Makrolitická industrie kultury s vypíchanou keramikou ve Mšeně: = Macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from Mšeno
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech English |
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Pragae
Národní muzeum
2022
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| Ausgabe: | První vydání |
| Schriftenreihe: | Fontes Archaeologici Pragenses
volumen 49 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Přehled nástrojů z období neolitické kultury s vypíchanou keramikou, které byly objevy nedaleko Mšena. Literaturverzeichnis Seite 134-139 |
| Beschreibung: | 187 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme 31 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788070367216 |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Fontes Archaeologici Pragenses |v volumen 49 | |
| 500 | |a Přehled nástrojů z období neolitické kultury s vypíchanou keramikou, které byly objevy nedaleko Mšena. | ||
| 500 | |a Literaturverzeichnis Seite 134-139 | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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OBSAH Obsah i. Úvod. 7 2. Mlecí kameny. 9 2.1. Úvod. 9 2.2. Vyhodnocení vlastností mlecích kamenů. 10 2.3. Tvary a třídění mlecích kamenů. 30 2.4. Malé nástroje a jejich funkce.31 2.5. Druhotné použití mlýnků. 33 2.6. Zastoupení mlecích kamenů v jednotlivých objektech. 33 2.7. Možná symbolická hodnota mlýnků. 35 2.8. Petrografie
makrolitických artefaktů (B. . . 37 2.9. Petrografie hornin mlecích kamenů (B. . .38 2.10. Otázka transportu mlýnků a surovin к jejich výrobě.41 3. Brousky. 44 3.1. Úvod. 44 3.2. Vyhodnocení vlastností brousků.44 3.3. Tvary a třídění brousků. 61 3.4. Zastoupení brousků v jednotlivých objektech. 62 3.5. Rozlišení některých brousků od mlecích kamenů. 63 3.6.
Výstružníky. 63 3.7. Petrografie hornin brousků (B. . . 64 4. OTLOUKAČE / JEDNORUČNÍ NÁSTROJE. 67 4.1. Úvod. 67 4.2. Vyhodnocení vlastností otloukačů. 67 4.2.1. Otloukače v užším slova smyslu.67 4.2.2. Tzv. kladívka. 74 4.3. Zastoupení otloukačů v jednotlivých objektech.74 4.4. Varné kameny. 75 4.5. Roztírací
podložky. 75 4.6. Jiné druhy nálezů. 75 4.7. Petrografie hornin otloukačů (B. Šreinová). 76 5. Broušená industrie (broušené sekerovité nástroje). 77 5.1. Úvod. 77 5.2. Vyhodnocení vlastností broušené industrie. 78 5.3. Typy broušených nástrojů. 91 5.4. Kamenné vývrtky. 95 5.4.1. Celková charakteristika.95 5.5. Metrika otvorů nástrojů a
vývrtků. 98 5.6. Poznámky ke způsobu vrtání otvorů. 99 FONTES ArchAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 5
OBSAH 5.7. Broušená industrie v jednotlivých objektech. 101 5.8. Petrografie hornin broušené industrie (B. . . 103 5.9. Horniny broušené industrie a jejich původ (Μ. Lička - B. . . 115 5.10. Poznámky a diskuse к významu broušené industrie. 116 6. Petrografie nezařazených hornin do výše uvedených skupin (B. ŠREINOVÁ).122 7. ZÁVĚR (Μ. Lička - B. Šreinová). 124 8. Literatura. 134 Autoři.140 Macrolithic industry of the Stroked Pottery Culture from Mšeno (Summary). 141 Tabule171 6 FONTES ARC H AEO LOG IC I PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022
8. LITERATURA 8. Literatura Adams, J. - Delgado, S. - Dabreuil, L. - Hamon, С. - Plisson, H. Risch, L. 2009: Functional analysis of macro-lithic artefacts: a focus on working surfaces. In: Sternke, F. - Eigeland, L. Costa, L.-J. (eds.): Non-Flint Raw Material Use in Prehistory. Old prejudices and new directions. - Eutilisation préhisto rique de matières premières lithiques alternatives. Anciens préjugés, nouvelles perspectives. BAR International Series 1939, 43-66. Arnold, P. - Beck, Ch. - Lüning, J. 2005: Körner zu Mehl: Mah len auf steinernen Schiebemühlen.In: Lüning, J. (Hrsg.): Die Bandkeramiker. Erste Steinzeitbauern in Deutschland. Bilder einer Ausstellung beim Hessentag in Heppenheim/Bergstrase im Juni 2004. Rahden/Westf., 99-109. Bakels, С. C. 1987: On the Adzes of the Northwestern Linearband keramik. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 20, 53-85. Bartik, J. 2013: Broušená a ostatní kamenná industrie kultury s moravskou malovanou keramikou z prostoru nejzápadnější Moravy - Geschliffene und andere Steinindustrie der Mähris chen Bemaltkeramischen Kultur aus dem äußersten Westen Mährens. Archeologie západních Čech 6, 118-154. Baštová, D. -Smolíková, Μ. -Zavřel, J. 2011: Hromadný nález brou šené industrie z mladšího neolitu v Praze-Ruzyni - A Late Neo lithic hoard of polished stony industry from Prague-Ruzyně. Archeologie ve středních Čechách 15, 67-78. Bandais, D. - Lundström-Baudais, К. 2002: Enquête ethnoarchéologique dans un village du Nord-Ouest du Népal: les instruments de mouture et de broyage. In: Procopiou, H.-Treuil, R.(dirs.): Moudre et broyer. E
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8. LITERATURA Valová, P. 2009: Petrografický výzkum kamenné broušené indu strie z neolitického sídliště v Těšeticích-Kyjovicích. MS. Diplomová práce, Masarykova univerzita. Přírodovědecká fakulta. Brno, 1-74. Vávra, Μ. - Beneš, Z. - Šťastný, D. 2016: Mladoneolitické hroby v Peckách, Kolíně a Sánech - Late Neolithic inhumations gra ves at Pečky, Kolín and Sány in the Kolín region. Archeologie ve středních Čechách 20, 111-132. Venci, S. 1960: Kamenné nástroje prvních zemědělců ve střední Evropě - Les instruments lithiques des premiers agriculteurs en Europe centrale. Sborník Národního muzea 14, řada A Historie, 1-2,1-91. Venci, S. 1964: Dvoudílné pískovcové brousky - Zweiteilige Schleif steine aus Sandstein. Archeologické studijní materiály I, 31-37. Venci, S. 1975: Hromadné nálezy neolitické broušené industrie z Čech - Die Hortfunde neolithischen geschliffenen Stein geräts aus Böhmen. Památky archeologické бб, 12-73. Venci, S. 1979: Počátky zbraní - The Origins of Weapons. On the Question of Recognizability of Prehistoric Arms. Archeo logické rozhledy 31, 640-694. Venci, S. 1995: Brusné kameny a plochy: dosud přehlížený archeo logický pramen? (Polishing stones and planes: still ignored archaeological source?). Děčínské vlastivědné zprávy 9, 1, 21-25. FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI Venci, 1998: Bemerkungen zur Auswertung der Steinindustrie funde aus neolithischen Gräbern in Böhmen, In: Zápotocká, Μ. 1998, 141-144. Waldhauser, J. 1981: Keltské rotační mlýny v Čechách - Keltische Drehmühlen in Böhmen. Památky archeologické 72,153-221. Zápotocká, Μ. 1998: Bestattungsritus des
böhmichen Neolithi kums. Gräber und Bestattungen der Kultur mit Linear,- Stich band- und Lengyel-Keramik. Archäologisches Institut: Praha. Zápotocký, Μ. 1966: Streitäxte und Streitaxtkulturen. Památky archeologické 57,172-209. Zápotocký, Μ. - Dreslerová, D. 1996: Jenšten. Eine neuentdeckte frühäneolithische Gruppe in Mittelböhmen. Památky arche ologické 87, 5-58. Zápotocký, Μ. 2002: Eneolitická broušená industrie a osídlení v regionu Čáslav - Kutná Hora - Aeneolithic Polished Industry and Settlement Within the Čáslav - Kutná Hora. In: Pavlů, I. (ed.): Bylany Varia 2. Praha, 159-228. Zimmermann, A. 1988: Steine. In: U. Boelicke - D. von Brandt J. Lüning - P. Stehli. - A. Zimmermann 1988, Der bandke ramische Siedlungsplatz Langweiler 8, Gemeinde Alden hoven, Kreis Düren. Beiträge zur neolithischen Besiedlung der Aldenhovener Platte III 2, Rheinische Ausgrabungen 28, 569-787. PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 139
SUMMARY Macrolithic industry of the Stroked Pottery Culture from Mšeno 1. Introduction The long-term small-scale archaeological excavation at the southern border of the town of Mšeno in Central Bohemia [Fig. 1) has uncovered traces of settlements from various prehistoric periods, particularly that of the Stroked Pottery Culture (SPC) from the Neolithic period. The Neolithic set tlement, which encompasses the major part of the develop ment of the SPC, namely the later phase of the early stage and the late stage (approximately 4900-4600 BC), was repre sented by characteristic features of that time, among others by the ground-plans of longhouses [Lička 2019'), one crema tion burial and one mass inhumation burial in a storage pit [Lička et al. 2016, 2019). This text deals with macrolithic artefacts. They were ana lysed and assessed using the same methods as the macrolithic artefacts from the settlement of the Linear Pottery Culture (LPC) in Kosof near Prague [Lička et al. 2014). When used in Mšeno, these methods were adapted to the archaeological material of the Stroked Pottery Culture. This applies to all the selected indicators, metrics, morphology, manufacturing technology, use wear and functional identification as well as to the knowledge from the fields of petrography, experimen tal archaeology and ethnography. The basic classification of the studied lithic industry was made with the main regard to manufacturing technology (chipped stone industry on the one hand and macrolithic industry on the other hand) and the aspect of function, in contrast to other approaches
where the basic criterion is mostly focused on raw materials. It is evident that there is a coincidence between most types of finds and the rock types used. Individual types (classes) of objects in the settlement of Mšeno represent querns, crushers/mullers, whetstones/grinders, grinding slabs, hammerstones, axes and axe-like tools (traditionally referred to as polished stone tools), knives and artefacts of an unknown function. (This involves tools from resistant materials, which were preserved in specific soil con ditions, i.e. excluding the bone, antler or wood finds, in con trast to organic material which is preserved in other regions, see e.g. finds from Clairvaux-les-Lacs [Jura] and Fontenu [Jura] in France or from Thayngen [canton of Schaffhausen] in Switzerland, Pétrequin - Pétrequin 2021, 457, 459, Fig. 534, 532.) In general, it means that this work pays attention to all the stone artefacts except for the chipped stone industry [Adams et al. 2009). Seen from the perspective of practical use, some of them were sometimes, or mostly, used to make other tools and equipment (whetstones, hammerstones) and others were used for the processing and preparation of prod ucts related to food (mainly querns). This treatise on the mac rolithic industry is with some tolerance formally divided into four basic sections, following the functions of the individual artefacts. The results of the petrographic analyses are pre sented separately for each of these four sections. All the drawings were created by Irena Vajglová and Hana Vittková, and the photos were taken by Blanka
Šreinová. Grati tude goes to them and to Jan Eigner, Miroslav Dobeš, Štefan Druga, Katerina Hošková, Martin Kuča, Milan Metlička, Hana Nedvědová, Milan Salaš, Vladimír Slunečko, Josef Souček, Miroslav Šmíd, Miloslava Smolíková, Dalibor Velebil, Lucie Vélová and Lukáš Zvolánek. 2. Quern-stones 2.1. Introduction The study of querns, which is based on a large quantity of source material and often includes the determination of the raw material and knowledge of other scientific disciplines, has become more intensive in the past few decades (e.g. Zim mermann 1989; Hamon 2006; Ramminger 2007; Graefe 2009). In our territory, the first relevant treatises on this topic were written within the comprehensive analysis and evaluation of finds from the extensively explored Neolithic agglom eration at Bylany near Kutná Hora [Pavlů. - Ralf 1991; Pavlů. 2000). These first studies were then followed by other works (e.g. Řídký - Biçakçi 2011; Lička et al. 2014; Řídký et al. 2014), some of which still remain in the form of manuscripts (e.g. the Fontes archaeologici Pragenses - volumen 49 - Pragae 2022 141
SUMMARY authors P. Brestovanský, D. Stolz, J. Švédová and Μ. Vokáč). Possible methods of documenting the querns and other types of artefacts, the terms used for the assessment of diagnostic criteria or the process of crushing/grinding and the related activities have been mentioned by us elsewhere (Lička et al. 2014, 11-13, 28-30). The so-called Neolithic querns are composed of an upper mobile stone and a lower stationary stone. Devices of this type were mainly used in agriculture, more precisely in food production, since the Neolithic period. The process of grind ing was carried out by placing a material to be ground on the working surface of the lower stone and by moving the upper stone in parallel motions back and forth over it. The querns were mainly used for grinding or crushing cereal grains and similar crops to make a flour-like product which was then used for the preparation of a food, e.g. porridge, unleavened flat bread or bread loaves. For the purpose of comparison, analogies were used e.g. from the territory of the Trypillia Culture, which was spread over a similar temporal and geo graphical environment and in the same climate zone. As evi denced by the detected find contexts and clay house models, the above-mentioned grinding devices were placed inside Neolithic houses, where they created the centre of the living space together with house ovens (e.g. Lička 2012,623,630 sq.; with references to other literature). However, in the territory of the Linear Pottery Culture, the Stroked Pottery Culture and essentially all related so-called Band Ware cultures, the
house floors with milling devices and all things above the level of the then ground surface were destroyed by erosion processes of an anthropogenic or natural origin. From this vast territory we thus do not know of any direct evidence for the original location of querns inside buildings. Their posi tion is estimated on the basis of querns or quern fragments which were found in features associated with nearby houses, particularly in their postholes, foundation trenches or con struction pits. Nevertheless, a curious exception is known in this regard, even though it comes from a later period and from a differ ent cultural sphere. It is a grinding set, which was originally placed on the floor of a stilt building that was destroyed by an unexpected fire. The building remains and mainly the fire-resistant objects, such as the above-mentioned quern, fell down through the burnt floor due to their heavy weight and sank into the lake bottom. The quern and the other pre served objects thus relatively faithfully parallel the original spatial arrangement on the house floor before its destruc tion (the site of Clairvaux-les-Lacs [Jura], house dated to 3900-3800 BC, Pétrequin - Pétrequin 1995b, 503, 505, Fig. 2, 6; Milleville - Jaccottey - Duda 1995, 1031-1032, Fig. 6; Pétre quin - Pétrequin 2021, 459, Fig 535). 142 2.2. Assessment of the properties of the quern-stones The basic characterization of the artefacts from Mšeno prima rily applies to the whole assemblage of finds from the period of the Stroked Pottery Culture, namely from the later phase of the early stage (hereinafter
we only use the simplified term ‘early stage’) and from the late stage of the SPC together. The reasons thereof are obvious. It is a medium-sized collection from a relatively short period of time and the artefacts them selves are not really prone to changes in their shape within the given period. Nevertheless, we differentiate them accord ing to shorter time spans or according to some other criteria where it seems reasonable. Because a substantial part of the chapter on quern-stones was recently published in a separate article (Lička - Šreinová 2021), here in this text, in order to abide by the concept comprising all the macrolithic indus try, we will deal with the artefacts in brief and, on the other hand, in some cases we will extend partial topics using new perspectives. We can state that quern-stones and stone raw material numbering 159 pieces (excluding three solitary finds, which are not included in the following assessment) come from 52 archaeological features, of which all but one belong to the Stroked Pottery Culture. Approximately two thirds of these finds represent finished products and their fragments (about 96 % in terms of weight) and almost one third of them corre spond to potential raw material for their manufacture, includ ing any fragments and flakes without working surfaces and possibly also unrecognized semi-finished products and their fragments (only about 4 %! in terms of weight). We do not explicitly reflect upon the question of whether the settlement has yielded few or many quern-stones and quern fragments because we do not find any objective
criterion for such a judge ment. (The low number of querns detected in other settle ments might have resulted from the preparation of porridge or similar dishes with the help of some other device, or the few existing querns might have been shared by multiple families, probably due to a shortage - Gehlen 2009, 540-541). As regards the preservation rate of finished products, the vast majority of them represent variously large but mostly small fragments, and barely one tenth are whole or partly whole pieces (Lička - Šreinová 2021, 334, Graph 1). The high frag mentariness of finished tools indicates that the vast major ity of them have been used until they were completely worn out and broke into pieces. This situation is also known from other Neolithic consumer settlements. The total weight of the finished querns of the SPC is 76,388 g, excluding the currently missing specimen from Feature 20. (Stone raw material was excluded from further considerations because it could not always be indisputably assigned to querns). Fontes archaeologici pragenses - volumen 49 - Pragae 2022
SUMMARY From a chronological point of view, in terms of weight, 24.6 % are objects from the early stage, 74.5 % correspond to the late stage and the rest (1 %) represents the SPC in general. A larger difference between the two chronological stages would appear if the criterion of a simple number of individuals were applied (Lička - Šreinová 2021,335, Graph 2). At the same time, the results obtained with the help of both indicators show that the tool completeness rate is relatively higher in the early stage than in the late stage. It is a similar situation with the polished stone industry, therefore it is also interpreted in a similar way (see below). The shape of the quern-stones in plan view varies between a rectangle in the broader sense and an oval. However, in more than one half of the total, the shape could not be identified at all due to the high fragmentariness of the artefacts. The shape of the dorsal side of the quern-stones and the method of surface finish at their vertex sometimes give the impression that the ventral sides of these stones, essentially only the upper stones, may have been used for some work ing activity within the first phase of grinding, e.g. for crush ing the processed material into the coarsest fractions (Fig. 2; Lička - Šreinová 2021, 335). The residues of processed organic material on the surface of the quern-stones cannot be detected using standard meth ods, in contrast to inorganic materials, mainly coloured ones. In Mšeno, traces of a red dye were found on three stones. The degree of use wear on the upper working surface repre sents an
important attribute for the estimation of direct time during which a tool was in operation and which cannot be estimated by other archaeological methods (the total time during which a tool has been used repeatedly and intermit tently is a different category). It is important to make a com parison with data which can be obtained from ethnography and scientific experiments. In the assemblage of finds from Mšeno (104 pcs), the degree of use wear on the working sur face mostly cannot be estimated (64.4 %), evidently due to the predominance of small fragments which are not suitable for measurements. On the other hand, sufficiently large tor sos and whole objects enabled one to identify use wear on their surface, namely small wear marks ranging between 3 and 10 mm (23.1 %), large wear marks of 21 mm and more (9.6 %) and negligible use wear (2.9 %). When the depth of use-wear marks was expressed by reliable metric values, it reached up to 34 mm. We are naturally curious how long the querns, more pre cisely the lower and the upper stones separately, have been used in real life, how fast individual types of used rocks got worn out if specified in absolute time units, and whether the above-mentioned measurements of archaeological objects can help elucidate the previous two questions. We must say in advance that their contribution is very small, if any at all. More can be expected from the results of experiments, but only in one special regard (the detection of the degree of use wear depending on absolute time). Far more promising in this regard is the use of querns in living
