Biology of infectious disease: from molecules to ecosystems
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[2023]
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| Beschreibung: | xv, 330 Seiten Illustrationen |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Medical microbiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Public health | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Immunology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Diseases | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Microbial ecology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biology | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents 1 Introduction to Infectious Diseases. 1.1 Current Impact of Human Infectious Diseases: The Good News. 1.2 Emergence and Reemergence of Human Infectious Diseases: The Bad News. 1.3 Infectious Diseases in Animals. 1.4 Infectious Diseases in Plants. 1.5 Biology and the Need for Better Understanding of Infectious Diseases. 1.6 Chapter Summary. Further Reading. 2 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 The Germ Theory Paradigm. 9 2.1 Perceptions of Infectious Diseases Before the Germ Theory. 9 2.2 Early Contributionsto Germ Theory. 10 2.3 Louis Pasteur’s Contributions to the Germ Theory. 12 Robert Koch’s Contributions to the Germ Theory. Major Advancements Since the Acceptance of Germ Theory. Contributions of Germ Theory to Combating
Disease. 2.6.1 Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene. 2.6.2 Vector Control. 2.6.3 Vaccination. 2.6.4 Antibiotics. 2.7 Chapter Summary. Further Reading. 14 15 17 18 19 19 21 22 22 3 Host-Microbe Interactions and Infectious Disease. 3.1 Microbes as Pathogens. 3.2 Basic Concepts in Host-Microbe Interactions. 3.3 Temporal Progression of a Host-Microbe Interaction. 3.4 The Diversity of Host-Microbe Interactions: Mutualism, Commensalism, 23 23 24 26 and Parasitism. 3.5 What Is a Pathogen? Pathogenicity and Virulence. 3.6 Damage-Response Framework. 3.7 An Interaction-Centric
Perspective on Disease. 3.8 The Environmental Context of Host-Microbe Interactions. 3.9 Chapter Summary. Further.Reading. 27 27 29 30 31 32 33 2.4 2.5 2.6 4 Viruses. 35 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Viral Morphology. Viral Genomes. Evolutionary Origin of Viruses. Classification of Viruses by Production of Messenger RNA (mRNA). Viral Gene Expression and Pathogenesis. 36 38 39 39 40 ix
Contents X 4.6 Mutation and Recombination/Reassortment in Viruses. 4.7 Viral Infection Cycles. 4.8 Positive-Sense ssRNA Viruses: Poliovirus. 4.9 dsDNA Viruses: Adenovirus. 4.10 Negative-Sense ssRNA Viruses: Influenza A Virus. 4.11 Retroviruses: HIV. 4.12 Viruses of Bacteria and Archaea. 4.13 Plant Viruses: Tobacco Mosaic Virus. 4.14 Prions. 4.15 Chapter Summary. Further Reading. 43 44 44 45 46 48 49 52 52 53 54 5 Bacteria. 5.1 Bacterial Morphology. 5.2
Biofilms. 5.3 Bacterial Genomes. 5.4 Horizontal Gene Transfer. 5.5 Bacterial Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors. 5.6 E. coli. 5.7 Vibrio cholerae. 5.8 Staphylococcus aureus. 5.9 Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 5.10 Bacterial Plant Pathogens. 5.11 Chapter Summary. Further Reading. 55 56 59 60 61 62 64 66 67 68 68 70 70 6 Protozoa. 6.1 Protozoan
Morphology. 6.2 Protozoan Reproduction. 6.2.1 Asexual Reproduction. 6.2.2 Sexual Reproduction. 6.3 Protozoan Genomics. 6.4 Protozoan Life Cycles. 6.5 Entamoeba histolytica. 6.6 Plasmodium falciparum. 6.7 Toxoplasma gondii. 6.8 Trypanosomes. 6.8.1 Trypanosoma brucei. 6.8.2 Trypanosoma cruzi. 6.9 Leishmania Species. 6.10 Protozoan Parasites of
