Polish American voices: a documentary history, 1608-2020
"This volume presents 145 primary source documents of Polish immigrants from different waves and backgrounds speaking about their lives, concerns, and viewpoints in their own voices, while they grapple with issues of identity and strive to make sense of their lives in the context of migration....
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York ; London
Routledge
[2024]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge advances in American history
25 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This volume presents 145 primary source documents of Polish immigrants from different waves and backgrounds speaking about their lives, concerns, and viewpoints in their own voices, while they grapple with issues of identity and strive to make sense of their lives in the context of migration. Poles have come to America since the Jamestown settlement in 1608 and constituted one of the largest immigrant groups at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. As of 2020, the Census Bureau lists them as the sixth largest ethnic group in the country. The history of their experience is an integral part of the American story as well as that of the broader Polish diaspora. Each of the ten comprehensive chapters presents a specific theme illuminated by a selection of letters, press articles, fragments of memoirs and autobiographical fiction, interviews, organizational papers, and other publications, as well as visual sources such as cartoons, posters, and photographs. Brief introductions to the documents and a "Further Reading" section offer historical context and point readers to additional resources. The book provides students and scholars with a broad understanding and an incentive for future study of the Polish experience in the United States." |
| Beschreibung: | xix, 512 Seiten Illustrationen 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781032343723 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of Figures and Tables Preface Acknowledgments xiii xvi xviii 1 Leaving and Staying 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Kazimierz Pulaski’s Last Letter 1 August Jakubowski Explains Polish Emigration to Americans 5 Leaving for America 8 “Gôralu, Czy Ci Nie Zal” 13 To Return or Not 14 The Question of Immigrant Citizenship 16 Avoiding Immigration Restrictions 18 Life in Poland, Emigration, and Return Visits 20 A Polish Refugee Recalls His Wartime Experiences 23 American Polonia Mobilizes for the Resettlement of Polish Displaced Persons 28 A Poet Reflects on Exile and Resettlement 30 Travels to the Old Country Amidst the Cold War 33 Economic Immigration from Communist Poland 36 Return Migrations of Solidarity Refugees 40 The Demographics of American Polonia 45 2 Family, Community, Neighborhood 16 17 A Polish Appeal to the U.S. Congress for a Land Grant 59 A Letter from Polish Раппа Maria, Texas 66 58
viii Contents 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 An Argument for Hiring Teachers from Poland 69 An American Look at a Polish Community 71 Restrictive Housing Covenants 76 A Clash of Cultures and Generations 77 A Polish American Neighborhood Experiences Change in the Aftermath of World War II 78 Conflict and Cooperation between Old and New Emigrations 83 Urban Renewal and Community Mobilization 87 On the Way 95 The Decline of Organizational Life in Polonia Communities 96 Generations of Polish American Women Work Together 102 Polish Immigrant Gay Men in Chicago 107 The Pulaski Day Parade 116 Polish Festivals 117 3 Religion and Church 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 The Incorporation of a Polish Roman Catholic Parish 122 An Argument in Favor of Polish Parochial Schools 124 Constitution of the Polish Roman Catholic Union 127 An Argument for Polish Bishops in America 130 Turmoil in Cleveland’s St. John Cantius Parish 136 The Tenets and Aims of the Polish National Catholic Church 144 Polish Lutherans in Baltimore, Maryland 146 Polish Americans Express Their Concerns about Church Representation in Letters to the Editor 148 St. Mary of Czçstochowa Church in Torrington, CT, Celebrates Its Golden Jubilee 151 A Sociologist Observes Changes in a Detroit Parish 156 Karol Cardinal Wojtyla Visits Polonia 161 Closing Traditionally Polish Churches 165 The Tradition of Easter Food Blessing— Swiçconka 166 121
Contents 4 Organizations and Networks ix 171 Organizing Polonia’s Youth 172 Resolution of a Detroit Sejm in Favor of Polish Independence 174 46 An Appeal to Polish Women 176 47 The Polish Welfare Association 178 48 Constitution of the Polish National Alliance 183 49 The Polish Falcons Alliance of America 185 50 Bylaws of the Polish Workingmen’s Hall Association, Inc. 186 51 The National Committee of Americans of Polish Descent Builds a Political Lobby 187 52 Creation of the Polish American Congress as a Political Umbrella Organization 188 53 Polish Scouting Troops Form in the United States 191 54 The Polish-Language Press at Midcentury 192 55 Solidarity and Human Rights Organizations of the 1980s and 1990s 196 56 Polish Highlanders Preserve Their Regional Cultural Ethnicity in America 199 57 Polish Saturday Schools 201 44 45 5 Making a Living The Polish Presence in Jamestown 207 An Appeal to Worker Solidarity 209 A Condemnation of Labor Violence 211 Farmers and Migrant Labor 213 Recollections of a Young Girl Adjusting to Life on Her Own in New York 215 63 Working in the Stockyards 221 64 Polish Workers on Strike 226 65 Becoming an Entrepreneur 227 66 Depression Despair 228 67 A Detroit Auto Worker Talks About His Job 230 68 A Polish American Businesswoman Reflects on Discrimination in the Workplace 235 69 The Experience of Polish Immigrant Women Cleaners in New York 239 58 59 60 61 62 206
X Contents 70 71 72 From a Mother’s Kitchen to Big Business 247 The Polonia Business Association Revitalizes an Old Neighborhood 248 Polish Small Businesses 249 6 Arts, Sports, and Leisure 254 The Polish Slavonian Literary Association 255 Ethnic Theater 257 The Polish Singer’s Alliance of America 259 The Polish Museum of America 260 The Debate About Sports 262 An Ameryka-Echo Reader Enjoys a Concert by the Warsaw Philharmonic 265 79 Polka Culture in Western Massachusetts Polonia 266 80 “My Melody of Love” by Bobby Vinton 269 81 Stan Musial, a Polish American Baseball Legend 270 82 Coach Mike Krzyzewski Talks about Polish Pride on Polish Constitution Day 272 83 Polish Musical Traditions in Polonia 275 84 Polish Folk Dance Groups 276 73 74 75 76 77 78 7 Identity 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 The Columbian Exposition 280 Waclaw Kruszka Explains What It Means to be a Pole in America 288 Celebrating the January Insurrection 294 The Kosciuszko Monument in Washington, DC 295 An Immigrant’s Dilemma 296 A Voice about Assimilation 297 “Will the Poles be Denationalized in America?” 299 A Young Polish American Immigrant Reflects on Inter-Generational Conflict 301 Edward Piszek Rediscovers His Roots 305 “The Silent Emigration” 311 Fighting Ethnic Prejudice 322 Growing Up Polish in South Chicago 324 “All in the Family” 330 Two Homelands, One Heart 331 Polish American Women Promote Polish Culture 332 279
Contents 8 Military Service xi 336 100 Wlodzimierz Krzyzanowski Supports the Union 336 101 Gaspard Tochman Explains His Support of the Confederacy 339 102 Paderewski Calls for “a Free, United and Independent Poland!” 346 103 Recruiting a Polish American Army 350 104 Polish Americans at Camp Kosciuszko 351 105 Polish Americans Fight in the American Military during World War II and Support the War Effort 356 106 A Polish American Fighter Pilot Becomes an American Ace 357 107 A Mother’s Lament 362 108 A Polish Army Veteran Enrolls in the U.S. Army During the Korean War 363 109 The “Wyrwa Affair” 367 110 A Polish American Family Copes with the Legacy of Vietnam 369 9 American Life Tadeusz Kosciuszko’s American Will 382 Ernestine Potocka Rose Promotes Women’s Rights 384 Adam Gurowski Criticizes Slavery in America 389 Marie Zakrzewska Reflects on the Gender Difference in Names 392 115 Poles Celebrate Columbus Day 397 116 An Editorial Opposing Anarchism 401 117 The Meaning of Freedom in America 404 118 Polish Americans Protest Immigration Restriction 407 119 A Petition Opposing the Literacy Test for Immigrants 413 120 Dziennik Chicagoski Comments on Anti-Trust Legislation 415 121 John Smulski Explains Why Poles Should Purchase Liberty Bonds 416 122 Poles in Detroit Support the Neutrality Acts 417 123 Fighting McCarthyism 419 124 In Defense of Medicare 424 111 112 113 114 382
xii Contents 125 Detroit’s Black-Polish Conference: “A Statement of Purpose” 425 126 Who Speaks for Ethnic America? 426 127 The Bakke Case 429 128 Polish-Jewish Dialogue 435 129 The Katyn Memorial 440 10 For Poland 448 130 Polish Americans Speak Out on Poland 449 131 A Polish National Alliance Resolution on Polish Independence 452 132 The Dilemma of Diaspora Support in World War I 455 133 Dziennik Chicagoski Comments on Poland’s Changing Status in Europe 459 134 Statement of the Polish Victims’ Relief Fund 461 135 Marta Graczyk Describes Her Experience in the Polish Grey Samaritans 463 136 The Relationship of the Diaspora to Poland 468 137 Polonia Organizations Call for Action after the Outbreak of World War II 470 138 American Polonia Mobilizes for the War Effort 471 139 US Congressional Committee Investigates the Katyn Massacre 473 140 ACEN Challenges Soviet Policy in East Central Europe 475 141 Polonia Supports the Protests of Polish Workers 479 142 Reactions to Martial Law in Poland 481 143 Supporting Solidarity 483 144 Midwestern Polonia Organizes for Elections in Poland 485 145 An Argument for the Expansion of NATO 487 Further Reading Index 493 501
Index Adamski, Michael 285 Adesko, Thaddeus V. 30 Alexander, Sr. 155 Alinsky, Saul 91 “All in the Family” 323, 330-331 Allen, Steve 323 Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers 209 Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America 422-423 American Committee for the Protection of Foreign born 419-420 American Committee for the Resettlement of Polish Displaced Persons 28; brochure about displaced persons 28-30 American Council for Nationalities Service 193 American Czçstochowa see National Shrine of Our Lady of Czçstochowa American Federation of Labor 186 American Slav Congress 420 Amista, Joanne 155 Amlicke, Mansfield G. 190 Ampère, Jean-Jacques 342 Amsterdam, Morey 323 anarchism Polish opposition to 401-404 Andersz, Tadeusz 360-361 Andrey, Stephie 152 Andrzejewska, Joanna 471 Andrzejkowski, Juliusz 183 Angelo, Joseph 267 anti-defamation activities 322-34 anti-trust legislation 415-416 Arlet, Wieslaw 480 Armia Krajowa (Home Army) 23-24, 363,481 Arnista, Anthony 154-155 Assembly of Captive European Nations 475-76; memorandum on European peace settlement 476-479 assimilation argument against 299-301; argument for 297-298; difficulty with 296-297 Atlantic Charter 189-190 auto workers 230-235 Babel, Arkadiusz 487 Baj, Kazimiera 24 Bakke, Allan P. 429; Bakke discrimination case 429-435 Baldeski [Baldesqui], Joseph 3-4 Balucki, Michal 13; lyrics for “Gôralu, czy ci nie zal” 13-14 Banczakiewicz 60-61, 63; application for land grant 59-60; report to Polish Committee in Paris (1835) 62-66 Baficzyk, Stanislaw 480 Banfi, Anna 152, 155 Bar Confederation 1 Barqcz, E 284-285 Baringer, F.