cultures of some populations who maintain old traditions. From the results obtained in the last-mentioned environment we can hope fully securely infer that the service life of Neolithic querns was long rather than short, or we can also define in which chronological horizon they have been used. We can again mention the documented example of a Nepa lese village, where local families used querns of a Neolithic construction made from gneiss and sometimes from granite and quartzite. After ten years of being used, the working sur faces of the quern-stones exhibited a material loss of a maxi mum 5 mm in thickness. The use wear of querns which have been used over twenty years reached a maximum of 12 mm. On the basis of these and other data we can estimate that the average wear of the working surface in the central part of stones is 4.1 mm within ten years (Baudais - LundströmBaudais 2002, 156, 169). Completely different results are known from the Eastern Sahara, where the lifespan of the used upper stones with a height of 5 cm is estimated as being one to two years and the lifespan of the lower stones with a height of about 12 to 15 cm is estimated as being five to six years. However, some of the documented specimens have been used much longer (Schön - Holter 1998,157). On another continent, in the western part of South America, indigenous people in Mexico and Guatemala are reported to have used quern-stones for thirty to fifty years, or even longer (Liebowitz 2008, 190-191). From other comprehensively published eth nographic information we can estimate the average lifespan of
the upper stones as being one or two to 23.5 years, and the average lifespan of the lower stones as being four to thirty years (Ramminger 2007, 109). Based on the data for querns from the European Neolithic, namely from one part of the western Band Ware zone, the lifespan of the lower stones should be five to six years or more and the lifespan of the upper stones should be at least four years (Ramminger 2007, 109). In Hesse, the lifespan of the upper stones is estimated on average to be three years and the lifespan of the lower stones to be six years. As follows from other examples, when the quern-stones are made from a raw material which is more resistant to abrasion, their durability increases more than three times (Ramminger 2007,109). At the same time, differ ent data reflect various different circumstances under which they originated, among others also the service life of a tool in absolute (continuous) time, which is, however, only roughly estimable for the past. The use wear of tools is sometimes associated with a limit height, which, when reached, weak ens the strength of the rock to such an extent that the quern becomes unusable, particularly due to the danger of break age. The limit of usability of the upper stones from the collec tion of querns from Bylany is represented by a use wear (loss FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 143
SUMMARY in height) of two thirds [Pavlů 2000, 83). In another context, the compactness of a stone during working activity shall be secured by its height of 3 cm and more, at least as far as the upper stones are concerned (Gehlen 2009, 484). From the distinguishing of all the available whole pieces and fragments into upper and. lower quern-stones (102 pcs) it followed that the former category (34.3 %) is about twice as large as the latter one (18.6 %), but we must take into considera tion the high percentage of indeterminable specimens (44.1 %). Three quern-stones (2.9 %), in which the interpretation of work ing traces seems more complicated, are assessed below. In the case of two plate-shaped stones made from palaeo rhyolite, which are classed among the lower stones, the work ing activity was certainly also made with the opposite (lower) side. In the first stone, which is rectangular in plan (Fig. 5:5), the upper side (concave in longitudinal section and straight in cross-section) represents a lower stone according to the direction of crooked working grooves oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tool, whereas the lower side (straight in longitudinal section and slightly convex in cross-section) with short working grooves perpendicular to the longitudi nal axis would indicate the function of an upper stone. Sim ply put, one side of the quern-stone should serve as a lower stone and the opposite side as an upper stone. Because the given rectangular shape is wide (nearly a square), the two working surfaces cannot be assigned the function of a lower or upper
stone with certainty. However, considering the over all shape and size, it is rather a lower stone. The situation with the second quern-stone is essentially the same (Fig. 8:1). Its upper working surface, distinctly concave in longitudinal section (abraded by long usage to a depth of 34 mm), shows grooves and scratches perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, which indicate that the tool has been used as the upper stone in a quern. The opposite straight surface, apparently little used, is covered with scratches which are mostly parallel to the longitudinal axis. Nevertheless, for the same reasons as were mentioned for the previous specimen, this object rather reminds one of a lower quern-stone when its size and shape are considered. The upper surface of another stone, this time a plano-con vex one (Fig. 13: 4), exhibits working traces which are both parallel and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (for more details see below). The remarkable use of both surfaces was observed in a stone from a feature which is dated only generally to the early prehistory (Feature 182), therefore this stone does not belong to the finds treated in this article. It is approximately one half of a plate-shaped lower stone with working surfaces on both opposite sides (Fig. 13:3), where the upper side is concave in longitudinal section and partly slightly concave (in the cen tral part) and partly convex (at the edges) in cross-section. Dressing traces are largely preserved at the edges, to a lesser 144 extent also directly on the working surfaces. The grinding scratches perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis at the same time classify the artefact as a lower stone. A halved hollow with an irregular outline, which is located at the break of the artefact, might represent a trace of an intentional blow, which broke the quern-stone into pieces (see below). Hammering marks are visible on the lateral surfaces, traces of coarse abrupt retouch can be observed at the boundary between the working surface and the lateral surfaces. The opposite side, which is almost straight, has a smoothed surface; a hollow ground shallow groove (width up to 65 mm, depth 14 mm) with a roughened surface runs across the middle of the straight side. This working surface might have been used to polish and grind some objects (see the groove in the middle) or to crush various materials. As we already mentioned above, the overall representa tion of the lower stones in find assemblages is mainly influ enced by two factors: the extremely high fragmentariness of objects and the consequent highly uncertain identification of this quern component. Moreover, the only diagnostic fea ture, in this case a mere indication, is often the massiveness of an artefact expressed by its larger height, vertical flanks, breakage surfaces or traces of rough chipping and pecking techniques (e.g. Figs. 3:4; 6:4; 7:2; 8:2). From a fragment we can exceptionally estimate an angled shape in plan (Fig. 9:2). The results thus should be taken with great caution, all the more so because in the assemblage of finds we identified only one whole indisputable lower stone. (The fact is that among the numerous querns from Bylany,
only 16 lower stones were found complete: Pavlů 2000, 76. A similar proportion was also detected with specimens from a remote part of Europe, namely from two settlements at Kleitos in north-western Greece, dated to the Late and Final Neolithic - 18 whole or almost complete specimens in the collection of 602 finds: Chondrou 2020, 290.) On the other hand, the identification of the upper stones, as is also usual elsewhere at Neolithic sites, is far more reli able. The length of the measurable upper stones (7 pcs) from Mšeno ranges from 22.5 cm to 36 cm (mostly from 23 to 26 cm) and its weighted arithmetic mean is 26.1 cm. Their width (30 measurable specimens) varies between 9 and 18.8 cm and its weighted arithmetic mean is 13.9 cm (thus representing almost half the average length). For a metrical comparison of the upper quern-stones from Mšeno with finds from other sites of the Stroked Pottery Culture in our territory, we can use a collection of 9 arte facts from Vchynice in the District of Litoměřice, particu larly due to their width dimension ranging between 11.6 cm and 17.9 cm, with an average value of 15.6 cm (Řídký et al. 2014, 297). The mentioned range fully corresponds to the range detected with the finds from Mšeno: it is only a little narrower, unlike the average value which is slightly higher. FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2 02 2
SUMMARY Not surprisingly, the dimensions of 7 measurable specimens from Roztoky near Prague (including finds from the late Lengyel horizon), ranging from 8.5 cm to 14 cm (with one exception ranging from 10 cm to 14 cm), fit well into this scheme with negligible deviations, even though the weighted arithmetic mean of 11.6 cm is relatively low (Pavlů 1991,249253, tab. 3). A similar situation can also be observed at sites with a less frequent occurrence of measurable pieces, e.g. in Černý Vûl (width 11.9-22.9 cm - Řídký et al. 2014, 297). Other possibilities for comparison are offered by quern stones from a slightly older period, from the milieu of the Linear Pottery Culture, for example the upper quern-stones from Kosoř near Prague (Lička et al. 2014, 23) which were analysed and assessed using the same methodical approach. Their length between 19.5 and 37 cm and width between 7 and 17.5 cm strongly resemble the finds from Mšeno or those from Bylany. At the last-mentioned site (Pavlů - Ralf 1991,341), the saddle-shaped pseudotype is reported to have an aver age length of 33 cm and width of 14-15 cm, the plano-convex type has an average length of 30 cm and width of 12 cm and the flat type is on average 12.5 cm wide. Generally, for the upper stones, the length is 28.7 to 37.1 cm with an average of 31.9 cm, and the width is 8.4 to 18 cm with an average of 12.9 cm (Pavlů 2000, 93, Tab. З.1.З.А.). At the site of Vedrovice near Znojmo, the measurable width of the upper stones (59 pieces from two locations) varies between 9 and 16 cm, with one exception which is 8 cm wide (Švédová
2005, 81, 106). The width of several stones without further specifica tion (probably understood to be upper stones) from the site of Březno u Loun ranges between 9 and 13 cm (Pleinerová Pavlů 1979,104). The data for the Neolithic upper stones from Mohelnice (including the reconstructed dimensions) comprise a length between 106 and 344 mm and width between 66 and 188 mm (Pavlů 2020,186-187, obr. 20). In regions more or less distant from Central Europe, e.g. in the territory between the Weser Uplands and the lower reaches of the Rhine River in the Neolithic period, the average length of the upper stones is 30.1 cm and width is 17.4 cm (Graefe 2009,185). The same tools from the area of the Paris Basin are reported to have an average length of 16.3 cm and width of 11.2 cm (Hamon 2006, 44,46). The width of the upper stones from the Early Linear Pottery Culture site of Schwanfeld in Lower Franconia (Ram minger 2011,132) ranges between 7.4 cm and 16.5 cm with an average of 11.1 cm, the length of whole specimens from the settlement of Langweiler 8 varies between 26.9 and 40 cm and the width ranges from 11.7 to 16 cm (Zimmermann 1998,735). Analogies from more distant regions, for example those from the settlement of Kleitos I in Greece, have an average length of 24.61 cm and width of 12.05 cm (Chondrou 2020, 296). For a comparison with primitive querns from sub-recent living cultures, which formally correspond to Neolithic twopiece querns, we will give the following few examples. FONTES A RC H AE О LOG 1 С I The length of the upper stones used by the people from a village in
north-western Nepal (Bandais - Lundström-Baudais 2002, 166) is 39-65 cm and the width is 12-23 cm (all the upper and lower stones from this site are flat, but the upper stones have a much smaller width, their length exceeds the width of the lower stones by 12-20 cm and the narrower ends of some specimens are trimmed for an easy grip). In another population from several villages (Minyanka) in African Mali (Hamon - Le Gall 2013, 113), the length of the upper stones varies between 27 and 48 cm and the width ranges from 7 to 23 cm (here also the length of the upper stones exceeds the width of the lower stones). Metrical values detected in other regions seem smaller, for example the average length of the upper stone (understood to be the crusher/muller) in present day nomads from northern Sudan is 15.5 cm and the width is 14 cm. However, these values are much higher than those measured for prehistoric pieces of the same type in this region (Schön - Holter 1998, 157). From another territory, namely from Tichit in south-eastern Mauritania (Roux 1983,123), we know among others also data for the upper stones (including the small ones in the form of mullers/crushers) - their length ranges from 5.1 to 35 cm (on average 14.9 cm) and width is 3.6 to 15 cm (on average 8.2 cm). From the above-mentioned illustrative data on sub-recent querns there follows a certain difference conditioned by the raw material used and by spe cific cultural traditions and social-economic status, which makes them applicable to the Neolithic in Central Europe only to a limited extent. All of the upper stones
mentioned here, if determinable in this way, are two-handed stones (34 pieces). Their easy grip during working activity was enabled by trimming the shape of the narrow ends to form a handle or bevel (e.g. Figs. 11:1, 3; 12: 3; 13: 5; 14: 1; 11 pieces in total). The narrowing in con nection with heavy use wear, which resulted in the thinning of the tool, was at the same time a weak point in terms of its strength, more precisely the place at the boundary between the handle and the body of the tool. This was often the area where a tool broke apart (Figs. 4:2; 5:6). The predisposition to cracks is evidenced not only by the broken-off handles, but also by the truncated bodies of the upper stones without these terminal parts. The creation of a handle/bevel is a necessary technological improvement enabling one to hold the upper stone properly during grinding. It is not by coincidence that all these stones are relatively thin, although their dorsal sur face is mostly rounded (they belong to the low plano-convex type, regardless of whether their smaller thickness is a result of the original intention or whether it emerged in the course of time due to long-term use and wear of the working sur face). Of course, it cannot always be identified whether the grips were an integral part of the tools from the very begin ning or whether they emerged additionally as a result of use wear (thinning). In stones trimmed in this way, often rela- PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 145
SUMMARY tively thin, we rather suppose that during the working activity the handles/bevels for easy grip extended beyond the width of the lower stone (to prevent the miller’s hands from being injured). If so, the length of the upper stone should exceed the width of the lower stone, as indicated by some ethnographic sources (Baudais - Lundström-Baudais 2002, 166). Judging from the working traces, almost all the plano convex stones from Mšeno correspond to the upper stones. All of them have their backside convex in cross-section, either low (from the beginning or due to use wear of the upper working surface), or high (often in connection with minor wear of the upper working surface). The dorsal sur face, often perfectly rounded, is usually more or less per fectly trimmed by pecking and grinding, particularly at its vertex. The higher and taller cross-section and the rounded backside make the tools (with regard to their position during the work process) easy and comfortable to grip from above without any necessity to create handles/bevels, in contrast to the flat upper stones (on a possible use of the backside as a working surface, see above). This way of holding the upper stone enables one to carry out grinding with any type of the lower stone, both narrow and wide, without the dan ger of injuring the hands. An illustrative example of a whole intact plano-convex quern-stone at the initial stage of its service life, almost rec tangular to oval in plan, was found in Feature 3 (Fig. 3: 1). Judging from the wear on the working surface (scratches and irregular grooves
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tool), it is an upper two-handed stone. The upper work ing surface is concave in longitudinal section and convex in cross-section. Both the dorsal surface, which is relatively high in both longitudinal and transverse direction, and the lateral sides are thoroughly ground, in some places with peck ing marks. It is a large specimen of elegant shape, its entire surface is thoroughly worked, the upper working surface is little worn. The piece is unusually heavy for an upper stone (see below). Another plano-convex quern-stone, originally oval in plan (Fig. 13: 4), was made from silicified coarse-grained sandstone. In the middle part of the upper working surface, we can recognize scratches parallel to the longitudinal axis and on the lateral surfaces of the narrow side we can see irregularly shaped groove-like features perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tool. Moreover, its working surface is slightly concave in all directions, which is visible on the break, i.e. in the original middle part of the tool. When com pared to the previous tool, this specimen is smaller and of a different type and shape in plan view. It might have been originally used as an upper stone and later also (or solely) as a lower stone. The material, from which the tool was made, urges caution with regard to an interpretation of its function. Another specific thing about it is that the stone is little worn 146 and yet broken. We remark that the concaveness of the work ing surface in all directions is rather found in whetstones and grinders. This