Animals. 6.11 Protozoan Parasites of Plants. 6.12 Chapter Summary. Further Reading. 71 73 76 76 76 77 77 78 79 82 83 83 83 84 86 86 87 87 7 Helminths. 7.1 Nematode Biology. 7.1.1 Nematode Morphology. 7.1.2 Nematode Reproduction. 7.1.3 Nematode Genomics. 7.1.4 Nematode Pathogenesis. 7.2 Nematode Parasites of Humans. 7.2.1 Soil-Transmitted Nematodes. 7.2.2 Filarial Nematodes. 89 90 91 91 92 92 93 93 95
xi Contents 7.2.3 Guinea Worm. 96 Nematode Parasites of Domesticated and Other Animals. 97 Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. 98 Entomopathogenic Nematodes. 98 Platyhelminthes (Flatworms). 99 Cestode (Tapeworms) Biology. 100 7.7.1 Tapeworms in Humans. 101 7.7.2 Tapeworms in Livestock and Other Animals. 102 7.8 Trematode (Flukes) Biology. 103 7.8.1 Flukes in Humans. 106 7.9 Biology of Monogenea. 106 7.10 Chapter Summary. 107 Further Reading. 108 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 8
Fungi. 109 8.1 Fungal Morphology. 110 8.2 Fungal Reproduction. Ill 8.3 Fungal Genomics. 112 8.4 Fungal Pathogenesis. 113 8.5 Environmental Fungal Pathogens of Humans. 115 8.6 Commensal Fungi that Infect Humans. 116 8.7 Fungal Pathogens of Plants. 116 8.8 Fungal Pathogens of Insects. 118 8.9 Microsporidia.118 8.10 Emerging Fungal Diseases of Wildlife and Trees. 119 8.11 Oomycetes. 120 8.12 Chapter Summary. 122 Further
Reading. 122 9 Vertebrate Immune Systems. 123 9.1 Overview of Innate Immunity in Humans and Other Vertebrates. 123 9.2 Physical Barriers. 124 9.3 Blood Cells that Function in Immunity. 124 9.4 Recognition of Microbes by Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). 125 9.5 Destruction of Invading Microbes by Innate Immune Cells. 127 9.5.1 Phagocytosis. 127 9.5.2 Extracellular Release of Toxic Compounds. 128 9.5.3 Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. 128 9.5.4 Natural Killer Cells. 128 9.6 Inflammatory Responses. 129 9.7 Surveillance by Antigen-Presenting Cells. 130 9.8 An Overview of Adaptive Immunity in Humans. 131 9.9
Structures of Antibodies, В-Cell Receptors, and T-Cell Receptors.133 9.10 Diversity of Antigen-Binding Sites. 133 9.11 Activation of T Cells and В Cells. 136 9.12 Humoral Immune Responses. 137 9.13 Cell-Mediated Immune Responses. 139 9.14 Immunologic Memory. 140 9.15 Concluding Remarks. 141 9.16 Chapter Summary. 141 Further Reading. 141
Content: xii 10 Immunity in Invertebrates, Plants, and Prokaryotes. 143 10.1 Innate Immunity in Invertebrates. 143 10.2 Innate Immunity in Plants. 145 10.3 Innate Immunity in Prokaryotes. 147 10.4 Acquired Immunity in Invertebrates, Plants, Fungi, and Prokaryotes. 148 10.5 RNA Interference (RNAi) as a Form of Acquired Immunity. 149 10.6 Acquired Immunity in Prokaryotes: Argonaute and CRISPR/Cas. 150 10.7 Chapter Summary.152 Further Reading. 153 11 Evasion and Suppression of Immunity. 155 11.1 Immune Evasion and the Evolution of Ploidy Level. 155 11.2 Evasion and Suppression of Innate Immunity. 156 11.2.1 Immune Masking. 156 11.2.2 Suppression of Immune Signaling. 157 11.2.3 Suppression of
Phagocytosis.158 11.2.4 Suppression and Induction of Apoptosis.159 11.2.5 Suppression of the Complement System.159 11.2.6 Suppression of Antimicrobial Molecules. 161 11.3 Evasion and Suppression of Adaptive Immunity.161 11.4 Antigenic Variation. 162 11.5 Immune Evasion by Insect and Plant Pathogens. 164 11.5.1 Insect Pathogens. 164 11.5.2 Plant Pathogens. 165 11.5.3 Viral Suppressors of RNA Silencing (VSRs). 166 11.6 Case Studies of Immune Evasion in Human Pathogens. 166 11.6.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). 166 11.6.2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 167 11.6.3 Entamoeba histolytica. 169 11.6.4 Helminths. 170 11.7 The Hygiene or “Old Friends”
