tbilisi Georgian Military Highway 119,124, 135,149,159,232,292,308 Germany 306,337n74 1878 Berlin Congress 170 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention
327nl81 1918 German troops on the march in Georgia 201 Imperial Germany 207,327n2 371
372 I HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS: VOLUME 2 Ottoman-German cooperation 184-5 training of foreign troops by German instructors 184 Turkic pan-Islamism and 182 World War I 185,191,194,196,200, 201,202 see also World War I; Nazi Germany Gilan 46,106,107,134,141, 241 Soviet Republic of Gilan 216 Gladzor University, Armenia 44,45 Goor, medieval defence towers 148 Gori 22 Gori fortress 85 Safavids and 87 Goshavank Monastery, Armenia 25 Astvatsatsin Church 25 St Grigor Church 25 Great Britain 1878 Berlin Congress 170,184 1907Anglo-RussianConvention 145, 178, 327181 1915 Anglo-Russian agreement 184 1919 British Military Mission 219 1921 Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement 216 anti-Russian covert operations 151-2 'Armenian Question’ 209-10 British Royal Navy 140,141,145,146, 170,185,230,327n2 Cyprus and 184 Egypt and 184,327nl Georgia, British occupation of 204-5 Iran and 140,141,142,143,144,145, 241,325n38 Napoleonic Wars 139-40 Ottomansand 106,139,170 post-war partition of the Ottoman Empire/'mandates’ 190,327nl76, 330nl60 Russian Empire and 105-6,138, 139-40,143,145 training of foreign troops by British instructors 143,152,325n33 'war for cotton’ 196 World War I 185,186,191,196,201, 202, 203-5,206 see also British Empire; East India Company Greater Caucasus Mountains 3,45,114, 118,148,160,234, 272,312 German troops in 234,236 Greece 4 Gremi 94,96 Church of the Archangels 86,88 Royal Fortress 86 Grozny 130,149, 280,281,293,294, 33152 Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque 284 Chechen Wars 282, 283,284,286 oil and gas production 173,230,232, 235, 237,331n52 see also Chechnya Gunib 153,218 fortress 162 Guria
81, 82,83,88,199 ‘Gurian Republic’ 180 peasant revolts 179-80 as Russian protectorate 138 Gyumri (Alexandropol) 196,199,213, 332n21 Russian military base in 301,336n47, 337n80 Haghartsin Monastery, Armenia 26,26 Astvatsatsin Church 26,27 St Grigor Church 26 Haghpat Monastery, Armenia 20,23,25 Halidzor fortress, Armenia 106,106 Harichavank Monastery, Armenia 24 Astvatsatsin Cathedral 24 St Grigor the Enlightener Church 24 Herat 1833 Iranian war against 145 1837-1838 Iranian-Russian siege of 145 Hereti 8,10,14,75 Holy Roman Empire 60 Hromkla fortress 54-5,57,57, 61, 67 Ikalto academy, Georgia 15 Il-Khanate 42,43,65,74,319nl39 anti-Mameluke coalition with Western European powers 46 Cilicia and 67, 69 slavery 42 struggles within 45,46 taxes 42 Imereti 46,76,101 Georgia and 37,42,47,75,82 as kingdom 83 Ottomans and 111-12,135,138 peasant revolts 179-80 Russia and 100 Russian Empire, annexation by 138 Saints Quiricus and Julitta Church 102 St Grigori Church, Ubisa 74, 77 union of Kartli and Imereti 101 see also Georgia India 107 Armenian diaspora in 98 British Empire and 145 Russian Empire and 104,105 trade with 48,98,104 Indian Ocean 105,134 Ingushetia 148, 279,290 1992 Ossetian-Ingush conflict over Prigorodny Rayon 280,294 defence towers, Nij 37 federal subsidies 294 Ingushetia AO 224 jihadism 293 medieval defence and residential towers, Egikal 115 medieval defence and residential towers, Erzi 121 medieval defence and residential towers, Targim 147 Republic of Ingushetia 280 Russian Federation and 290,293 secession from Chechnya 280 Second Chechen War 280 terrorism 293 Iran
74,130 1828 Russian annexation of Iranian Armenia 80 1833 Iranian war against the emirate of Herat 145 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention 145, 178 1919-1920 Paris Peace Conference 207-8 Afghanistan and 144-5 architecture, influence on 85, 86 Armenia and 312 Azerbaijan and 254,260, 297,301 Cold War and 240-1 Dashnaks and Iran unrest 178 France and 139,140,141-2,144 Georgia and 141-2 Great Britain and 140,141,142,143, 144,145,241, 325n38 Iranian Cossack Brigade 178, 327nl82 Iranian-Russian treaties 107,144, 145,146,146 Israel/Iran relations 300 maflis (national parliament) 178 Mongols and 36, 41,42, 46, 64, 319nl53 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 262,264, 300,301 New Julfa 96,98,98 oil production/oilfields 178, 240-1, 255,297-8 Russian Empire and 107,140-1, 143-5,146 Safavids 81, 84 Shia Islam 260 Soviet Union and 216,240-1 Sultaniyeh Archbishopric 47 trade routes 74,134 training of Iranian troops by British instructors 143,325n33 Us and 241,242 see also Ottoman-Safavid Wars; Russian-Iranian Wars; Safavids Iranian Azerbaijan 47,48,92,100,144, 176,254 Maghardavank Monastery/St Stepanos Monastery 99 Soviet Union and 240,252 St Thaddeus Monastery 99 unification of Soviet and Iranian Azerbaijan 246,252,253 Iraq oil production/oilfields 241 Ottomansand 88 Ishak Palace, Dogubayazit, Turkey 140 Israel Azerbaijan/Israel relations 260,294, 295 Iran/Israel relations 300 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Israel/ Azerbaijan cooperation 298,299, 300 oil and gas 300 Jaffa, Crusader victory at 58 Japan 1904-5 Russia-Japan War 173,180, 326nl60 1931 invasion and occupation of Manchuria 230,231 1938 Russo-
Japanese clashes over the Changkufeng Heights 230 1941 attack on Pearl Harbour 239 Germany-Japan Anti-Comintern Pact 230 Hiroshima and Nagasaki, atomic explosions at 226 Sorge, Richard and 230-1 Jerusalem 1071 capture by AtsizibnUvaq 12 1099 capture by the Crusaders 14,51 Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 52, 320n25 Saladin/Richard I truce 58 Kabarda 112,129 1557 defence pact between Kabarda and Russia 114-22 Crimean Tatars and 122,129 Russian Empire and 150 Kabardino-Balkaria 6,246 federal subsidies 294 Islamic radicalization 278 jihadism 294 Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria 278 Russian Federation and 290 see also Nalchik Kakheti 10,14-15,82 as kingdom 83 Ottomansand 106 revolt by Khevsurs, Pshavs and Tushetians 101 Russia and 92,93-4,95-6,98,100 Safavids and 96,98,101 Seljuk Empire and 14 St George Monastery, Alaverdi 93,96 Turkification of 101 see also Georgia Kakheti-Kartli unified kingdom 98,107, 108,111-12,134 Kakhib 153 Kalmyk Autonomous Region 224 Kalmykia 240 Buddhism 130,131,276,276 Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume, Golden Temple, Elista 131,276 chess 277 Exile and Return’ monument, Elista 274 Kalmykian AO 276 KalmykianASSR 276-7 Kalmyks’return to 276 Khulkhuta memorial 238 Office Building, Elista 275 Republic of Kalmykia 276-7 Russian Federation and 290 Seven Days Pagoda, Elista 275 see also Kalmyks Kapan (Safavid vassal state) 106 Karabakh 75,76 Armenian National Council of Karabakh 206 blockade of 206 Five Melikdoms of 81, 111, 321nl06 Khanate of 321nl06 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 4,205 war in 206 see also Nagorno-Karabakh Karachay-Cherkessia (Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia)
6,224,237, 246,277-8, 290 Karaman Emirate 63 Kars 195 citadel of Kars 212,213 fortress 168 Georgia and 25,26, 27 Kars Republic 206-7 Kars Shura 206 Mongol invasions 36
INDEX: PLACES Ottoman Empire and 147,161,168 Russian Empire and 146,147,160-1, 168 Safavids 168 Turkey and 212-13 war in 206-7 Kartli 10,13,82, 84-5,160 dasturlamali (law code) 102-3 as kingdom 83 Ottomans and 106-7 Russia and 95,96,104-5,106 Safavids and 87,88, 92, 95,96,98 serfdom 102-3 Shida Kartli 8,14,224,305 trade 103 union of Kartli and Imereti 101 see also Georgia; Kakheti-Kartli unified kingdom Khachen 36 Principality of Khachen 321nl06 Khakheti 85 Khertvisi fortress 78 Khwarazmia 74,75 see also Khwarazmians Khwarazmian Empire 31 KlukhorPass 236 Korykos fortress 56 Kosovo 252,306,332nl6 Kozan 53,71 Krasnodar Krai 275-6,290 Kuban-Black Sea Oblast 224 Kuban Cossack Host (Kuban People’s Republic) 218 Kuban Soviet Republic 218 Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 240,241 Kurdistan Uyezd (district) 226 Kurtin fortress 76 Kutaisi Georgians in 174 Kutaisi Cathedral 101 Kveshi fortress, Georgia 34 Kyrgyz: 2005 Tulip Revolution 334nl05 L Lachin Corridor 226,262,263,299, 300,301 Lak Mountains 121 Lake Sevan 5, 26,94,143,144,244, 318n76 Lake Van 30,189, 322n27 Lampron fortress 52,53,61,320nl8 Latvia 337n90 Libya 312 Likhi (Surami) mountain range 88 Lithuania 337n90 Lori 207,329n87 Akhtala Monastery 25,30 Church synod 25 Haghpat Monastery 20,23 Holy Cross Church 20 Holy Mother of God Church, 25,30 Georgia and 21, 26,78,200,216 Khobayr Monastery 43 St Gregory Church 20 Μ Mara$, siege of 216, 330nl87 Marmashen (Miryam Nashin) 10,81 Martyropolis 37,42 Martyrs’ Monastery of Martvili, Georgia 14 Mesopotamia 43,87,92,99 Mingrelia 81,82,83, 88-9 peasant revolts 179-80 as Russian protectorate
138,143 Moldova 304,310,312 Mongol Empire 42, 319nl53 dissolution of 43 expansion of 31,46 Pax Mongolica 43 see also Mongols Mongolia 36,319nl53 Karakorum 36,37,40,41, 63, 319nl39 Mount Elbrus 237,237 Mughan Mughan Steppe 32,201 Provisional Dictatorship of Mughan 216 Soviet Republic of Mughan 216 N Nagorno-Karabakh 214-15,245, 330nl83 Armenian population in 249 as Autonomous Oblast 215,251 oil and gas 215 Republic of Artsakh 252, 260,261, 332nl5 Soviet Autonomous Region of Nagorno-Karabakh 251 Soviet Union and 215,226,251 see also Karabakh; Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Nakhchivan 18, 246, 294 1919-1920 Paris Peace Conference 207 Armenian population in 249,332n5 Armeno-Catholic bishopric 47 as Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 215,252 Georgia and 25,48,76 Julfa 96,98 Mongols and Khwarazmians 41 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 300,301 Palace of the khans of Nakhchivan 204 Russian Empire and 143,144 Safavids and 96,98 Soviet Union and 215,252 war in 206 Nalchik 130,149,235, 236 2005 terrorist attack 278,286,290 central mosque 277 St Mary Magdalene Church 278 Nativity Monastery, Katskhi, Georgia 9 Nauru 272,308 Nazi Germany Armenia and 239 Germany-Japan Anti-Comintern Pact 230 Hitlers initial war directive 232 invasion of Soviet Union by 231 Ministry for Occupied Eastern Territories 236 Nazi Party (NSDAP) 230 oil and gas 230,232,235,237, 331n29,331n48 Russian and Asiatic people as Untermenschen (sub-humans) 236 Soviet flag over the Reichstag, Berlin 239 SS death sqmds/Einsatzgruppen 236 World War II 232-8 see also Germany; Hitler, Adolf; Wehrmacht; World War II Nicaragua 272,308