feature is typical of mortar-shaped lower stones, but these are absent in our territory or their presence is disputable. (Real devices composed of a stationary mortar with a deep bowl-shaped working surface and of a mobile pestle are not known from the Neolithic in our territory. On the other hand, they are widespread in the Near East, as evi denced e.g. by the immense number of specimens from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe in south-eastern Turkey - Dietrich 2021.') Nevertheless, if they were indeed used in our territory, which cannot be completely excluded, they must have been made from wood. In our collection from Mšeno, the slightly concave working surface can be identi fied in at least one other small tool, which is oval in plan and plate-shaped, likewise made from silicified medium-grained sandstone (Fig. 13:2). The possibility that the artefact might have (also?) been used as a grinder, is in this case maybe a little higher because its opposite straight surface is at the same time also a working surface. Another specimen (Fig. 4: 3) can also be classed among the same category of tools with slightly concave working surfaces. 2.3. Shapes and classification of quern-stones The stones of two-piece querns can in principle be divided accord ing to morphological features into three basic types and one pseudotype (more details in: Lička - Šreinová 2021,338 sq.). Plate type (1) is characterized by (originally) two straight opposite sides. The specimens with a larger thickness often correspond to the lower quern-stones. Plano-convex type (2) has, or at the
beginning of its serv ice life had, a straight upper working surface and a convex backside. The variant with a high, regularly arched dorsal surface is sometimes referred to as loaf-shaped. It is usually associated with the upper stones. The third type (3) is characterized by an irregular shape, sometimes accompanied by considerable weight. The saddle-shaped pseudotype stands completely outside the system. The stone was in fact originally loaf-shaped, plate shaped or some other type and was gradually deformed by intensive use of the upper working surface. None of the analysed quern parts can be classified as com pletely unused or new (for an almost new, only slightly worn quern-stone, see below). The quern-stones can be divided according to their shape in plan view into rectangular (I) and elliptical (II) stones with many variants. A special group is represented by small onehanded tools, which were made from fragments of quern stones or from amorphous stones; some of them were used as the upper quern-stones. FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022
SUMMARY 2.4. Small tools and their functions Apart from the upper and lower quern-stones of larger dimen sions, small one-handed stones were also found. In their func tion they are partly identical to muller and crusher tools (see the chapter on hammerstones). Some of them probably (also) had the function of the upper quern-stones (e.g. Fig. 8:2, 3). They have a prismatic or spherical shape {Figs. 42: 3; 44: 2; 44: 6; 17) {Lička - Šreinová 2021, 340). 2.5. Secondary use of querns Fragments of quern-stones were sometimes used to create small one-handed tools (see above and the chapter on ham merstones), but also for other purposes. For example, they were part of a pavement from flat stones under oven floors, which served as an accumulator and stabilizer of heat inside the single-chamber ovens (e.g. Pleiner - Rybová [eds.] 1978, 191) and at the same time also as a barrier against the rise of moisture in that area {Prévost-Dermarkar 2003, 614; Lička et al. 2011,65-66). In the settlement at Kosoř near Prague, frag ments of grinders sized 20-30 cm were detected in the floor of oven No. 115/1 {Lička et al. 2011, 32, 65). In Mšeno, nei ther oven relics themselves nor their floors are preserved in situ. The last-mentioned secondary function of quern-stones might be indirectly and with great caution considered in frag ments of querns among the settlement waste, which show signs of heat effects in the form of an increased magnetic susceptibility. There are four such fragments from palaeo rhyolite {Figs. 4: 5, 6; 40: 7) and one fragment of a quern or grinder from medium-grained
sandstone {Fig. 3: 4). Consid ering their raw material, we do not suppose that they were used as cooking stones. At the same time, we are aware that the signs of heat effects, when not on these particular frag ments, then generally on any stones, may have also origi nated under different circumstances, e.g. when the stones were part of a now unpreserved open fireplace at the level of the ground surface, or during a fire etc. The heat and scorch marks on macrolithic artefacts were also commonly detected at other sites, sometimes even in large quantities. For example, in Aldehoven, site Langweiler 8, such stones represented about one fifth of all quern-stones and their fragments {Zimmermann 1988, 739). At the Greek site of Kleitos, where such specimens represented at least one third and were very fragmented, we can even suppose a causal link to houses destroyed by fire [Ctiondrou 2020, 290, 303). In this regard, we should also mention that for many tools we cannot clearly identify whether they have been used as quern-stones or as whetstones (more details on the chapter on quern-stones from Mšeno, also on their typology in: Lička - Šreinová 2021, 338-340). The same cited article also deals in detail with the representation of quern-stones in indi vidual archaeological features, the significance of shallow pits on the working surfaces of several quern-stones, pos sible symbolic value of querns, as well as with the petrog raphy of the quern-stone rocks, including their origin and way of transport to their final destination {Lička - Šreinová 2021, 340-350).8 3. Whetstones
3.1. Introduction Whetstones, which were made from rocks with ideal abra sive properties - sandstones - are mostly small in size. In our territory, a greater interest in this type of artefact seems to have been sparked by the published report on two-piece whetstones {Horáková-Jansová 1933). These tools have been used for a specific grinding activity, above all for grinding arrow shafts, as it followed from ethnographic parallels related mainly to archery in Europe from the Early Neo lithic until the beginning of the Early Bronze Age {Venci 1964, 32-33). The other types of whetstones, which are abso lutely predominant in number, were mostly used to finish the shapes and surfaces of certain stone tools (e.g. Vend 1964; Pavlů - Rulf 1991, 335; Lička et al. 2014, 39). Some of them were also used for other activities, e.g. for the crush FONTES A RC H AEO LOG ICI ing and grinding of organic and inorganic materials (vari ous possibilities are listed in: Zimmermann 1988, 747). The collection of whetstones from Mšeno did not contain pieces which could be used in a way other than those mentioned above, for example as cutting tools (“saws”)· Also, we did not identify any cut marks on them which might indicate a division of these tools into smaller parts, as exception ally identified e.g. in several specimens of the Linear Pot tery Culture from the settlement at Žebrák in the District 7 The representation of quern-stones in individual archaeologi cal features [Chap. 2.6), their possible symbolic value (querns) [Chap. 2.7), petrography of macrolithic artefacts [Chap. 2.8) and
petrography of quern-stones [Chap. 2.9), as well as the issue of transport of querns and raw materials for their manufacture [Chap. 2.10) were already discussed elsewhere [Lička - Šreinová 2021, 340-350). PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 147
SUMMARY of Beroun {Stolz 2016,106-109, obr. 3-4). At the same time, it turns out that the spectrum of shapes and sizes of stand ard whetstones is best recognizable in specimens, which are part of large assemblages of finds (e.g. Zimmermann 1988; Pavlů -Rulf 1991). 3.2. Assessment of the properties of the whetstones A total of 313 whetstones (19,647 g) and 116 amorphous pieces of potential raw material for their manufacture (8,883 g) come from 49 features of the SPC (out of which 23 belong to the early stage, 23 to the late stage and 3 generally to the SPC). The overall proportion of the number of finished products to potential raw material can thus be expressed in percents (73 % to 27 %). The weight proportion of the mentioned objects is almost the same, i.e. the difference between the two items is only a little smaller. The analysed finished products come from 43 archaeologi cal features, out of which 18 belong to the early stage, 22 to the late stage and 3 generally to the SPC {Graph 3). The percentage of finished whetstones is 13.3 % (28 % in terms of weight) in the early stage, 85.2 % (71.8 % in terms of weight) in the late stage and 1.2 % (0.4 % in terms of weight) in the SPC without specification. As regards the potential ram material without traces of working, it only seldom has large dimensions and a weight of as much as 544 g, exceptionally 1,562 g, particularly in Fea tures 24, 31, 75 and 170. It was undoubtedly acquired from nearby rock outcrops. Traces of the manufacturing process, namely of its final phase in the form of dense fine pecking, were probably
iden tified in one specimen {Fig. 30: 8). On the other hand, the so-called dressing of the slightly bowl-shaped working surface using the pecking technique cannot be excluded in a massive grinder {Fig. 31:7). However, the shape of the cross-section and the dimensions of this arte fact rather remind one of a quern-stone. The preservation rate (completeness) of finished whetstones seems extremely low due to their high fragmentariness. The majority of pieces are small fragments {Graph 4). As regards the shape in plan view, almost 90 % are indeterminable and the rest can be mostly identified as a rectangle/trapezium, exceptionally as an oval or square. Following the criterion of the number of flat working sur faces on tools, two opposite sides are predominant (34.3 %), fol lowed by one side (29.9 %) and by one preserved side or more than two sides, both with the same percentage (17.9 %). The vast majority of working traces on the active surface of the whetstones have the form of simple abrasion (84.2 %). To a small extent and usually on the same working surface, abra sion is accompanied by a longitudinal groove (5.8 %), distinct 148 scratches (2.4 %), fine scratches (1.8 %), exceptionally by an incision, facet at the edge, or by various combinations mostly composed of three features. Some of them, such as small pits, scratches and grooves, emerged as a result of a specific work ing activity (e.g. Figs. 26: 8; 25:11; 27:1, 4; 32: 3). The maximum wear of the working surface ranges from the category negligible (3.7 %) and small (up to 5 mm - 32.8 %) through significant (over
5 mm - 16.4 %) to indeterminable (47 %). In absolute values, it is as much as 20 mm in thick ness. The grinding incisions, which sometimes occurred at the boundary between the flat surface and the lateral surfaces of the whetstones, had with one exception the form of a wideopen letter U in cross-section (e.g. Figs. 23:1). Traces of processed material were detected only rarely, and if so, in the form of red dye {Fig. 24:12). Distinct traces of an inorganic red dye were also detected on the working surface in the middle part of a grinder made from sandstone with silica cement, originally maybe oval in plan {Fig. 34:5). Possibly, it might be a fragment of a quern-stone, even though the slight concaveness of the working surface in all directions is not typical of this tool type, and nor is the sandstone rock which was used to make the tool. 3.3. Shapes and classification of whetstones According to the overall shape, complexity, size and char acter of the working surfaces, we can divide the whetstones from Mšeno into several types. In the category of portable whetstones, we distinguish between one-piece and two-piece whetstones. The one-piece whetstones are then subdivided into prismatic, thin tabular, thick slab-shaped and large (mas sive) specimens. The two-piece whetstones have a unified form. Reamers, as a subcategory of one-piece whetstones, are described separately. For the sake of completeness, we must mention a special type of archaeological source which is still almost unknown in our territory, namely the stationary grind ing boulders and rock walls. Their surface
may have served for grinding the tools, as evidenced by rare and non-datable examples, also from our territory {Vend 1995). Theoretically, they might also be found in the sandstone formations in the immediate neighbourhood of Mšeno, but we have not yet car ried out a surface survey to confirm this assumption. As regards the recognized one-piece tabular (thin) whet stones (208 pcs), the specimens with two opposite working surfaces (53.9 %) outnumber those with only one working surface (33.2 %). The remaining whetstones cannot be iden tified in more detail. The situation with one-piece (thick) slab whetstones (59 pcs) is quite the opposite: the specimens with one working surface (39 %) are more frequent than those with two working surfaces (23.7 %). Unspecifiable pieces are FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022
SUMMARY far more numerous (37.3 %), at least in comparison with the previously mentioned type (13 %). Another type, defined as a large (massive) grinder, was not identified in the collection of analysed finds when disregarding the specimen from the foundation trench of House VII (however, this type occurred among older surface finds - Fig. 36: 4, provided that we do not consider it to be a stationary grinding boulder). Prismatic whetstones have working surfaces on all four long sides (e.g. Figs. 22: 2, 3; 27: 4; 28:1; 29: 1). Two-piece whetstones differ considerably from the other whetstones in their shape and specific function. In Mšeno, an almost whole piece from medium-grained sandstone is pre served, essentially rectangular in plan, narrowed towards the missing end {Fig. 31: 5). It has a semi-arched form in cross section. All of its sides, except for the straight original end, are thoroughly ground in almost the same manner. A groove (width 10 mm, depth 4 mm) runs through the middle of the longitudinally straight side. The fine longitudinal scratches on its walls probably emerged as a result of movements of a worked object. We can place two specimens outside the above scheme: a torso of an elongated oval whetstone with rounded con tours and with working surface all over its body {Fig. 26: 5) and a flat oval whetstone, whose surface is for the most part abraded {Fig. 34: 3). From a typological point of view, the largely predominant type of whetstones in Mšeno are one-piece tabular (thin) whet stones (75.6 %). Thick slab one-piece whetstones (with a thick ness of 30
mm and more) represent about one fifth of the total (20.8 %). The other types are of minor significance. Prismatic whetstones represent a mere 3.2 %, two-piece whetstones are represented by only a single specimen and the occurrence of stationary grinders is uncertain (see above). As far as chronology is concerned, the early stage of the SPC (40 pcs analysed) was dominated by one-piece thin tab ular whetstones (55 %) and the thick one-piece whetstones accounted for a percentage about half as large (22.5 %). On the other hand, prismatic whetstones represent one fifth (20 %) and two-piece whetstones are represented by only a single specimen. In the late stage of the SPC, the represen tation of one-piece thin tabular whetstones is much higher (79.1 %), whereas the occurrence of prismatic whetstones was reduced to a single specimen and the two-piece whetstones are completely absent. Only the proportion of one-piece thick slab whetstones remains essentially the same (20.5 %). From the above data it follows that prismatic and two-piece whet stones were typical of the early stage of the SPC. In the given find context, both of these types at the same time give the impression of significant chronological attributes. (In general, prismatic whetstones seem to be more widespread - see e.g. the specimens from eastern France, from Clairvaux [Aube] [Milleville - Jaccottey - Duda 1995, 1038-1039, Fig. 16-18] FONTES A RC H A E O LO G I C I and from Grand-Charmont [Doubs], from the Final Neolithic [Pétrequin - Pétrequin 2021, 356, Fig. 414.]) 3.4. Representation of whetstones in individual
archaeological features In a similar way to the querns, the relationship between the percentages of whetstones in individual features (for whet stones the number of pieces and total weight, for pottery only the number of pieces), when expressed in relevant graphs, reveals similarities and differences and the resulting conclu sions (some of which were discussed above). First of all, when the simple numbers and the total weight of the whetstones are considered, the features from the early stage of the SPC appear to be poorer in the whetstones (which is relative, because these features are smaller) than the features from the late stage of the SPC. Besides this, as regards the relationship between the quantity and weight in the early stage of the SPC, a significant difference in favour of larger weight (which is indicated by the occurrence of fewer pieces with a larger weight or the occur rence of whole specimens) is mainly visible in Feature 13, to a lesser extent in Features 11 and 148. In the late stage, such an imbalance is mainly evident in Feature 110, to a lesser extent in Feature 184. The proportion in the remaining features is either balanced or, vice versa, quite the opposite (i.e. explained by a higher fragmentariness of artefacts), mainly in Features 23, 60, 96, 97 and 141 {Graph 3). As for the relationship between the quantity of determina ble types of whetstones and the function of the features from which they come, the higher number of artefacts in the early stage of the SPC can be associated with both the construc tion pits of House I (27.5 %). On the other
hand, in the late stage of the SPC, when individual houses did not have their own construction pits, an increased number of finds come from clay extraction pits (83.7 %), i.e. generally from large features and maybe from only one other pit (4.6 %), referred to as a sunken-featured dwelling or a special type of storage facility (No. 145). 3.5. Distinction of several whetstones from quern-stones As already mentioned above, several artefacts are not easy to identify with certainty as whetstones or quern-stones (more details in the chapter on quern-stones). To a certain extent, they exhibit attributes characterizing either of the tool types (apart from attributes which are common to both of them) or, the other way round, they lack some of these attributes or all substantial attributes are absent. Among the most conclu sive common attributes is a large height (thickness). These PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 149
SUMMARY objects are made almost solely from medium-grained sand stone or conglomerate. Besides the pieces treated in the chap ter on quern-stones, this category also comprises specimens from the above-mentioned Feature 184 {Fig. 34:5), and from Features 10 {Figs. 25:2; 26:1, 7), 13 {Fig. 27: 6) and 145 (Figs. 32: 13; 33: 2). 3.6. Reamers Reamers represent a specific subcategory of sandstone whet stones. They appear separately or in small fragments and are mostly made from sandstone whetstones, or were or still are their integral part. Some of them can in fact rep resent reutilised tools in the true sense of the word, where one part of the original whetstone is used for the handle of a new tool {Figs. 24:2, 10; 33: 3). Reamers with their shape, size and material were (mostly) best suitable not only for grinding the edges of holes on stone tools into facets, but also for knocking out the residual rock when drilling the holes (e.g. Vend 1960, 9). They also might have been used to dress the holes in objects from organic materials, mainly from wood and leather. In the collection of whetstones from Mšeno, reamers (32 pcs) represent small to miniature tools, mostly more or less conical, sometimes cylindrical and irregularly cylindri cal or flat tongue-shaped, generally with a distinctly tapered, rounded or pointed end {Fig. 23: 4). All the flat specimens have rounded lateral sides. Reamers sporadically exhibit cur vature in one direction {Fig. 24: 5). Their shape in cross-sec tion is round {Figs. 29: 3; 32: 9), oval {Fig. 24: 2), sometimes with one {Fig. 32: 5), two {Fig.