410 Baroni, Gino 427 Bartoszewski, Wladyslaw 438 Bask-Mostwin, S. 198 Batory, Stephen 284 Bedkin [Bidkeen], Henry 4 Bell, John 336
502 Index Benda, Wladyslaw T. 350, 471—472; Polish Army recruiting poster 350-351; Polish Relief poster 471-472 Bialasiewicz, Jozef 194, 436-438 Biedrofi, Rozalia 471 Bielawski, Melvin R. 79; changes in Polish community due to World War II 79-83 Bigosiriski, Jerry T. 363-364; experience in Korean War 364-367 bishops, argument for Polish 130-135 Bismarck, Otto von 131, 288 Black Madonna 162 Black-Polish Conference 425-426 Blackwell, Elizabeth 393 Blaszczynski, Andre B. 485 Blazonczyk, Eddie 266-267 Blejwas, Stanislaus 163, 259 Bochniarz, Zbigniew 487 Bocian, Adam 148 Bojho, Jacob 22 Bonaparte, Napoleon 5-6 Bose, Charles von 3 Boulay, Louise 154 Braeme, Charlotte 220 Brando, Marlon 323 Breckinridge, John C. 336 Breclaw, Bronislawa 471 Brooks, Norman 360 Brown, John 390 Bryan, William Jennings 415 Bryant, Koby 273 Brzega, Wojciech 200 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 165, 487—488; argument for expansion of NATO 488-490 Buczek, Daniel S. 163 Budek-Bielski, Ewa 235-236; experiences discrimination in the workplace 235-239 Budzinski, Μ. 399 Bukoski, Anthony 97, 369; “The President of the Past” 97-101; “The World at War” 369-377 Burke, Karol 480 Burnett, Carol 323 Buzinski, Francis 154 Buzinski, Helen 152,155 Camp Kosciuszko (Canada) 351-355 Carson, Johnny 323 Carter, Jimmy 164-165,235, 487 Cartwright, John K. 480 Catholicism among Poles 69, 72, 74, 82-83, 121-122, 130-131, 144,148-150; concerns about representation 148-150; see also bishops; Easter blessing, Felician Sisters; parish; Resurrection, Congregation of; schools; Second Vatican Council census data (US, 2021) 45-53 Chepiga, Ann 154
Chicago community 87-94, 324—330 “Chicago 21” Plan 87-88 Chlopicki, Louis 64 Chmielmska, Stefania 176 Chopin, Frédéric 284 Chrobot, Leonard 437-438 Chrusciel, Antoni “Monter” 480 Chrzanowska, Hanna 177 Churchill, Winston 307 Ciechanowski, Jan 480 Cienciara, Felicja 471 citizenship 16; US, arguments about obtaining 17-18, 36; US data and regulations 17-18, 20; US regulations, avoiding 18-20 Clayton Anti-Trust Act 415 cleaning workers 239-247 Cleveland, Grover 413 Cohen, Joseph 8 Cohen, Rose 8; explains migration experience 8-12 Columbian Exposition 280; Polish Americans at 280-288 Columbus, Christopher 280, 397 Columbus Day celebration of (by Polonia) 397-398 community life 58, 71, 78-83, 87-94, 96-97, 34-330 Confederation of Bar see Bar Confederation Congress of Industrial Organizations 23, 224 cultural transmission 102-107 Curley, James Μ. 30 Cyzyk, Wojciech 148 Czartoryski, Adam 63
Index 503 Czausz, Adolph 155 Czolgosz, Leon 401 Daneska, Maria C. 471 Danielewicz, Helena 480 Danisch, Frank P. 173 Davis, Paulina Wright 384 Dearden, John 150 Dçbicki, Roman 480 demographics see census denationalization 299-301 Depression life in 228-230 Dewey, John 174 Diehl, Conrad 412 Diller, Phyllis 323 discrimination against Poles 235-239, 322-324, 330; see also anti defamation activities displaced persons 188; camps 23,191, 363, 367; questionnaire 28-30; resettlement of 28-30, 84-87 Displaced Persons Act 23, 28, 83, 436, 448; Public Law 774, 29 Dmowski, Roman 174,455 Dolina Polish Folk Dancers 276-277 Domazewski, Stanley 154 Dondero, George A. 474-475 Douglas, Stephen A. 336 Dowd, Bernard J. 30 Drage, George 452 Dreszer, Rudolf 480 Duda, Andrej 442 Dudzik, Jozefa 178 Dunikowski, Emil 70 Durian, C. H. 411 Dwyer, Bethy 237 Dymek, Francis 30 Dzialo, William 155 Dziewanowska, Ada 192 Dziuk, Johan 67 Easter blessing 166 Egan, John 91 Ehrenkreutz, Andrzej S. 198; on human rights 197-198 Eichstaedt, Vincent E 173 Eisenhower, Dwight 365 Elipidon see Balucki, Michal Elizabeth 1207 Employee Income Security Act 238 entrepreneurship 227-228, 248-250 Erdmans, Mary 40; interviews with Solidarity refugees 40-44 ethnic identity 279, 288-293, 305-311, 312-322, 331-332 Ethnic Millions Political Action Committee 324 Etienne, Paul D. 166 Fador, Francis 154 Falcons (Polish) see Polish Falcons Alliance of America farming 213-214, 312-322 Federal Writers Project 18, 20 Felician Sisters 156 Feluks, Johan 68 festivals 117 Fiedorczyk, Henry 155 First Polish Lutheran Evangelical Church
(Baltimore) 146-147; constitution of 147-148 Fisher, Barbara A. 471 Flick, George 154 Flood, Daniel J. 474-475 folk dancing 276-277 Folsom, George 256 Four Freedoms 190 Frank, Rozalia 178 Franklin, Benjamin 2 Franz Joseph I (Austria) 460 freedom 404-407 Freud, Sigmund 323 Frowne, Sadie 215; sweatshop experience 215-221 Fugitive Slave Law 387 Furcolo, Foster 474 G. I. Bill 79, 363-364 Gabreski, Francis Stanley 357-358; World War II experiences 358-362 Gailunas, Stella 152 Galica, Andrzej 200 Galicia 6-7,13,16,131,172,456-458 Gallatin, Albert 63-65 Garbo, Greta 77 Gawarecka, Antonina 471 Gawronski, Waclaw 261 gay male experience 107-116 Gedgowd, Tadeusz 464 generational conflict 77-78,301-305; between old and new immigrants 37-38, 83-87
504 Index German Republican Association 337-338 Gibasiewicz, Jadwiga 471 Gierat, Ewa Karpinska 34,191; “Case of Trips to Poland” 34-35; “Effects of Communist Propaganda” 35; letter about visiting communist Poland 35-36 Gierat, Stanislaw 34 Gieryk, Theodore 183 Gill, Sylvia 238 Gladych, Mike 361 Glaser, Herb 237 Gollup, Anna 8 Golluo, Avro 8 Gollup, Rahel 8; see also Cohen, Rose Gompers, Samuel 186 Goodman, Ernest 423 gôrale 13,162 “Gôralu, czy ci nie zal” 13-14; musical score 14 Gorecki, Henryk 201 Graczyk, Marta 463-464; memoir of Gray Samaritans 464-468 Gray, Gilda 77 Gray Samaritans 448; 463-464 memoir of activities 464-468 Greeley, Andrew 426 Greeley, Horace 389 Grochmals, Felix 267 Groenwald, Anthony 398 Gromada, Jan W. 162,199 Gromada, Thaddeus V. 161,199; describes visit by Cardinal Wojtyla 161-165; reflects on Polish Highlanders Alliance 199-201 Grottger, Artur 284 Gryszôwka, Henryk 264 Gubala, Tadeusz Roman 23-24; displaced person experience 26-27; life in US 27; World War II experience 24-27 Gul, Gerard 145 Gunther, Blair E 30,190 Gurowski, Adam 389-390; criticism of slavery 390-392 Guzlowski, John 30-31; “Dumb Polacks” 32; “Polish Triangle” 31-32; “Refugees” 31; “The Old Country” 32-33 Gwinczewski, Felix 59, 64 Gwizdz, Feliks 200 Hague Convention 449; petition for Polish independence 449-452 Haiman, Miecislaus 356 Hakluyt, Richard 207 Haley, Bill 328 Haller, Jozef 448 Hamborsky, Dwight 423 Hamor, Mary Ann 152 Hamor, Paul, Jr. 152 Hannon, Philip Μ. 480 harcerstwo see scouting Harrison, Carter H. 281, 283, 286, 413 Hartford Polish Saturday School 201 Hasselmann,
Wilhelm 402 Havel, Vaclav 488 Havemeyer, William F. 256 Hayes, Patick Cardinal 85 Hempstead, E. A. 407 Henry VIII, King 135 Hitchcock Bill 174 Hodur, Franciszek 136,144-145 Holt, Henry 215 Holy Family Orphanage (Chicago) 182 Home Army 23-24, 363, 481 Homestead strike 209, 211 Hoover, Herbert 85 Hope, Bob 323 Horstmann, Ignatius Frederick 136 House Un-American Activities Committee 420 Housing Acts (US) 87 housing restrictive covenants 76-77 Houston Harvest Festival (Polish) 117 Hozyusz, Stanislaw Cardinal 284 Hudak, Eva 155 Hudson, Joe 238 Hufce Polskie 191 Humphrey, Hubert 487 Hurko, Iosif 294 image of Polonia 71-76, 312-322, 330 Immigration Act of 1903 401 Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952 420-421, 424 immigration restriction 407-413 Immigration Restriction League 407,413 International Refugee Organization 28-29
Index 505 Ireland, John 122-123; incorporation of a parish 122-124 Iranek-Osmecki, Kazimierz 198, 438 Izienicki, Hubert 107; interviews with gay men 107-116 Jablonski, Franciszek H. 285, 407, 409 Jachimowska, Salomea 471 Jackson, Andrew 61 Jadwiga, Queen (Poland) 177, 284 Jagiello, Walter “Li’l Wally” 266 Jagiello, Wladyslaw II284, 295 Jaksina, Edward 154-156 Jakubowski, August 5; explains Polish migration 5-7 James I 207 James, LeBron 273 Jamestown colony 207-209, 329 Janicki, Zbigniew 361 Jankowski, John 155 January Insurrection 13,172, 185, 294 Jarecki, Frank 362 Jarocki, Jozef 230; letter about Depression 229-230 Jaroszynska-Kirchmann, Anna 487 Jarzynska, Helena 471 Jasna Gora 162 Jazwinski, Jerry 362 Jefferson, Thomas 383 Jerzykowicz, S. 64 John XXIII, Pope 157 John Paul II, Pope 161,164; visit to US 161-165 Johnson, Lyndon 315, 487 Kachnowski, F. J. 190 Kaczmarek, Jan 480 Kalinowski, Doris 155 Kalinowski, Frank 154 Kania, Jospeh L. 260-261 Kaptur, Marcy 88, 94 Karabasz, Anthony 453 Karez, Valerian 30 Karge, Jozef 265 Karlowski, Victor 398 Karpmska-Gierat, Ewa see Gierat, Ewa Karpinska Karski, Jan 480 Karwacki, Marion T. 154 Kasprowicz, Jan 201 Katyn Massacre US Congress investigates 473—475 Katyn Memorial (New Jersey) 440-442 Keating, W Dennis 136 Kedron, Henry 199 Kedron, Jane 199 Kelly, Edward J. 261 Kennedy, John E 90, 487 Kielar, W. 263-264 Kikulski, Joseph 422 Kilar, Wojciech 201 Kiolbassa, Peter 281, 285, 399 Klarkowska, Anna 178 Klonoski, Edward 154-155 Klonoski, Steven 153 Kluczyhska, Barbara 471 Kochanowski, Jan 284 Kocinski, Joseph P. 136-138, 140-141;