Nikortsminda Cathedral, Georgia 103 Ninotsminda Nunnery, Georgia 85 Nojikhevi: Monastery of the Dormition 136 Noratus cemetery, Armenia 94 North Caucasian Emirate 220 North Caucasian Imamate 218 North Caucasus 3 2007-2008 global financial crisis 290-1 2022-present manpower in Russian war against Ukraine 312 abolition of slavery and serfdom 166 Circassians: conquest, resettlement and expulsion of the 163-5 corruption 291 Cossacks and 122 Dagestani Avar Imams: jihad of 149, 152-63 economic vulnerability and insufficiencies 274-5, 291-2 ethnic diversity 246,274 famine 227 governors 290, 335n3 insurgencies 290,335nl Kozak’s report on 291 land use conflicts 115,130,132,165 mass deportations 246 national consciousness 246 North/South Caucasus differences 274 pan-North Caucasian Islamic State 283 ‘political Islam’ 115 Republics and regions of 290-4 Russian advance into 114,323n5 Russian Civil Wars 217 Russian Empire and 115,129 Russian Empire and resistance of North Caucasian mountain peoples 148-65,169-70 Russian political domination 3, 290-1,312 social structures of 114-15 Soviet collectivization of agriculture 227 subsidies from Moscow 274,275, 334n4 terrorism 290, 335nl unification of 218 Yermolov's first offensives north of the Greater Caucasus 149-52 North Caucasus Soviet Republic 218 North Ossetia-Alania 1992 Ossetian-Ingush conflict over Prigorodny Rayon 280,294 2004 terrorist attack, Beslan school 278,280,286,294 2008,2010 terrorist attacks, Vladikavkaz 280, 294 federal subsidies 294 jihadism 294 Mansau castle 128 Republic of North Ossetia-Alania 278-80 Russian Federation
and 290,307 terrorism 280,294 Uatsdin (True Faith) 278-9,279 unification with South Ossetia 294, 312 North Ossetian ASSR 280 Norway 337n90 Novorossiysk 130,160,185,221 Admiral Kutuzov, Russian warship 221 British Military Mission 219 Nazi Germany and 237,238 Whites at 221,222 Nur Mountains 66 Oltisni fortress 18 Ottoman Empire 1714-1715 Seventh VenetianOttoman War 110 1833 Ottoman-Russian Mutual Defence Treaty of Hünkâr Îskelesi 151 1878 Berlin Congress 170,184 1908 Parliament 176 Anamur fortress 63 Anatolia and 87,93 army 92-3,164,186,190,191,194 beylerbeys 89 Black Sea and 80, 84,134 Catholics’special protection in 89 covert agents 182 CUP triumvirate 176,178,185,187, 188, 328n28 dismemberment and end of 4,167, 184,207 ethno-religious diversity 4 expansion of 80,84,92-3 Georgia and 81,82, 85, 87,88,90,135 Great Britain and 106,139,170 as Greater Turkish nation state 4,176, 178 Iraq and 88 Kars and 147,161,168 Kartli 106-7 Khertvisi fortress 78 millets 4,166 modern technologies 322n33 as multinational state 4 Ottoman Christians 166 Ottoman-Crimean campaign against Astrakhan 90 Ottoman-German cooperation 184-5 Ottoman ‘irregulars’ 92,164-5 Ottoman Public Debt Administration 327nl80 Ottomans/Iran/Russia rivalry 92, 107 pan-Turkism 182,185,195 post-war partition/‘mandates’ 190-1, 210-11,3271176 slavery 88,112,119,164 South Caucasus and 3 Sultan-Caliphs 323nlll Sunni Islam 3,84 trade 84 World War I 178,185-6,190-1,196, 201-4 see also Armenians and the Ottoman Empire; Ottoman-Safavid Wars; Russian-Ottoman clashes; Young Turks j 373
HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS: VOLUME 2 374 I P Palestine 42-3,57,64, 66, 68,215 Pankisi Gorge 272,305 Pera: 1453 fall 80 Persia 18 looting by Zakare Mkhargrdzeli 30 Shia Islam 3 see also Il-Khan dynasty; Iran Persian Gulf 87,88,134,139,240, 259 Petrograd 193 St Petersburg 328n43 Pitareti Monastery: Mother of God Church, Georgia 31,32 Poland 1772 First Partition of 134 1795 Third Partition of 134 1939 Fourth Partition of 134 Finckenstein, Palace 139,141 NATO and 337n90 Polish-Soviet War 211,213,216, 330nn213 Warsaw Uprising 136,238 Pontic Steppe Belt 114 Prigorodny Rayon: 1992 OssetianIngush conflict over 280,294 Prussia 114,138,139,141,185,327nl0 Q Qabala (Qabala) 16 R Republic of Aras 203,206 Republic of the Union of Mountain Peoples of the North Caucasus (UMPR) 218,220,222 Roki Tunnel 197,269,307,308-9 Rostov Oblast 241,275,290 Rostov-on-Don, Kremlin of 227 Russia (pre-imperial Russia) 1557 defence pact between Kabarda and Russia 114-22 1562-1563 Russian-Crimean war 121 1571 burning of Moscow 121 1649 Law Code 103 1719 ‘passport decree’ 103 1717 expedition to Khiva 104 Caspian Sea 90 ethnic Russians 4,137,167 expansion 90, 92,114 Kakheti and 92,93-4,95-6,98,100 Kartli and 95,96,104-5,106 Mongols and 130 Ottomansand 90,92,105 Ottomans/Iran/Russia rivalry 92, 107 Russian-Kalmyk treaties 130-1 Samtskhe, conquest of 89 slavery 89 ‘Time of Troubles'/Smuta 122,126, 218,324n29 trade 90,92,104,105,114 see also Russian Empire; Russian Orthodox Church Russian Empire (1721-1917) 1812 Napoleon’s invasion of Russia 142 1828 Russian annexation of Iranian Armenia 80 1833 Ottoman-Russian
Mutual Defence Treaty of Hünkâr îskelesi 151 1877-1878 conquest of former western Armenia 169-70 1878 Berlin Congress 170 1904-1905 Russia-Japan War 173, 180, 326nl60 1906 First Duma 181 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention 145, 178, 327nl81 1907 Second Duma 181 1907 Third Duma 181 1915 Anglo-Russian agreement 184 1917 Bolshevik Revolutions 4,185, 191,193,194,317n5 1917 tsar’s abdication 193 abduction of Russians 114 agricultureandlanduseissues 114, 126,128,130,132,164 Armenian Catholic Church and 137 army 129,149,164,185,186, 187,190, 191,191,193,194 Black Sea and 134,147,148,151,160, 161,170 British Empire and 145 the Caucasus: conquest by late 1829 and foundation of forts to 1818 124 Chechnya and 148,149,150,157, 158-9,161-2,165,281 Circassia and 115,149,150-1,161, 163-5 Constantinople and 129,134,135, 145,170,184,186 Dagestan and 148,149,150,165, 169-70,325n53 end of 167,207 ethnic displacement 130 ethno-religious diversity 4,148,167 expansion of 129,134,136,138,151, 323nl forts 124,126,134,151-2 frontier demarcation 114 Georgia 104-5,111-12,135-6,138, 180 Great Britain and 105-6,138, 139-40,143,145 India and 104,105 industrialization 165,174 Iran and 107,140-1,143-5,146 Iranian-Russian treaties 107,144, 145,146,146 Kars and 146,147,160-1,168 as multinational state 4,207 Nakhchivan and 143,144 Napoleonic Wars 139 non-Christian ethnic minorities 148 North Caucasian mountain peoples, resistance of 148-65,169-70 North Caucasus and 115,129 oil and gas industry 171-4 Ottoman Empire, policy towards 178 Ottomans/Iran/Russia rivalry 92, 107 PaxRussica 146 post-war partition of the
Ottoman Empire/mandates' 190-1 Provisional Government 193,194, 217 Russification programmes 4-5,166, 167,196,326n94 serfdom 103,128,129,150,165-6 South Caucasus and 134,142,145-6 state administration 163,165-9,175 State Duma 181 taxes 128 trade 134,324nl tsar/tsarist system 4,180-1,193 World War I 174,185-6,187,190-1, 193-4,328n42 see also Bolshevik Russia, Cossacks; Russia; Russian-Iranian Wars; Russian military lines; Russian Orthodox Church; RussianOttoman clashes Russian Federation 248 2008 Georgian-Russian War 293, 294,301,306-9,307,337n80 2008-2009GreatRecession 290-1 2014 annexation of Crimea 129,135, 161,337n62 2014 Winter Olympics 290 2022-present invasion of Ukraine 227,282,293,294,298, 301,303,309,310,312,336n22 Abkhazia and 268, 270,304,305, 306,308,310 Atlanticist' strategy 275 Armenia and 195,294,301,302,303, 312,336n56 Azerbaijan and 255,294-5,312 as bellicose superpower 249 Chechen Wars and 6,255, 282-4,286 Chechnya and 275,281-2,290,293 Dagestan and 288,290, 291-3 debt 334n3 Georgia and 4,272,294,304,305, 333n32 Eurasianism 275 FederalSecurity Service (FSB) 264, 290,293 Foreign Military Intelligence (GRU) 264,280 Ingushetia and 290,293 Islamic State in 290 Kabardino-Balkaria and 290 Kalmykia and 290 kontraktniki 293,336n22 Kremlin 290,292,293 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 262,264, 265,299,300,301,312 'NearAbroad’ 6,255,264,272,294, 305, 332-3n32 North Caucasus: political domination of 3,290-1,312 North Ossetia-Alania and 290,307 oil and gas industry 174,255,260, 262,277,287,333n46 ‘passportization’-programmes 269, 272,305 political domination in Northern
Caucasus 3,290 recentralization of bureaucracy 292-3 Russian Constitution 290 Russianpoliceforces(OMON) 281, 284 South Caucasus and 312 South Ossetia and 294,304,305, 306,308,312 Syrian civil war 282,290 Turkish-Russian alliance 210 war against terrorism 286 Western powers and 306,309 see also Putin, Vladimir; Soviet Union Samarkand 63,75,76 Samegrelo principality 83 Samshvilde 15, 79 Samshvilde fortress 12 Samtavisi Cathedral, Shida Kartli 8 Samtsevrisi Castle Church, Georgia 305 Samtskhe-Saatabago 47,81,82,83 Islamization of 89 Ottomans and 87,89,92 Russian conquest of 89 Sardarapat war memorial, Armenia 198, 245 Sankami? 184,186,195,210,212 Saudi Arabia 304 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 262 oil and gas 248 ‘Wahhabism’/Saudi Arabian Salafism 283, 290 Serbia 169 Serbian nationalism 170 Sevanavank Monastery, Armenia Astvatsatsin Church 144 Church of the Apostles 144 Shamakhi 323n96 Shamkhalate 93-4,96,99,107,121-2, 150 Shapsug National District 276 Shervashidze family’s palace, Likhny 137 Shirvan Caspian Sea and 20 Georgia and 15,17,18,20,25,36 Iranians and 135 Safavids and 84, 87 Shushi (Shusha) 143,182,202 Holy Saviour Cathedral 214 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 205-6, 261-2, 298,299,300 Siberia 114,230,276 concentration camps 225 deportations to 225, 227,239,240, 276 oilfields 245 Sis 54, 71, 72 ‘Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia’ 80 fortified complex of 71 Mamelukes and 67, 71 Timur-e Lang and 72 South Caucasus 3,3,6 ethnic and territorial conflicts 249 EU and 312 independent republics in 294-312 NATO and 272,312 North/South Caucasus differences 274 Ottoman Empire 3
Ottoman-Safavid satellite states 88 Ottoman-Safavid Wars 84-100 PaxRussica 146 Persian influence 3 Russian Empire and 134,142,145-6 Russian Federation and 312 Safavid rule in 101-8 South Caucasian unity 195 sovereignty of South Caucasian states 5 Soviet Union and 214, 216 Turkification of 76,101 see also Ottoman-Safavid Wars South-Eastern Union of Cossack Hosts 217 South Ossetia 2008 Georgian-Russian War 307-8