Hypothesis. 171 11.8 Concluding Remarks. 172 11.9 Chapter Summary. 172 Further Reading. 173 12 Vaccines, Vaccination, and Immunization. 175 12.1 Passive Immunity. 175 12.2 Immune Responses to Vaccines.177 12.3 Types of Vaccines. 180 12.3.1 First-Generation Vaccines: Live Attenuated, Inactivated and Toxoid Vaccines. 181 12.3.2 Second-Generation Vaccines: Subunit Vaccines. 182 12.3.3 Third-Generation Vaccines: Nucleic Acid Vaccines. 184 12.4 Antigenic Variation in the Context of Vaccines.185 12.5 Herd Immunity and Pathogen Eradication. 187 12.6 Vaccine Testing and Safety. 188
12.7 Vaccine Hesitancy and the Anti-vax Movement. 190 12.8 Chapter Summary. 191 Further Reading. 192 13 The Microbiome and Infectious Disease. 193 13.1 Definitions of Microbiota and Microbiome. 194 13.2 General Properties of Human Microbiomes. 194 13.3 Invertebrate and Plant Microbiomes. 195
xiii Contents Composition and Diversity of the Human Microbiome. 196 13.4.1 Taxonomic Composition of Human Microbiomes. 198 13.4.2 Gene Content of Human Microbiomes. 199 13.4.3 Biotic Regulation of Microbiota Composition. 200 13.4.4 Dysbiosis and Resilience of the Microbiome. 201 13.5 The Microbiome and Mucosal Immunity. 201 13.6 Effects of the Microbiome on Systemic Immunity. 205 13.7 Direct Effects of the Microbiota on Pathogens. 206 13.7.1 Colonization Resistance. 206 13.7.2 Enhanced Virulence in “Healthy” Microbiomes. 207 13.8 Clostridioides difficile and Fecal Microbiota Transplants. 207 13.9 Loss of Diversity in the Human Microbiome.208 13.10 Chapter Summary. 209 Further Reading. 210 13.4 14 Antimicrobial Resistance. 211 14.1 A Brief History of Antibiotic
Discovery. 211 14.2 Genomic Approaches to Antibiotic Discovery. 213 14.3 Classification of Antibiotics. 214 14.4 Resistance to ß-Lactam Antibiotics. 216 14.5 Mechanisms of Resistance. . 217 14.5.1 Inactivation of Antibiotics. 217 14.5.2 Target Site Modification. 217 14.5.3 Reduced Antibiotic Uptake. 218 14.5.4 Increased Efflux of Antibiotics. 218 14.6 Mobile Genetic Elements and Horizontal Gene Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance.218 14.6.1 Intracellular Movement of Antibiotic Resistance Genes.219 14.6.2 Intercellular Movement of Antibiotic Resistance Genes. 219 14.7 Antibiotic Resistance Acquired by Mutations in Chromosomal Genes.221 14.8 The Resistome.221 14.9 Selection for Antibiotic
Resistance. 222 14.10 Antibiotic Use Selects for Resistance. 222 14.10.1 Clinical Use of Antibiotics. 223 14.10.2 Agricultural Use of Antibiotics. 224 14.10.3 Should You Take the Full Course of Antibiotics?.224 14.11 Resistance to Other Antimicrobial Drugs. 225 14.11.1 Antivirals. 225 14.11.2 Antifungals. 226 14.11.3 Antiprotozoals. 227 14.11.4 Anthelmintics. 227 14.12 Outlook for a Post-antibiotic Era. 228 14.13 Chapter Summary. 228 Further Reading.229 15 Vector Biology. 231 15.1 Definition of a
Vector. 231 15.2 Hematophagous Arthropods.233 15.2.1 Mosquitoes. 234 15.2.2 Additional Hematophagous Flies. 236 15.2.3 Ticks. 236 15.2.4 Fleas, Lice, and True Bugs. 238 15.3 Vectors of Plant Pathogens. 239 15.4 Vector-Microbe Interactions. 240
Contents xiv 15.5 Vector Competence and Vectorial Capacity. 242 15.6 Vector Control. 242 15.7 Biological Control of Mosquitoes. 245 15.7.1 Sterile Insect Technique. 245 15.7.2 Incompatible Insect Technique: Wolbachia Infection.245 15.8 Genetic Modification of Vectors. 247 15.8.1 Release of Insects Carrying a Dominant Lethal(RIDL).247 15.8.2 RNA Interference (RNAi). 247 15.8.3 Gene-Drive Systems. 248 15.9 Chapter Summary.250 Further Reading. 251 16 Epidemiology and SIR Models.253 16.1 An Overview of Models and Their Applications to Infectious Diseases. 254 16.2 SIR Models. 255 16.3 Epidemic Thresholds