26: 4) or more slightly bent sides {Fig. 24:5), or with an indicated facet {Fig. 25:5). Their cross-section exceptionally has a biconvex shape {Figs. 24:8; 29:4). It is evident that their original shape underwent some almost imperceptible changes during the working activity. The surface of conical reamers has almost completely served as a working surface, which does not necessarily apply to all reamers. Reamers can be divided into several variants. The most fre quent are conical forms (a - 34.4 %, e.g. Figs. 24:2; 29:3) and flat conical forms with the lower and upper surface straight and the lateral surfaces more or less convex (b - 37.5 %, Figs. 29:12; 30: 7). The other forms are infrequent: combined (c - 9.4 %, on one side flat, on the remaining sides more or less convex, Fig. 24: 6, 9), semi-cylindrical (d - 6.3 %, bicon vex in cross-section, Fig. 32: 12), mixed, i.e. with several attributes of the previous variants (e - 3.1 %, Fig. 28: 5) and, finally, non-standard and specific (f - 9.3 %, Figs. 24: 5, 8; 25: 5; 29: 4; 32: 9). All the reamers come from ten features in total. Most of them were found in Feature 7 (31.3 % - in this feature or in 150 its neighbourhood we might therefore probably suppose an increased activity connected with the final grinding of holes in polished stone tools) and in Features 10 and 41 (18.8 % each). Fewer were detected in Features 145 (9.4 %) and 60 (6.3 %). The remaining Features 8,23, 75,141 and 162 contained one specimen each {Graph 5). Complete reamers of standard shapes are preserved as nine specimens. Their length varies between 10
and 34 mm, the larger transverse diameter ranges from 12 to 27 mm and the smaller transverse diameter from 5 to 15 mm. The lengths of whole and fragmented specimens together vary between 10 and 32 mm, larger transverse diameters range between 10 and 27 mm and smaller transverse diameters between 5 and 16 mm. Their diameter decreases either gradually or with a step-like offset (e.g. Fig. 24: 7). Several pieces appear to be miniature with regard to their length or diameter {Figs. 29: 6, 8; 33: 3). These tools might have had a slightly different function than the above-mentioned reamers of standard shapes. Analogies to the above-mentioned standard reamers can be found in various SPC settlements. E.g. the reamer of variant c) has analogies in Lobeč {Spurný 1951, obr. 91: in the middle of the lower row, probably also the first piece in this row), in Jaroměř {Bürgert 2019,206, obr. 254, a total of nine pieces of the same typological variant, not only simple but also dou ble and triple, which are unknown in Mšeno [Fig. 37]), the reamer of variant b) again has analogies in Lobeč {Spurný 1951, obr. 91: at the end of the lower row, but here in a double opposite variant) or in Turnov - Ohrazenice {Šída 2007, Tab. 53:1, heavily damaged). In the end we can say that the reamers from Mšeno were only found in features which contained standard whetstones. Their relatively larger quantity often correlates with the rela tively more frequent occurrence of standard whetstones, as is evident from Features 7, 10, 41 and 145. All but one speci men were made from fine-grained/small-grained
sandstone, one piece was made from medium-grained sandstone {Fig. 24: 10). As for the dating of the artefacts, all of them come from features from the late stage of the SPC, with one exception of a miniature specimen from a feature dated to the early stage of the SPC {Fig. 33: 3). 3.7. Petrography of whetstone rocks (B. Šreinová) Individual types of rocks represented in the collection of whetstones are listed in the histogram in Graph 6. The his togram illustrates well that the finds are clearly dominated by fine-grained sandstones. Medium-grained sandstones are represented to a lesser extent and the occurrence of coarse grained sandstone to conglomerate is sporadic. The predomi- FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022
SUMMARY nance of fine-grained sandstone in this particular tool type is common in the Neolithic (cf. e.g. finds of the LPC from the sites of Bylany [ΡαυΖύ - Rulf 1991, 350 sq.] and Žádovice [Čerevková 2020,26]). The presented sandstones are divided according to grain size and according to basic characteris tics - ratio of components etc. The mentioned sandstones are mostly different from those which were used to manufacture the more or less probable querns. Sandstone. The whetstones were mostly made from fine grained, often slightly micaceous quartz sandstone of a light grey to whitish, ochre yellowish and mostly light beige colour. This sandstone along with fine-grained to medium-grained sandstone, or medium-grained sandstone of the same com position, represent 78.2 % of all the whetstone rocks. The col lection of whetstones comprises about 6.4 % coarse-grained sandstone of the same composition. The magnetic suscepti bility of the above rocks is exceptionally as much as 0.19 ■ 10-3 (SI) (probably from a fireplace). The basic composition and structure of the sandstone are visible in microphotographs (Fig. 38a-b). The sandstones are of local origin, occurring in the neighbourhood of the village Mšeno (Fig. 20). Sandstone with Fe. A relatively significant group (11.2 %) is represented by rocks with a varyingly large proportion of oxides and hydroxides of Fe. The colour of these rocks passes into various deep shades of reddish, brown and rusty brown. The collection of whetstones mostly comprises fine-grained, or fine- to medium-grained and medium-grained sandstones with a
proportion of Fe in the form of limonite, or a fine fer ruginous substance mainly in the cement. The occurrence of coarse-grained sandstone or a conglomerate with Fe is spo radic. The magnetic susceptibility of these Fe rocks is again low and it does not exceed 0.12 · 10-3 (SI). An exception is represented by three whetstones with a high proportion of limonite - two are fine-grained, slightly micaceous quartz sandstones, rusty brown, where limonite is contained in the groundmass (the magnetic susceptibility is 2-5 · 10-3 (SI)), and one is coarse-grained ferruginous sandstone (the mag netic susceptibility is 4.3-6.4 · 10-3 (SI)). The colour of these sandstones is a deep rusty brown. The basic composition and structure of the sandstone with Fe are visible in microphoto graphs (Fig. 39a-b). These sandstones are probably likewise local, acquired in the close vicinity of Mšeno (Fig. 20). Glauconitic sandstone. Fine-grained quartz sandstone with glauconite occurs sporadically. The colour is grey-brown (weathered surface) to grey with a touch of green (visible on a fresh fracture). The magnetic susceptibility is zero. Glau conitic sandstone occurs in the neighbourhood of Mšeno (Fig. 20). Arkose sandstone. In the collection, arkose sandstone is represented by only 3.6 % of the total. It is medium-grained, mostly grey, sporadically reddish with small quartz pebbles. The magnetic susceptibility is low, in the interval of 0-0.05 ■ 103 (SI). Three whetstones are made from arkose sandstone containing small concretions with Fe. They fall within the same group together with arkose
sandstones and their mag netic susceptibility is the same as well. It is most probably a Permo-Carboniferous (Carboniferous) sandstone, which may have been imported to the site from the Krkonoše Piedmont or from the region NW to W of Kralupy nad Vltavou. Sodalitic trachyte. Sodalitic trachyte is represented in the collection by one finished smoother rather than a whetstone (Fig. 32: 2). It is compact, loosely porphyritic, light grey col oured, with tabular jointing. The magnetic susceptibility of this specimen (and of three amorphous fragments from Features 3,10 and 41) ranges between 9 and 13 · 10-3 (SI), in one object 17-23 · 10-3 (SI). The rock occurs in the close sur roundings north of Mšeno (Fig. 20). Considering the fact that sodalitic trachyte was also identified among the rocks of Neolithic artefacts from the site of Vchynice (Šreinová et al. 2013), where the local provenance of rock was proved with certainty, the raw material might have been transported to Mšeno together with palaeorhyolite (Fig. 19). 4. Hammerstones/one-handed tools 4.1. Introduction Common attributes of one-handed tools mentioned in this text are, among others, their small dimensions and the way of being held in one hand during the work process. They are characterized by a considerable multifunctionality (they were probably used not only for the manufacture of all stone tools, including chipped lithics, but also for other activities) and a small variety of shapes. The tools can be divided into sev- FONTES A RCHA EO LOG ICI eral groups according to partly overlapping selected criteria. The
tools of the first group (hammerstones in the narrower sense) were made from natural stones, cobbles and ventifacts due to their suitable shape, dimensions and material prop erties. The subsequent working traces, which emerged on their surface, did not substantially change the shape of the tools. The tools of the second group (so-called percussors) were made from fragments of broken axes and similar arte facts, or from semi-finished products (except for knife tools, PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 151
SUMMARY which are mentioned elsewhere). The reutilised tools in this case retained the shape of the original tool. Other groups mainly represent prismatic and spherical crushers, cooking stones and grinding slabs. The former two types of artefacts were treated in the chapter on quern-stones, to which they probably belong with regard to their function. In the follow ing text we solely pay attention to hammerstones in the nar rower sense of the word. 4.2. Assessment of the properties of the hammer stones 4.2.1. Hammerstones in the narrower sense Out of the total sum of finds, almost three quarters represent finished products, about one fifth is potential raw material and approximately one tenth are unremarkable amorphous stones. The basic raw material (for 24 finished tools) were stones of natural shape (excluding the pieces with no working traces). As regards the preservation rate of finished products (25 pcs), about one half are represented by whole artefacts, one third are larger torsos and the rest are small fragments. Their shape in plan is mostly oval. Working traces, mostly in the form of a finely rough or finely serrated rough surface, a surface with common standard abrasion or a surface abraded into one or two facets, were detected on the perimeter (on lat eral surfaces) of a tool, on one half of its perimeter, on about one fifth of its narrow side, less frequently on both narrow sides and on one long side. Working traces were only spo radically found on flat surfaces and, if so, they mostly have the form of a gloss, rarely a standard abrasion, scratches and
exceptionally a finely rough surface, i.e. it is evidence for essentially only the horizontal movement of the tool dur ing the working activity. Individual types of deformation on striking and friction surfaces caused by the working activity (more details in: Lička et al. 2014,36, obr. 8) mostly occurred in two and more combinations. The last-mentioned type can be demonstrated on a onehanded tool made from a natural cobble, with distinct use wear along the whole perimeter (Fig. 41:2). The wear marks in the form of a distinct abrasion are visible on both narrow sides, one of them being abraded into one facet and the other into two facets. Fine scratches and a gloss are visible on both flat surfaces. Thus, it is a multifunctional tool. As regards individual tool types and their variants, a clear determination and distinction is difficult because there are only a few specimens with the pure attributes of only one specific tool: five hammerstones, one muller and one fine crusher. The working surfaces of all the other tools show signs of two or more methods of use. However, even under 152 these circumstances, there is an evident predominance of tools with the attributes of fine crushers (mostly overlapping with percussors) and hammerstones. Occasionally, we can also find among them tools which were simultaneously used as choppers (Figs. 40:6; 41:3). The traces of a processed mate rial were detected only once: the flat surfaces of a hammer stone from Feature 96 exhibit residues of a red dye, i.e. the tool was also used for grinding a dyestuff (Fig. 42:4). The weight of the
finished products, both complete and fragmented, is 4,108 g. The weight of the raw material includ ing amorphous stones is 2,102 g. The length of the finished and whole artefacts (13 pcs) ranges from 39 mm to 168 mm, with a slight predominance of specimens up to 66 mm long. The weighted arithmetic mean of their length is 73.1 mm. The weight varies widely from 28 g to 748 g. 4.2.2. The so-called percussors Percussors are artefacts which were made from fragments of finished polished stone tools with a cutting edge and possible semi-finished products (18 pcs). Working traces are mostly found on both of the narrow sides (ca. in two thirds of the total) in accordance with the elongated shape of the artefacts. Traces around the whole perimeter or on one of the narrow sides occurred only three times at most. (Manufacturing traces are almost indistinguishable from working traces, when some of the truncated ends of damaged original tools were previously trimmed by grinding.) The occurrence of deformations on striking and friction surfaces induced by working activity is similar to the first group of tools, with the only difference being that the category of percussors exhibits a significantly higher proportion of coarsely ser rated rough and irregularly bumpy working surfaces, which correspond to rough pounding. On the other hand, the abra sion of the lateral surfaces of a tool into facets was essentially absent. It turns out that the multifunctionality of percussors is less variable when compared to the first group of artefacts. Their total weight is 3,951 g and the length varies
between 50 and 119 mm, mostly from 50 to 92 mm. They are thus a little greater than the tools from the first group, as is also evidenced by the weighted arithmetic mean of their length, which is 82.3 mm. 4.3. Representation of hammerstones in indi vidual archaeological features Hammerstones in the broader sense occurred in a total of 20 archaeological features, most of them dated to the late stage of the SPC, with the exception of Features 117, 164, 168 and 176 from the early stage (Graph 7). These features had various FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2 02 2
SUMMARY different functions. A larger concentration of hammerstones was detected in the features of larger dimensions (10,60, 75), which at the same time contained a lot of other finds. On the other hand, a larger proportion of hammerstones compared to pottery, which is the most common type of settlement waste, was detected in Features 145 and 164. These results correlate well with the data on the weight of the mentioned artefacts {Graph. 7). 4.4. Cooking stones Some stones, which exhibit an increased or high magnetic susceptibility, were probably exposed to heat. They might have been part e.g. of the paving on oven floors (see the above chapter on quern-stones) or had the function of cook ing stones. A quartz cobble, originally used as a hammer stone, of which a fragment is preserved (Feature 99), might have served as a cooking stone. Quartzite tools with the same function were recognized e.g. in the settlement of the LPC in Kosoř on the basis of a partly fallen-off surface layer {Lička et al. 2014, 38). 4.5. Grinding slabs Within this category there is a flat grinding slab (tablet), rectangular in plan, made from a longitudinally split percussor from amphibolic hornfels, i.e. from a once reutilised tool {Fig. 45: 2) with the preserved residues of a red dye on the surface. 4.6. Other types of finds This category represents a collection of 30 small quartz peb bles with no traces of working (diameter 15-22 mm, total weight 160 g, average weight per piece 5.3 g), which were found in one place in the lower half of the fill of pit 137. The reasons for their concentration and
usage are unknown. This heterogeneous category of finds also includes an amorphous piece of hematite (Feature 48), which might have been used for the manufacture of red dye. 4.7. Petrography of hammerstone rocks (B. Šreinová) The rocks of hammerstones in the narrower sense represent a relatively wide spectrum of types for well understandable reasons, as the following text will show. The origin of these rocks is also varied. Absolutely predominant is the more dis FONTES A RC HA EOLOG ICI tant (Upper Jizera Basin or Oparno Valley) or less distant ori gin (Elbe Basin), while a local origin was detected to a negli gible extent. Considering the category of weight, the collec tion is dominated by amphibole hornfels (metabasite of the Jizerské hory), amphibolite and amphibole schist due to the presence of artefacts made from broken polished stone tools (44.8 %). They are followed by quartzite cobbles (19.8 %) and quartz cobbles (22.4 %). The other rocks (serpentinite, basalt, quartzite, quartz sandstone with a transition to quartzite) are marginal, ranging from 2.1 % to 5.7 % {Graph 8). The outcrops of the first three mentioned rocks should be sought in the area of the Upper Jizera Basin {Fig. 59), where also rocks for the manufacture of polished stone tools are located. Amphibole hornfels (metabasite of the Jizerské hory) occurs in multiple variants: a high-quality, very fine-grained, finely banded, grey-green, a nodular, fine-grained, directed, grey greenish, a compact, very fine-grained, grey-green, and a fine-grained, finely banded, grey-black with black phenoc rysts with