INDEX: PLACES 2022 presidential elections 310,312, 338nl09 2022-present Russian invasion of Ukraine 312 Autonomous Oblast (AO) 197,265, 269 Church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary 266 ethnic cleansing 267 Georgia/South Ossetia clashes 266-7, 268,269,279 independence from Georgia 4,266, 269,306,308,337n81 nationalism 197 reintegration into Georgia’s central authority 304, 305 Republic of South Ossetia 269,294 Russian Federation and 304, 305, 306,308 Russian peace-keeping’ forces stationed in 305 as smuggling hub 269 South Ossetian identity 197 unification with North Ossetia 294, 312 unification with Russia 294,312 see also Georgia Soviet Union (USSR) 1917 Bolshevik Revolutions 4,185, 191,193,194,317n5 1921 Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement 216 1938 Russo-Japanese clashes over the Changkufeng Heights 230 Afghanistan and 246 Armenia and 213,214,216,224,227 autonomy concept 224 Azerbaijan and 206, 224 the Caucasus and 4,5,312 Cold War 240-1 collectivization of agriculture 225, 226-7 control of population’s speech and thoughts 148 corruption 243, 244 Dagestan and 224-5,286-7,288 deportations by 218, 225,227,239, 240,242,276 dissolution and fall of 3,5-6,199, 246,248-9,251,288,297,301 ethnic diversity 224,227,248,331n3 expansion of the Soviet Empire 240 famines caused by 226-7 Georgia and 216,224 glasnost 248,249,265,283 Gulag prisoners 242 as imperial in character 5 industrialization 226,227 Iran and 216,240-1 Iranian Azerbaijan and 240,252 Islam, suppression of 224-5,288 language 226 Marxism 5,242 military interventions by 198 Nagorno-Karabakh and 215,226,251 Nakhchivan and
215,252 national borders 215,248 nationalism 224,242,248-9,301 New Economic Policy (NEP) 226 oil and gas industry 174,230, 233, 235 passport regime 227,242 Pax Sovietica 248 perestroika and demokratizatsiya 248, 249 Polish-Soviet War 211,213,216, 330nn213 post-World War II crisis and stagnation 242 reconquest of the Caucasus 4,5 social policy 148 socialism 224,227 South Caucasus and 214, 216 Soviet-Finnish Wars 134 Soviet-Turkish Friendship Treaty 211 Sovietization of Armenia and Georgia 211 Stalinism 242 Stalinist purges/Great Terror 216, 225-6,227,230 Transcaucasian Commissariat/ Sovnarkom rift 194 Ukraine and 226-7 War Communism 218,226-7 World War II 221,237-8 see also Bolshevik Russia; Russian Empire; Russian Federation; Siberia; Soviet Union: administrative units and institutions; Stalin, Joseph Soviet Union: administrative units and institutions 329n79 army 206,211,213 Autonomous Oblast (AO) 215, 329n79 Autonomous Okrug 329n79 Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) 5,282,329n79 the Cheka/GPU (Soviet secret police) 224,225,226,227 Committee for State Security (KGB) 242, 243,265,332n91 Kavbyuro 199,214,215,329n80 Kremlin 227 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) 226,227,240, 332n91 Petrograd Soviet (Council of Workers and Soldiers’ Deputies) 193 Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) 5,202, 244,246,251 Provisional Government 193,194, 217 Soviet Army Intelligence (GRU) 230, 231 Soviet Communist Party 148,243, 329n80 Soviet MVD (Ministry of Interior) troops 252,265, 267,268,280, 282 Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) 329n79 Sovnarkom
194 STAVKA 233,237 see also Red Army; Soviet Union St Gayane Church, Armenia 79 St Petersburg 328n43 1905 Bloody Sunday massacre 173, 180 see also Petrograd St Thaddeus Monastery, Azerbaijan 47, 320nl71 Stalingrad 172,220,232,235,237,238, 282 Stavropol Autonomous Region 224 Stavropol Krai 276,290 Stavropol Soviet Republic 218 Sukhum Military Sector 164 Svaneti 36,37,40,82,165, 225,227 principality 83 Upper Svaneti 161 Svyatoi Krest (Holy Cross) fortress 126 Sweden 114,134,139,173,174 1700-1721 Great Northern War 105 Minsk Group 333n70 NATO 309, 337n91 Syria 312 France and 209 Mamelukes and 65-6, 68 as middleman in Russian sale of stolen Ukrainian wheat 227 Mongols and 42,46, 64 Ottomansand 72 Russia Federation and Syrian civil war 282,290 Turkey and 301,312 Syrian Gates 66 Syunik 185 Georgia and 37,318n88 Ottomansand 106,106 see also Zangezur T Tabriz 31,32,35,48,74 Ottomans and 87-8 Russian Empire and 144 Safavids and 84, 88,95 Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic 255 Taman Peninsula 232,237,239, 323n5 Tanahativank Monastery, Armenia 44, 45 Tarki 93, 96,107,121-2,123,149,153 Tatev Monastery, Armenia 44 Taurus Mountains 51,53 Tbilisi 10,82 1907 Tbilisi bank robbery 173,179 Baratashvili Bridge 304 Bridge of Peace 306 concert and exhibition venue 269 Georgia and 9,15,17,40 Holy Trinity Cathedral or Tsminda Sameba 271 Iran and 135 mass demonstrations and riots 243 Mongols and 32,40,43 Mother of Georgia statue, Sololaki Hill 242,264 Ottomans and 92,107 papal visits to 260 peasant revolts 179-80 Public Service Hall 304 presidential palace 269 printing press in 103 Road and Highway
Construction/ Bank of Georgia 245 Russian Empire and 136,180 Safavids and 87, 96,107 Timur e-Lang and 74-5,76 see also Georgia Tell Hamdun fortress (Toprak Kale) 66, 67 Terek Autonomous Region 224 Terek Cossack Host 218 Terek-Dagestan Government 217-18 Terek Soviet Republic 218,220 Terek River 33,75,94,121,122 Battle of the Terek River 43-4 Terskaya Krepost fort 92,121,122 Tersky Gorodok fortified town 94,121 Transcaucasian Republic 195-6 Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (TSFSR) 224,225 Transoxania 74 Trebizond Empire 27,48,81,84 | Tsorey-Loam Mountains 37 Turkey 170 1919-1920 Paris Peace Conference 207, 210,211-12 2022-present Russian invasion of Ukraine 312 Armenia/Turkey relations 4,212-14, 302 Armenian massacres 205, 206,215, 216 attack against Armenian forces 212-13 Azerbaijan/Turkeyrelations 6, 254-5,294-5,312 Cilicia and 72,216 Grand National Assembly 211 Kars and 212-13 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Turkey/ Azerbaijan cooperation 254, 260, 262,294,298,299, 300,301, 312 NATO 214, 240,254,260,298 oil and gas industry 259-60 pan-Turkism 201 Soviet-Turkish Friendship Treaty 211 strong player in the Caucasus 6,301 Syria and 301,312 Turkish National Intelligence (MÎT) 254 Turkish nationalism 4,176,184, 207,210,211, 212,212, 215,215, 330nl72 Turkish-Russian alliance 210 US and 242 see also Ottoman Empire Turkish-Azerbaijani Confederation 253 Turkmenistan 259,297-8,336n35 Tuvalu 272,308, 337n81 Ukraine 2004-2005 Orange Revolution 334nl05 2022-present Russian invasion of 227,282, 293,294,298,301, 303,309,310,312,336n22 Central Council of Revolutionary Ukraine
196 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 337n73 EU and 312 famines 226-7,331nl9 the Kadyrovtsy in 293 NATO and 306-7,333n32 Russia and 114 Russian‘Near Abroad’ 333n32 Soviet Union and 226-7 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) see Soviet Union United Mountain Peoples (UMP) of the North Caucasus 196,217-18,217, 224,330nl91 Central Committee 217,218 United States (US) 1919-1920 Paris Peace Conference 210 Afghanistan and 152 Armenia and 303, 333n44 Azerbaijan and 255,259, 294-5, 333n44 civil war 165 Cold War 241 Georgia and 195,272,307, 309,310 Iran and 241, 242 375
376 I HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS: VOLUME 2 isolationist policy 207 League of Nations and 210 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 262,264 oil and gas industry 255,259,298, ЗЗбпЗб Treaty of Versailles and 210 Turkey and 242 the Urals 255,259, 331n50 Van 177,178,190, 328n35 Armenian Genocide and siege of Van 189-90,189 Vanuatu 272,308,337n81 Vardzia Monastery, Georgia 21, 88 Vashpurakan 8,10,26-7,50,54 Vaziani, Russian military base at 270, 272 Venezuela 272,308 Venice 48,58,109-10 1714-1715 Seventh VenetianOttoman War 110 French occupation of 110 San Lazzaro Monastery 109,110 Vladikavkaz 130,149,153,162,269, 279,294 Chechen terrorist attacks 280,294 partition of 280 United Mountain Peoples (UMP) of the North Caucasus 217 Vladikavkaz fortification, ‘Master of the Caucasus’ 134 Vladikavkaz Military District 165 Volga River 114,130,182,297,298 Yelisavetpol 143,165,181 see also Ganja Yerevan 80,143-4,199,203 Blue Mosque 145 bronze figure at the bottom of Yerevan Cascade 311 Cathedral of St Grigor the Illuminator 263 Government Building No. 1 303 Mother Armenia statue 242,243 National Museum and National Gallery of Armenia 249 Turkish attack on 213 Yerevan Khanate 145 see also Armenia Zangezur 200 Autonomous Syunik 214 war in 205,214 Zangezur Regional Council 205 see also Syunik Zangezur Corridor 301,303 Zeitun 175 Zorats ‘soldiers’ church’, Armenia 46 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
I 355 Index: Concepts Page locators in italic refer to captions and those in bold refer to maps, 'n’ after a locator indicates the endnote number. A Abbasids 50,71,130 Abkhazians 147,164,270,310,338nl08 Russian passport for 272 see also Abkhazia theAbzakh 115-16,119 adat (customary laws) 148,149,152-3, 160,166 Adyghe people 276,323n8,334n7 Afghans Abdali Afghans 107 Sunni Afghan Pashtuns 102 see also Afghanistan Alans (Ossetians) 15,37 Albanian Church 246 alphabets 103 Batumi Alphabetic Tower, Georgia 267 Cyrillic alphabet 226 Latin alphabet 226,331nl2 see also languages Aq Qoyunlu 76,81,82,84,168 Armen-Shahs of Akhlat 20-1 Armenian Catholic Church 110 Armenian Catholic patriarchate of Cilicia 110 Armenian Catholics 47,320nl71 autocephaly 137 Catholic Armenian millet 166 Russian Empire and 137 Armenian Genocide (1915-1917) 72, 178,185,186-9,328n25 1915 escape of Armenians from Musa Dagh 188 1918 Armistice of Mudros 188 Armenian Genocide Memorial, Tsitsernakaberd 188,244,245 Armenian refugees 190,194,329n87 Armenians of Bitlis, Muç and Sasun 189-90 culprits condemned to death 189 Dashnaks: Operation Nemesis 189, 328n34 death marches to the Syrian Desert 187-8 deportations of Armenians 186-7, 189 Dogu Perinçekv. Switzerland 189 ethnic cleansing 187 forced conversion to Islam 188 Hamidiye and 176,187 official recognition of 189 Ottoman CUP triumvirate 187,188 public denial of 189 Sardarapat war memorial 198, 245 as state-organized genocide 188 survivors 188 Teçkilat-i Mahsusa (Special Organization) 165,187-8,189 Young Turks 175 Van, siege of 189-90,189 see also Armenians and