and the Basic Reproduction Number, Ro. 258 16.4 Herd Immunity. 259 16.5 More Complex SIR Models. 260 16.5.1 Demography. Adding Births and Deaths. 260 16.5.2 The SEIR Model: Modeling the Latent Period. 262 16.5.3 Additional Complexities in SIR Models. 262 16.6 Modeling COVID-19. 265 16.7 Chapter Summary. 267 Further Reading. 268 17 Evolution of Pathogenicity and Virulence. 269 17.1 Definition of Virulence Revisited. 269 17.2 The Avirulence Hypothesis. 270 17.3 Paradigm Shift to an Evolutionary Perspective. 271 17.4 Virulence-Transmission Tradeoff. 271 17.5 Short-Sighted
Evolution. 273 17.6 Coincidental Evolution. 274 17.7 Coevolution of Hosts and Pathogens.276 17.7.1 Definition of Coevolution. 276 17.7.2 Coevolutionary Dynamics. 277 17.8 The Red Queen Hypothesis and the Evolution of Sex. 279 17.9 Chapter Summary. 282 Further Reading. 283 18 Emerging Infectious Diseases. 285 18.1 Emerging Infectious Diseases Revisited. 286 18.2 Reservoirs and Spillover of Zoonotic Pathogens. 288 18.3 Pathogen Adaptation After a Host Jump. 291 18.4 Origins of Infectious Diseases in Humans. 292 18.5 Global Spread of Pathogens. 293 18.6
Human Activities Affecting Emergence of New Pathogens. 293 18.7 Climate Change and Disease Emergence.295 18.8 Disease Emergence in Plants and Animals. 296 18.9 Emergence of Human Diseases: Case Studies. 297 18.9.1 Lyme Disease.297 18.9.2 HIV/AIDS. 298 18.9.3 Influenza. 301 18.10 Pandemic Preparedness: Biology and Surveillance of Pathogens. 302 18.11 Chapter Summary. 302 Further Reading. 303
Contents XV 19 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemie.305 19.1 Coronaviruses. 305 19.2 SARS-CoV-2 Infection Cycle. 306 19.3 Emergence of SARS-CoV-2. 308 19.3.1 Spillover of SARS-CoV-2 to Humans.308 19.3.2 Origin of SARS-CoV-2. 309 19.3.3 Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants. 310 19.4 Epidemiology. 314 19.5 Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2. 317 19.6 Immune Evasion. 318 19.7 Pathology. 318 19.8 Treatment of COVID-19. 319 19.9 Vaccines. 320 19.10 How Does the Pandemic End?. 322 19.11 Chapter
Summary. 323 Further Reading. 324 Index. 325
Michael G. Milgroom Biology of Infectious Disease From Molecules to Ecosystems This textbook provides a broad introduction to the biological processes underlying infectious diseases in a range of hosts and pathogens. The text covers topics at all levels of biological organization, from the molecular and cellular level, organismal level, and population and ecosystem level, and goes well beyond infectious diseases of humans. The details of how microbes interact with their hosts are unique for each interaction, but emphasis is on the common principles of host-pathogen interactions that result in disease. Biology oj Infectious Disease: From Molecules to Ecosystems is aimed at undergraduate and early graduate-level students in biology or public health, including pre-medical and pre-public-health students, who are interested in a broad introduction to infectious disease but do not have any previous background in microbiology or immunology. |
| adam_txt |
Contents 1 Introduction to Infectious Diseases. 1.1 Current Impact of Human Infectious Diseases: The Good News. 1.2 Emergence and Reemergence of Human Infectious Diseases: The Bad News. 1.3 Infectious Diseases in Animals. 1.4 Infectious Diseases in Plants. 1.5 Biology and the Need for Better Understanding of Infectious Diseases. 1.6 Chapter Summary. Further Reading. 2 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 8 The Germ Theory Paradigm. 9 2.1 Perceptions of Infectious Diseases Before the Germ Theory. 9 2.2 Early Contributionsto Germ Theory. 10 2.3 Louis Pasteur’s Contributions to the Germ Theory. 12 Robert Koch’s Contributions to the Germ Theory. Major Advancements Since the Acceptance of Germ Theory. Contributions of Germ Theory to Combating