letter about parish dissention 138-140 Komorek, Wladyslaw 42; return Solidarity migration to Poland 42-43 Komorowski, Tadeusz “Bor” 480 Konopka, L. 149; letter about church representation 148-149 Korbonski, Stefan 480 Korczak, Janusz 24-25 Korean War 363-367 Kos, Frances 152 Kos, Stephen 152 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz 5, 77-78, 281, 283,285-287, 329, 339, 350351; 355, 382-383; American will 382-384; cartoon 78; monuments to 93-94, 295 (photo) 296 Kosciuszko Foundation 162,164, 265, 287 Kosciuszko Monument (DC) 295-296; photo of 295 Kosciuszko Uprising 296 Kovats, Michael 3 Kowalska, Marya 178 Kowalski, John 151-152 Kowalski, Thaddeus L. 322 Kozlowska, Stefania 466 Kozubowski, Jan 487 Kraitsir, Charles 59-60, 63-65 Krajewski, John 157-158
506 Index Krajewski, Stanisiaw 436 Kraszewski, Jozef Ignacy 284-436 Krawiec, John 435-436; account of Polish-Jewish Dialogue 436-440 Krawiec, Walter 95; urban renewal cartoon 96 Krol, John 150 Krol, John Cardinal 161 Krôlik, Franciszka 178 Kruszka, Michal 194 Kruszka, Waclaw 131, 288; Polish ethnic identity 288-293; “Polyglot Bishops for Polyglot Diocese” 131-135 Kryszak, Maria O. 471 Krzycki, Leo 423 Krzyzanowski, Wlodzimierz (Wladimir) B. 336-337; supports Union in Civil War 337-338 Krzyzewski, Emily Pituch 272 Krzyzewski, Mike 272; speech on Polish pride 272-274 Krzyzewski, William 272 Kujawski, Leon A. 136-137,141-142; letter about parish dissention 137-138 Kulesza, Jozef 154-155 Kulesza, Mary 154 Kulesza, Ted 154 Kulo, Carl 155 Kulturkampf 131, 288 Kuniczak, W. S. 311; speech on image of Polonia 311-322 Kurowski, Lilian 276 Kurowski, Ray 276 Kusielewicz, Eugene 163, 436 Kwiatkowski, Aleksander 480 La Buy, Μ. A. 285-286 Laboda, Adam 20; life in Poland 20-21; life in US 21-23; return visit to Poland 21-23 labor see organized labor labor violence 211-213 Lackwood, Tammy 237 Lafayette, Marquis de 6 Eagodzinska, Adele 30, 194 Lake, William Anthony 487-488 land grant appeal for (1833) 59-60; grant to (1834) 61; report about (1835) 62-66 Lane, Arthur Bliss 368, 473 Langiewicz, Mr. — 86 Lanowski, Witold 361 Lapin, Julian 148 Latwis, Wiktoria Μ. 471 Lawrence, David L. 30 Le Pan, Arthur D’Orr 352 Leer, Norman 330 Lemhagen, Barbara 237 Lerski, Jerzy Jan 5 Lewondowski, David 155 Li belt, Karol 290 Liberty Bonds 417 Lilia, Frank 122-123 Lincoln, Abraham 336 Lincoln, Benjamin 4
Lipinski, Edward 480 Lipinski, Theodore 154 Lipski, Jozef 480 Lira Ensemble (Chicago) 275 Lisztewnik, A. 282, 399 literacy test 413-415 Lodge, Henry Cabot 330,407-409,413 Long, Huey 424 Lopacihska, Maria 471 Eukomski, Kazimierz 436 Lush, Marion 328 Luther, Martin 135, 147 Lutherans, Polish 146-147; constitution of 147-148 Lutyka, Jan 480 Lwôw Exposition 280 Machnikowski, L. 282 Machrowicz, Thaddeus Μ. 161, 474-475 Madden, Ray J. 474-475 Majer, Dominic 69,122; argues for hiring teachers from Poland 69-71 Majewski, Adam 398 Malczewski, Konstanty 5 Maliszewski, Sophie 157 Mallek, Antoni 259 Marcell, —, Apostolic Delegate 150 Marciniak, Ed 88; report on urban renewal 88-95
Index 507 Marella, Paul 136,140 Martial Law (in Poland) 196, 483; reaction of Polonia 481-483 Martin, A. P. 411 Martin, Dean 323 Masiak, Kazimierz 40; return Solidarity migration to Poland 40-42 Matecki, Jozef 480 Maybury, William C. 410 Mayer see Majer, Dominic Mazewski, Aloysius 436 McCarran Walter Act 420-421,424 McCarthy, Joseph 419 McCarthyism 419-424 McCormack, John W. 30 McCoskry, Samuel A. 256 McCauley, Frank 360 McGrath, Howard J. 30 McKinley, William 401 McNamara, John 480 Medicare argument for 424-425 Meguide, —, Archbishop 150 Mçkarska-Kozlowska, Basia 35 Meyer, Albert Gregory Cardinal 91 Miasek, Henry 154 Michalska, Marianna 77 Mickiewicz, Adam 7, 284, 291 Midowicz, C. 286-288 Mieczkowski, John 143 Mieroslawski Revolt 172, 265, 337 Mierzwinski, Boleslaw 151 Mierzwinski, Teofil T. 151-152 Mierzyhska, Zofia 37; fictional description of “shadow economy” 37-39 Mieszko I 164 Migala, Lucyna 275 migration (Polish) adjustment to 296-297; communist era 36-39; experience 8-12,18-19, 38-39; reasons for 1, 5-7, 8-9, 18, 44, 59, 206; wakacjusze (vacationers) 37-39; see also return migration decisions Mikolon, Jakub 148 Mikulski, Barbara 427; defends white ethnics 427-429 Mikulski, Kazimierz 146 Milaszewicz, Angelina 471 Milewski, Frank 438 military service 356-367 Miller, J. 154 Milobçdzki, Karol 480 Mitchell, John J. 474 Moczygçba, Johan 66, 68; letter about Panna Maria colony 66-68 Moczygçba, Leopold 66-67 Moczygemba, Jacob 67-68 Moores, Frank E. 412 Morison, Samuel Eliot 370 Morris, Robert 3 Morrison, Sandy 238 Morzinek, Joseph 67 Moyers, Bill D. 315, 318 Mroz, Wojciech
148 Mullen, Thomas A. 411 Muraview, Mikhail 449 Murray, Philip 421 Musial, Stanislaw Franciszek “Stan” 270-271; photo of 271 music 13, 254, 259-260, 265-270, 275, 327-329 Nader, Ralph 236 Nagle, John J. 411 Napieralski, J. 281 Napieralski, Stephen 173 Napierkowski, Thomas 324 Napoleon’s army 5-6 NATO 487-490 National Advocates Society (Polish) 429-430 National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs 88, 430 National Committee of Americans of Polish Descent 187; bylaws of 188 National Defense Committee 455 National Department 176, 455 National Interstate Highway Act 87 National Medical and Dental Association (Polish) 429 National Shrine of Our Lady of Czçstochowa 161-162 Nelson, Mary 154 Neutrality Acts 417M19 Nicholas, Grand Duke 459 Nicholas I, Czar 5-6, 63, 177 Nicholas II, Czar 449, 460 Niemcewicz, Julian 63
508 Index nihilism 402 Novak, Anna 221; life in stockyards 223-26 North American Study Center for Polish Affairs 196-198 Northwest Community Organization (Chicago) 88, 91-92 Nosek, Tadeusz 480 Novak, Michael 324 November Uprising 5, 59-60,129, 172, 255, 389 Nowak, Elissa 421 Nowak, Franciszek 148 Nowak, Margaret 421 Nowak, Stanley 419-420; victim of McCarthyism 420-424 Nye, GeralP. 417-418 O’Brien, Henry J. 152, 154 O’Connor, Carroll 330 O’Dea, William 154 Ogonowicz, Peter 158 O’Konski, Alvin E. 474-475 Olçdzka, Teresa 487 Oles, John 154-155 Olszowski, Peter 151 Onacewicz, Wladyslaw 480 organizational life 96-101,171-172 organized labor 186-187, 209-211, 220-21, 226-227 Orkan, Wladyslaw 200-201 Osada, Zygmunt 487 Owen, Robert 384 Owsiak, Franciszka 471 Pacholski, James 122-123 Paderewska, Helena 462 Paderewski, Ignacy Jan 175, 201, 314, 346,416,462-463; call for independent Poland 346-350 Pagelson, Henrietta 395 Panna Maria (Texas) 66, 214, 337; letter describing colony 66-68 Papciak, Felix A. 154-155 parish (Catholic) 151-156,122-124, 136-143,151-156,165-166 Paszkiewicz, Joseph 282, 400 Patriotic-Educational Society (Polish) 173 Pawloski, Joseph 30 Pawlowski, Lech 487 Pehr, Otton 476; European Peace Settlement Memorandum 476-479 Petrosky, Edward 154 Piekos, Joseph 152 Piekos, Mary Jane 152 Pietrowicz, Felix 185 Pietrzyk, Leslie 102; “Shortcuts: Amy—1988” 102-107 Pietrzyk, Z. A. 484 Pilsudski, Joseph 349, 455 Pingree, H. S. 412 Piszek, Edwad 270, 305-306; rediscovers roots 306-311 Pituch, Joseph 273 Pitynski, Andrzej 440 Pius IX, Pope 135 Pius XI, Pope 418 Plater-Zyberk,
Marya letter on displaced persons 86-87 Platerowna, Cecylia 177 Plusdrak, Edmund E. 30 Poincaré, Raymond 352 Polacheck, Hilda 18 Poland Austrian occupied 6-7, 16, 131,172, 456-458; communist dominated 33-34, 36-37, 40, 42; elections, Polonia participation in 485-487; ethno-religious composition 121; German occupied 15-16, 456-458; life in 8, 20-21, 37, 59, 215-216; relationship of Polonia with 468—469; Russian occupied 14-15, 59, 172,177-178,189-190, 294, 456-458 Polanie Club 333 Polish American Anti-Defamation League 321-322 Polish American Congress 34-35, 93,193, 322-334, 429-435, 473, 479-481; creation of 188-190 Polish American Council 470, 472 Polish Army in France 175-176 Polish Central Relief Committee 416 Polish Committee in Paris (1835) 62-66 Polish elections 485-487