the Ottoman Empire Armenian Mekhitarist congregation 109-10 monastery of San Lazzaro, Venice 109 schism 110 Armenian nationalism 167,175-8, 200, 245 see also Dashnaks; Hunchaks Armenian Orthodox Church 3,72 Armenian Creed 60 Armenian identity and 72,80 autocephaly 80 Azerbaijan and Armenian churches 246 Catholic Church, union with 44,47, 60, 67,68, 69,71-2, 80,109-10, 320171 Catholicosate 44,54,57, 60,61, 71, 80,138,215 Catholicosate in Etchmiadzin 44, 80 Cilicia 53, 60-1,67,68, 69,71-2,80, 215 confiscation of revenues by Russians 167,169,175,180, 326128 crozier (staff) 177 Dashnaks and 167,169,175-6,180 Decretum pro Armenis 80 icons 24-5 intellectual isolation 109 Latinization of 60-1,69 liturgy and rites 24-6,60-1,68,72, 109 Miaphysite Armenian Orthodox Church 44,68 papacy and 44,60,67,68,69, 71, 72 Patriarch of Constantinople 80 pentarchy 80 revival of 245 Rubenids of Cilicia and 53 Russian Empire and 166,167 schism 54, 80 Soviet Union and 226 synods 25,60, 61,69,71-2,80 tax exemption 107 Armenian Socialist Democrat Hunchakian Revolutionary Party (SDHP) see Hunchaks Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF/Dashnaktsutyun) see Dashnaks Armenians anti-Armenian pogroms 173,175, 186,250, 251,252,253 Armenian Americans 333n44 Armenian Fatimid vizierates in Egypt 50-3,57 Armenian refugees 190,194,209, 215, 329n87 in Azerbaijan 203,251 Azeris/Armenians ethnic strife 180, 181,182,251 under Byzantium 11,50 in Cilicia 209,215 Crimean Armenians 80 in Cyprus 72 deportations of 96, 98,186-7,189, 251,252 diaspora 72, 98,147, 252,264,302, 303-4,325n48 discrimination against Christian
Armenians 98,107,166,174, 322n34 in Georgia 18,24-5,200,203, 329n87 Georgians/Armenians antagonism 179 in India 98 in Iran 96, 96,98, 98,99,138,176 in Lebanon 252 Miaphysite Armenians 18,23 Muslim Armenians 50 Russian Armenians 167,169,185, 186 in the Russian Empire 138,147,167, 164,174,190,325n48 in Tbilisi 174 World War II 185,239,240 see also Armenian Genocide; Armenians and the Ottoman Empire Armenians and the Ottoman Empire 4, 87,147,166,167,169,174, 199-200,325n48 1878 Berlin Congress 175 1909 Adana massacre 175,176 1918 Maybattles 198,200 Armenian Orthodox Church 138 ‘Armenian Question 178,209-10 Christianity 4 equalization of status for Christian Armenians and Assyrians 176 Hamidiye and 175,176 massacres 146,175,176,186,328n34 millets 166 Patriarch of Constantinople 4,138, 166 persecution 175 Sardarapat victory 198,200, 245 taxes 166,175 Zeitun blockade 175 see also Armenian Genocide; Armenians Armeno-Tatar War (1905-1906) 182 armistices 1917 Armistice of Erzincan 194,195 1918 Armistice of Mudros 188,196, 200,203-4 Army of Islam 201-2,329nl02 Artuqids of Diyarbakir 20-1 the Assassins (the Nizariyya) 42, 51-2, 53, 61 Avars 93, 111, 118,180,240, 242,283-4, 286 Avar royal family 153,156 Ayyubids 30,35, 53 Cilicia and 50,57 Mongols and 65 Azerbaijani Popular Front Party (APF) 252-4 Azerbaijanis 144, 312 1990 ‘Black January’ (Soviet military intervention, Baku) 250,251, 252, 253 Azeris (Muslim Azerbaijanis) 167,181, 195, 326nl26, 3271206 Azeris/Armenians ethnic strife 180, 181,182,251 ethnicity of 4,100,181 Hummet (Muslim Social Democratic Party) 182 in Iran 144 as
peasants or low-skilled workers 174,181 see also Azerbaijan
356 I HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS: VOLUME 2 В Bagrationi dynasty 22,26, 83,96,101, 104,107,136,137, 326n95 end of 136 Bagratuni dynasty 26 Balkan League 187 Balkan Wars 1912-1913 First Balkan War 178,184, 187 Balkan refugees and deportation of Armenians 187 Baltic War (1854-1855) 171 Battle of ‘Ain Jalut 42-3,65 Battle at Aladja Dagh (Alacadag) 170 Battle of Aradeti 81 Battle of Aslanduz 142-3 Battle of Baghavard (Yeghevard) 107 Battle of Baçgedikler 160 Battle of Basiani 27 Battleof Bazaleti Teimuraz 98 Battle for the Caucasus 238 Battle of Çeçme 135 Battle of Chalagan 76 Battle of Chaldiran 85,87 Battle of Chikhori 81,83 Battleof Didgori 10,16-17,16 Battle of Dighomi 89 Battle of Ertsukhi 14 Battle of Garisi 89 Battle of Germenchuk (Kermenchik) 153 BattleofHattin 57 Battle of Homs, First 65 Battle of Homs, Second 44-5 Battleof Homs, Third 68 Battle of the Kalka River 33 Battle of Kapetron 10 Battle of Khalkhin Gol 231 Battle of Khresili 111 Battle of the Kondurcha River 75 Battle of Köprüköy 191 Battle of Köse Dag 40, 62 Battleof Krtsanisi 135 Battle of Kurijan 107 Battle of Manzikert 11,20,50, 317n6 BattleofMarabda 98 Battle of Mari (Disaster of Mari) 65, 66, 66 Battle of Marj al-Saffar (Battle of Shaqhab) 46 Battle of Martqopi 98 Battle of Myriokephalon 57 Battle of Nakhchivan 76 Battle of Otlukbeli 82,322n33 Battle of Partskhisi 90 Battle of Samadlo 89 Battle of Sardrud 76 Battle of Sarmeda (Battle of the Field of Blood) 16 Battle of Shamkor 25 Battle of Soltanabad 325n33 Battle of Tashiskari 96 Battle of the Terek River 43-4 Battle of Torches 92 Battle of Tsitsamuri 96
Battle of Yassiçemen 35 Bene Boghusaks 50 Berlin Congress (1878) 166,167,170, 175,177,184 Bible 177 Gospel of 1211, Haghpat monastery 23 illuminated gospels 57,96,98 Black Death 48,74,76 Black Hundreds 173,180 blood debt/feuds 143,152,156,165 blood money 47,103 Bolsheviks 173,179,189,326nl54 1907 Tbilisi bank robbery 173,179 1917-1920 Russian Civil Wars 217, 218-19,222 in Baku 180 famine 218 raiding banks and money transports 173,179 strikes and violence as political tool 182 ‘War Communism’ 218 World War I as armed class struggle 193 see also Bolshevik Russia; Russian Civil Wars Buddhism 64, 67 Burkhan Bakshin Altan Sume 131 Kalmykia 130,131,276,276 Russian Empire and 148 Tibetan Buddhism 225,276 Bulgarian April Revolt (1876) 165 calendars Gregorian calendar 191, 317n5 Julian calendar 317n5 Muslim lunar calendar 317n5 capitalism 179,181 castles 36,50, 66 Baghras (castle of Gaston) 58-9, 320n43 Finckensteincastle 141 Korykos sea castle 56 Kveshi castle 34 Mansau castle 128 Pardzerpert castle 51 Samtsevrisi castle church 305 Vahka castle 53,55 see also fortresses; palaces Catholicism 1141 Synod of Jerusalem 60 Armenian Orthodox Church, union with 44,47, 60,67, 68,69, 71-2, 80,109-10, 320nl71 Cilicia 47,110 conversion from Orthodox Churches 89,109,110 Georgia 46-7 Georgian Orthodox Church and 80, 260 Khanbaliq Archbishopric 47 missionaries 46-7,166 Nakhchivan Armeno-Catholic bishopric 47 Ottoman Empire, special protection of Catholics 89 proselytism 47 Sultaniyeh Archbishopric 47 see also Armenian Catholic Church; papacy Catholicosate 24,43 Abkhazia 43,82 Abraham III 107
Albania 81,137 Ambrosi, Catholicos-Patriarch 226 Anton II 137 Armenian Orthodox Church 44,54, 57,60, 61,71,80,138,215 BarseghI 54 ‘Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia' 80, 322n24 Davit 79 Davit II 322n29 Davit III 81,322n29 Davit IV 322n29 Davit V 243 Eprem II 243 in Etchmiadzin 44,80 Garegin II 302 Georgia and 30-1 Gevorg V Surenian, Patriarch-Catholicos 176 Grigor II Vkayaser 52,54 Grigor III 54 Grigor IV Tgha 60 Grigor V 60 Grigor VI Apirat 60 Grigor VII 67,68 Grigor IX 80 Ilia II 243 loanelV 15 loaneVI 24-5 Ioane VII 23-4 Jacob of Tarsus 69 Kevork (Gevorg) V 226 KevorkVI 245 Khoren I 226 Khrimian, Mkrtich, Patriarch-Catholicos 176 Kirakos I of Khor Virap 80 KostantinI 57 Kostantin III 69 KostantinVIofVahka 80 Mar Yahballaha III, Nestorian Catholicos 67 Matteos II Izmirlian, Patriarch-Catholicos 176 Mesrop I of Cilicia 71-2 Mukhitarl 69,71 Nerses IV Shnorhali 57 Poghos (Paul) I 72 ShioII 322n29 Stephen IV 67 Theodore III 322n29 Vazkenl 245 Celali rebellions 96 cemeteries Armenia 5,94 Dargavs, medieval graveyard 116 funeral stele 266 funerary chapels 5, 94 khachkars 5, 94 seven türbe (tombs), Yeddi Gumbaz 142 tombstones 94 see also necropolis Central Caspian Dictatorship 202 Chagataids 43,319nl53,321n85 Mongol Chagatai Khanate 44 Chalcedonian Creed 60,68,109,110 Chechen Wars 262 1994-1996FirstChechenWar 255, 276,282,284,286 1995 Chechen terrorist attack, Budyonnovsk 276,278,282 1996 Chechen terrorist attack, Kizlyar 282 1996 Khasavyurt Peace Agreement 283 1999-2000 Second Chechen War 272, 280,284,286,288, 290 2002 Chechen Moscow theatre hostage-taking 286 2004
Chechen-Ingush terrorist attack, Nazran 280,286 2004 Chechen terrorist attack, Beslan school 278,280, 286,294 2005 terrorist attack, Nalchik 278, 286 Grozny 282,283,284,286 ‘Islamic charity organizations’ 282 Russian Federation and 6,255, 282-4,286 Wahhabism 282,284,286,335n54 Chechens 118,324nl5 2008 ‘black widows’ terrorist attack, Vladikavkaz 280 2008 Georgian-Russian War and 293 2008,2010 terrorist attack, Vladikavkaz 280,294 2014-2015 Eastern Ukraine 293 2022-present Russian invasion of Ukraine and 293 Caucasian jihadists 290 Chechen refugees 272,287,305 Chechens/Russians clashes 276 deportation in World War II 240,242 kidnapping by 276,283 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Chechen mercenaries 261,333n68 Russian Empire and 129,150,162, 165 terrorism 276,278,280,282,286, 293,294 in Turkey 165 see also Chechen Wars; Chechnya; the Kadyrovtsy Christianity 279 conversion from Islam to 17,33 Ottoman Christians 166 see also Catholicism; Orthodox Church; Protestantism churches apses 30,85 Astvatsatsin Cathedral, Harichavank, Armenia 24 Astvatsatsin Church, Akhtala Monastery, Armenia 25,30 Astvatsatsin Church, Goshavank Monastery, Armenia 25 Astvatsatsin Church, Haghartsin Monastery, Armenia 26,27 Astvatsatsin Church, Noravank, Armenia 40 Astvatsatsin Church, Sevanavank Monastery, Armenia 144 Astvatsatsin Church, Tegher Monastery, Armenia 37 Azerbaijan and Armenian churches 246 belltowers 20,85 burial vaults 33 Cathedral of Nikortsminda, Georgia 103 Cathedral of Our Lady, Gelati Monastery (founded by King Davit IV) 12,13 Cathedral of St Grigor the Illuminator, Yerevan 263 Church of
the Apostles, Sevanavank Monastery, Armenia 144 Church of the Archangels, Gremi 86, 88 Church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, South Ossetia 266 Church of the Dormition, Ananuri, Georgia 104 Church of the Dormition, Cave Monastery, Georgia 21 Church of the Holy Cross, Haghpat Monastery 20 Church of the Redeemer, Ananuri, Georgia 104