Disease. 2.6.1 Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene. 2.6.2 Vector Control. 2.6.3 Vaccination. 2.6.4 Antibiotics. 2.7 Chapter Summary. Further Reading. 14 15 17 18 19 19 21 22 22 3 Host-Microbe Interactions and Infectious Disease. 3.1 Microbes as Pathogens. 3.2 Basic Concepts in Host-Microbe Interactions. 3.3 Temporal Progression of a Host-Microbe Interaction. 3.4 The Diversity of Host-Microbe Interactions: Mutualism, Commensalism, 23 23 24 26 and Parasitism. 3.5 What Is a Pathogen? Pathogenicity and Virulence. 3.6 Damage-Response Framework. 3.7 An Interaction-Centric
Perspective on Disease. 3.8 The Environmental Context of Host-Microbe Interactions. 3.9 Chapter Summary. Further.Reading. 27 27 29 30 31 32 33 2.4 2.5 2.6 4 Viruses. 35 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Viral Morphology. Viral Genomes. Evolutionary Origin of Viruses. Classification of Viruses by Production of Messenger RNA (mRNA). Viral Gene Expression and Pathogenesis. 36 38 39 39 40 ix
Contents X 4.6 Mutation and Recombination/Reassortment in Viruses. 4.7 Viral Infection Cycles. 4.8 Positive-Sense ssRNA Viruses: Poliovirus. 4.9 dsDNA Viruses: Adenovirus. 4.10 Negative-Sense ssRNA Viruses: Influenza A Virus. 4.11 Retroviruses: HIV. 4.12 Viruses of Bacteria and Archaea. 4.13 Plant Viruses: Tobacco Mosaic Virus. 4.14 Prions. 4.15 Chapter Summary. Further Reading. 43 44 44 45 46 48 49 52 52 53 54 5 Bacteria. 5.1 Bacterial Morphology. 5.2
Biofilms. 5.3 Bacterial Genomes. 5.4 Horizontal Gene Transfer. 5.5 Bacterial Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors. 5.6 E. coli. 5.7 Vibrio cholerae. 5.8 Staphylococcus aureus. 5.9 Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 5.10 Bacterial Plant Pathogens. 5.11 Chapter Summary. Further Reading. 55 56 59 60 61 62 64 66 67 68 68 70 70 6 Protozoa. 6.1 Protozoan
Morphology. 6.2 Protozoan Reproduction. 6.2.1 Asexual Reproduction. 6.2.2 Sexual Reproduction. 6.3 Protozoan Genomics. 6.4 Protozoan Life Cycles. 6.5 Entamoeba histolytica. 6.6 Plasmodium falciparum. 6.7 Toxoplasma gondii. 6.8 Trypanosomes. 6.8.1 Trypanosoma brucei. 6.8.2 Trypanosoma cruzi. 6.9 Leishmania Species. 6.10 Protozoan Parasites of
Animals. 6.11 Protozoan Parasites of Plants. 6.12 Chapter Summary. Further Reading. 71 73 76 76 76 77 77 78 79 82 83 83 83 84 86 86 87 87 7 Helminths. 7.1 Nematode Biology. 7.1.1 Nematode Morphology. 7.1.2 Nematode Reproduction. 7.1.3 Nematode Genomics. 7.1.4 Nematode Pathogenesis. 7.2 Nematode Parasites of Humans. 7.2.1 Soil-Transmitted Nematodes. 7.2.2 Filarial Nematodes. 89 90 91 91 92 92 93 93 95
xi Contents 7.2.3 Guinea Worm. 96 Nematode Parasites of Domesticated and Other Animals. 97 Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. 98 Entomopathogenic Nematodes. 98 Platyhelminthes (Flatworms). 99 Cestode (Tapeworms) Biology. 100 7.7.1 Tapeworms in Humans. 101 7.7.2 Tapeworms in Livestock and Other Animals. 102 7.8 Trematode (Flukes) Biology. 103 7.8.1 Flukes in Humans. 106 7.9 Biology of Monogenea. 106 7.10 Chapter Summary. 107 Further Reading. 108 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 8
Fungi. 109 8.1 Fungal Morphology. 110 8.2 Fungal Reproduction. Ill 8.3 Fungal Genomics. 112 8.4 Fungal Pathogenesis. 113 8.5 Environmental Fungal Pathogens of Humans. 115 8.6 Commensal Fungi that Infect Humans. 116 8.7 Fungal Pathogens of Plants. 116 8.8 Fungal Pathogens of Insects. 118 8.9 Microsporidia.118 8.10 Emerging Fungal Diseases of Wildlife and Trees. 119 8.11 Oomycetes. 120 8.12 Chapter Summary. 122 Further