Index 509 Polish Workingmen’s Hall Association Polish Falcons Alliance of America bylaws of 186-187 185-186,455; Paderewski speech Polish Youth Union of America 173 on Polish independence 346-350 Polonia Business Association 248-249 Polish Folk Dance Association of the Polus, Jan 298 Americas 276 Pomien, Andrzej 480 Polish Highlander’s Alliance in North Pomost on human rights 196-197 America 161,199-201 Poniatowski, Jozef 355 Polish independence (resolution on) Popiel, Antoni 296 174-176 Positive Movement (Polish) 172 Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of Poswit, Maria 471 America 161-162, 164, 315 Potocka, Gertruda 471 Polish-Jewish Dialogue 198, 435-440 Potter, Clyde 306 Polish Legions 5-6 Powroznik, Cecelia 227; working in Polish Museum of America 89, 94, family business 228 260-262, 356; cartoon about 261 Powroznik, Jozef 227 Powroznik, Zofia 227 Polish National Alliance 75-76, 89, 127,176,178, 201-202, 284, Pranica, Joseph 194 291, 293, 357, 398-400, Prehal, John 64 408-409, 448; constitution of Preisler, Michal 438 183-185; resolution on Polish press 192-196 independence 452-454 Project Pole 305-306, 310-311 Polish National Catholic Church Pucinski, Roman C. 474 121,194; “Tenets and Aims” Pulaski, Kazimierz 1-2,116, 281, 283, 144-146 286, 295, 329, 350-351; letter Polish National Committee 62-64 explaining motivations 2-4 Polish Roman Catholic Union of Pulaski Day Parade 116 America 89,172-173,183, Pulaski Legion 2-4 194, 260-262, 357, 400; constitution of 127-130; forms Quincy, Edmund 390 youth group 172-173 Polish Singer’s Alliance of America Radzevich, Edward
152 259-260 Radzilowski, John 356 Polish Slavonian Literary Association Rafliczyn, Piotr 68 255, 339; incorporation Rainer, Jos. 132 document 255-257 Raj tar, Edward 277 Polish Supplemental School Rakowski, Piotr 480 Rapacki, Adam 477 Association 202 Ravoux, Augustin 123 Polish Teachers Association in America 201 Reagan, Ronald 484-485 Polish Trade Union 419 Reiner, Rob 330 Renkiewicz, Frank 171 Polish Veterans in Exile Association 34 restrictive housing covenants 76-77 Polish Victims’ Relief Fund 416, Resurrection, Congregation of 125, 401 461-462; report of 462—463 return migration decisions 14-16; Polish Welfare Association 178-182 during communist era 33-36; Polish Women’s Alliance of America of Solidarity refugees 40-44 89,159,194, 332, 357, 448, Rhode, Paul 176 470; appeal to Polish women Rivers, Joan 323 176-178; call for action on Robakowski, Adam concern with outbreak of World War II church representation 150 470-471
510 Index Roosevelt, Franklin D. 22, 79, 316, 363 Roosevelt, Theodore 415 Rose, Ernestine Potocka 384; argument for women’s rights 384-390 Rose, William 384 Rosienkiewicz, Martin 59-60, 63-64 Rostenkowski, Daniel 43 Rôzanski, Edward 192; on Polish language press 192-196 Rozmarek, Charles 29-30,479 Rydlewski, Zygmunt 355 Sakowski, Jan 148 Salamon, Anna 267 Samel, Jozef 13 Samolihska, Teofila 257 Sapieha, Adam 162 Sartori, Mario 155 Sattelmeier, Ferdinand 146 Saturday schools 171, 201-202, 297 Sawicz, Thaddeus 361 Schaefer, Raymond P. 161 Schlacks, Henry J. 165 Schmidt, Z. 282 Schoenich, Stanislas 185; support for Falcons group 185-186 schools (parochial) 69, 71, 74, 124-127,297 Schreiber, Leroy 360 Schrembs, Joseph 136, 138, 140; on parish dissention 140-143 Sclafani, Joseph 154-155 scouting 23-24,191-192 Second Republic (Polish) 14,129 Second Vatican Council 156-160 Segera, Stanislaus J. 173 Sellers, Maxine 257 Seward, William H. 255 Seydelin, John 3 Shea, Suzanne Strempek 266 Sheehan, Timothy P. 474-475 Sherman Anti-Trust Act 415 Siemiradzki, Henry 287 Sieniawski, Jakub 423 Sienkiewicz, Henryk 463 Sieracki, Walter S. 152-153 Sikorski, Wladyslaw 24 Sileo, Thomas 155 Sinatra, Frank 323 Skarga, Piotr 406 Skargensky, Henry 153 Skoczylas, Wladyslaw 201 slavery 390-392 Slavik, Juraj 480 Slebzak family 214 Slocum, George 300 Slominski, S. 285 Smiga, Anton 68 Smith, Al 85 Smith, Gerald L. K. 424 Smith, John 207, 209 Smith, Joseph 143 Smuarthwaite, Thomas 410 Smulski, John 416-417, 455; argues for purchasing Liberty Bonds 417 Sobieski, John III 135, 286 Sofinowski, Mateusz 148
Sofinowski, Michal 147-148 Sokalski, George O. 336 Sokol see Polish Falcons Alliance of America Solidarnosc 40, 196-198, 481, 483-486 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 329 Sosnowska, Anna 239; interviews with female immigrant cleaners 239-247 Spalding, John 135, 285 Spellman, Francis Cardinal 28, 150 Spit, Michael Bartholomew 145 sports 254, 262-264, 270-271 Stalin, Joseph 307, 317, 439 Stanek, John A. 30 Stanislaus Augustus 284 Stanislawczyk, Claire 154 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 384 Stapleton, Jean 330 Starzyk, Tekla 471 Starzynski, Teofil 346 Steele, William 358 Stephen, Archduke Charles 457 Stevenson, William 300 stockyards workers 221-226 Stopka, Andrzej 200 Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantôw 34 Struthers, Sally 330 Sumner, Charles 390 Suszynski, Wieslaw 487 Suwinski, Leo 151,155 ^wiçconka see Easter blessing
Index 511 Sykes, Bill 306-308 Szczepanowski, Stanislaw 162 Szwajkart, Ludwika 178 Szymanowski, Karol 201 Taft, William Howard 296, 413, 415, 462 Tarnapowicz, Francis P., Mrs. 357 Taters, John 173 Tatra Mountains 13,199 teachers from Poland 69-71 Tetlak, Francis 141 Tetmajer, Kazimierz 201 textile workers 215-221 theater 257-258 Thiel, Jan van 145 Third of May Constitution 129,184, 284-286, 288,408 Tiess, Jan 148 Tirsch, Friedrich Emanuel 185 Tochman, Gaspard 255-256, 339; supports Confederacy in Civil War 339-345 Toledo (Ohio) Polish community change in 79-83 Tontarski, Feliks 298; argument for assimilation 298-299 Truman, Harry 87, 30, 421 Turbacuski, Sophie 155 Turczynowicz, Laura Blackwell 464-466 Tutro, Anna 471 Twardzik, Mary 247 Twardzik, Ted 247-248; photo of business truck 248 Tyczenski, Theodore 155 Tyrs, Miroslav 185 Tyssowski, Jan 404 United Auto Workers 419 United Brotherhood of Garment Workers 220 United States Displaced Persons Commission 28 United States Military Academy 127 United Textile Workers of America 23, 186,226 urban renewal 87-96 Uris, Leon 436 vacationers see wakacjusze Valentino, Rudolph 77 Van Antwerp, Eugene I. 30 Van Evrie, John H. 342 Vanderlip, Frank A. 463 Vinton, Stanley Robert “Bobby” 269-270; photo of 270 Virginia Company of London 207-209 Volkmann, Boleslaus 122-123 Vytautas the Great 295 wakacjusze (vacationers) 37-39 Walaszek, Adam 14 Walentynowicz, Leonard E 429, 433 Walçsa, Lech 484^186, 488 Wallek, Mary 155 Wandycz, Damian S. 315 Warsaw, Principality of 6 Warsaw Ghetto 24-25 Warsaw Philharmonic 265-266 Warsaw Uprising 23-26
Washington, George 2, 281, 283, 286 Weber, Jozef 480 Wçgrzyn-Bueitel, Malgorzata 487 Werner, Andrew 154 Werner, Jan 487 white ethnics 427-429 Wieczerzak, Joseph 163 Wieliczko, Jan 148 Wiercinski, Bertold 64 Wierzbiafiski, Boleslaw 163 Wierzgacz-Jamasz, Weronika misses sons during World War II 362-363 Wierzyriska, Ewa 43; return Solidarity migration to Poland 43-44 Wierzyhski, Grzegorz 43 Wierzyhski, Leszek 43-44 Wierzyhski, Maciej 43-44 Wilhelm II (Germany) 460 Wilkomirska, Wanda 265 Williams, Tennessee 322-323 Wilson, Woodrow 174, 346, 348, 369, 414, 424 Witkiewicz, Stanislaw 201 Witos, Wincenty 263 Wleklinski, W. 399 Wocz, Helen 221; life in stockyards 221-223 Wojciechowski, Wiktor A. 266 Wojcik, Andy 230-231; life as autoworker 230-235
512 Index Wojtyla, Karol (Pope John Paul II) 161-164 Wolowska, Honorata B. 190, 471 women (Polish) appeal to 176-178; argument for women’s rights 384-390; as cleaners 239-247; as transmitters of culture 102-107, 332-333; discrimination against in workplace 235-239; reflections of gender differences 393-396; transmitters of culture 102-107 workers’ protests (in Poland) 479-481 World War I, changing status of Poland during 459-461; factional disputes 455—459; formation of Polish army in North America 350-355 World War II calls to action 470—472; purchase of US bonds 357; readjustment after 79-82; support for 356-357 World’s Columbia Exposition see Columbian Exposition Wrobel, Johan 68 Wrobel, Paul 156; observes changes in Detroit parish 157-160 Wrona, Carol 237 Wsper, John 147 Wszelaki, Jan 480 Wyrwa, Jozef 367 Wyrwa, Tadeusz 367; Wyrwa Affair 367-369 Wysocki, Ignacy 152 Wysocki, Paul P. 152 Wyspianski, Stanislaw 164 Wyszyhski, Stefan Cardinal 161-162 Yolles, Peter P. 84, 86,190; article on displaced persons 84-86 Young, Clarence R. 352; description of Camp Kosciuszko 352-355 youth 69, 74, 77, 172-173,185 Zahajkiewiczowa, Franciszka 178 Zakrzewska, Caroline 392 Zakrzewska, Marie Elizabeth 392-393; reflections of gender differences 393-396 Zakrzewski, Ludwig 392 Zawadzki, Jurek 24 Zeitlin, Eugenia Pawlik 302; “Bye-Bye, Billingual” 302-305 Zeleflski, Wladyslaw 13; musical score for “Gôralu, czy ci nie zal” 14 Zembrzuski, Michael 161, 436 Zemke, Hubert 361 Ziemba, Walter 436 Ziemkowski, John 122 Zimmermann, Arthur 346 Zychlihski, Kazimierz 455 Zyla, J. cartoon about
intergenerational conflict 78 BsysitecJ?® München
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Contents List of Figures and Tables Preface Acknowledgments xiii xvi xviii 1 Leaving and Staying 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Kazimierz Pulaski’s Last Letter 1 August Jakubowski Explains Polish Emigration to Americans 5 Leaving for America 8 “Gôralu, Czy Ci Nie Zal” 13 To Return or Not 14 The Question of Immigrant Citizenship 16 Avoiding Immigration Restrictions 18 Life in Poland, Emigration, and Return Visits 20 A Polish Refugee Recalls His Wartime Experiences 23 American Polonia Mobilizes for the Resettlement of Polish Displaced Persons 28 A Poet Reflects on Exile and Resettlement 30 Travels to the Old Country Amidst the Cold War 33 Economic Immigration from Communist Poland 36 Return Migrations of Solidarity Refugees 40 The Demographics of American Polonia 45 2 Family, Community, Neighborhood 16 17 A Polish Appeal to the U.S. Congress for a Land Grant 59 A Letter from Polish Раппа Maria, Texas 66 58