INDEX: CONCEPTS Church of Saints Quiricus and Julitta, Zarati, Georgia 102 Church of St Gregory, Haghpat Monastery 20 Church of St Grigor, Goshavank Monastery, Armenia 25 Church of St Grigor, Haghartsin Monastery, Armenia 26 Church of St Grigor the Enlightener, Harichavank, Armenia 24 Cilicia 320nl8 dedicated to Maximus the Confessor, Katskhi 11 destruction of 35 funerary chapels 5,94 Gandzasar Cathedral 36 gavit 26,33,37 Holy Saviour Cathedral, Armenia 214 Holy Trinity Cathedral or Tsminda Sameba, Tbilisi 271 Khobayr Monastery Church, Armenia 43 Kutaisi Cathedral 101 Martyrs’ Monastery Church, Martvili, Georgia 14 Mother of God Church, Pitareti Monastery, Georgia 31,32 Monastery of the Nativity, Katskhi 9 reconstruction of 100 rock church, Geghard Monastery, Armenia 33 Samtavisi Cathedral, Shida Kartli 8 Samtsevrisi Castle Church, Georgia 305 ‘soldiers’ church’ of Zorats, Armenia 46 St Gayane Church, Etchmiadzin, Armenia 79 St George Monastery, Alaverdi, Georgia 93, 96 St Grigori Church, Ubisa, Georgia 74, 77 St Mary Magdalene Church, Nalchik 278 Tanahativank, monastery church, Armenia 45 turned into mosques 93,96 Circassians as Adyghe 323n8 Circassian language 116 Circassian-Russian defensive pacts 119 displacement of 164-5 Great Britain and 152 Islamization of 149 konak 116,118 Ottomans and 4,119,147,149,163, 164 Russian Empire and 147,148,149, 150-2 Shamil, Imam and 159-60 slavery 89,116,89,116,119,151,163, 164 social structures 115-16 taxes 89 Turkey, emigration to 164 coinage 87 Armenia 100 Azerbaijan 100 Georgia 17,81,321nl Cold War 240 Iran 240-1 militarization of
South Caucasian border states 242 oil and gas 240-1 Soviet Union 240-1 US 241 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 295,298,302 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 252,254,260, 270,306, 337n73 communism 169 War Communism 218,226-7 see also Soviet Union Cossacks 122,180 anti-Bolsheviks Cossack uprising 218 Circassia and 164 as commissioned pirates of the steppes 122 economic model 128,129 first Russian military lines and 122-30 hereditary membership 129 as ‘irregulars’ 114,129,151 Old Believers 122-3 Ottomansand 122 Raskolnik Cossacks 123,126 Russian Empire and 126-9,131,145, 166 Russian outer’ frontiers and 114,122 as Slav-Tatar ethnic hybrid 122 Soviet ‘de-Cossackization’ policy 218, 224 Soviet deportation and massacre of 218 stanitsas (military settlements) 122, 126,129,130,166 taxes 129 weaponry 129,131 White armies and 218-19,222 Cossacks: hosts 122,126,224 ataman 126,129 Black Sea Host 122,129 Don Cossacks 122-3,128,129,131, 132,218,222,238,241,330n209, 332n71 Greben (Ridge) Host 122,123 krug 126,129 Kuban Host 122,129,130,151,166, 218-19 Terek Host 122-3,126,128,129,166 Ukrainian hosts 122 Yaik (Ural) Cossacks 132 Zaporizhzhian Cossacks 119,122, 130-1 Covid-19 pandemic 294 Crimean Tatars 96,98,129 1562-1563 Russian-Crimean war 121 campaign to Dagestan 108 Crimean Tatar dynasty of the Genghisid Giray 84 Georgia and 88 North Caucasus and 114,115,121 Ottomans and 92,108,115,121,122 Russia and 92,119,130-1 slavery/slave trade 88-9, 92,119,122 tribute payments to 88-9,322n52 Crimean War (1853-1856) 138,160-1, 165,166,168 almost a global war 326nl47 Treaty of
Paris 161,169,170,171 Crusaders 15, 22,51,52-3,62 1099 Jerusalem, capture by 14,51 Byzantium and 14,27,53-4 Cilicia and 53-4,57-8,63,64 Crusader Latin Empire 27 Latin Crusaders 53 Mamelukes and 64,66 see also Crusader States; Knights Hospitaller; Templars; Teutonic Knights Crusades First Crusade 12, 53 Third Crusade 57,58 Fourth Crusade 27 Fifth Crusade 31 Seventh Crusade 63,64 anti-Ottoman Crusade 81 Georgia and 31-2,35 papacy and 67,81,99 the Seljuks and 12, 53 culture cultural diversity 4 Leitkultur (guiding culture) 4 Cyprus Convention (1878) 170 theDadianis 83 Dagestanis 118,240 Caucasian jihadists 290 Dagestani Avar imams: jihad of 149, 152-63 Lezgian Dagestanis 96 relocated to Chechnya and returned to Dagestan 242,246 Russia and 104 Russian Empire and 150,162 Danishmendid dynasty 50,55 Dargans 118,240,242 Dashnaks (Dashnaktsutyun, Armenian Revolutionary Federation— ARF) 167,175,181,182,194 Armenian Genocide: Operation Nemesis 189, 328n34 Armenian Orthodox Church and 167, 169,175-6,180 attacks against high authorities 175, 176 Baku unrest and 173,175,176,178 Central Committee for Armenian Self-Defence 169 CUP and 176,178 guerrilla war and fedayi 175,176,178 in Iran 178 mafia-like methods 167,176 nationalism 175 objective 175,176 Plan ofAction for the Caucasus 169 Russian strategies against 176 six Armenian vilayets 175,176,204, 207 socialism 175,176 Soviet dissolution of 225 terrorism 175 World Warl 185,202,205 World War II 239 Young Turks and 176 defence towers 118 Egikal 115 Erzi 121 Galiata, 118 Goor 148 Nij 37 Targim 147 Definitive Treaty between Britain and Iran
325n38 deities ‘old wise man’ 276 Uastyrdzhi 278,279 | democracy 274 as retreating 274 Western liberal democracy 334nl deportations of Armenians 96, 98,186-7,189, 251, 252 of Georgians 86,135,136 Ingush, deportation and return after World War II 240,242,246, 279-80 Safavid deportations 86, 96,98, 99 Soviet deportations 218, 225,227, 239,240,242, 276 Dominican Order 40,42,46-7,69 drug trafficking 262,272,290 Dzungars 132 earthquakes Armenia 25,245,251 Ganja 18 Georgia 93 Tmogvi 13 East India Company 105,141 see also British Empire; Great Britain Ecumenical Councils 1438 Ferrara 80 1439 Florence 80 ethnicity 332n4 Abkhazia, ethnic and social conflicts 197-8,199, 265 Azerbaijanis 4,100,181 conflict and 173 Dagestan, ethnic diversity 275, 286-7,288 empire and ethnic diversity 4,178 ethnic cleansing 167,182,187, 267 ethnic displacement 101,130,163-4, 167 ethnic diversity 4,100 ethnic engineering 130 ethnic identities 3,4 ethnic Russians 4,137,167 ethnically based wars 274,334n2 Georgia, ethnic and social conflicts 4, 196-9,265 nationalism and 166-7,175,182, 274 North Caucasus, ethnic diversity 246, 274 powerand 53 Russian Empire: ethno-religious diversity 4,148,167 smaller ethnicities defined as minorities 167 South Caucasus, ethnic and territorial conflicts 249 Soviet deportations of ethnic groups 218 SovietUnion, ethnic diversity 224, 227,248,331n3 state and ethnic homogeneity 4,178, 203 Turkic peoples 100 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) 272 357
358 I HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS: VOLUME 2 F Fatimids 8,12 Armenian Fatimid vizierates in Egypt 50-3, 57 Ismailism 53 fortresses Agarani 11 Akhaltsikhe 90,146 Amberd 26 Anahça, Pozanti 51 Anamur (Mamure Kalesi) 62,63 Ananuri 104 Anazarbos (Anavarza Kalesi) 54,58, 68 Ayas (Laiazzo, Yumurtalik) 62 Azov 119,122 Bayburt 193 Burnaya 149 Byzantine fortresses 12,51,56,58, 63,71 Chokh 162 Crac des Chevaliers 66 Dmanisi 18 Gori 85 Gremi Royal Fortress 86 Gunib 162 Halidzor 106,106 Hromkla 54-5,57,57, 61, 67 Kars 168 Khertvisi 78 Korykos 56 Kurtin 76 Kveshi 34 Lampron 52,53, 61,320nl8 Nazran 149 Oltisni 18 Russianforts 124,126,134,151-2 Samshvilde 12 Shlisselburg (Schlüsselburg) 149 Sis 71 Svyatoi Krest (Holy Cross) fortress 126 Tell Hamdun (Toprak Kale) 66, 67 Terskaya Krepost 92,121,122 Vladikavkaz fortification 134 Vnezapnaya 149 Yernjak (Alinja) 35 see also castles Franciscan Order 47 Fratres Unitores, Armeno-Catholic Order 47, 69, 72 the Gelovanis 83 Georgian Dream Party 309,310 Georgian Orthodox Church 3,11,37, 43,47 abolition of the patriarchate 137 autocephaly 68,80,135,137,180,194 Catholicism and 80,260 Chalcedonian Dyophysites 23 conversion to Catholicism 89 corruption 14,15,101 divisions within 43 as exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church 137,324nl3 liturgy 24-5,137 Mkhargrdzeli, Ivane: conversion to 23-4 reform 15 revival of 243 Russian liturgy 137 Russification of 137 Second Church Council 18 Soviet persecution of 225,226 subordination to the state 15 Synod of Ruisi-Urbnisi 15 Treaty of Georgiyevsk and 135 World Council of Churches (WCC) and 243 Georgians in Abkhazia 310
Anarchists 179 deportation of 86,135,136 Federalists 179 Georgian Mensheviks 181,195, 196-7,198 Georgian opposition 179 Georgian refugees 270,310 Georgians/Armenians antagonism 179 in Kutaisi 174 nationalism 167,179,243-4, 265 in the Ottoman Empire 170 Party of Independence 179 Progressive Democrats 179 rural aspect of 174 in the Russian Federation 305 Social Democrats 179,181 socialism 179-81 Ghilman cavalry 94-5 Ghilzai tribal federation 102 glasnost 248,249,265,283 Golden Horde 36,42,43,46,48, 74,114, 319nl38 Blue Horde 74 Timur-e Lang and 75 White Horde 74 graves see cemeteries; necropolis Great Game 106 Great Northern War (1700-1721) 105 ‘Green Russian’ guerrillas 199 H Hamidiye Alaylari (‘Hamid’s Regiments’) 175 Armenian Genocide 175,187 Hasan-Jalalids 81 heresy 47,50, 53,108,110 Hethumids of Cilicia 50, 53,55,56,57 Anamur fortress 63 Greek Orthodoxy 53 Lampron fortress, ancestral seat of 52, 53, 61, 320nl8 Hohenstaufen dynasty 60 Hotaki dynasty 102 Hunchaks (Armenian Socialist Democrat Hunchakian Revolutionary Party—SDHP) 167,169,175,181 mass demonstrations and strikes 175 Zeitun 175 Hundred Years War 69, 72 Hussite anti-papal reform movement 80 identity Armenia 4,72,80,169 Azerbaijan 4,181 collective identity 3 ethnic identities 3,4 Georgia 4 Ossetian identity 278 religion and 3 secular identity 169 South Ossetian identity 197 state and 4 industrialization 174,227 industrial workers 174 Russian Empire 165,174 Soviet Union 226,227 Ingush 118,324nl5 2022-present Russian invasion of Ukraine and 293 deportation and return after World War II 240,242, 246,279-80
International Crisis Group 309 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 272,274 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) 310, 337n71 Iranian Cossack Brigade 178,327nl82 Islam 279 circumcision 10,13,35 conversion from Christianity to 10, 13,27,35,43, 50,57,75,87,89, 94-5,101,104,119,319nl52 Dagestan 288 fundamentalism 246 ghazawat 149,150,153,156,325n51 Great Mufti 100 hajj 157,162,288 imam, imamate 152 Islamization 149,163 lunar calendar 317n5 pan-Islamism 167,181,182 political Islam 115 radical Islamism 278,283 Ramadan 30,280 revival of 246 sharia law 148,149,153,156,160, 224,283 slavery and 89,164 Soviet Union, suppression of Islam 224-5, 288 underground prayer rooms and madrasas 246,288 see also jihad/jihadism; Ismailism; Muslims; Salafism; Shia Islam; Sufism; Sunni Islam; Wahhabism Islamic Democratic Party of Dagestan 288 Islamic Jamaat of Dagestan 283 Islamic Party, Nardaran 260 Islamic Party of Revival (IRP) 283 Islamic State al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr 290,335n5 in the Caucasus 283,286 Chechnya 283 Dagestan 283 Islamic Army 283, 335n53 pan-Caucasian Islamism 286 pan-North Caucasian Islamic State 283 in Russia 290 Ismailism 51,53 Ittifaq (Union of the Muslims of Russia) 181 the Jaafariya 108,323nll2 jadidist movement 181,327n208 Jamaats 116,118,152-3,156,224 Janissaries 95 theJaqelis 83 Jews anti-Semitism 173,279 Nazi Einsatzgruppen: massacres of Jews 236 see also Judaism jihad/jihadism 25,185,274,283-4,290 anti-Soviet jihad 224 Caucasianjihadists 290 Dagestani Avar imams: jihad of 149, 152-63 Ingushetia 293 ‘jihad taxes’ 290 jihadist network of the Caucasus Emirate 290