an increased magnetite content. The magnetic susceptibility of the high-quality amphibole hornfels ranges within 0.3-0.9 · 10-3 (SI), the magnetic susceptibility of the grey-black amphibolic hornfels is 33 · 10-3 (SI). Amphibolite is banded, grey greenish, fine-grained to medium-grained with thicker layers and with a pinkish feld spar. The magnetic susceptibility of the banded medium grained amphibolite is 0.6-1.06 · 10-3 (SI), the magnetic suscep tibility of amphibolite with pink feldspar is 10-13 · 10-3 (SI). Amphibole schist is a grey-green schistose rock with a mag netic susceptibility of 1.42-1.84 · 10-3 {SI). Basalt, on the other hand, might have originated from the close surroundings of Mženo, or it might have been imported to Mženo together with quartz-porphyry from the area of the Oparno Valley near Lovosice {Fig. 19; Šreinová et al. 2013). The last-mentioned piece is compact, the colour of its surface is grey-brownish with visible phenocrysts in the form of black grains sized up to 4 mm (probably augite). The magnetic sus ceptibility is 10.8-12.1 · 10-3 (SI). One artefact was identified as being made from serpenti nized peridotite {Fig. 43: 1). The rock is dark grey, compact, strongly decomposed. The magnetic susceptibility is 30.431.6 · 10‘3 (SI). The rock might originate from Poland near the Czech border, or from a serpentinite body located north of Bernartice near the Švihov Reservoir on the Želivka River, or from some other locations. Two artefacts were made from sandstone. The material is a light-grey coloured, fine-grained, quartz sandstone with a
transition to quartzite. The magnetic susceptibility is almost zero. The rock probably originates from terrace gravels of the River Elbe. Finally, a flat quartzite cobble is dark grey-brown coloured and its magnetic susceptibility is almost zero. The artefact originates from the terrace gravels of the Elbe Basin. PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 153 |
| adam_txt |
OBSAH Obsah i. Úvod. 7 2. Mlecí kameny. 9 2.1. Úvod. 9 2.2. Vyhodnocení vlastností mlecích kamenů. 10 2.3. Tvary a třídění mlecích kamenů. 30 2.4. Malé nástroje a jejich funkce.31 2.5. Druhotné použití mlýnků. 33 2.6. Zastoupení mlecích kamenů v jednotlivých objektech. 33 2.7. Možná symbolická hodnota mlýnků. 35 2.8. Petrografie
makrolitických artefaktů (B. . . 37 2.9. Petrografie hornin mlecích kamenů (B. . .38 2.10. Otázka transportu mlýnků a surovin к jejich výrobě.41 3. Brousky. 44 3.1. Úvod. 44 3.2. Vyhodnocení vlastností brousků.44 3.3. Tvary a třídění brousků. 61 3.4. Zastoupení brousků v jednotlivých objektech. 62 3.5. Rozlišení některých brousků od mlecích kamenů. 63 3.6.
Výstružníky. 63 3.7. Petrografie hornin brousků (B. . . 64 4. OTLOUKAČE / JEDNORUČNÍ NÁSTROJE. 67 4.1. Úvod. 67 4.2. Vyhodnocení vlastností otloukačů. 67 4.2.1. Otloukače v užším slova smyslu.67 4.2.2. Tzv. kladívka. 74 4.3. Zastoupení otloukačů v jednotlivých objektech.74 4.4. Varné kameny. 75 4.5. Roztírací
podložky. 75 4.6. Jiné druhy nálezů. 75 4.7. Petrografie hornin otloukačů (B. Šreinová). 76 5. Broušená industrie (broušené sekerovité nástroje). 77 5.1. Úvod. 77 5.2. Vyhodnocení vlastností broušené industrie. 78 5.3. Typy broušených nástrojů. 91 5.4. Kamenné vývrtky. 95 5.4.1. Celková charakteristika.95 5.5. Metrika otvorů nástrojů a
vývrtků. 98 5.6. Poznámky ke způsobu vrtání otvorů. 99 FONTES ArchAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 5
OBSAH 5.7. Broušená industrie v jednotlivých objektech. 101 5.8. Petrografie hornin broušené industrie (B. . . 103 5.9. Horniny broušené industrie a jejich původ (Μ. Lička - B. . . 115 5.10. Poznámky a diskuse к významu broušené industrie. 116 6. Petrografie nezařazených hornin do výše uvedených skupin (B. ŠREINOVÁ).122 7. ZÁVĚR (Μ. Lička - B. Šreinová). 124 8. Literatura. 134 Autoři.140 Macrolithic industry of the Stroked Pottery Culture from Mšeno (Summary). 141 Tabule171 6 FONTES ARC H AEO LOG IC I PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022
8. LITERATURA 8. Literatura Adams, J. - Delgado, S. - Dabreuil, L. - Hamon, С. - Plisson, H. Risch, L. 2009: Functional analysis of macro-lithic artefacts: a focus on working surfaces. In: Sternke, F. - Eigeland, L. Costa, L.-J. (eds.): Non-Flint Raw Material Use in Prehistory. Old prejudices and new directions. - Eutilisation préhisto rique de matières premières lithiques alternatives. Anciens préjugés, nouvelles perspectives. BAR International Series 1939, 43-66. Arnold, P. - Beck, Ch. - Lüning, J. 2005: Körner zu Mehl: Mah len auf steinernen Schiebemühlen.In: Lüning, J. (Hrsg.): Die Bandkeramiker. Erste Steinzeitbauern in Deutschland. Bilder einer Ausstellung beim Hessentag in Heppenheim/Bergstrase im Juni 2004. Rahden/Westf., 99-109. Bakels, С. C. 1987: On the Adzes of the Northwestern Linearband keramik. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 20, 53-85. Bartik, J. 2013: Broušená a ostatní kamenná industrie kultury s moravskou malovanou keramikou z prostoru nejzápadnější Moravy - Geschliffene und andere Steinindustrie der Mähris chen Bemaltkeramischen Kultur aus dem äußersten Westen Mährens. Archeologie západních Čech 6, 118-154. Baštová, D. -Smolíková, Μ. -Zavřel, J. 2011: Hromadný nález brou šené industrie z mladšího neolitu v Praze-Ruzyni - A Late Neo lithic hoard of polished stony industry from Prague-Ruzyně. Archeologie ve středních Čechách 15, 67-78. Bandais, D. - Lundström-Baudais, К. 2002: Enquête ethnoarchéologique dans un village du Nord-Ouest du Népal: les instruments de mouture et de broyage. In: Procopiou, H.-Treuil, R.(dirs.): Moudre et broyer. E
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Supplementum 21. Ústav archeologické památkové péče: Brno. Švédová, J. 2005: Broušená kamenná industrie a ostatní kamenná industrie ze sídliště LnK ve Vedrovicích. MS. Diplomová práce. Masarykova univerzita, Filozofická fakulta. Brno. Šrein, V. - Šreinová, B- Šťastný, Μ. 2003: Objev unikátního neo litického těžebního areálu u Jistebska v severních Čechách The Discovery of unique Neolithic mining area at Jistebsko, Northern Bohemia, Czech Republic. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrologického oddělení Národního muzea (Praha) 11, 19-32. Thirault, E. 2004: Echanges néolithiques: les haches alpines. Moni que Mergoil: Montagnac. Šrein, V. - Šreinová, B. - Šťastný, Μ. - Langrová, A. 1999: Příspě vek к mineralogickému a petrografickému výzkumu neoli tických a eneolitických nástrojů České republiky - A con 138 Tichý, R. 2020: Experiment s vrtáním surovin neolitických a eneo litických kamenných broušených nástrojů (dutý a plný vrták). Živá archeologie - REA 22, 22-32. Trampota, F - Kuča, Μ. 2009-2010: Brno-Žebětín - „Na Drdi“. Neolitická lokalita Brněnská - Neolithic site at Brno-Žebětín, „Na Drdi“. Sborník prací filozofické fakulty Brněnské univer zity Μ 14-15, 87-112. FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022
8. LITERATURA Valová, P. 2009: Petrografický výzkum kamenné broušené indu strie z neolitického sídliště v Těšeticích-Kyjovicích. MS. Diplomová práce, Masarykova univerzita. Přírodovědecká fakulta. Brno, 1-74. Vávra, Μ. - Beneš, Z. - Šťastný, D. 2016: Mladoneolitické hroby v Peckách, Kolíně a Sánech - Late Neolithic inhumations gra ves at Pečky, Kolín and Sány in the Kolín region. Archeologie ve středních Čechách 20, 111-132. Venci, S. 1960: Kamenné nástroje prvních zemědělců ve střední Evropě - Les instruments lithiques des premiers agriculteurs en Europe centrale. Sborník Národního muzea 14, řada A Historie, 1-2,1-91. Venci, S. 1964: Dvoudílné pískovcové brousky - Zweiteilige Schleif steine aus Sandstein. Archeologické studijní materiály I, 31-37. Venci, S. 1975: Hromadné nálezy neolitické broušené industrie z Čech - Die Hortfunde neolithischen geschliffenen Stein geräts aus Böhmen. Památky archeologické бб, 12-73. Venci, S. 1979: Počátky zbraní - The Origins of Weapons. On the Question of Recognizability of Prehistoric Arms. Archeo logické rozhledy 31, 640-694. Venci, S. 1995: Brusné kameny a plochy: dosud přehlížený archeo logický pramen? (Polishing stones and planes: still ignored archaeological source?). Děčínské vlastivědné zprávy 9, 1, 21-25. FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI Venci, 1998: Bemerkungen zur Auswertung der Steinindustrie funde aus neolithischen Gräbern in Böhmen, In: Zápotocká, Μ. 1998, 141-144. Waldhauser, J. 1981: Keltské rotační mlýny v Čechách - Keltische Drehmühlen in Böhmen. Památky archeologické 72,153-221. Zápotocká, Μ. 1998: Bestattungsritus des
böhmichen Neolithi kums. Gräber und Bestattungen der Kultur mit Linear,- Stich band- und Lengyel-Keramik. Archäologisches Institut: Praha. Zápotocký, Μ. 1966: Streitäxte und Streitaxtkulturen. Památky archeologické 57,172-209. Zápotocký, Μ. - Dreslerová, D. 1996: Jenšten. Eine neuentdeckte frühäneolithische Gruppe in Mittelböhmen. Památky arche ologické 87, 5-58. Zápotocký, Μ. 2002: Eneolitická broušená industrie a osídlení v regionu Čáslav - Kutná Hora - Aeneolithic Polished Industry and Settlement Within the Čáslav - Kutná Hora. In: Pavlů, I. (ed.): Bylany Varia 2. Praha, 159-228. Zimmermann, A. 1988: Steine. In: U. Boelicke - D. von Brandt J. Lüning - P. Stehli. - A. Zimmermann 1988, Der bandke ramische Siedlungsplatz Langweiler 8, Gemeinde Alden hoven, Kreis Düren. Beiträge zur neolithischen Besiedlung der Aldenhovener Platte III 2, Rheinische Ausgrabungen 28, 569-787. PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 139
SUMMARY Macrolithic industry of the Stroked Pottery Culture from Mšeno 1. Introduction The long-term small-scale archaeological excavation at the southern border of the town of Mšeno in Central Bohemia [Fig. 1) has uncovered traces of settlements from various prehistoric periods, particularly that of the Stroked Pottery Culture (SPC) from the Neolithic period. The Neolithic set tlement, which encompasses the major part of the develop ment of the SPC, namely the later phase of the early stage and the late stage (approximately 4900-4600 BC), was repre sented by characteristic features of that time, among others by the ground-plans of longhouses [Lička 2019'), one crema tion burial and one mass inhumation burial in a storage pit [Lička et al. 2016, 2019). This text deals with macrolithic artefacts. They were ana lysed and assessed using the same methods as the macrolithic artefacts from the settlement of the Linear Pottery Culture (LPC) in Kosof near Prague [Lička et al. 2014). When used in Mšeno, these methods were adapted to the archaeological material of the Stroked Pottery Culture. This applies to all the selected indicators, metrics, morphology, manufacturing technology, use wear and functional identification as well as to the knowledge from the fields of petrography, experimen tal archaeology and ethnography. The basic classification of the studied lithic industry was made with the main regard to manufacturing technology (chipped stone industry on the one hand and macrolithic industry on the other hand) and the aspect of function, in contrast to other approaches
where the basic criterion is mostly focused on raw materials. It is evident that there is a coincidence between most types of finds and the rock types used. Individual types (classes) of objects in the settlement of Mšeno represent querns, crushers/mullers, whetstones/grinders, grinding slabs, hammerstones, axes and axe-like tools (traditionally referred to as polished stone tools), knives and artefacts of an unknown function. (This involves tools from resistant materials, which were preserved in specific soil con ditions, i.e. excluding the bone, antler or wood finds, in con trast to organic material which is preserved in other regions, see e.g. finds from Clairvaux-les-Lacs [Jura] and Fontenu [Jura] in France or from Thayngen [canton of Schaffhausen] in Switzerland, Pétrequin - Pétrequin 2021, 457, 459, Fig. 534, 532.) In general, it means that this work pays attention to all the stone artefacts except for the chipped stone industry [Adams et al. 2009). Seen from the perspective of practical use, some of them were sometimes, or mostly, used to make other tools and equipment (whetstones, hammerstones) and others were used for the processing and preparation of prod ucts related to food (mainly querns). This treatise on the mac rolithic industry is with some tolerance formally divided into four basic sections, following the functions of the individual artefacts. The results of the petrographic analyses are pre sented separately for each of these four sections. All the drawings were created by Irena Vajglová and Hana Vittková, and the photos were taken by Blanka
Šreinová. Grati tude goes to them and to Jan Eigner, Miroslav Dobeš, Štefan Druga, Katerina Hošková, Martin Kuča, Milan Metlička, Hana Nedvědová, Milan Salaš, Vladimír Slunečko, Josef Souček, Miroslav Šmíd, Miloslava Smolíková, Dalibor Velebil, Lucie Vélová and Lukáš Zvolánek. 2. Quern-stones 2.1. Introduction The study of querns, which is based on a large quantity of source material and often includes the determination of the raw material and knowledge of other scientific disciplines, has become more intensive in the past few decades (e.g. Zim mermann 1989; Hamon 2006; Ramminger 2007; Graefe 2009). In our territory, the first relevant treatises on this topic were written within the comprehensive analysis and evaluation of finds from the extensively explored Neolithic agglom eration at Bylany near Kutná Hora [Pavlů. - Ralf 1991; Pavlů. 2000). These first studies were then followed by other works (e.g. Řídký - Biçakçi 2011; Lička et al. 2014; Řídký et al. 2014), some of which still remain in the form of manuscripts (e.g. the Fontes archaeologici Pragenses - volumen 49 - Pragae 2022 141
SUMMARY authors P. Brestovanský, D. Stolz, J. Švédová and Μ. Vokáč). Possible methods of documenting the querns and other types of artefacts, the terms used for the assessment of diagnostic criteria or the process of crushing/grinding and the related activities have been mentioned by us elsewhere (Lička et al. 2014, 11-13, 28-30). The so-called Neolithic querns are composed of an upper mobile stone and a lower stationary stone. Devices of this type were mainly used in agriculture, more precisely in food production, since the Neolithic period. The process of grind ing was carried out by placing a material to be ground on the working surface of the lower stone and by moving the upper stone in parallel motions back and forth over it. The querns were mainly used for grinding or crushing cereal grains and similar crops to make a flour-like product which was then used for the preparation of a food, e.g. porridge, unleavened flat bread or bread loaves. For the purpose of comparison, analogies were used e.g. from the territory of the Trypillia Culture, which was spread over a similar temporal and geo graphical environment and in the same climate zone. As evi denced by the detected find contexts and clay house models, the above-mentioned grinding devices were placed inside Neolithic houses, where they created the centre of the living space together with house ovens (e.g. Lička 2012,623,630 sq.; with references to other literature). However, in the territory of the Linear Pottery Culture, the Stroked Pottery Culture and essentially all related so-called Band Ware cultures, the
house floors with milling devices and all things above the level of the then ground surface were destroyed by erosion processes of an anthropogenic or natural origin. From this vast territory we thus do not know of any direct evidence for the original location of querns inside buildings. Their posi tion is estimated on the basis of querns or quern fragments which were found in features associated with nearby houses, particularly in their postholes, foundation trenches or con struction pits. Nevertheless, a curious exception is known in this regard, even though it comes from a later period and from a differ ent cultural sphere. It is a grinding set, which was originally placed on the floor of a stilt building that was destroyed by an unexpected fire. The building remains and mainly the fire-resistant objects, such as the above-mentioned quern, fell down through the burnt floor due to their heavy weight and sank into the lake bottom. The quern and the other pre served objects thus relatively faithfully parallel the original spatial arrangement on the house floor before its destruc tion (the site of Clairvaux-les-Lacs [Jura], house dated to 3900-3800 BC, Pétrequin - Pétrequin 1995b, 503, 505, Fig. 2, 6; Milleville - Jaccottey - Duda 1995, 1031-1032, Fig. 6; Pétre quin - Pétrequin 2021, 459, Fig 535). 142 2.2. Assessment of the properties of the quern-stones The basic characterization of the artefacts from Mšeno prima rily applies to the whole assemblage of finds from the period of the Stroked Pottery Culture, namely from the later phase of the early stage (hereinafter