Reading. 122 9 Vertebrate Immune Systems. 123 9.1 Overview of Innate Immunity in Humans and Other Vertebrates. 123 9.2 Physical Barriers. 124 9.3 Blood Cells that Function in Immunity. 124 9.4 Recognition of Microbes by Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). 125 9.5 Destruction of Invading Microbes by Innate Immune Cells. 127 9.5.1 Phagocytosis. 127 9.5.2 Extracellular Release of Toxic Compounds. 128 9.5.3 Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. 128 9.5.4 Natural Killer Cells. 128 9.6 Inflammatory Responses. 129 9.7 Surveillance by Antigen-Presenting Cells. 130 9.8 An Overview of Adaptive Immunity in Humans. 131 9.9
Structures of Antibodies, В-Cell Receptors, and T-Cell Receptors.133 9.10 Diversity of Antigen-Binding Sites. 133 9.11 Activation of T Cells and В Cells. 136 9.12 Humoral Immune Responses. 137 9.13 Cell-Mediated Immune Responses. 139 9.14 Immunologic Memory. 140 9.15 Concluding Remarks. 141 9.16 Chapter Summary. 141 Further Reading. 141
Content: xii 10 Immunity in Invertebrates, Plants, and Prokaryotes. 143 10.1 Innate Immunity in Invertebrates. 143 10.2 Innate Immunity in Plants. 145 10.3 Innate Immunity in Prokaryotes. 147 10.4 Acquired Immunity in Invertebrates, Plants, Fungi, and Prokaryotes. 148 10.5 RNA Interference (RNAi) as a Form of Acquired Immunity. 149 10.6 Acquired Immunity in Prokaryotes: Argonaute and CRISPR/Cas. 150 10.7 Chapter Summary.152 Further Reading. 153 11 Evasion and Suppression of Immunity. 155 11.1 Immune Evasion and the Evolution of Ploidy Level. 155 11.2 Evasion and Suppression of Innate Immunity. 156 11.2.1 Immune Masking. 156 11.2.2 Suppression of Immune Signaling. 157 11.2.3 Suppression of
Phagocytosis.158 11.2.4 Suppression and Induction of Apoptosis.159 11.2.5 Suppression of the Complement System.159 11.2.6 Suppression of Antimicrobial Molecules. 161 11.3 Evasion and Suppression of Adaptive Immunity.161 11.4 Antigenic Variation. 162 11.5 Immune Evasion by Insect and Plant Pathogens. 164 11.5.1 Insect Pathogens. 164 11.5.2 Plant Pathogens. 165 11.5.3 Viral Suppressors of RNA Silencing (VSRs). 166 11.6 Case Studies of Immune Evasion in Human Pathogens. 166 11.6.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). 166 11.6.2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 167 11.6.3 Entamoeba histolytica. 169 11.6.4 Helminths. 170 11.7 The Hygiene or “Old Friends”
Hypothesis. 171 11.8 Concluding Remarks. 172 11.9 Chapter Summary. 172 Further Reading. 173 12 Vaccines, Vaccination, and Immunization. 175 12.1 Passive Immunity. 175 12.2 Immune Responses to Vaccines.177 12.3 Types of Vaccines. 180 12.3.1 First-Generation Vaccines: Live Attenuated, Inactivated and Toxoid Vaccines. 181 12.3.2 Second-Generation Vaccines: Subunit Vaccines. 182 12.3.3 Third-Generation Vaccines: Nucleic Acid Vaccines. 184 12.4 Antigenic Variation in the Context of Vaccines.185 12.5 Herd Immunity and Pathogen Eradication. 187 12.6 Vaccine Testing and Safety. 188
12.7 Vaccine Hesitancy and the Anti-vax Movement. 190 12.8 Chapter Summary. 191 Further Reading. 192 13 The Microbiome and Infectious Disease. 193 13.1 Definitions of Microbiota and Microbiome. 194 13.2 General Properties of Human Microbiomes. 194 13.3 Invertebrate and Plant Microbiomes. 195
xiii Contents Composition and Diversity of the Human Microbiome. 196 13.4.1 Taxonomic Composition of Human Microbiomes. 198 13.4.2 Gene Content of Human Microbiomes. 199 13.4.3 Biotic Regulation of Microbiota Composition. 200 13.4.4 Dysbiosis and Resilience of the Microbiome. 201 13.5 The Microbiome and Mucosal Immunity. 201 13.6 Effects of the Microbiome on Systemic Immunity. 205 13.7 Direct Effects of the Microbiota on Pathogens. 206 13.7.1 Colonization Resistance. 206 13.7.2 Enhanced Virulence in “Healthy” Microbiomes. 207 13.8 Clostridioides difficile and Fecal Microbiota Transplants. 207 13.9 Loss of Diversity in the Human Microbiome.208 13.10 Chapter Summary. 209 Further Reading. 210 13.4 14 Antimicrobial Resistance. 211 14.1 A Brief History of Antibiotic