Kabardino-Balkaria 294 North Ossetia-Alania 294 Jochids 43,319nl53 Judaism 67 see also Jews к Kabardians 6,92,116,132,323n9 ataliq educational system 116 Kabardian-Russian defensive pacts 119,121 Ottomansand 139 Russian Empire and 148 social structures 116 Kadets (Russian Constitutional Democrats) 181 the Kadyrovtsy 286, 293,336nl4, 336n21 Kalmyks 324n48 forced exile of 274,276 Mongol Kalmyks in the north-eastern Caucasus 130-2 return to Kalmykia 276 Russian Empire and 131 Russian-Kalmyk treaties 130-1,132 Soviet Union and 225 see also Kalmykia Kartlis Tskhovreba 8,10,13,15 khachkar 5,94 Khevsurs 101,118,143,143,153 Khwarazmians Georgian invasion by 35,36,41 Mongols and 35-6 see also Khwarazmia kidnapping 89, 111, 114,119,129,150, 272,276 by Chechens 276,283 ‘European Kidnapping Highway’ 294 Kievan Rus 15, 323n5 Kipchaks Christianity 15 Georgia and 15-16,17,18,21,34, 35, 317n35 Mongols and 33 slavery 33 Knights Hospitaller 60,71 Knights Templar see Templars Kumyks 75,93,96,118,121-2,150, 286, 288 Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) 254
INDEX: CONCEPTS L Laks 118» 240,242,283-4, 286 languages 118 Armenian 109,226,242 Azerbaijan 84,226,242 Circassian 116 Dagestan, official languages 288 Georgian language 103,167,197,226, 242 Kalmyks 226 Russian language 167,288 Soviet Union and 226 see also alphabets League of Nations 209,210,327nl76 Lezgian War 108 Lezgians 118,288 libraries: Goshavank Monastery 25 Μ Mamelukes 42,43,44,46,53 Ayas fortress 62 Cilicia and 50,58,62,65-7,68,69, 71, 71,72 Crusadersand 64,66 as leading power in the Near East 65 Mongols and 64 slavery 33, 43, 67 Syria and 65-6,68 Marxism 5,180, 242,283 Mensheviks 173,179,326nl54 Georgian Mensheviks 181,195, 196-7,198 nationalism 179 Soviet dissolution of 225 Meskhetian Turks 89,240,242 miniatures (illuminated manuscripts) Battle of Mari, Livre des Merveilles 65 Levon II, gospel 57 Prophet Jonah, by Toros Roslin, lectionary 44 St John Evangelist and Prokhoros, by Mesrop of Khizan, gospel 96 St Luke, by Mesrop of Khizan, gospel 98 monasteries Akhtala Monastery, Armenia 25,30 Cilicia 320nl8 Dadivank Monastery, Azerbaijan 261, 300 GeghardMonastery,Armenia 33,44 Gelati Monastery, Georgia 12,13,15, 18,85 Goshavank Monastery, Armenia 25 Haghartsin monastery, Armenia 26, 26,27 Haghpat Monastery, Armenia 20,23, 25 Harichavank Monastery, Armenia 24 Horomos Monastery, Ani 23 Khobayr Monastery, Armenia 43 Maghardavank Monastery/St Stepanos Monastery, Iranian Azerbaijan 99 Martyrs’ Monastery of Martvili, Georgia 14 Monastery of the Dormition, Nojikhevi, Georgia 136 Monastery of the Nativity, Katskhi, Georgia 9 New Athos Monastery, Abkhazia 197 Ninotsminda
Nunnery, Georgia 85 Noravank Monastery, Armenia 40 Pitareti Monastery, Georgia 31,32 reconstruction of 25 San Lazzaro Monastery, Armenian Mekhitarist congregation, Venice 109,110 Sevanavank Monastery, Armenia 144 St George Monastery, Alaverdi, Georgia 93 St Thaddeus Monastery, Azerbaijan 47, 99, 320nl71 Tanahativank Monastery, Armenia 44,45 Tatev Monastery, Armenia 44 Tegher Monastery, Armenia 37 Vardzia Monastery, Georgia 21,88 Mongols Anatolia and 36 Armenia and 32,36,42,62 Azerbaijan and 36,42 battle tactics, military logistics and intelligence 30,33 Chagatai Khanate 44 Cilicia and 50,62-4,68 Georgia, invasion and occupation of 30,31,32-3,35,36-7,40,42, 43-6,47,62,318-19n96, 319nl38 Great Khan 36,63, 319nl39 Heavenly Mandate 43 incursions and supremacy 30-48,63, 64 inter-Mongol war 43-4 Iran and 36,41,42,46, 64,319nl53 Khwarazmians and 35-6 Kipchaks and 33 Mamelukesand 64 Mongol Kalmyks in the north-eastern Caucasus 130-2 as ‘nation of the archers’ 32 Nestorianism 43, 63,64, 321n56, 321n66 noyans 32,36,37,40,47 religious indifference 41,43,46, 320nl69 Russiaand 130 Syria and 42,46,64 Tamta, Ivane’s daughter and 30 taxes 40-1 Tbilisi and 32,40,43 tümen 32 see also Golden Horde; Il-Khanate; Mongol Empire Montreux Convention (1936) 240 mosques Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque, Grozny 284 Blue Mosque, Yerevan 145 central mosque, Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria 277 churchesturnedintomosques 93 Nardaran Mosque, Absheron Peninsula 258 Soviet suppression of Islam and 224-5 mountains 3 Greater Caucasus Mountains 3,45, 114,118,148,160,234,236, 272, 312 Lak Mountains 121 Likhi (Surami) mountain
range 88 Mount Elbrus 237,237 Nur Mountains 66 Taurus Mountains 51,53 Tsorey-Loam Mountains 37 murals Astvatsatsin Church, Akhtala Monastery, Armenia 25 Cathedral of Our Lady, Gelati Monastery 13 Church of the Archangels, Gremi 86, 88 Church of the Dormition, Cave Monastery 21 Church of Saints Quiricus and Julitta, Zarati, Georgia 102 Georgian Orthodox Church, whitewashing of murals 137 Monastery of the Dormition, Nojikhevi, Georgia 136 St Grigori Church, Ubisa, Georgia 74 murals: Christ Pantocrator Cathedral of Nikortsminda, Georgia 103 Khobayr Monastery Church, Armenia 43 Mother of God Church, Pitareti Monastery, Georgia 32 Samtsevrisi Castle Church, Georgia 305 St Grigori Church, Ubisa, Georgia 77 Muridism 152-3 Musavat Party 182,195,196,201,205, 206,216 Soviet dissolution of 225 Stalinist purges 226 Muscovy Company 105 Muslims anti-Muslim pogroms 195 Georgia, Muslim population in 17 Muslim nationalism 182 Russian Empire and 148 worldwide population 327n207 see also Islam the Mustalawiyya 51 N Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 4, 205-6, 246,249,251-2,253,255,312 1988 Sumgait massacre by Azerbaijanis 249, 251,254 1992-1994 First Nagorno-Karabakh War 250, 252, 260-5,261,298 1992 Khojaly occupation/massacre by Armenians 253-4,260,261 1994 ceasefire agreement 262,298 1999 Armenian Parliament killings 264-5,298 1999 negotiations 264 2020 Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 261, 262, 298-301,299,300, 302, 312 2020 ceasefire agreement 299-301 Afghanistan 262 Armenian army 260-1,298-9,300, 300 Azerbaijani army 260, 261,298-9, 300 Azerbaijani refugees 263,298, 299-300 commodity-based cartels and
265 current challenges 301,302,303-4 EU 301,302 Iran 262, 264, 300,301 Israel/Azerbaijan cooperation 298, 299,300 Kalbajar 262 Karabakh Committee 251 Lachin 261-2 mercenaries 261,262,298,300, 333n68 Minsk Group (OSCE) 262,263, 333n70 Nakhchivan, Azerbaijani road access to 300,301 Operation Ring 251,260 Pan-Armenian National Movement 251 Republic of Artsakh 252,260,261, 265,332nl5 Russian Federation 262,264,265, 299,300,301,312 Saudi Arabia 262 Shushi 205-6, 261-2, 298,299, 300 State Defence Committee 262 ‘status of controlled instability’ 3 01 Sunni/Shia clashes 262 territorial exchanges as solution 263, 264-5,298 Turkey/Azerbaijan cooperation 254, 260, 262,294,298, 299,300, 301, 312 US 264 US/Russia rivalry and 262,264 weaponry 260-1,265, 298,299 see also Nagorno-Karabakh Napoleonic Wars 13-41 1803-1806 Third Coalition 141 see also Napoleon I National United Party (NUP), Armenia 245 nationalism 174 Abkhazia 265 Azerbaijan 167,246, 253 Black Hundreds 173 Caucasian nationalisms 6 ethnicity and 166-7,175,182,274 Georgian nationalism 167,179, 243-4,265 glasnost and 248,265 Mensheviks 179 Muslim nationalism 182 North Caucasian national consciousness 246 populist nationalism 265 Russian nationalism 5,166-9 Russification and nationalism 167, 196 Serbian nationalism 170 South Ossetian nationalism 197 Soviet Caucasian republics and ASSRs 243 Soviet Union 224,242, 248-9, 301 Turkey/Turkish nationalism 4,176, 184,207,210,211, 212,212, 215, 215,330nl72 see also Armenian nationalism; pan-Turkism the Natukhai 115-16,119,151,160 Nawiqis (Awaqis) 50 ‘Near Abroad’ (Russian Federation) 6,
255,264, 272, 294,305,332-3n32 see also Russian Federation necropolis 147 burial houses 116,147 see also cemeteries nepotism 13-14,15,244 Nestorianism 41,47 among Mongols 43,63, 64,321n56, 321n66 Nestorian Catholicos Mar Yahballaha III 67 Nestorian Church of the East 67 the Nizariyya see the Assassins Nogai Horde 115,122,129,130 Non-Aligned Movement 295 | 359
360 I HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS: VOLUME 2 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Armenia and 212 Azerbaijan and 255,259 the Caucasus 312 Estonia 337n90 Finland 309, 337n91 Georgia and 272,304-7,309,310, 333n32,337n71,337n89 Latvia 337n90 Lithuania 337n90 Norway 337n90 Poland 337n90 Putin on NATO’s eastward expansion 306 rapprochement of Caucasus states to 6,333n32 Russia’s'Near Abroad’ and 309, 333n32 South Caucasus 272,312 Sweden 309, 337n91 Turkey and 214,240,254,260,298 Ukraine and 306-7,333n32 nuclear power 1986 Chernobyl catastrophe 245 Armenia, nuclear power plant at Medzamor 245 al-Nusra Front (Jabhat al-Nusra) 290 theOghuz 76 oil and gas 171 Azerbaijan 171,174, 245-6,253, 255,259-60,295, 297-8, 303, 333nn33-4,333n50 Azeri-Chirag-Gunashvili (ACG) Agreement 260 Baku 171-4,196, 201-3,230,235, 245,331n28,331n50 Batumi, oil terminal and port 172-3, 195 Branobel company 171,173-4 Caspian ACG fields 255,259,333n34 Cold War 240-1 ‘Contract of the Century’ 255 Dashnaks and Baku unrest 173,175, 176,178 Dashnaks and Iran unrest 178 diesel-powered oil barge 174 diesel submarines 174 EU 298,303,333n51, ЗЗбпЗб gasoline refinery 173 Gazprom, Russia 262,277 Georgia 259 Grozny 173, 230, 232,235,237, 331n52 Iran 178,240-1, 255,297-8 Iran-Azerbaijan-Turkmenistan trilateral gas-swap deal 297-8 Iraq 241 Israel 300 Kazakhstan 259 Kyapaz/Dostluq (Dostluk) gas field 297 Lukoil, Russia 255,277,287 Maikop 230,232,331n48 Nagorno-Karabakh 215 Nazi Germany 230,232,235,237, 331n29,331n48 Nobel brothers 171-4 oil burners 173 oil storage 172 OPEC 248, 255 price wars and rivalries 173 propeller-