we only use the simplified term ‘early stage’) and from the late stage of the SPC together. The reasons thereof are obvious. It is a medium-sized collection from a relatively short period of time and the artefacts them selves are not really prone to changes in their shape within the given period. Nevertheless, we differentiate them accord ing to shorter time spans or according to some other criteria where it seems reasonable. Because a substantial part of the chapter on quern-stones was recently published in a separate article (Lička - Šreinová 2021), here in this text, in order to abide by the concept comprising all the macrolithic indus try, we will deal with the artefacts in brief and, on the other hand, in some cases we will extend partial topics using new perspectives. We can state that quern-stones and stone raw material numbering 159 pieces (excluding three solitary finds, which are not included in the following assessment) come from 52 archaeological features, of which all but one belong to the Stroked Pottery Culture. Approximately two thirds of these finds represent finished products and their fragments (about 96 % in terms of weight) and almost one third of them corre spond to potential raw material for their manufacture, includ ing any fragments and flakes without working surfaces and possibly also unrecognized semi-finished products and their fragments (only about 4 %! in terms of weight). We do not explicitly reflect upon the question of whether the settlement has yielded few or many quern-stones and quern fragments because we do not find any objective
criterion for such a judge ment. (The low number of querns detected in other settle ments might have resulted from the preparation of porridge or similar dishes with the help of some other device, or the few existing querns might have been shared by multiple families, probably due to a shortage - Gehlen 2009, 540-541). As regards the preservation rate of finished products, the vast majority of them represent variously large but mostly small fragments, and barely one tenth are whole or partly whole pieces (Lička - Šreinová 2021, 334, Graph 1). The high frag mentariness of finished tools indicates that the vast major ity of them have been used until they were completely worn out and broke into pieces. This situation is also known from other Neolithic consumer settlements. The total weight of the finished querns of the SPC is 76,388 g, excluding the currently missing specimen from Feature 20. (Stone raw material was excluded from further considerations because it could not always be indisputably assigned to querns). Fontes archaeologici pragenses - volumen 49 - Pragae 2022
SUMMARY From a chronological point of view, in terms of weight, 24.6 % are objects from the early stage, 74.5 % correspond to the late stage and the rest (1 %) represents the SPC in general. A larger difference between the two chronological stages would appear if the criterion of a simple number of individuals were applied (Lička - Šreinová 2021,335, Graph 2). At the same time, the results obtained with the help of both indicators show that the tool completeness rate is relatively higher in the early stage than in the late stage. It is a similar situation with the polished stone industry, therefore it is also interpreted in a similar way (see below). The shape of the quern-stones in plan view varies between a rectangle in the broader sense and an oval. However, in more than one half of the total, the shape could not be identified at all due to the high fragmentariness of the artefacts. The shape of the dorsal side of the quern-stones and the method of surface finish at their vertex sometimes give the impression that the ventral sides of these stones, essentially only the upper stones, may have been used for some work ing activity within the first phase of grinding, e.g. for crush ing the processed material into the coarsest fractions (Fig. 2; Lička - Šreinová 2021, 335). The residues of processed organic material on the surface of the quern-stones cannot be detected using standard meth ods, in contrast to inorganic materials, mainly coloured ones. In Mšeno, traces of a red dye were found on three stones. The degree of use wear on the upper working surface repre sents an
important attribute for the estimation of direct time during which a tool was in operation and which cannot be estimated by other archaeological methods (the total time during which a tool has been used repeatedly and intermit tently is a different category). It is important to make a com parison with data which can be obtained from ethnography and scientific experiments. In the assemblage of finds from Mšeno (104 pcs), the degree of use wear on the working sur face mostly cannot be estimated (64.4 %), evidently due to the predominance of small fragments which are not suitable for measurements. On the other hand, sufficiently large tor sos and whole objects enabled one to identify use wear on their surface, namely small wear marks ranging between 3 and 10 mm (23.1 %), large wear marks of 21 mm and more (9.6 %) and negligible use wear (2.9 %). When the depth of use-wear marks was expressed by reliable metric values, it reached up to 34 mm. We are naturally curious how long the querns, more pre cisely the lower and the upper stones separately, have been used in real life, how fast individual types of used rocks got worn out if specified in absolute time units, and whether the above-mentioned measurements of archaeological objects can help elucidate the previous two questions. We must say in advance that their contribution is very small, if any at all. More can be expected from the results of experiments, but only in one special regard (the detection of the degree of use wear depending on absolute time). Far more promising in this regard is the use of querns in living
cultures of some populations who maintain old traditions. From the results obtained in the last-mentioned environment we can hope fully securely infer that the service life of Neolithic querns was long rather than short, or we can also define in which chronological horizon they have been used. We can again mention the documented example of a Nepa lese village, where local families used querns of a Neolithic construction made from gneiss and sometimes from granite and quartzite. After ten years of being used, the working sur faces of the quern-stones exhibited a material loss of a maxi mum 5 mm in thickness. The use wear of querns which have been used over twenty years reached a maximum of 12 mm. On the basis of these and other data we can estimate that the average wear of the working surface in the central part of stones is 4.1 mm within ten years (Baudais - LundströmBaudais 2002, 156, 169). Completely different results are known from the Eastern Sahara, where the lifespan of the used upper stones with a height of 5 cm is estimated as being one to two years and the lifespan of the lower stones with a height of about 12 to 15 cm is estimated as being five to six years. However, some of the documented specimens have been used much longer (Schön - Holter 1998,157). On another continent, in the western part of South America, indigenous people in Mexico and Guatemala are reported to have used quern-stones for thirty to fifty years, or even longer (Liebowitz 2008, 190-191). From other comprehensively published eth nographic information we can estimate the average lifespan of
the upper stones as being one or two to 23.5 years, and the average lifespan of the lower stones as being four to thirty years (Ramminger 2007, 109). Based on the data for querns from the European Neolithic, namely from one part of the western Band Ware zone, the lifespan of the lower stones should be five to six years or more and the lifespan of the upper stones should be at least four years (Ramminger 2007, 109). In Hesse, the lifespan of the upper stones is estimated on average to be three years and the lifespan of the lower stones to be six years. As follows from other examples, when the quern-stones are made from a raw material which is more resistant to abrasion, their durability increases more than three times (Ramminger 2007,109). At the same time, differ ent data reflect various different circumstances under which they originated, among others also the service life of a tool in absolute (continuous) time, which is, however, only roughly estimable for the past. The use wear of tools is sometimes associated with a limit height, which, when reached, weak ens the strength of the rock to such an extent that the quern becomes unusable, particularly due to the danger of break age. The limit of usability of the upper stones from the collec tion of querns from Bylany is represented by a use wear (loss FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 143
SUMMARY in height) of two thirds [Pavlů 2000, 83). In another context, the compactness of a stone during working activity shall be secured by its height of 3 cm and more, at least as far as the upper stones are concerned (Gehlen 2009, 484). From the distinguishing of all the available whole pieces and fragments into upper and. lower quern-stones (102 pcs) it followed that the former category (34.3 %) is about twice as large as the latter one (18.6 %), but we must take into considera tion the high percentage of indeterminable specimens (44.1 %). Three quern-stones (2.9 %), in which the interpretation of work ing traces seems more complicated, are assessed below. In the case of two plate-shaped stones made from palaeo rhyolite, which are classed among the lower stones, the work ing activity was certainly also made with the opposite (lower) side. In the first stone, which is rectangular in plan (Fig. 5:5), the upper side (concave in longitudinal section and straight in cross-section) represents a lower stone according to the direction of crooked working grooves oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tool, whereas the lower side (straight in longitudinal section and slightly convex in cross-section) with short working grooves perpendicular to the longitudi nal axis would indicate the function of an upper stone. Sim ply put, one side of the quern-stone should serve as a lower stone and the opposite side as an upper stone. Because the given rectangular shape is wide (nearly a square), the two working surfaces cannot be assigned the function of a lower or upper
stone with certainty. However, considering the over all shape and size, it is rather a lower stone. The situation with the second quern-stone is essentially the same (Fig. 8:1). Its upper working surface, distinctly concave in longitudinal section (abraded by long usage to a depth of 34 mm), shows grooves and scratches perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, which indicate that the tool has been used as the upper stone in a quern. The opposite straight surface, apparently little used, is covered with scratches which are mostly parallel to the longitudinal axis. Nevertheless, for the same reasons as were mentioned for the previous specimen, this object rather reminds one of a lower quern-stone when its size and shape are considered. The upper surface of another stone, this time a plano-con vex one (Fig. 13: 4), exhibits working traces which are both parallel and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (for more details see below). The remarkable use of both surfaces was observed in a stone from a feature which is dated only generally to the early prehistory (Feature 182), therefore this stone does not belong to the finds treated in this article. It is approximately one half of a plate-shaped lower stone with working surfaces on both opposite sides (Fig. 13:3), where the upper side is concave in longitudinal section and partly slightly concave (in the cen tral part) and partly convex (at the edges) in cross-section. Dressing traces are largely preserved at the edges, to a lesser 144 extent also directly on the working surfaces. The grinding scratches perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis at the same time classify the artefact as a lower stone. A halved hollow with an irregular outline, which is located at the break of the artefact, might represent a trace of an intentional blow, which broke the quern-stone into pieces (see below). Hammering marks are visible on the lateral surfaces, traces of coarse abrupt retouch can be observed at the boundary between the working surface and the lateral surfaces. The opposite side, which is almost straight, has a smoothed surface; a hollow ground shallow groove (width up to 65 mm, depth 14 mm) with a roughened surface runs across the middle of the straight side. This working surface might have been used to polish and grind some objects (see the groove in the middle) or to crush various materials. As we already mentioned above, the overall representa tion of the lower stones in find assemblages is mainly influ enced by two factors: the extremely high fragmentariness of objects and the consequent highly uncertain identification of this quern component. Moreover, the only diagnostic fea ture, in this case a mere indication, is often the massiveness of an artefact expressed by its larger height, vertical flanks, breakage surfaces or traces of rough chipping and pecking techniques (e.g. Figs. 3:4; 6:4; 7:2; 8:2). From a fragment we can exceptionally estimate an angled shape in plan (Fig. 9:2). The results thus should be taken with great caution, all the more so because in the assemblage of finds we identified only one whole indisputable lower stone. (The fact is that among the numerous querns from Bylany,
only 16 lower stones were found complete: Pavlů 2000, 76. A similar proportion was also detected with specimens from a remote part of Europe, namely from two settlements at Kleitos in north-western Greece, dated to the Late and Final Neolithic - 18 whole or almost complete specimens in the collection of 602 finds: Chondrou 2020, 290.) On the other hand, the identification of the upper stones, as is also usual elsewhere at Neolithic sites, is far more reli able. The length of the measurable upper stones (7 pcs) from Mšeno ranges from 22.5 cm to 36 cm (mostly from 23 to 26 cm) and its weighted arithmetic mean is 26.1 cm. Their width (30 measurable specimens) varies between 9 and 18.8 cm and its weighted arithmetic mean is 13.9 cm (thus representing almost half the average length). For a metrical comparison of the upper quern-stones from Mšeno with finds from other sites of the Stroked Pottery Culture in our territory, we can use a collection of 9 arte facts from Vchynice in the District of Litoměřice, particu larly due to their width dimension ranging between 11.6 cm and 17.9 cm, with an average value of 15.6 cm (Řídký et al. 2014, 297). The mentioned range fully corresponds to the range detected with the finds from Mšeno: it is only a little narrower, unlike the average value which is slightly higher. FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2 02 2
SUMMARY Not surprisingly, the dimensions of 7 measurable specimens from Roztoky near Prague (including finds from the late Lengyel horizon), ranging from 8.5 cm to 14 cm (with one exception ranging from 10 cm to 14 cm), fit well into this scheme with negligible deviations, even though the weighted arithmetic mean of 11.6 cm is relatively low (Pavlů 1991,249253, tab. 3). A similar situation can also be observed at sites with a less frequent occurrence of measurable pieces, e.g. in Černý Vûl (width 11.9-22.9 cm - Řídký et al. 2014, 297). Other possibilities for comparison are offered by quern stones from a slightly older period, from the milieu of the Linear Pottery Culture, for example the upper quern-stones from Kosoř near Prague (Lička et al. 2014, 23) which were analysed and assessed using the same methodical approach. Their length between 19.5 and 37 cm and width between 7 and 17.5 cm strongly resemble the finds from Mšeno or those from Bylany. At the last-mentioned site (Pavlů - Ralf 1991,341), the saddle-shaped pseudotype is reported to have an aver age length of 33 cm and width of 14-15 cm, the plano-convex type has an average length of 30 cm and width of 12 cm and the flat type is on average 12.5 cm wide. Generally, for the upper stones, the length is 28.7 to 37.1 cm with an average of 31.9 cm, and the width is 8.4 to 18 cm with an average of 12.9 cm (Pavlů 2000, 93, Tab. З.1.З.А.). At the site of Vedrovice near Znojmo, the measurable width of the upper stones (59 pieces from two locations) varies between 9 and 16 cm, with one exception which is 8 cm wide (Švédová
2005, 81, 106). The width of several stones without further specifica tion (probably understood to be upper stones) from the site of Březno u Loun ranges between 9 and 13 cm (Pleinerová Pavlů 1979,104). The data for the Neolithic upper stones from Mohelnice (including the reconstructed dimensions) comprise a length between 106 and 344 mm and width between 66 and 188 mm (Pavlů 2020,186-187, obr. 20). In regions more or less distant from Central Europe, e.g. in the territory between the Weser Uplands and the lower reaches of the Rhine River in the Neolithic period, the average length of the upper stones is 30.1 cm and width is 17.4 cm (Graefe 2009,185). The same tools from the area of the Paris Basin are reported to have an average length of 16.3 cm and width of 11.2 cm (Hamon 2006, 44,46). The width of the upper stones from the Early Linear Pottery Culture site of Schwanfeld in Lower Franconia (Ram minger 2011,132) ranges between 7.4 cm and 16.5 cm with an average of 11.1 cm, the length of whole specimens from the settlement of Langweiler 8 varies between 26.9 and 40 cm and the width ranges from 11.7 to 16 cm (Zimmermann 1998,735). Analogies from more distant regions, for example those from the settlement of Kleitos I in Greece, have an average length of 24.61 cm and width of 12.05 cm (Chondrou 2020, 296). For a comparison with primitive querns from sub-recent living cultures, which formally correspond to Neolithic twopiece querns, we will give the following few examples. FONTES A RC H AE О LOG 1 С I The length of the upper stones used by the people from a village in