Discovery. 211 14.2 Genomic Approaches to Antibiotic Discovery. 213 14.3 Classification of Antibiotics. 214 14.4 Resistance to ß-Lactam Antibiotics. 216 14.5 Mechanisms of Resistance. . 217 14.5.1 Inactivation of Antibiotics. 217 14.5.2 Target Site Modification. 217 14.5.3 Reduced Antibiotic Uptake. 218 14.5.4 Increased Efflux of Antibiotics. 218 14.6 Mobile Genetic Elements and Horizontal Gene Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance.218 14.6.1 Intracellular Movement of Antibiotic Resistance Genes.219 14.6.2 Intercellular Movement of Antibiotic Resistance Genes. 219 14.7 Antibiotic Resistance Acquired by Mutations in Chromosomal Genes.221 14.8 The Resistome.221 14.9 Selection for Antibiotic
Resistance. 222 14.10 Antibiotic Use Selects for Resistance. 222 14.10.1 Clinical Use of Antibiotics. 223 14.10.2 Agricultural Use of Antibiotics. 224 14.10.3 Should You Take the Full Course of Antibiotics?.224 14.11 Resistance to Other Antimicrobial Drugs. 225 14.11.1 Antivirals. 225 14.11.2 Antifungals. 226 14.11.3 Antiprotozoals. 227 14.11.4 Anthelmintics. 227 14.12 Outlook for a Post-antibiotic Era. 228 14.13 Chapter Summary. 228 Further Reading.229 15 Vector Biology. 231 15.1 Definition of a
Vector. 231 15.2 Hematophagous Arthropods.233 15.2.1 Mosquitoes. 234 15.2.2 Additional Hematophagous Flies. 236 15.2.3 Ticks. 236 15.2.4 Fleas, Lice, and True Bugs. 238 15.3 Vectors of Plant Pathogens. 239 15.4 Vector-Microbe Interactions. 240
Contents xiv 15.5 Vector Competence and Vectorial Capacity. 242 15.6 Vector Control. 242 15.7 Biological Control of Mosquitoes. 245 15.7.1 Sterile Insect Technique. 245 15.7.2 Incompatible Insect Technique: Wolbachia Infection.245 15.8 Genetic Modification of Vectors. 247 15.8.1 Release of Insects Carrying a Dominant Lethal(RIDL).247 15.8.2 RNA Interference (RNAi). 247 15.8.3 Gene-Drive Systems. 248 15.9 Chapter Summary.250 Further Reading. 251 16 Epidemiology and SIR Models.253 16.1 An Overview of Models and Their Applications to Infectious Diseases. 254 16.2 SIR Models. 255 16.3 Epidemic Thresholds
and the Basic Reproduction Number, Ro. 258 16.4 Herd Immunity. 259 16.5 More Complex SIR Models. 260 16.5.1 Demography. Adding Births and Deaths. 260 16.5.2 The SEIR Model: Modeling the Latent Period. 262 16.5.3 Additional Complexities in SIR Models. 262 16.6 Modeling COVID-19. 265 16.7 Chapter Summary. 267 Further Reading. 268 17 Evolution of Pathogenicity and Virulence. 269 17.1 Definition of Virulence Revisited. 269 17.2 The Avirulence Hypothesis. 270 17.3 Paradigm Shift to an Evolutionary Perspective. 271 17.4 Virulence-Transmission Tradeoff. 271 17.5 Short-Sighted
Evolution. 273 17.6 Coincidental Evolution. 274 17.7 Coevolution of Hosts and Pathogens.276 17.7.1 Definition of Coevolution. 276 17.7.2 Coevolutionary Dynamics. 277 17.8 The Red Queen Hypothesis and the Evolution of Sex. 279 17.9 Chapter Summary. 282 Further Reading. 283 18 Emerging Infectious Diseases. 285 18.1 Emerging Infectious Diseases Revisited. 286 18.2 Reservoirs and Spillover of Zoonotic Pathogens. 288 18.3 Pathogen Adaptation After a Host Jump. 291 18.4 Origins of Infectious Diseases in Humans. 292 18.5 Global Spread of Pathogens. 293 18.6
Human Activities Affecting Emergence of New Pathogens. 293 18.7 Climate Change and Disease Emergence.295 18.8 Disease Emergence in Plants and Animals. 296 18.9 Emergence of Human Diseases: Case Studies. 297 18.9.1 Lyme Disease.297 18.9.2 HIV/AIDS. 298 18.9.3 Influenza. 301 18.10 Pandemic Preparedness: Biology and Surveillance of Pathogens. 302 18.11 Chapter Summary. 302 Further Reading. 303