driven oil tanker 173-4 railway oil-tank wagons 172 Romanian oilfields 230,331n29 Royal Dutch Shell 174 Russian Empire 171-4 Russian Federation 255, 260,333n46 Russian General Oil Corporation (RGO) 174 Saudi Arabia 248 Shah Deniz II Consortium 333n51 Shah Deniz Caspian Sea field 259, 333n50 Siberia 245 SOCAR, Azerbaijan 255,260,295 Soviet sabotage of own oilfields 230, 233,235 Soviet Union 174,230 Standard Oil 172,173 strikes and attacks against oil industry 173,178,182,326nl58 TransCaspian US Resources Company (Florida-based) 298 Turkey 259-60 Turkmenistan 259, 297-8,336n35 the Urals 255,259,331n50 US 255,259,298, ЗЗбпЗб World War I 195,196,201-3,204 World War II 230,232,245,331n29, 331n48 Yury Korchagin offshore oilfield 287 Zoroaster, oil tanker 172 oil and gas pipelines 172, 202, 230, 255, 256-7,259,333n45 Baku-Batumi pipeline 173,230,259 Baku-Grozny-Novorossiysk pipeline (BGN) 255,259,282 Baku-Novo Filya pipeline (BNF) 259-60 Baku-Novorossiysk oil pipeline 255, 284,288 Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (BTC) 259,260,272,298 Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum pipeline (BTE) 259 Baku-Tbilisi-Supsa pipeline (BTS) 259,272 the Caucasus: main gas and oil pipelines in 256-7 Mozdok-Tbilisi-Yerevan gas pipeline (MTY) 260,262 Nabucco pipeline project 333n51 ‘South Stream’gas pipeline 333n56 Southern Gas Corridor 259, 298 Tengiz-Atyrau-Novorossiysk oil pipeline 277 Trans-Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) 259 Trans-Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP) 259 Trans-Caspian Gas pipeline (TCG) 259,298 Trans-Caspian Interconnector pipeline 298 TurkStream 260 Order of St John of Jerusalem 44 Organization for Security and Co-
operation in Europe (OSCE) 262,263,283,308 Orthodox Church exarch 324nl3 Greek Orthodox Church 47, 60 icons 24-5,72 union of Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches 80 Syriac Orthodox Church 47, 82 see also Armenian Orthodox Church; Georgian Orthodox Church; Russian Orthodox Church Ossetians 15,47,118 Christians 278 Ossetian-Georgian clashes 197 Ossetian identity 278 relocation and return of territories 242,246 serfdom 118 slavery 118 social structures 118 South Ossetian identity 197 Ottoman-Safavid Wars 84-100 First Ottoman-Iranian War 85,87 Second Ottoman-Iranian War 87 Third Ottoman-Iranian War 87-8 Fourth Ottoman-Iranian War 88-92 Fifth Ottoman-Iranian War 92-5 Sixth Ottoman-Iranian War 95-8 Seventh Ottoman-Iranian War 98-9 Eighth Ottoman-Iranian War 99-100 Ninth Ottoman-Iranian War 107-8 Tenth Ottoman-Iranian War 108 Treaty of Amasya 88, 89,96,99 Treaty of Constantinople (Peace of Istanbul) 92 Treaty of Kordan (Kerden) 108 Treaty of Nasuh Pasha 96, 98 Treaty of Serav 98 Treaty of Zuhab/Treaty of Qasr-e Shirin 99,101,108 Palaiologos dynasty 74 paganism 3,119 neo-paganism 278 palaces Ishak Palace, Dogubayazit, Turkey 140,141 Palace of Finckenstein, Poland 139, 141 Palace of the khans of Nakhchivan 204 Shervashidze family’s Palace, Likhny 137 see also castles pan-Islamism 167,181,182 pan-Turkism 167,176,181-2,205,246 modern education and modernization in Muslim societies 181 Ottoman Empire 182,185,195 Turkey 201 papacy anti-Mameluke coalition with 46 Armenian Orthodox Church and 44, 60,67,68, 69, 71, 72 Benedict XII 69 Callixtus III 81 Celestine III 60 Clement III 58 Clement
VI 71 Clement XI 58 Crusadesand 67,81, 99 Eugene III 60 Eugene IV 80 Francis 260 Gregory IX 37,40 Honorius III 35 Hussite anti-papal reform movement 80 Innocent XI 101 John XXII 46 John Paul II 260 Lucius III 60 papal supremacy 60 Pius II 81 Urban II 53 Urban VIII 98-9 see also Catholicism Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) 200, 205,207-16 Armenia 207,208-13,209, 329-30nl47 Azerbaijan 207,208 Bolsheviks and the Whites as Russian contenders for supremacy 207 Georgia 207,208 Iran 207-8 Nakhchivan 207 pre-war status quo of Russian sovereignty over the South Caucasus 207 South Caucasian delegations 207 Turkey 207,210,211-12 US 210 patriarchate abolition of patriarchates of Georgia, Abkhazia and Imereti 137 Abraham Petros I Ardzivian 110 Armenians and the Patriarch of Constantinople 4,80,138,166 Gevorg V Surenian, Patriarch-Catholicos 176 Khrimian, Mkrtich, Patriarch-Catholicos 176 Matteos II Izmirlian, Patriarch-Catholicos 176 Nikon 122-3 Sargis I of Jerusalem 68 Peace of Istanbul 92 Peace of Nystad 105 People’s Militia 180 Polish-Soviet War 211,213,216, 330nn213 Preliminary Treaty between Britain and Iran 142 printing 103,110 Prometheus League 331n7 Protestantism 166 Protestant Armenian millet 166 Pshavs 101,118 al-Qaeda 272,286,290 Qara Qoyunlu 76, 78, 79,81,168, 320nl71,322n34 railways 184,196,216 Baku-Astrakhan Railway 331n50 Baku-Batumi Railway 172,202 Baku-Nakhchivan Railway 251 Baku-Tbilisi-Batumi Railway 180 Baku-Tbilisi-Kars (ВТК) Railway line 260 Berlin-Baghdad Railway 184 Kars-Alexandropol-Julfa Railway 196 World War I 196 World War II 233
INDEX: CONCEPTS Yerevan-Nakhchivan-Julfa Railway 211 Ramazanids 72 Red Army 174,194,206,210,214,222, 227 1991-1992 disintegration of 252 Armenians in 240 Battle for the Caucasus 238 disintegration of the Army and sale of weaponry 252,282,332nl4 Khulkhuta memorial 238 as occupying force 224 Soviet flag over the German Reichstag, Berlin 239 ‘War Communism’ 218 Warsaw Uprising and 136 World War II and Caucasians 239-40, 239,241 see also Soviet Union reliefs Astvatsatsin Church, Haghartsin Monastery, Armenia 27 Astvatsatsin Church of Noravank, Armenia 40 Geghard Monastery, Armenia 33 religion ethno-religious diversity 4,148,167 identity and 3 see also Buddhism; Christianity; Islam; Judaism remittances 264,272, 291 Republican Party, Armenia 302 Rubenids of Cilicia 50,51,53-60 Pardzerpert, ancestral seat of 51,53 Seljuks and 54 Vahka, seat of 53,55 Russian Civil Wars (1917-1920) 207, 217-22 Armed Forces of South Russia (AFSR) 219,220-2 Bolsheviks/RedArmy 217,218-19, 222 North Caucasus 217 ‘wars within the main Civil War 218 White army/Volunteer Army 217, 218-22,220,221 see also Bolsheviks; White armies/ Whites Russian-Iranian Wars 1804-1813 Russian-Iranian War 138, 140 1826-1828 Russian-Iranian War 142-4 Treaty of Turkmenchay 144,145,146, 146 Russian military lines 124,129,324n3 8 Abatis Line 126 Aras-Kura Line 143,144,148 Asov-Mozdok Line 129,130 Belgorod Line 122,126,128,129 Black Sea-Kuban-Terek Line 130, 148 Caspian Terek Line 136 Cossacks and first Russian military lines 122-30 Dnieper Line 129,132 foundation of new Cossack and Russian cities and 130 Kizlyar-Mozdok Line
129,149 Kuban Line 130,151 Mozdok Line 132 Orenburg Line 129,132 Simbirsk Line 126,128 Sunzha Line 150 Trans-Kama Line 126,128 Tsaritsyn Line 129,132 Russian nationalism 5,166-9 Russian Empire and 166 Russification and 167 Russian Orthodox Church 3,72,90, 119,167 Georgian Orthodox Church as exarchate of 137, 324nl3 proselytism 4,166 schism (Raskol) 122-3 synod 123 Russian-Ottoman clashes 92,104,105, 106,108,119,130 1735-1739 Russian-Ottoman War 108 1768-1774 Russian-Ottoman War 111, 135 1787-1792 Russian-Ottoman War 135 1806-1812 Russian-Ottoman War 138,141,142 1828-1829 Russian-Ottoman War 90,146 1877-1878 Russian-Ottoman War 168,169 1914-1915 Ottoman attack on Russian fortifications at Sarikamiç 184,186 Treaty of Adrianople 90,147,151,152 Treaty of Bucharest 138 Treaty of Constantinople 128-9 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kainarji) 112,119,130 Treaty of San Stefano 170 Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party 179,326nl54 Russification programmes education and schools 167 Georgian Orthodox Church 137 nationalism and 167,196 Russian Empire 4-5,166,167,196, 326n94 Russian language 167 Safavids (Safavid dynasty of Iran) 81,84 1511 Anatolian Qizilbash revolt 85 1736 fall ofthe Safavid dynasty 96 Anatolia and 178 Armenia and 100 army/Qizilbash (red-heads) 84, 85, 87,88,92,96 Azerbaijan and 87, 92, 96,100,181 deportation of conquered peoples 86, 96,98,99 Georgia and 81,88,90 end of the Safavid dynasty 102,107 expansion 84,87 foundation of independent khanates after end of Safavid rule 111 Kakheti and 96,98,101 Kars and 168 Kartliand 87,88,92,95,96,98 Nakhchivan and 96,98
Ottomans/Iran/Russia rivalry 92, 107 Qazvin 88 Safaviyya 84,85 Safavid Empire 87 Shia Islam 84,87 Shirvan and 84,87 slavery 88 South Caucasus and 101-8 Tabriz and 84,88,95 taxes 107 theocracy 84 trade 92 Turkification of 76,101 zamburak 107-8,108 see also Iran; Ottoman-Safavid Wars Sakartvelo Mkhedrioni (‘Georgia’s Knights’/Ioseliani’s Knights) 265-6,268,270 Salafism 283-4,286,288 terrorist attack, Buynaksk 284 Saltukids of Erzurum 20-1 San Remo Conference (1920) 210 Savdal (Unity, Lezgin organization) 288 self-determination 4,114,128,198, 203, 205,206,248 Seljuks 10 Cilicia and 50,54, 62 Crusades and 12, 53 Georgia/Seljuks conflict 10,12-13, 15-17,16,18,22,27 Rum Seljuks 27,35, 50, 54, 62 Seljuk Empire 14 slavery 13 Turkification of the South Caucasus 76 serfdom 165-6 Kartli 102-3 Ossetians 118 Russian Empire 103,128,129,150, 165-6 Soviet collectivization of agriculture 226 Shaddadids 9 Shapsugs 115-16,119,151,160,276 Sharia Army of Highlanders 224 Sharvashidzes 83 Shia Islam Azerbaijan 87,246,258, 260 ‘hidden Imam’ 52 Iran 260 Persia 3 proselytism 85,102 Safavids 84, 87 Sunni/Shia clashes 262 Sunni/Shia religious disagreements 108 Twelver Shiism 52, 84,323nll2 see also Islam Silk Road 43 slavery/slave trade abolition of 165,166 Akhaltsikhe 89, 90 Anapa 150,151 children 101,103 Circassians 89,116, 89,116,119,151, 163,164 Crimean Tatars 88-9, 92,119,122 Il-Khanate 42 Islam and 89,164 Janissaries 95 Kabardians 116 Kipchaks 33 Mamelukes 33,43,67 nobility and upper clergy 101,112 Ossetians 118 Ottomans 88,112,119,164 Safavids 88 Seljuks 13 Russia 89 smuggling 269,282,283 arms
smuggling 152,282 drug smuggling 272 socialism 169,175,176 Georgian socialism 179-81 industrialization and 174 international socialism 230 pan-Turkism and socialism in the South Caucasian Muslim provinces 181-2 People’s Militia 180 Soviet socialism 224,227 see also Dashnaks; Hunchaks Somkhiti, Armenian-Georgian marches 76 South Caucasian Commissariat 195 Soviet-Turkish Friendship Treaty 211 state 1878 Berlin Congress 166,167 concept of 3,166,224 ethnic homogeneity and 4,178,203 history as the memory of states 3-4 identity and 4 imperial state model 4 multinational state 4,6, 207 nation-state building 4,278, 288 nation states 4, 6,178 state borders, drawing of 170 state-within-the-state 26 Studio Fuksas 269,304 Sufism 149,286,288 Naqshbandi Sufism 152 see also Islam Sunni Islam 53,57,119 Nader Shah’s rapprochement with 108 Ottoman Empire 3,84 Sunni Afghan Pashtuns 102 Sunni Lezgins 323n96 Sunni Salafiyyah 283 Sunni/Shia clashes 262 Sunni/Shia religious disagreements 108 ulama 149 see also Islam Svans 118,143 Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) 190,207, 209 Taliban 152,153 Tagliavini Report (Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia) 309 taxes Armenians and the Ottoman Empire 166,175 Circassians 89 Cossacks 129 darughachi/basqaq 41 fiscal discrimination 166 Georgia 15,17,20,25,40-1,46, 76, 81,180,304 Il-Khanate 42 ‘jihad taxes’ 290 jizia/poll tax 76,89,166 Mongols 40-1 Russian Empire 128 Safavids 107 tax exemption 107,129,164 tax-farming system 166,326nl20 Templars (Knights Templar) 56, 57,58, 59,60, 68,320n43 Tenglik Party (Unity) 288