viii Contents 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 An Argument for Hiring Teachers from Poland 69 An American Look at a Polish Community 71 Restrictive Housing Covenants 76 A Clash of Cultures and Generations 77 A Polish American Neighborhood Experiences Change in the Aftermath of World War II 78 Conflict and Cooperation between Old and New Emigrations 83 Urban Renewal and Community Mobilization 87 On the Way 95 The Decline of Organizational Life in Polonia Communities 96 Generations of Polish American Women Work Together 102 Polish Immigrant Gay Men in Chicago 107 The Pulaski Day Parade 116 Polish Festivals 117 3 Religion and Church 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 The Incorporation of a Polish Roman Catholic Parish 122 An Argument in Favor of Polish Parochial Schools 124 Constitution of the Polish Roman Catholic Union 127 An Argument for Polish Bishops in America 130 Turmoil in Cleveland’s St. John Cantius Parish 136 The Tenets and Aims of the Polish National Catholic Church 144 Polish Lutherans in Baltimore, Maryland 146 Polish Americans Express Their Concerns about Church Representation in Letters to the Editor 148 St. Mary of Czçstochowa Church in Torrington, CT, Celebrates Its Golden Jubilee 151 A Sociologist Observes Changes in a Detroit Parish 156 Karol Cardinal Wojtyla Visits Polonia 161 Closing Traditionally Polish Churches 165 The Tradition of Easter Food Blessing— Swiçconka 166 121
Contents 4 Organizations and Networks ix 171 Organizing Polonia’s Youth 172 Resolution of a Detroit Sejm in Favor of Polish Independence 174 46 An Appeal to Polish Women 176 47 The Polish Welfare Association 178 48 Constitution of the Polish National Alliance 183 49 The Polish Falcons Alliance of America 185 50 Bylaws of the Polish Workingmen’s Hall Association, Inc. 186 51 The National Committee of Americans of Polish Descent Builds a Political Lobby 187 52 Creation of the Polish American Congress as a Political Umbrella Organization 188 53 Polish Scouting Troops Form in the United States 191 54 The Polish-Language Press at Midcentury 192 55 Solidarity and Human Rights Organizations of the 1980s and 1990s 196 56 Polish Highlanders Preserve Their Regional Cultural Ethnicity in America 199 57 Polish Saturday Schools 201 44 45 5 Making a Living The Polish Presence in Jamestown 207 An Appeal to Worker Solidarity 209 A Condemnation of Labor Violence 211 Farmers and Migrant Labor 213 Recollections of a Young Girl Adjusting to Life on Her Own in New York 215 63 Working in the Stockyards 221 64 Polish Workers on Strike 226 65 Becoming an Entrepreneur 227 66 Depression Despair 228 67 A Detroit Auto Worker Talks About His Job 230 68 A Polish American Businesswoman Reflects on Discrimination in the Workplace 235 69 The Experience of Polish Immigrant Women Cleaners in New York 239 58 59 60 61 62 206
X Contents 70 71 72 From a Mother’s Kitchen to Big Business 247 The Polonia Business Association Revitalizes an Old Neighborhood 248 Polish Small Businesses 249 6 Arts, Sports, and Leisure 254 The Polish Slavonian Literary Association 255 Ethnic Theater 257 The Polish Singer’s Alliance of America 259 The Polish Museum of America 260 The Debate About Sports 262 An Ameryka-Echo Reader Enjoys a Concert by the Warsaw Philharmonic 265 79 Polka Culture in Western Massachusetts Polonia 266 80 “My Melody of Love” by Bobby Vinton 269 81 Stan Musial, a Polish American Baseball Legend 270 82 Coach Mike Krzyzewski Talks about Polish Pride on Polish Constitution Day 272 83 Polish Musical Traditions in Polonia 275 84 Polish Folk Dance Groups 276 73 74 75 76 77 78 7 Identity 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 The Columbian Exposition 280 Waclaw Kruszka Explains What It Means to be a Pole in America 288 Celebrating the January Insurrection 294 The Kosciuszko Monument in Washington, DC 295 An Immigrant’s Dilemma 296 A Voice about Assimilation 297 “Will the Poles be Denationalized in America?” 299 A Young Polish American Immigrant Reflects on Inter-Generational Conflict 301 Edward Piszek Rediscovers His Roots 305 “The Silent Emigration” 311 Fighting Ethnic Prejudice 322 Growing Up Polish in South Chicago 324 “All in the Family” 330 Two Homelands, One Heart 331 Polish American Women Promote Polish Culture 332 279
Contents 8 Military Service xi 336 100 Wlodzimierz Krzyzanowski Supports the Union 336 101 Gaspard Tochman Explains His Support of the Confederacy 339 102 Paderewski Calls for “a Free, United and Independent Poland!” 346 103 Recruiting a Polish American Army 350 104 Polish Americans at Camp Kosciuszko 351 105 Polish Americans Fight in the American Military during World War II and Support the War Effort 356 106 A Polish American Fighter Pilot Becomes an American Ace 357 107 A Mother’s Lament 362 108 A Polish Army Veteran Enrolls in the U.S. Army During the Korean War 363 109 The “Wyrwa Affair” 367 110 A Polish American Family Copes with the Legacy of Vietnam 369 9 American Life Tadeusz Kosciuszko’s American Will 382 Ernestine Potocka Rose Promotes Women’s Rights 384 Adam Gurowski Criticizes Slavery in America 389 Marie Zakrzewska Reflects on the Gender Difference in Names 392 115 Poles Celebrate Columbus Day 397 116 An Editorial Opposing Anarchism 401 117 The Meaning of Freedom in America 404 118 Polish Americans Protest Immigration Restriction 407 119 A Petition Opposing the Literacy Test for Immigrants 413 120 Dziennik Chicagoski Comments on Anti-Trust Legislation 415 121 John Smulski Explains Why Poles Should Purchase Liberty Bonds 416 122 Poles in Detroit Support the Neutrality Acts 417 123 Fighting McCarthyism 419 124 In Defense of Medicare 424 111 112 113 114 382
xii Contents 125 Detroit’s Black-Polish Conference: “A Statement of Purpose” 425 126 Who Speaks for Ethnic America? 426 127 The Bakke Case 429 128 Polish-Jewish Dialogue 435 129 The Katyn Memorial 440 10 For Poland 448 130 Polish Americans Speak Out on Poland 449 131 A Polish National Alliance Resolution on Polish Independence 452 132 The Dilemma of Diaspora Support in World War I 455 133 Dziennik Chicagoski Comments on Poland’s Changing Status in Europe 459 134 Statement of the Polish Victims’ Relief Fund 461 135 Marta Graczyk Describes Her Experience in the Polish Grey Samaritans 463 136 The Relationship of the Diaspora to Poland 468 137 Polonia Organizations Call for Action after the Outbreak of World War II 470 138 American Polonia Mobilizes for the War Effort 471 139 US Congressional Committee Investigates the Katyn Massacre 473 140 ACEN Challenges Soviet Policy in East Central Europe 475 141 Polonia Supports the Protests of Polish Workers 479 142 Reactions to Martial Law in Poland 481 143 Supporting Solidarity 483 144 Midwestern Polonia Organizes for Elections in Poland 485 145 An Argument for the Expansion of NATO 487 Further Reading Index 493 501
Index Adamski, Michael 285 Adesko, Thaddeus V. 30 Alexander, Sr. 155 Alinsky, Saul 91 “All in the Family” 323, 330-331 Allen, Steve 323 Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers 209 Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America 422-423 American Committee for the Protection of Foreign born 419-420 American Committee for the Resettlement of Polish Displaced Persons 28; brochure about displaced persons 28-30 American Council for Nationalities Service 193 American Czçstochowa see National Shrine of Our Lady of Czçstochowa American Federation of Labor 186 American Slav Congress 420 Amista, Joanne 155 Amlicke, Mansfield G. 190 Ampère, Jean-Jacques 342 Amsterdam, Morey 323 anarchism Polish opposition to 401-404 Andersz, Tadeusz 360-361 Andrey, Stephie 152 Andrzejewska, Joanna 471 Andrzejkowski, Juliusz 183 Angelo, Joseph 267 anti-defamation activities 322-34 anti-trust legislation 415-416 Arlet, Wieslaw 480 Armia Krajowa (Home Army) 23-24, 363,481 Arnista, Anthony 154-155 Assembly of Captive European Nations 475-76; memorandum on European peace settlement 476-479 assimilation argument against 299-301; argument for 297-298; difficulty with 296-297 Atlantic Charter 189-190 auto workers 230-235 Babel, Arkadiusz 487 Baj, Kazimiera 24 Bakke, Allan P. 429; Bakke discrimination case 429-435 Baldeski [Baldesqui], Joseph 3-4 Balucki, Michal 13; lyrics for “Gôralu, czy ci nie zal” 13-14 Banczakiewicz 60-61, 63; application for land grant 59-60; report to Polish Committee in Paris (1835) 62-66 Baficzyk, Stanislaw 480 Banfi, Anna 152, 155 Bar Confederation 1 Barqcz, E 284-285 Baringer, F.