north-western Nepal (Bandais - Lundström-Baudais 2002, 166) is 39-65 cm and the width is 12-23 cm (all the upper and lower stones from this site are flat, but the upper stones have a much smaller width, their length exceeds the width of the lower stones by 12-20 cm and the narrower ends of some specimens are trimmed for an easy grip). In another population from several villages (Minyanka) in African Mali (Hamon - Le Gall 2013, 113), the length of the upper stones varies between 27 and 48 cm and the width ranges from 7 to 23 cm (here also the length of the upper stones exceeds the width of the lower stones). Metrical values detected in other regions seem smaller, for example the average length of the upper stone (understood to be the crusher/muller) in present day nomads from northern Sudan is 15.5 cm and the width is 14 cm. However, these values are much higher than those measured for prehistoric pieces of the same type in this region (Schön - Holter 1998, 157). From another territory, namely from Tichit in south-eastern Mauritania (Roux 1983,123), we know among others also data for the upper stones (including the small ones in the form of mullers/crushers) - their length ranges from 5.1 to 35 cm (on average 14.9 cm) and width is 3.6 to 15 cm (on average 8.2 cm). From the above-mentioned illustrative data on sub-recent querns there follows a certain difference conditioned by the raw material used and by spe cific cultural traditions and social-economic status, which makes them applicable to the Neolithic in Central Europe only to a limited extent. All of the upper stones
mentioned here, if determinable in this way, are two-handed stones (34 pieces). Their easy grip during working activity was enabled by trimming the shape of the narrow ends to form a handle or bevel (e.g. Figs. 11:1, 3; 12: 3; 13: 5; 14: 1; 11 pieces in total). The narrowing in con nection with heavy use wear, which resulted in the thinning of the tool, was at the same time a weak point in terms of its strength, more precisely the place at the boundary between the handle and the body of the tool. This was often the area where a tool broke apart (Figs. 4:2; 5:6). The predisposition to cracks is evidenced not only by the broken-off handles, but also by the truncated bodies of the upper stones without these terminal parts. The creation of a handle/bevel is a necessary technological improvement enabling one to hold the upper stone properly during grinding. It is not by coincidence that all these stones are relatively thin, although their dorsal sur face is mostly rounded (they belong to the low plano-convex type, regardless of whether their smaller thickness is a result of the original intention or whether it emerged in the course of time due to long-term use and wear of the working sur face). Of course, it cannot always be identified whether the grips were an integral part of the tools from the very begin ning or whether they emerged additionally as a result of use wear (thinning). In stones trimmed in this way, often rela- PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 145
SUMMARY tively thin, we rather suppose that during the working activity the handles/bevels for easy grip extended beyond the width of the lower stone (to prevent the miller’s hands from being injured). If so, the length of the upper stone should exceed the width of the lower stone, as indicated by some ethnographic sources (Baudais - Lundström-Baudais 2002, 166). Judging from the working traces, almost all the plano convex stones from Mšeno correspond to the upper stones. All of them have their backside convex in cross-section, either low (from the beginning or due to use wear of the upper working surface), or high (often in connection with minor wear of the upper working surface). The dorsal sur face, often perfectly rounded, is usually more or less per fectly trimmed by pecking and grinding, particularly at its vertex. The higher and taller cross-section and the rounded backside make the tools (with regard to their position during the work process) easy and comfortable to grip from above without any necessity to create handles/bevels, in contrast to the flat upper stones (on a possible use of the backside as a working surface, see above). This way of holding the upper stone enables one to carry out grinding with any type of the lower stone, both narrow and wide, without the dan ger of injuring the hands. An illustrative example of a whole intact plano-convex quern-stone at the initial stage of its service life, almost rec tangular to oval in plan, was found in Feature 3 (Fig. 3: 1). Judging from the wear on the working surface (scratches and irregular grooves
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tool), it is an upper two-handed stone. The upper work ing surface is concave in longitudinal section and convex in cross-section. Both the dorsal surface, which is relatively high in both longitudinal and transverse direction, and the lateral sides are thoroughly ground, in some places with peck ing marks. It is a large specimen of elegant shape, its entire surface is thoroughly worked, the upper working surface is little worn. The piece is unusually heavy for an upper stone (see below). Another plano-convex quern-stone, originally oval in plan (Fig. 13: 4), was made from silicified coarse-grained sandstone. In the middle part of the upper working surface, we can recognize scratches parallel to the longitudinal axis and on the lateral surfaces of the narrow side we can see irregularly shaped groove-like features perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tool. Moreover, its working surface is slightly concave in all directions, which is visible on the break, i.e. in the original middle part of the tool. When com pared to the previous tool, this specimen is smaller and of a different type and shape in plan view. It might have been originally used as an upper stone and later also (or solely) as a lower stone. The material, from which the tool was made, urges caution with regard to an interpretation of its function. Another specific thing about it is that the stone is little worn 146 and yet broken. We remark that the concaveness of the work ing surface in all directions is rather found in whetstones and grinders. This
feature is typical of mortar-shaped lower stones, but these are absent in our territory or their presence is disputable. (Real devices composed of a stationary mortar with a deep bowl-shaped working surface and of a mobile pestle are not known from the Neolithic in our territory. On the other hand, they are widespread in the Near East, as evi denced e.g. by the immense number of specimens from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe in south-eastern Turkey - Dietrich 2021.') Nevertheless, if they were indeed used in our territory, which cannot be completely excluded, they must have been made from wood. In our collection from Mšeno, the slightly concave working surface can be identi fied in at least one other small tool, which is oval in plan and plate-shaped, likewise made from silicified medium-grained sandstone (Fig. 13:2). The possibility that the artefact might have (also?) been used as a grinder, is in this case maybe a little higher because its opposite straight surface is at the same time also a working surface. Another specimen (Fig. 4: 3) can also be classed among the same category of tools with slightly concave working surfaces. 2.3. Shapes and classification of quern-stones The stones of two-piece querns can in principle be divided accord ing to morphological features into three basic types and one pseudotype (more details in: Lička - Šreinová 2021,338 sq.). Plate type (1) is characterized by (originally) two straight opposite sides. The specimens with a larger thickness often correspond to the lower quern-stones. Plano-convex type (2) has, or at the
beginning of its serv ice life had, a straight upper working surface and a convex backside. The variant with a high, regularly arched dorsal surface is sometimes referred to as loaf-shaped. It is usually associated with the upper stones. The third type (3) is characterized by an irregular shape, sometimes accompanied by considerable weight. The saddle-shaped pseudotype stands completely outside the system. The stone was in fact originally loaf-shaped, plate shaped or some other type and was gradually deformed by intensive use of the upper working surface. None of the analysed quern parts can be classified as com pletely unused or new (for an almost new, only slightly worn quern-stone, see below). The quern-stones can be divided according to their shape in plan view into rectangular (I) and elliptical (II) stones with many variants. A special group is represented by small onehanded tools, which were made from fragments of quern stones or from amorphous stones; some of them were used as the upper quern-stones. FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022
SUMMARY 2.4. Small tools and their functions Apart from the upper and lower quern-stones of larger dimen sions, small one-handed stones were also found. In their func tion they are partly identical to muller and crusher tools (see the chapter on hammerstones). Some of them probably (also) had the function of the upper quern-stones (e.g. Fig. 8:2, 3). They have a prismatic or spherical shape {Figs. 42: 3; 44: 2; 44: 6; 17) {Lička - Šreinová 2021, 340). 2.5. Secondary use of querns Fragments of quern-stones were sometimes used to create small one-handed tools (see above and the chapter on ham merstones), but also for other purposes. For example, they were part of a pavement from flat stones under oven floors, which served as an accumulator and stabilizer of heat inside the single-chamber ovens (e.g. Pleiner - Rybová [eds.] 1978, 191) and at the same time also as a barrier against the rise of moisture in that area {Prévost-Dermarkar 2003, 614; Lička et al. 2011,65-66). In the settlement at Kosoř near Prague, frag ments of grinders sized 20-30 cm were detected in the floor of oven No. 115/1 {Lička et al. 2011, 32, 65). In Mšeno, nei ther oven relics themselves nor their floors are preserved in situ. The last-mentioned secondary function of quern-stones might be indirectly and with great caution considered in frag ments of querns among the settlement waste, which show signs of heat effects in the form of an increased magnetic susceptibility. There are four such fragments from palaeo rhyolite {Figs. 4: 5, 6; 40: 7) and one fragment of a quern or grinder from medium-grained
sandstone {Fig. 3: 4). Consid ering their raw material, we do not suppose that they were used as cooking stones. At the same time, we are aware that the signs of heat effects, when not on these particular frag ments, then generally on any stones, may have also origi nated under different circumstances, e.g. when the stones were part of a now unpreserved open fireplace at the level of the ground surface, or during a fire etc. The heat and scorch marks on macrolithic artefacts were also commonly detected at other sites, sometimes even in large quantities. For example, in Aldehoven, site Langweiler 8, such stones represented about one fifth of all quern-stones and their fragments {Zimmermann 1988, 739). At the Greek site of Kleitos, where such specimens represented at least one third and were very fragmented, we can even suppose a causal link to houses destroyed by fire [Ctiondrou 2020, 290, 303). In this regard, we should also mention that for many tools we cannot clearly identify whether they have been used as quern-stones or as whetstones (more details on the chapter on quern-stones from Mšeno, also on their typology in: Lička - Šreinová 2021, 338-340). The same cited article also deals in detail with the representation of quern-stones in indi vidual archaeological features, the significance of shallow pits on the working surfaces of several quern-stones, pos sible symbolic value of querns, as well as with the petrog raphy of the quern-stone rocks, including their origin and way of transport to their final destination {Lička - Šreinová 2021, 340-350).8 3. Whetstones
3.1. Introduction Whetstones, which were made from rocks with ideal abra sive properties - sandstones - are mostly small in size. In our territory, a greater interest in this type of artefact seems to have been sparked by the published report on two-piece whetstones {Horáková-Jansová 1933). These tools have been used for a specific grinding activity, above all for grinding arrow shafts, as it followed from ethnographic parallels related mainly to archery in Europe from the Early Neo lithic until the beginning of the Early Bronze Age {Venci 1964, 32-33). The other types of whetstones, which are abso lutely predominant in number, were mostly used to finish the shapes and surfaces of certain stone tools (e.g. Vend 1964; Pavlů - Rulf 1991, 335; Lička et al. 2014, 39). Some of them were also used for other activities, e.g. for the crush FONTES A RC H AEO LOG ICI ing and grinding of organic and inorganic materials (vari ous possibilities are listed in: Zimmermann 1988, 747). The collection of whetstones from Mšeno did not contain pieces which could be used in a way other than those mentioned above, for example as cutting tools (“saws”)· Also, we did not identify any cut marks on them which might indicate a division of these tools into smaller parts, as exception ally identified e.g. in several specimens of the Linear Pot tery Culture from the settlement at Žebrák in the District 7 The representation of quern-stones in individual archaeologi cal features [Chap. 2.6), their possible symbolic value (querns) [Chap. 2.7), petrography of macrolithic artefacts [Chap. 2.8) and
petrography of quern-stones [Chap. 2.9), as well as the issue of transport of querns and raw materials for their manufacture [Chap. 2.10) were already discussed elsewhere [Lička - Šreinová 2021, 340-350). PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 147
SUMMARY of Beroun {Stolz 2016,106-109, obr. 3-4). At the same time, it turns out that the spectrum of shapes and sizes of stand ard whetstones is best recognizable in specimens, which are part of large assemblages of finds (e.g. Zimmermann 1988; Pavlů -Rulf 1991). 3.2. Assessment of the properties of the whetstones A total of 313 whetstones (19,647 g) and 116 amorphous pieces of potential raw material for their manufacture (8,883 g) come from 49 features of the SPC (out of which 23 belong to the early stage, 23 to the late stage and 3 generally to the SPC). The overall proportion of the number of finished products to potential raw material can thus be expressed in percents (73 % to 27 %). The weight proportion of the mentioned objects is almost the same, i.e. the difference between the two items is only a little smaller. The analysed finished products come from 43 archaeologi cal features, out of which 18 belong to the early stage, 22 to the late stage and 3 generally to the SPC {Graph 3). The percentage of finished whetstones is 13.3 % (28 % in terms of weight) in the early stage, 85.2 % (71.8 % in terms of weight) in the late stage and 1.2 % (0.4 % in terms of weight) in the SPC without specification. As regards the potential ram material without traces of working, it only seldom has large dimensions and a weight of as much as 544 g, exceptionally 1,562 g, particularly in Fea tures 24, 31, 75 and 170. It was undoubtedly acquired from nearby rock outcrops. Traces of the manufacturing process, namely of its final phase in the form of dense fine pecking, were probably
iden tified in one specimen {Fig. 30: 8). On the other hand, the so-called dressing of the slightly bowl-shaped working surface using the pecking technique cannot be excluded in a massive grinder {Fig. 31:7). However, the shape of the cross-section and the dimensions of this arte fact rather remind one of a quern-stone. The preservation rate (completeness) of finished whetstones seems extremely low due to their high fragmentariness. The majority of pieces are small fragments {Graph 4). As regards the shape in plan view, almost 90 % are indeterminable and the rest can be mostly identified as a rectangle/trapezium, exceptionally as an oval or square. Following the criterion of the number of flat working sur faces on tools, two opposite sides are predominant (34.3 %), fol lowed by one side (29.9 %) and by one preserved side or more than two sides, both with the same percentage (17.9 %). The vast majority of working traces on the active surface of the whetstones have the form of simple abrasion (84.2 %). To a small extent and usually on the same working surface, abra sion is accompanied by a longitudinal groove (5.8 %), distinct 148 scratches (2.4 %), fine scratches (1.8 %), exceptionally by an incision, facet at the edge, or by various combinations mostly composed of three features. Some of them, such as small pits, scratches and grooves, emerged as a result of a specific work ing activity (e.g. Figs. 26: 8; 25:11; 27:1, 4; 32: 3). The maximum wear of the working surface ranges from the category negligible (3.7 %) and small (up to 5 mm - 32.8 %) through significant (over