terrorism 176 9/11 attacks 272,286 1994 Savdal attack 288 | 361
362 I HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS: VOLUME 2 1999 apartment bombings, Moscow 284 2002 Moscow theatre hostage-taking 286 Chechen terrorism 276,278,280, 282,286,293,294 counter-terrorism 286,290 Dagestan and 287 Dashnak activities 175 Ingushetia 293 North Caucasus 290,335nl North Ossetia-Alania 280,294 al-Qaeda 272,286 Russian social-revolutionaries 166, 169 Salafistattacks 284 Umarov, Dokka (Abu Umar) 290 Wahhabism 261 war against terrorism 286 Yarmuk group 290 Teçkilat-i Mahsusa (Special Organization) 165,187-8,189 Teutonic Knights 60 Timurids 75-6,322n34 Toluids 43,319nl53 Trans-Caucasus Highway 294 Transcaspian Provisional Government (Ashgabat Executive Committee) 202 Transcaucasian Commissariat 194 Transcaucasian Committee (Ozakom) 194 Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 5 Treaty of Adrianople 90,147,151,152 Treaty of Alexandropol 213 Treaty of Amasya 88,89,96,99 Treaty of Batumi 200,329n88 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 194,196 Treaty of Bucharest 138 Treaty of Constantinople (1700) 128-9 Treaty of Constantinople (Peace of Istanbul, 1590) 92 Treaty of Finckenstein 139,141-2 Treaty of Ganja 107 Treaty of Georgiyevsk 111, 135-6,149 Treaty of Gulistan 143,145 Treaty of Istanbul (1736) 108 Treaty of Kars 170,214,302 Treaty of Kordan (Kerden) 108 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kainarji) 112, 119,130 Treaty of Lausanne 211 Treaty of Moscow 213-14 Treaty of Nasuh Pasha 96,98 Treaty of Nymphaion 48 Treaty of Paris 161,169,170,171 Treaty of Poti 196 Treaty of Resht 107 Treaty of San Stefano 170 Treaty of Serav 98 Treaty of Sèvres 210-11, 212,263 Treaty of Tilsit 141-2 Treaty of
Turkmenchay 144,145,146, 146 Treaty of Versailles 210 Treaty of Zuhab/Treaty of Qasr-e Shirin 99,101,108 Tripartite Agreement (1942) 240,241 Truce of Shamkor 76 Turkification policy 76,101,177,255 Turkmen Aq Qoyunlu 76,81,82,84,168 Qara Qoyunlu 76,78,79,81,168, 320nl71,322n34 Turkification of the South Caucasus 76 Tushetians 101,118 United National Movement 309 United Nations (UN) 252,265,281,308, 332nl6 UN Charter 305 UN General Assembly Resolution 68/262 337n62 UN General Assembly Resolution 96 (on Genocide) 188-9 United Russia Party 290,292 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs, drones) 260,294,298,299,300 Uzbek Khanate of Bukhara 92 Vienna Congress (1814-1815) 170 volcanoes Greater Ararat 3,203 Lesser Ararat 3,203 w Wagner Group 336n21 Wahhabism 152, 261,283,286,288, 290,335n49 Chechen Wars/Chechnya 282,283, 286,335n54 Dagestan 284,287,288 Wahhabi Salafism 283,286 see also Islam war/warfare war of motion 170 war of position 170 weaponry 210 1919 British Military Mission 219 ammunition 129,131,151,152,153, 156,159,195,196,199,202,210, 213 Armenians 212,213 Azerbaijan 260 arms smuggling 152,282 arms trade 260 bows and arrows 131,132 cannons 108,130,131,175,221, 322n33 Cossacks 129,131 cotton and 196 factory of 171 firearms 87, 92,131 German troops 234 gunpowder 131,152 Kalmyks 131,132 machine-guns 186,234 missiles 253,260,294,298,301 muskets 95,130,131 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 260-1, 265,298, 299 nuclear weapons 226 Red Army disintegration and 252, 282,332nl4 rifles 161,171,180,326n98 Russian 95,131,159 Safavids: zamburak 107-8,108 Soviet Union 227 tanks 170,227 Wehrmacht
136,185,227,227,231,238, 331n30 Armenians in 185,239 Battle for the Caucasus 238 German troops in the Caucasus 233, 234,236,236,237 High Command (OKW) 230,232, 331n30 Luftwaffe 232,237,331n29,331n52 military alpinism 237 North Caucasian small minorities and 235-7,238-9, 332nn70-71 Operation Edelweiss 232-8,235 Sonderkommando Dromedar 239 Sonderverband Bergmann 236,238 Sonderverband Tamara 239 Soviets serving in 238-9 Unternehmen Wintergewitter (‘Operation Winter Storm’) 238 Warsaw Uprising 238 see also Nazi Germany; World War II White armies/Whites 199,207,218-22, 220,221,328n74,330n213 Cossacks and 218-19,222 Denikin, Anton Ivanovich, General 199,201,204, 207, 210,217,218-22,224,330n201, 330n209 ‘Ice March’ through the Kuban 218 Kolchak, Aleksandr, Admiral 220-1, 330n204 ‘Moscow Directive’ 221 Volunteer Army 199, 201,218-22, 224,225,330n201 see also Russian Civil Wars World Council of Churches (WCC) 243 World Trade Organization (WTO) 305 World War I 170 1914 assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria 170,185 1914-1915 Ottoman attack on Russian fortifications at Sarikami^ 184,186 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement 190, 207,209 1917 Armistice of Erzincan 194,195 1918 Armistice of Mudros 188,196, 200,203-4 1919-1920 Paris Peace Conference 200, 205,207-16 Allied Supreme War Council 206 Armenian and Assyrian villages 186, 327nl5 Bolsheviks/Bolshevik Russia 193-4, 201,207 cotton industry and 196,201 Dashnaks 185, 202,205 the Entente 185,195,327n6 France 185,186,191,203 Gallipoli campaign 186,191,327nl8 Germany 185,191,194,196,200,201, 202 Great Britain 185,186,191,196,201,
202,203-5,206 oil production and 195,196,201-3, 204 Ottoman Empire 178,185-6,190-1, 196,201-4 population displacement 163-4 post-war partition of Ottoman Empire/'mandates' 190-1,210-11, 327nl76 POWs 199,327nl0 railways 196 Russian Empire 174,185-6,187, 190-1,193-4,328n42 Treaty of Batumi 200,329n88 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 194,196 Treaty of Lausanne 211 Treaty of Sèvres 210-11,212,263 Treaty of Versailles 210 see also Paris Peace Conference World War II 170 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour 239 1942 Tripartite Agreement 240,241 1945 Yalta Agreements 239,240 Armenians in 185,239,240 Azerbaijan 245 Battle for the Caucasus 238 Dashnaks 239 Nazi Germany 232-8 oil and gas 230,232,245,331n29, 331n48 population displacement 163-4 POWs 238,240 railways 233 Red Army and Caucasians 239-40, 239,241 Soviet Union 221,237-8 see also Nazi Germany; Wehrmacht X xenophobia 173 Y Yalta Agreements (1945) 239,240 Yarmuk group 290 Yeni Azarbaycan Partiyasi (New Azerbaijan Party) 260 Yerkrapah 263 Yernjak 35,75,76 Young Turks 176 1878 Berlin Congress 177 Armenian Genocide 175 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) 164,176 Dashnaksand 176 triumvirate dictatorship 176,328n28 Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001) 334n2 Zviadists 270,272 |
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| author | Baumer, Christoph 1952- |
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| author_facet | Baumer, Christoph 1952- |
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| author_sort | Baumer, Christoph 1952- |
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| bvnumber | BV049470558 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1422435298 (DE-599)BVBBV049470558 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4145395-5 Bildband gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Bildband |
| id | DE-604.BV049470558 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:16:27Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T10:08:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780755636280 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034816173 |
| oclc_num | 1422435298 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | VIII, 376 Seiten Karten 29 cm |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | I.B. Tauris |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Baumer, Christoph 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)121540626 aut History of the Caucasus Volume 2 In the shadow of great powers Christoph Baumer London I.B. Tauris 2023 VIII, 376 Seiten Karten 29 cm txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Illustrationen überwiegend in Farbe (DE-588)4145395-5 Bildband gnd-content (DE-604)BV047600661 2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9780755636303 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9780755651214 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034816173&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034816173&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034816173&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034816173&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Ortsregister Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034816173&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Sachregister |
| spellingShingle | Baumer, Christoph 1952- History of the Caucasus |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4145395-5 |
| title | History of the Caucasus |
| title_auth | History of the Caucasus |
| title_exact_search | History of the Caucasus |
| title_exact_search_txtP | History of the Caucasus |
| title_full | History of the Caucasus Volume 2 In the shadow of great powers Christoph Baumer |
| title_fullStr | History of the Caucasus Volume 2 In the shadow of great powers Christoph Baumer |
| title_full_unstemmed | History of the Caucasus Volume 2 In the shadow of great powers Christoph Baumer |
| title_short | History of the Caucasus |
| title_sort | history of the caucasus in the shadow of great powers |
| topic_facet | Bildband |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034816173&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034816173&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034816173&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034816173&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034816173&sequence=000009&line_number=0005&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV047600661 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT baumerchristoph historyofthecaucasusvolume2 |