410 Baroni, Gino 427 Bartoszewski, Wladyslaw 438 Bask-Mostwin, S. 198 Batory, Stephen 284 Bedkin [Bidkeen], Henry 4 Bell, John 336
502 Index Benda, Wladyslaw T. 350, 471—472; Polish Army recruiting poster 350-351; Polish Relief poster 471-472 Bialasiewicz, Jozef 194, 436-438 Biedrofi, Rozalia 471 Bielawski, Melvin R. 79; changes in Polish community due to World War II 79-83 Bigosiriski, Jerry T. 363-364; experience in Korean War 364-367 bishops, argument for Polish 130-135 Bismarck, Otto von 131, 288 Black Madonna 162 Black-Polish Conference 425-426 Blackwell, Elizabeth 393 Blaszczynski, Andre B. 485 Blazonczyk, Eddie 266-267 Blejwas, Stanislaus 163, 259 Bochniarz, Zbigniew 487 Bocian, Adam 148 Bojho, Jacob 22 Bonaparte, Napoleon 5-6 Bose, Charles von 3 Boulay, Louise 154 Braeme, Charlotte 220 Brando, Marlon 323 Breckinridge, John C. 336 Breclaw, Bronislawa 471 Brooks, Norman 360 Brown, John 390 Bryan, William Jennings 415 Bryant, Koby 273 Brzega, Wojciech 200 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 165, 487—488; argument for expansion of NATO 488-490 Buczek, Daniel S. 163 Budek-Bielski, Ewa 235-236; experiences discrimination in the workplace 235-239 Budzinski, Μ. 399 Bukoski, Anthony 97, 369; “The President of the Past” 97-101; “The World at War” 369-377 Burke, Karol 480 Burnett, Carol 323 Buzinski, Francis 154 Buzinski, Helen 152,155 Camp Kosciuszko (Canada) 351-355 Carson, Johnny 323 Carter, Jimmy 164-165,235, 487 Cartwright, John K. 480 Catholicism among Poles 69, 72, 74, 82-83, 121-122, 130-131, 144,148-150; concerns about representation 148-150; see also bishops; Easter blessing, Felician Sisters; parish; Resurrection, Congregation of; schools; Second Vatican Council census data (US, 2021) 45-53 Chepiga, Ann 154
Chicago community 87-94, 324—330 “Chicago 21” Plan 87-88 Chlopicki, Louis 64 Chmielmska, Stefania 176 Chopin, Frédéric 284 Chrobot, Leonard 437-438 Chrusciel, Antoni “Monter” 480 Chrzanowska, Hanna 177 Churchill, Winston 307 Ciechanowski, Jan 480 Cienciara, Felicja 471 citizenship 16; US, arguments about obtaining 17-18, 36; US data and regulations 17-18, 20; US regulations, avoiding 18-20 Clayton Anti-Trust Act 415 cleaning workers 239-247 Cleveland, Grover 413 Cohen, Joseph 8 Cohen, Rose 8; explains migration experience 8-12 Columbian Exposition 280; Polish Americans at 280-288 Columbus, Christopher 280, 397 Columbus Day celebration of (by Polonia) 397-398 community life 58, 71, 78-83, 87-94, 96-97, 34-330 Confederation of Bar see Bar Confederation Congress of Industrial Organizations 23, 224 cultural transmission 102-107 Curley, James Μ. 30 Cyzyk, Wojciech 148 Czartoryski, Adam 63
Index 503 Czausz, Adolph 155 Czolgosz, Leon 401 Daneska, Maria C. 471 Danielewicz, Helena 480 Danisch, Frank P. 173 Davis, Paulina Wright 384 Dearden, John 150 Dçbicki, Roman 480 demographics see census denationalization 299-301 Depression life in 228-230 Dewey, John 174 Diehl, Conrad 412 Diller, Phyllis 323 discrimination against Poles 235-239, 322-324, 330; see also anti defamation activities displaced persons 188; camps 23,191, 363, 367; questionnaire 28-30; resettlement of 28-30, 84-87 Displaced Persons Act 23, 28, 83, 436, 448; Public Law 774, 29 Dmowski, Roman 174,455 Dolina Polish Folk Dancers 276-277 Domazewski, Stanley 154 Dondero, George A. 474-475 Douglas, Stephen A. 336 Dowd, Bernard J. 30 Drage, George 452 Dreszer, Rudolf 480 Duda, Andrej 442 Dudzik, Jozefa 178 Dunikowski, Emil 70 Durian, C. H. 411 Dwyer, Bethy 237 Dymek, Francis 30 Dzialo, William 155 Dziewanowska, Ada 192 Dziuk, Johan 67 Easter blessing 166 Egan, John 91 Ehrenkreutz, Andrzej S. 198; on human rights 197-198 Eichstaedt, Vincent E 173 Eisenhower, Dwight 365 Elipidon see Balucki, Michal Elizabeth 1207 Employee Income Security Act 238 entrepreneurship 227-228, 248-250 Erdmans, Mary 40; interviews with Solidarity refugees 40-44 ethnic identity 279, 288-293, 305-311, 312-322, 331-332 Ethnic Millions Political Action Committee 324 Etienne, Paul D. 166 Fador, Francis 154 Falcons (Polish) see Polish Falcons Alliance of America farming 213-214, 312-322 Federal Writers Project 18, 20 Felician Sisters 156 Feluks, Johan 68 festivals 117 Fiedorczyk, Henry 155 First Polish Lutheran Evangelical Church
(Baltimore) 146-147; constitution of 147-148 Fisher, Barbara A. 471 Flick, George 154 Flood, Daniel J. 474-475 folk dancing 276-277 Folsom, George 256 Four Freedoms 190 Frank, Rozalia 178 Franklin, Benjamin 2 Franz Joseph I (Austria) 460 freedom 404-407 Freud, Sigmund 323 Frowne, Sadie 215; sweatshop experience 215-221 Fugitive Slave Law 387 Furcolo, Foster 474 G. I. Bill 79, 363-364 Gabreski, Francis Stanley 357-358; World War II experiences 358-362 Gailunas, Stella 152 Galica, Andrzej 200 Galicia 6-7,13,16,131,172,456-458 Gallatin, Albert 63-65 Garbo, Greta 77 Gawarecka, Antonina 471 Gawronski, Waclaw 261 gay male experience 107-116 Gedgowd, Tadeusz 464 generational conflict 77-78,301-305; between old and new immigrants 37-38, 83-87
504 Index German Republican Association 337-338 Gibasiewicz, Jadwiga 471 Gierat, Ewa Karpinska 34,191; “Case of Trips to Poland” 34-35; “Effects of Communist Propaganda” 35; letter about visiting communist Poland 35-36 Gierat, Stanislaw 34 Gieryk, Theodore 183 Gill, Sylvia 238 Gladych, Mike 361 Glaser, Herb 237 Gollup, Anna 8 Golluo, Avro 8 Gollup, Rahel 8; see also Cohen, Rose Gompers, Samuel 186 Goodman, Ernest 423 gôrale 13,162 “Gôralu, czy ci nie zal” 13-14; musical score 14 Gorecki, Henryk 201 Graczyk, Marta 463-464; memoir of Gray Samaritans 464-468 Gray, Gilda 77 Gray Samaritans 448; 463-464 memoir of activities 464-468 Greeley, Andrew 426 Greeley, Horace 389 Grochmals, Felix 267 Groenwald, Anthony 398 Gromada, Jan W. 162,199 Gromada, Thaddeus V. 161,199; describes visit by Cardinal Wojtyla 161-165; reflects on Polish Highlanders Alliance 199-201 Grottger, Artur 284 Gryszôwka, Henryk 264 Gubala, Tadeusz Roman 23-24; displaced person experience 26-27; life in US 27; World War II experience 24-27 Gul, Gerard 145 Gunther, Blair E 30,190 Gurowski, Adam 389-390; criticism of slavery 390-392 Guzlowski, John 30-31; “Dumb Polacks” 32; “Polish Triangle” 31-32; “Refugees” 31; “The Old Country” 32-33 Gwinczewski, Felix 59, 64 Gwizdz, Feliks 200 Hague Convention 449; petition for Polish independence 449-452 Haiman, Miecislaus 356 Hakluyt, Richard 207 Haley, Bill 328 Haller, Jozef 448 Hamborsky, Dwight 423 Hamor, Mary Ann 152 Hamor, Paul, Jr. 152 Hannon, Philip Μ. 480 harcerstwo see scouting Harrison, Carter H. 281, 283, 286, 413 Hartford Polish Saturday School 201 Hasselmann,
Wilhelm 402 Havel, Vaclav 488 Havemeyer, William F. 256 Hayes, Patick Cardinal 85 Hempstead, E. A. 407 Henry VIII, King 135 Hitchcock Bill 174 Hodur, Franciszek 136,144-145 Holt, Henry 215 Holy Family Orphanage (Chicago) 182 Home Army 23-24, 363, 481 Homestead strike 209, 211 Hoover, Herbert 85 Hope, Bob 323 Horstmann, Ignatius Frederick 136 House Un-American Activities Committee 420 Housing Acts (US) 87 housing restrictive covenants 76-77 Houston Harvest Festival (Polish) 117 Hozyusz, Stanislaw Cardinal 284 Hudak, Eva 155 Hudson, Joe 238 Hufce Polskie 191 Humphrey, Hubert 487 Hurko, Iosif 294 image of Polonia 71-76, 312-322, 330 Immigration Act of 1903 401 Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952 420-421, 424 immigration restriction 407-413 Immigration Restriction League 407,413 International Refugee Organization 28-29
Index 505 Ireland, John 122-123; incorporation of a parish 122-124 Iranek-Osmecki, Kazimierz 198, 438 Izienicki, Hubert 107; interviews with gay men 107-116 Jablonski, Franciszek H. 285, 407, 409 Jachimowska, Salomea 471 Jackson, Andrew 61 Jadwiga, Queen (Poland) 177, 284 Jagiello, Walter “Li’l Wally” 266 Jagiello, Wladyslaw II284, 295 Jaksina, Edward 154-156 Jakubowski, August 5; explains Polish migration 5-7 James I 207 James, LeBron 273 Jamestown colony 207-209, 329 Janicki, Zbigniew 361 Jankowski, John 155 January Insurrection 13,172, 185, 294 Jarecki, Frank 362 Jarocki, Jozef 230; letter about Depression 229-230 Jaroszynska-Kirchmann, Anna 487 Jarzynska, Helena 471 Jasna Gora 162 Jazwinski, Jerry 362 Jefferson, Thomas 383 Jerzykowicz, S. 64 John XXIII, Pope 157 John Paul II, Pope 161,164; visit to US 161-165 Johnson, Lyndon 315, 487 Kachnowski, F. J. 190 Kaczmarek, Jan 480 Kalinowski, Doris 155 Kalinowski, Frank 154 Kania, Jospeh L. 260-261 Kaptur, Marcy 88, 94 Karabasz, Anthony 453 Karez, Valerian 30 Karge, Jozef 265 Karlowski, Victor 398 Karpmska-Gierat, Ewa see Gierat, Ewa Karpinska Karski, Jan 480 Karwacki, Marion T. 154 Kasprowicz, Jan 201 Katyn Massacre US Congress investigates 473—475 Katyn Memorial (New Jersey) 440-442 Keating, W Dennis 136 Kedron, Henry 199 Kedron, Jane 199 Kelly, Edward J. 261 Kennedy, John E 90, 487 Kielar, W. 263-264 Kikulski, Joseph 422 Kilar, Wojciech 201 Kiolbassa, Peter 281, 285, 399 Klarkowska, Anna 178 Klonoski, Edward 154-155 Klonoski, Steven 153 Kluczyhska, Barbara 471 Kochanowski, Jan 284 Kocinski, Joseph P. 136-138, 140-141;
letter about parish dissention 138-140 Komorek, Wladyslaw 42; return Solidarity migration to Poland 42-43 Komorowski, Tadeusz “Bor” 480 Konopka, L. 149; letter about church representation 148-149 Korbonski, Stefan 480 Korczak, Janusz 24-25 Korean War 363-367 Kos, Frances 152 Kos, Stephen 152 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz 5, 77-78, 281, 283,285-287, 329, 339, 350351; 355, 382-383; American will 382-384; cartoon 78; monuments to 93-94, 295 (photo) 296 Kosciuszko Foundation 162,164, 265, 287 Kosciuszko Monument (DC) 295-296; photo of 295 Kosciuszko Uprising 296 Kovats, Michael 3 Kowalska, Marya 178 Kowalski, John 151-152 Kowalski, Thaddeus L. 322 Kozlowska, Stefania 466 Kozubowski, Jan 487 Kraitsir, Charles 59-60, 63-65 Krajewski, John 157-158
506 Index Krajewski, Stanisiaw 436 Kraszewski, Jozef Ignacy 284-436 Krawiec, John 435-436; account of Polish-Jewish Dialogue 436-440 Krawiec, Walter 95; urban renewal cartoon 96 Krol, John 150 Krol, John Cardinal 161 Krôlik, Franciszka 178 Kruszka, Michal 194 Kruszka, Waclaw 131, 288; Polish ethnic identity 288-293; “Polyglot Bishops for Polyglot Diocese” 131-135 Kryszak, Maria O. 471 Krzycki, Leo 423 Krzyzanowski, Wlodzimierz (Wladimir) B. 336-337; supports Union in Civil War 337-338 Krzyzewski, Emily Pituch 272 Krzyzewski, Mike 272; speech on Polish pride 272-274 Krzyzewski, William 272 Kujawski, Leon A. 136-137,141-142; letter about parish dissention 137-138 Kulesza, Jozef 154-155 Kulesza, Mary 154 Kulesza, Ted 154 Kulo, Carl 155 Kulturkampf 131, 288 Kuniczak, W. S. 311; speech on image of Polonia 311-322 Kurowski, Lilian 276 Kurowski, Ray 276 Kusielewicz, Eugene 163, 436 Kwiatkowski, Aleksander 480 La Buy, Μ. A. 285-286 Laboda, Adam 20; life in Poland 20-21; life in US 21-23; return visit to Poland 21-23 labor see organized labor labor violence 211-213 Lackwood, Tammy 237 Lafayette, Marquis de 6 Eagodzinska, Adele 30, 194 Lake, William Anthony 487-488 land grant appeal for (1833) 59-60; grant to (1834) 61; report about (1835) 62-66 Lane, Arthur Bliss 368, 473 Langiewicz, Mr. — 86 Lanowski, Witold 361 Lapin, Julian 148 Latwis, Wiktoria Μ. 471 Lawrence, David L. 30 Le Pan, Arthur D’Orr 352 Leer, Norman 330 Lemhagen, Barbara 237 Lerski, Jerzy Jan 5 Lewondowski, David 155 Li belt, Karol 290 Liberty Bonds 417 Lilia, Frank 122-123 Lincoln, Abraham 336 Lincoln, Benjamin 4