Contents XV 19 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemie.305 19.1 Coronaviruses. 305 19.2 SARS-CoV-2 Infection Cycle. 306 19.3 Emergence of SARS-CoV-2. 308 19.3.1 Spillover of SARS-CoV-2 to Humans.308 19.3.2 Origin of SARS-CoV-2. 309 19.3.3 Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants. 310 19.4 Epidemiology. 314 19.5 Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2. 317 19.6 Immune Evasion. 318 19.7 Pathology. 318 19.8 Treatment of COVID-19. 319 19.9 Vaccines. 320 19.10 How Does the Pandemic End?. 322 19.11 Chapter
Summary. 323 Further Reading. 324 Index. 325
Michael G. Milgroom Biology of Infectious Disease From Molecules to Ecosystems This textbook provides a broad introduction to the biological processes underlying infectious diseases in a range of hosts and pathogens. The text covers topics at all levels of biological organization, from the molecular and cellular level, organismal level, and population and ecosystem level, and goes well beyond infectious diseases of humans. The details of how microbes interact with their hosts are unique for each interaction, but emphasis is on the common principles of host-pathogen interactions that result in disease. Biology oj Infectious Disease: From Molecules to Ecosystems is aimed at undergraduate and early graduate-level students in biology or public health, including pre-medical and pre-public-health students, who are interested in a broad introduction to infectious disease but do not have any previous background in microbiology or immunology. |
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| author | Milgroom, Michael G. ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| dewey-full | 616.9041 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 616 - Diseases |
| dewey-raw | 616.9041 |
| dewey-search | 616.9041 |
| dewey-sort | 3616.9041 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Medizin |
| discipline_str_mv | Medizin |
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| spelling | Milgroom, Michael G. ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1314928848 aut Biology of infectious disease from molecules to ecosystems Michael G. Milgroom Cham Springer [2023] xv, 330 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Medical microbiology Public health Immunology Diseases Microbial ecology Biology Infektionskrankheit (DE-588)4026879-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Infektionskrankheit (DE-588)4026879-2 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-031-38941-2 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034804485&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034804485&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
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| title | Biology of infectious disease from molecules to ecosystems |
| title_auth | Biology of infectious disease from molecules to ecosystems |
| title_exact_search | Biology of infectious disease from molecules to ecosystems |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Biology of infectious disease from molecules to ecosystems |
| title_full | Biology of infectious disease from molecules to ecosystems Michael G. Milgroom |
| title_fullStr | Biology of infectious disease from molecules to ecosystems Michael G. Milgroom |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biology of infectious disease from molecules to ecosystems Michael G. Milgroom |
| title_short | Biology of infectious disease |
| title_sort | biology of infectious disease from molecules to ecosystems |
| title_sub | from molecules to ecosystems |
| topic | Medical microbiology Public health Immunology Diseases Microbial ecology Biology Infektionskrankheit (DE-588)4026879-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Medical microbiology Public health Immunology Diseases Microbial ecology Biology Infektionskrankheit Lehrbuch |
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