Lipinski, Edward 480 Lipinski, Theodore 154 Lipski, Jozef 480 Lira Ensemble (Chicago) 275 Lisztewnik, A. 282, 399 literacy test 413-415 Lodge, Henry Cabot 330,407-409,413 Long, Huey 424 Lopacihska, Maria 471 Eukomski, Kazimierz 436 Lush, Marion 328 Luther, Martin 135, 147 Lutherans, Polish 146-147; constitution of 147-148 Lutyka, Jan 480 Lwôw Exposition 280 Machnikowski, L. 282 Machrowicz, Thaddeus Μ. 161, 474-475 Madden, Ray J. 474-475 Majer, Dominic 69,122; argues for hiring teachers from Poland 69-71 Majewski, Adam 398 Malczewski, Konstanty 5 Maliszewski, Sophie 157 Mallek, Antoni 259 Marcell, —, Apostolic Delegate 150 Marciniak, Ed 88; report on urban renewal 88-95
Index 507 Marella, Paul 136,140 Martial Law (in Poland) 196, 483; reaction of Polonia 481-483 Martin, A. P. 411 Martin, Dean 323 Masiak, Kazimierz 40; return Solidarity migration to Poland 40-42 Matecki, Jozef 480 Maybury, William C. 410 Mayer see Majer, Dominic Mazewski, Aloysius 436 McCarran Walter Act 420-421,424 McCarthy, Joseph 419 McCarthyism 419-424 McCormack, John W. 30 McCoskry, Samuel A. 256 McCauley, Frank 360 McGrath, Howard J. 30 McKinley, William 401 McNamara, John 480 Medicare argument for 424-425 Meguide, —, Archbishop 150 Mçkarska-Kozlowska, Basia 35 Meyer, Albert Gregory Cardinal 91 Miasek, Henry 154 Michalska, Marianna 77 Mickiewicz, Adam 7, 284, 291 Midowicz, C. 286-288 Mieczkowski, John 143 Mieroslawski Revolt 172, 265, 337 Mierzwinski, Boleslaw 151 Mierzwinski, Teofil T. 151-152 Mierzyhska, Zofia 37; fictional description of “shadow economy” 37-39 Mieszko I 164 Migala, Lucyna 275 migration (Polish) adjustment to 296-297; communist era 36-39; experience 8-12,18-19, 38-39; reasons for 1, 5-7, 8-9, 18, 44, 59, 206; wakacjusze (vacationers) 37-39; see also return migration decisions Mikolon, Jakub 148 Mikulski, Barbara 427; defends white ethnics 427-429 Mikulski, Kazimierz 146 Milaszewicz, Angelina 471 Milewski, Frank 438 military service 356-367 Miller, J. 154 Milobçdzki, Karol 480 Mitchell, John J. 474 Moczygçba, Johan 66, 68; letter about Panna Maria colony 66-68 Moczygçba, Leopold 66-67 Moczygemba, Jacob 67-68 Moores, Frank E. 412 Morison, Samuel Eliot 370 Morris, Robert 3 Morrison, Sandy 238 Morzinek, Joseph 67 Moyers, Bill D. 315, 318 Mroz, Wojciech
148 Mullen, Thomas A. 411 Muraview, Mikhail 449 Murray, Philip 421 Musial, Stanislaw Franciszek “Stan” 270-271; photo of 271 music 13, 254, 259-260, 265-270, 275, 327-329 Nader, Ralph 236 Nagle, John J. 411 Napieralski, J. 281 Napieralski, Stephen 173 Napierkowski, Thomas 324 Napoleon’s army 5-6 NATO 487-490 National Advocates Society (Polish) 429-430 National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs 88, 430 National Committee of Americans of Polish Descent 187; bylaws of 188 National Defense Committee 455 National Department 176, 455 National Interstate Highway Act 87 National Medical and Dental Association (Polish) 429 National Shrine of Our Lady of Czçstochowa 161-162 Nelson, Mary 154 Neutrality Acts 417M19 Nicholas, Grand Duke 459 Nicholas I, Czar 5-6, 63, 177 Nicholas II, Czar 449, 460 Niemcewicz, Julian 63
508 Index nihilism 402 Novak, Anna 221; life in stockyards 223-26 North American Study Center for Polish Affairs 196-198 Northwest Community Organization (Chicago) 88, 91-92 Nosek, Tadeusz 480 Novak, Michael 324 November Uprising 5, 59-60,129, 172, 255, 389 Nowak, Elissa 421 Nowak, Franciszek 148 Nowak, Margaret 421 Nowak, Stanley 419-420; victim of McCarthyism 420-424 Nye, GeralP. 417-418 O’Brien, Henry J. 152, 154 O’Connor, Carroll 330 O’Dea, William 154 Ogonowicz, Peter 158 O’Konski, Alvin E. 474-475 Olçdzka, Teresa 487 Oles, John 154-155 Olszowski, Peter 151 Onacewicz, Wladyslaw 480 organizational life 96-101,171-172 organized labor 186-187, 209-211, 220-21, 226-227 Orkan, Wladyslaw 200-201 Osada, Zygmunt 487 Owen, Robert 384 Owsiak, Franciszka 471 Pacholski, James 122-123 Paderewska, Helena 462 Paderewski, Ignacy Jan 175, 201, 314, 346,416,462-463; call for independent Poland 346-350 Pagelson, Henrietta 395 Panna Maria (Texas) 66, 214, 337; letter describing colony 66-68 Papciak, Felix A. 154-155 parish (Catholic) 151-156,122-124, 136-143,151-156,165-166 Paszkiewicz, Joseph 282, 400 Patriotic-Educational Society (Polish) 173 Pawloski, Joseph 30 Pawlowski, Lech 487 Pehr, Otton 476; European Peace Settlement Memorandum 476-479 Petrosky, Edward 154 Piekos, Joseph 152 Piekos, Mary Jane 152 Pietrowicz, Felix 185 Pietrzyk, Leslie 102; “Shortcuts: Amy—1988” 102-107 Pietrzyk, Z. A. 484 Pilsudski, Joseph 349, 455 Pingree, H. S. 412 Piszek, Edwad 270, 305-306; rediscovers roots 306-311 Pituch, Joseph 273 Pitynski, Andrzej 440 Pius IX, Pope 135 Pius XI, Pope 418 Plater-Zyberk,
Marya letter on displaced persons 86-87 Platerowna, Cecylia 177 Plusdrak, Edmund E. 30 Poincaré, Raymond 352 Polacheck, Hilda 18 Poland Austrian occupied 6-7, 16, 131,172, 456-458; communist dominated 33-34, 36-37, 40, 42; elections, Polonia participation in 485-487; ethno-religious composition 121; German occupied 15-16, 456-458; life in 8, 20-21, 37, 59, 215-216; relationship of Polonia with 468—469; Russian occupied 14-15, 59, 172,177-178,189-190, 294, 456-458 Polanie Club 333 Polish American Anti-Defamation League 321-322 Polish American Congress 34-35, 93,193, 322-334, 429-435, 473, 479-481; creation of 188-190 Polish American Council 470, 472 Polish Army in France 175-176 Polish Central Relief Committee 416 Polish Committee in Paris (1835) 62-66 Polish elections 485-487
Index 509 Polish Workingmen’s Hall Association Polish Falcons Alliance of America bylaws of 186-187 185-186,455; Paderewski speech Polish Youth Union of America 173 on Polish independence 346-350 Polonia Business Association 248-249 Polish Folk Dance Association of the Polus, Jan 298 Americas 276 Pomien, Andrzej 480 Polish Highlander’s Alliance in North Pomost on human rights 196-197 America 161,199-201 Poniatowski, Jozef 355 Polish independence (resolution on) Popiel, Antoni 296 174-176 Positive Movement (Polish) 172 Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of Poswit, Maria 471 America 161-162, 164, 315 Potocka, Gertruda 471 Polish-Jewish Dialogue 198, 435-440 Potter, Clyde 306 Polish Legions 5-6 Powroznik, Cecelia 227; working in Polish Museum of America 89, 94, family business 228 260-262, 356; cartoon about 261 Powroznik, Jozef 227 Powroznik, Zofia 227 Polish National Alliance 75-76, 89, 127,176,178, 201-202, 284, Pranica, Joseph 194 291, 293, 357, 398-400, Prehal, John 64 408-409, 448; constitution of Preisler, Michal 438 183-185; resolution on Polish press 192-196 independence 452-454 Project Pole 305-306, 310-311 Polish National Catholic Church Pucinski, Roman C. 474 121,194; “Tenets and Aims” Pulaski, Kazimierz 1-2,116, 281, 283, 144-146 286, 295, 329, 350-351; letter Polish National Committee 62-64 explaining motivations 2-4 Polish Roman Catholic Union of Pulaski Day Parade 116 America 89,172-173,183, Pulaski Legion 2-4 194, 260-262, 357, 400; constitution of 127-130; forms Quincy, Edmund 390 youth group 172-173 Polish Singer’s Alliance of America Radzevich, Edward
152 259-260 Radzilowski, John 356 Polish Slavonian Literary Association Rafliczyn, Piotr 68 255, 339; incorporation Rainer, Jos. 132 document 255-257 Raj tar, Edward 277 Polish Supplemental School Rakowski, Piotr 480 Rapacki, Adam 477 Association 202 Ravoux, Augustin 123 Polish Teachers Association in America 201 Reagan, Ronald 484-485 Polish Trade Union 419 Reiner, Rob 330 Renkiewicz, Frank 171 Polish Veterans in Exile Association 34 restrictive housing covenants 76-77 Polish Victims’ Relief Fund 416, Resurrection, Congregation of 125, 401 461-462; report of 462—463 return migration decisions 14-16; Polish Welfare Association 178-182 during communist era 33-36; Polish Women’s Alliance of America of Solidarity refugees 40-44 89,159,194, 332, 357, 448, Rhode, Paul 176 470; appeal to Polish women Rivers, Joan 323 176-178; call for action on Robakowski, Adam concern with outbreak of World War II church representation 150 470-471
510 Index Roosevelt, Franklin D. 22, 79, 316, 363 Roosevelt, Theodore 415 Rose, Ernestine Potocka 384; argument for women’s rights 384-390 Rose, William 384 Rosienkiewicz, Martin 59-60, 63-64 Rostenkowski, Daniel 43 Rôzanski, Edward 192; on Polish language press 192-196 Rozmarek, Charles 29-30,479 Rydlewski, Zygmunt 355 Sakowski, Jan 148 Salamon, Anna 267 Samel, Jozef 13 Samolihska, Teofila 257 Sapieha, Adam 162 Sartori, Mario 155 Sattelmeier, Ferdinand 146 Saturday schools 171, 201-202, 297 Sawicz, Thaddeus 361 Schaefer, Raymond P. 161 Schlacks, Henry J. 165 Schmidt, Z. 282 Schoenich, Stanislas 185; support for Falcons group 185-186 schools (parochial) 69, 71, 74, 124-127,297 Schreiber, Leroy 360 Schrembs, Joseph 136, 138, 140; on parish dissention 140-143 Sclafani, Joseph 154-155 scouting 23-24,191-192 Second Republic (Polish) 14,129 Second Vatican Council 156-160 Segera, Stanislaus J. 173 Sellers, Maxine 257 Seward, William H. 255 Seydelin, John 3 Shea, Suzanne Strempek 266 Sheehan, Timothy P. 474-475 Sherman Anti-Trust Act 415 Siemiradzki, Henry 287 Sieniawski, Jakub 423 Sienkiewicz, Henryk 463 Sieracki, Walter S. 152-153 Sikorski, Wladyslaw 24 Sileo, Thomas 155 Sinatra, Frank 323 Skarga, Piotr 406 Skargensky, Henry 153 Skoczylas, Wladyslaw 201 slavery 390-392 Slavik, Juraj 480 Slebzak family 214 Slocum, George 300 Slominski, S. 285 Smiga, Anton 68 Smith, Al 85 Smith, Gerald L. K. 424 Smith, John 207, 209 Smith, Joseph 143 Smuarthwaite, Thomas 410 Smulski, John 416-417, 455; argues for purchasing Liberty Bonds 417 Sobieski, John III 135, 286 Sofinowski, Mateusz 148
Sofinowski, Michal 147-148 Sokalski, George O. 336 Sokol see Polish Falcons Alliance of America Solidarnosc 40, 196-198, 481, 483-486 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 329 Sosnowska, Anna 239; interviews with female immigrant cleaners 239-247 Spalding, John 135, 285 Spellman, Francis Cardinal 28, 150 Spit, Michael Bartholomew 145 sports 254, 262-264, 270-271 Stalin, Joseph 307, 317, 439 Stanek, John A. 30 Stanislaus Augustus 284 Stanislawczyk, Claire 154 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 384 Stapleton, Jean 330 Starzyk, Tekla 471 Starzynski, Teofil 346 Steele, William 358 Stephen, Archduke Charles 457 Stevenson, William 300 stockyards workers 221-226 Stopka, Andrzej 200 Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantôw 34 Struthers, Sally 330 Sumner, Charles 390 Suszynski, Wieslaw 487 Suwinski, Leo 151,155 ^wiçconka see Easter blessing
Index 511 Sykes, Bill 306-308 Szczepanowski, Stanislaw 162 Szwajkart, Ludwika 178 Szymanowski, Karol 201 Taft, William Howard 296, 413, 415, 462 Tarnapowicz, Francis P., Mrs. 357 Taters, John 173 Tatra Mountains 13,199 teachers from Poland 69-71 Tetlak, Francis 141 Tetmajer, Kazimierz 201 textile workers 215-221 theater 257-258 Thiel, Jan van 145 Third of May Constitution 129,184, 284-286, 288,408 Tiess, Jan 148 Tirsch, Friedrich Emanuel 185 Tochman, Gaspard 255-256, 339; supports Confederacy in Civil War 339-345 Toledo (Ohio) Polish community change in 79-83 Tontarski, Feliks 298; argument for assimilation 298-299 Truman, Harry 87, 30, 421 Turbacuski, Sophie 155 Turczynowicz, Laura Blackwell 464-466 Tutro, Anna 471 Twardzik, Mary 247 Twardzik, Ted 247-248; photo of business truck 248 Tyczenski, Theodore 155 Tyrs, Miroslav 185 Tyssowski, Jan 404 United Auto Workers 419 United Brotherhood of Garment Workers 220 United States Displaced Persons Commission 28 United States Military Academy 127 United Textile Workers of America 23, 186,226 urban renewal 87-96 Uris, Leon 436 vacationers see wakacjusze Valentino, Rudolph 77 Van Antwerp, Eugene I. 30 Van Evrie, John H. 342 Vanderlip, Frank A. 463 Vinton, Stanley Robert “Bobby” 269-270; photo of 270 Virginia Company of London 207-209 Volkmann, Boleslaus 122-123 Vytautas the Great 295 wakacjusze (vacationers) 37-39 Walaszek, Adam 14 Walentynowicz, Leonard E 429, 433 Walçsa, Lech 484^186, 488 Wallek, Mary 155 Wandycz, Damian S. 315 Warsaw, Principality of 6 Warsaw Ghetto 24-25 Warsaw Philharmonic 265-266 Warsaw Uprising 23-26
Washington, George 2, 281, 283, 286 Weber, Jozef 480 Wçgrzyn-Bueitel, Malgorzata 487 Werner, Andrew 154 Werner, Jan 487 white ethnics 427-429 Wieczerzak, Joseph 163 Wieliczko, Jan 148 Wiercinski, Bertold 64 Wierzbiafiski, Boleslaw 163 Wierzgacz-Jamasz, Weronika misses sons during World War II 362-363 Wierzyriska, Ewa 43; return Solidarity migration to Poland 43-44 Wierzyhski, Grzegorz 43 Wierzyhski, Leszek 43-44 Wierzyhski, Maciej 43-44 Wilhelm II (Germany) 460 Wilkomirska, Wanda 265 Williams, Tennessee 322-323 Wilson, Woodrow 174, 346, 348, 369, 414, 424 Witkiewicz, Stanislaw 201 Witos, Wincenty 263 Wleklinski, W. 399 Wocz, Helen 221; life in stockyards 221-223 Wojciechowski, Wiktor A. 266 Wojcik, Andy 230-231; life as autoworker 230-235
512 Index Wojtyla, Karol (Pope John Paul II) 161-164 Wolowska, Honorata B. 190, 471 women (Polish) appeal to 176-178; argument for women’s rights 384-390; as cleaners 239-247; as transmitters of culture 102-107, 332-333; discrimination against in workplace 235-239; reflections of gender differences 393-396; transmitters of culture 102-107 workers’ protests (in Poland) 479-481 World War I, changing status of Poland during 459-461; factional disputes 455—459; formation of Polish army in North America 350-355 World War II calls to action 470—472; purchase of US bonds 357; readjustment after 79-82; support for 356-357 World’s Columbia Exposition see Columbian Exposition Wrobel, Johan 68 Wrobel, Paul 156; observes changes in Detroit parish 157-160 Wrona, Carol 237 Wsper, John 147 Wszelaki, Jan 480 Wyrwa, Jozef 367 Wyrwa, Tadeusz 367; Wyrwa Affair 367-369 Wysocki, Ignacy 152 Wysocki, Paul P. 152 Wyspianski, Stanislaw 164 Wyszyhski, Stefan Cardinal 161-162 Yolles, Peter P. 84, 86,190; article on displaced persons 84-86 Young, Clarence R. 352; description of Camp Kosciuszko 352-355 youth 69, 74, 77, 172-173,185 Zahajkiewiczowa, Franciszka 178 Zakrzewska, Caroline 392 Zakrzewska, Marie Elizabeth 392-393; reflections of gender differences 393-396 Zakrzewski, Ludwig 392 Zawadzki, Jurek 24 Zeitlin, Eugenia Pawlik 302; “Bye-Bye, Billingual” 302-305 Zeleflski, Wladyslaw 13; musical score for “Gôralu, czy ci nie zal” 14 Zembrzuski, Michael 161, 436 Zemke, Hubert 361 Ziemba, Walter 436 Ziemkowski, John 122 Zimmermann, Arthur 346 Zychlihski, Kazimierz 455 Zyla, J. cartoon about
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Poles have come to America since the Jamestown settlement in 1608 and constituted one of the largest immigrant groups at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. As of 2020, the Census Bureau lists them as the sixth largest ethnic group in the country. The history of their experience is an integral part of the American story as well as that of the broader Polish diaspora. Each of the ten comprehensive chapters presents a specific theme illuminated by a selection of letters, press articles, fragments of memoirs and autobiographical fiction, interviews, organizational papers, and other publications, as well as visual sources such as cartoons, posters, and photographs. Brief introductions to the documents and a "Further Reading" section offer historical context and point readers to additional resources. 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| genre | (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Quelle |
| geographic | USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | USA Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV049457448 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:14:10Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T10:07:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032343723 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034803229 |
| oclc_num | 1422431431 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xix, 512 Seiten Illustrationen 23 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240126 |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Routledge advances in American history |
| series2 | Routledge advances in American history |
| spelling | Polish American voices a documentary history, 1608-2020 edited by Anna D. Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann and James S. Pula New York ; London Routledge [2024] xix, 512 Seiten Illustrationen 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge advances in American history 25 "This volume presents 145 primary source documents of Polish immigrants from different waves and backgrounds speaking about their lives, concerns, and viewpoints in their own voices, while they grapple with issues of identity and strive to make sense of their lives in the context of migration. Poles have come to America since the Jamestown settlement in 1608 and constituted one of the largest immigrant groups at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. As of 2020, the Census Bureau lists them as the sixth largest ethnic group in the country. The history of their experience is an integral part of the American story as well as that of the broader Polish diaspora. Each of the ten comprehensive chapters presents a specific theme illuminated by a selection of letters, press articles, fragments of memoirs and autobiographical fiction, interviews, organizational papers, and other publications, as well as visual sources such as cartoons, posters, and photographs. Brief introductions to the documents and a "Further Reading" section offer historical context and point readers to additional resources. The book provides students and scholars with a broad understanding and an incentive for future study of the Polish experience in the United States." Geschichte 1608-2020 gnd rswk-swf Einwanderer (DE-588)4151434-8 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polish Americans / Social conditions / Sources Polish Americans / Social life and customs / Sources Polish people / United States / Social conditions Polish Americans / Historiography Polish Americans / Ethnic identity (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Einwanderer (DE-588)4151434-8 s Geschichte 1608-2020 z DE-604 Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann, Anna D. 1960- (DE-588)1076930883 edt Pula, James S. 1946- (DE-588)135888026 edt Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-032-34373-0 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-80208-2 Routledge advances in American history 25 (DE-604)BV035397419 25 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034803229&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034803229&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Polish American voices a documentary history, 1608-2020 Routledge advances in American history Einwanderer (DE-588)4151434-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4151434-8 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Polish American voices a documentary history, 1608-2020 |
| title_auth | Polish American voices a documentary history, 1608-2020 |
| title_exact_search | Polish American voices a documentary history, 1608-2020 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Polish American voices a documentary history, 1608-2020 |
| title_full | Polish American voices a documentary history, 1608-2020 edited by Anna D. Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann and James S. Pula |
| title_fullStr | Polish American voices a documentary history, 1608-2020 edited by Anna D. Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann and James S. Pula |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polish American voices a documentary history, 1608-2020 edited by Anna D. Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann and James S. Pula |
| title_short | Polish American voices |
| title_sort | polish american voices a documentary history 1608 2020 |
| title_sub | a documentary history, 1608-2020 |
| topic | Einwanderer (DE-588)4151434-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Einwanderer USA Polen Quelle |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034803229&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034803229&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035397419 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jaroszynskakirchmannannad polishamericanvoicesadocumentaryhistory16082020 AT pulajamess polishamericanvoicesadocumentaryhistory16082020 |