5 mm - 16.4 %) to indeterminable (47 %). In absolute values, it is as much as 20 mm in thick ness. The grinding incisions, which sometimes occurred at the boundary between the flat surface and the lateral surfaces of the whetstones, had with one exception the form of a wideopen letter U in cross-section (e.g. Figs. 23:1). Traces of processed material were detected only rarely, and if so, in the form of red dye {Fig. 24:12). Distinct traces of an inorganic red dye were also detected on the working surface in the middle part of a grinder made from sandstone with silica cement, originally maybe oval in plan {Fig. 34:5). Possibly, it might be a fragment of a quern-stone, even though the slight concaveness of the working surface in all directions is not typical of this tool type, and nor is the sandstone rock which was used to make the tool. 3.3. Shapes and classification of whetstones According to the overall shape, complexity, size and char acter of the working surfaces, we can divide the whetstones from Mšeno into several types. In the category of portable whetstones, we distinguish between one-piece and two-piece whetstones. The one-piece whetstones are then subdivided into prismatic, thin tabular, thick slab-shaped and large (mas sive) specimens. The two-piece whetstones have a unified form. Reamers, as a subcategory of one-piece whetstones, are described separately. For the sake of completeness, we must mention a special type of archaeological source which is still almost unknown in our territory, namely the stationary grind ing boulders and rock walls. Their surface
may have served for grinding the tools, as evidenced by rare and non-datable examples, also from our territory {Vend 1995). Theoretically, they might also be found in the sandstone formations in the immediate neighbourhood of Mšeno, but we have not yet car ried out a surface survey to confirm this assumption. As regards the recognized one-piece tabular (thin) whet stones (208 pcs), the specimens with two opposite working surfaces (53.9 %) outnumber those with only one working surface (33.2 %). The remaining whetstones cannot be iden tified in more detail. The situation with one-piece (thick) slab whetstones (59 pcs) is quite the opposite: the specimens with one working surface (39 %) are more frequent than those with two working surfaces (23.7 %). Unspecifiable pieces are FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022
SUMMARY far more numerous (37.3 %), at least in comparison with the previously mentioned type (13 %). Another type, defined as a large (massive) grinder, was not identified in the collection of analysed finds when disregarding the specimen from the foundation trench of House VII (however, this type occurred among older surface finds - Fig. 36: 4, provided that we do not consider it to be a stationary grinding boulder). Prismatic whetstones have working surfaces on all four long sides (e.g. Figs. 22: 2, 3; 27: 4; 28:1; 29: 1). Two-piece whetstones differ considerably from the other whetstones in their shape and specific function. In Mšeno, an almost whole piece from medium-grained sandstone is pre served, essentially rectangular in plan, narrowed towards the missing end {Fig. 31: 5). It has a semi-arched form in cross section. All of its sides, except for the straight original end, are thoroughly ground in almost the same manner. A groove (width 10 mm, depth 4 mm) runs through the middle of the longitudinally straight side. The fine longitudinal scratches on its walls probably emerged as a result of movements of a worked object. We can place two specimens outside the above scheme: a torso of an elongated oval whetstone with rounded con tours and with working surface all over its body {Fig. 26: 5) and a flat oval whetstone, whose surface is for the most part abraded {Fig. 34: 3). From a typological point of view, the largely predominant type of whetstones in Mšeno are one-piece tabular (thin) whet stones (75.6 %). Thick slab one-piece whetstones (with a thick ness of 30
mm and more) represent about one fifth of the total (20.8 %). The other types are of minor significance. Prismatic whetstones represent a mere 3.2 %, two-piece whetstones are represented by only a single specimen and the occurrence of stationary grinders is uncertain (see above). As far as chronology is concerned, the early stage of the SPC (40 pcs analysed) was dominated by one-piece thin tab ular whetstones (55 %) and the thick one-piece whetstones accounted for a percentage about half as large (22.5 %). On the other hand, prismatic whetstones represent one fifth (20 %) and two-piece whetstones are represented by only a single specimen. In the late stage of the SPC, the represen tation of one-piece thin tabular whetstones is much higher (79.1 %), whereas the occurrence of prismatic whetstones was reduced to a single specimen and the two-piece whetstones are completely absent. Only the proportion of one-piece thick slab whetstones remains essentially the same (20.5 %). From the above data it follows that prismatic and two-piece whet stones were typical of the early stage of the SPC. In the given find context, both of these types at the same time give the impression of significant chronological attributes. (In general, prismatic whetstones seem to be more widespread - see e.g. the specimens from eastern France, from Clairvaux [Aube] [Milleville - Jaccottey - Duda 1995, 1038-1039, Fig. 16-18] FONTES A RC H A E O LO G I C I and from Grand-Charmont [Doubs], from the Final Neolithic [Pétrequin - Pétrequin 2021, 356, Fig. 414.]) 3.4. Representation of whetstones in individual
archaeological features In a similar way to the querns, the relationship between the percentages of whetstones in individual features (for whet stones the number of pieces and total weight, for pottery only the number of pieces), when expressed in relevant graphs, reveals similarities and differences and the resulting conclu sions (some of which were discussed above). First of all, when the simple numbers and the total weight of the whetstones are considered, the features from the early stage of the SPC appear to be poorer in the whetstones (which is relative, because these features are smaller) than the features from the late stage of the SPC. Besides this, as regards the relationship between the quantity and weight in the early stage of the SPC, a significant difference in favour of larger weight (which is indicated by the occurrence of fewer pieces with a larger weight or the occur rence of whole specimens) is mainly visible in Feature 13, to a lesser extent in Features 11 and 148. In the late stage, such an imbalance is mainly evident in Feature 110, to a lesser extent in Feature 184. The proportion in the remaining features is either balanced or, vice versa, quite the opposite (i.e. explained by a higher fragmentariness of artefacts), mainly in Features 23, 60, 96, 97 and 141 {Graph 3). As for the relationship between the quantity of determina ble types of whetstones and the function of the features from which they come, the higher number of artefacts in the early stage of the SPC can be associated with both the construc tion pits of House I (27.5 %). On the other
hand, in the late stage of the SPC, when individual houses did not have their own construction pits, an increased number of finds come from clay extraction pits (83.7 %), i.e. generally from large features and maybe from only one other pit (4.6 %), referred to as a sunken-featured dwelling or a special type of storage facility (No. 145). 3.5. Distinction of several whetstones from quern-stones As already mentioned above, several artefacts are not easy to identify with certainty as whetstones or quern-stones (more details in the chapter on quern-stones). To a certain extent, they exhibit attributes characterizing either of the tool types (apart from attributes which are common to both of them) or, the other way round, they lack some of these attributes or all substantial attributes are absent. Among the most conclu sive common attributes is a large height (thickness). These PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 149
SUMMARY objects are made almost solely from medium-grained sand stone or conglomerate. Besides the pieces treated in the chap ter on quern-stones, this category also comprises specimens from the above-mentioned Feature 184 {Fig. 34:5), and from Features 10 {Figs. 25:2; 26:1, 7), 13 {Fig. 27: 6) and 145 (Figs. 32: 13; 33: 2). 3.6. Reamers Reamers represent a specific subcategory of sandstone whet stones. They appear separately or in small fragments and are mostly made from sandstone whetstones, or were or still are their integral part. Some of them can in fact rep resent reutilised tools in the true sense of the word, where one part of the original whetstone is used for the handle of a new tool {Figs. 24:2, 10; 33: 3). Reamers with their shape, size and material were (mostly) best suitable not only for grinding the edges of holes on stone tools into facets, but also for knocking out the residual rock when drilling the holes (e.g. Vend 1960, 9). They also might have been used to dress the holes in objects from organic materials, mainly from wood and leather. In the collection of whetstones from Mšeno, reamers (32 pcs) represent small to miniature tools, mostly more or less conical, sometimes cylindrical and irregularly cylindri cal or flat tongue-shaped, generally with a distinctly tapered, rounded or pointed end {Fig. 23: 4). All the flat specimens have rounded lateral sides. Reamers sporadically exhibit cur vature in one direction {Fig. 24: 5). Their shape in cross-sec tion is round {Figs. 29: 3; 32: 9), oval {Fig. 24: 2), sometimes with one {Fig. 32: 5), two {Fig.
26: 4) or more slightly bent sides {Fig. 24:5), or with an indicated facet {Fig. 25:5). Their cross-section exceptionally has a biconvex shape {Figs. 24:8; 29:4). It is evident that their original shape underwent some almost imperceptible changes during the working activity. The surface of conical reamers has almost completely served as a working surface, which does not necessarily apply to all reamers. Reamers can be divided into several variants. The most fre quent are conical forms (a - 34.4 %, e.g. Figs. 24:2; 29:3) and flat conical forms with the lower and upper surface straight and the lateral surfaces more or less convex (b - 37.5 %, Figs. 29:12; 30: 7). The other forms are infrequent: combined (c - 9.4 %, on one side flat, on the remaining sides more or less convex, Fig. 24: 6, 9), semi-cylindrical (d - 6.3 %, bicon vex in cross-section, Fig. 32: 12), mixed, i.e. with several attributes of the previous variants (e - 3.1 %, Fig. 28: 5) and, finally, non-standard and specific (f - 9.3 %, Figs. 24: 5, 8; 25: 5; 29: 4; 32: 9). All the reamers come from ten features in total. Most of them were found in Feature 7 (31.3 % - in this feature or in 150 its neighbourhood we might therefore probably suppose an increased activity connected with the final grinding of holes in polished stone tools) and in Features 10 and 41 (18.8 % each). Fewer were detected in Features 145 (9.4 %) and 60 (6.3 %). The remaining Features 8,23, 75,141 and 162 contained one specimen each {Graph 5). Complete reamers of standard shapes are preserved as nine specimens. Their length varies between 10
and 34 mm, the larger transverse diameter ranges from 12 to 27 mm and the smaller transverse diameter from 5 to 15 mm. The lengths of whole and fragmented specimens together vary between 10 and 32 mm, larger transverse diameters range between 10 and 27 mm and smaller transverse diameters between 5 and 16 mm. Their diameter decreases either gradually or with a step-like offset (e.g. Fig. 24: 7). Several pieces appear to be miniature with regard to their length or diameter {Figs. 29: 6, 8; 33: 3). These tools might have had a slightly different function than the above-mentioned reamers of standard shapes. Analogies to the above-mentioned standard reamers can be found in various SPC settlements. E.g. the reamer of variant c) has analogies in Lobeč {Spurný 1951, obr. 91: in the middle of the lower row, probably also the first piece in this row), in Jaroměř {Bürgert 2019,206, obr. 254, a total of nine pieces of the same typological variant, not only simple but also dou ble and triple, which are unknown in Mšeno [Fig. 37]), the reamer of variant b) again has analogies in Lobeč {Spurný 1951, obr. 91: at the end of the lower row, but here in a double opposite variant) or in Turnov - Ohrazenice {Šída 2007, Tab. 53:1, heavily damaged). In the end we can say that the reamers from Mšeno were only found in features which contained standard whetstones. Their relatively larger quantity often correlates with the rela tively more frequent occurrence of standard whetstones, as is evident from Features 7, 10, 41 and 145. All but one speci men were made from fine-grained/small-grained
sandstone, one piece was made from medium-grained sandstone {Fig. 24: 10). As for the dating of the artefacts, all of them come from features from the late stage of the SPC, with one exception of a miniature specimen from a feature dated to the early stage of the SPC {Fig. 33: 3). 3.7. Petrography of whetstone rocks (B. Šreinová) Individual types of rocks represented in the collection of whetstones are listed in the histogram in Graph 6. The his togram illustrates well that the finds are clearly dominated by fine-grained sandstones. Medium-grained sandstones are represented to a lesser extent and the occurrence of coarse grained sandstone to conglomerate is sporadic. The predomi- FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022
SUMMARY nance of fine-grained sandstone in this particular tool type is common in the Neolithic (cf. e.g. finds of the LPC from the sites of Bylany [ΡαυΖύ - Rulf 1991, 350 sq.] and Žádovice [Čerevková 2020,26]). The presented sandstones are divided according to grain size and according to basic characteris tics - ratio of components etc. The mentioned sandstones are mostly different from those which were used to manufacture the more or less probable querns. Sandstone. The whetstones were mostly made from fine grained, often slightly micaceous quartz sandstone of a light grey to whitish, ochre yellowish and mostly light beige colour. This sandstone along with fine-grained to medium-grained sandstone, or medium-grained sandstone of the same com position, represent 78.2 % of all the whetstone rocks. The col lection of whetstones comprises about 6.4 % coarse-grained sandstone of the same composition. The magnetic suscepti bility of the above rocks is exceptionally as much as 0.19 ■ 10-3 (SI) (probably from a fireplace). The basic composition and structure of the sandstone are visible in microphotographs (Fig. 38a-b). The sandstones are of local origin, occurring in the neighbourhood of the village Mšeno (Fig. 20). Sandstone with Fe. A relatively significant group (11.2 %) is represented by rocks with a varyingly large proportion of oxides and hydroxides of Fe. The colour of these rocks passes into various deep shades of reddish, brown and rusty brown. The collection of whetstones mostly comprises fine-grained, or fine- to medium-grained and medium-grained sandstones with a
proportion of Fe in the form of limonite, or a fine fer ruginous substance mainly in the cement. The occurrence of coarse-grained sandstone or a conglomerate with Fe is spo radic. The magnetic susceptibility of these Fe rocks is again low and it does not exceed 0.12 · 10-3 (SI). An exception is represented by three whetstones with a high proportion of limonite - two are fine-grained, slightly micaceous quartz sandstones, rusty brown, where limonite is contained in the groundmass (the magnetic susceptibility is 2-5 · 10-3 (SI)), and one is coarse-grained ferruginous sandstone (the mag netic susceptibility is 4.3-6.4 · 10-3 (SI)). The colour of these sandstones is a deep rusty brown. The basic composition and structure of the sandstone with Fe are visible in microphoto graphs (Fig. 39a-b). These sandstones are probably likewise local, acquired in the close vicinity of Mšeno (Fig. 20). Glauconitic sandstone. Fine-grained quartz sandstone with glauconite occurs sporadically. The colour is grey-brown (weathered surface) to grey with a touch of green (visible on a fresh fracture). The magnetic susceptibility is zero. Glau conitic sandstone occurs in the neighbourhood of Mšeno (Fig. 20). Arkose sandstone. In the collection, arkose sandstone is represented by only 3.6 % of the total. It is medium-grained, mostly grey, sporadically reddish with small quartz pebbles. The magnetic susceptibility is low, in the interval of 0-0.05 ■ 103 (SI). Three whetstones are made from arkose sandstone containing small concretions with Fe. They fall within the same group together with arkose
sandstones and their mag netic susceptibility is the same as well. It is most probably a Permo-Carboniferous (Carboniferous) sandstone, which may have been imported to the site from the Krkonoše Piedmont or from the region NW to W of Kralupy nad Vltavou. Sodalitic trachyte. Sodalitic trachyte is represented in the collection by one finished smoother rather than a whetstone (Fig. 32: 2). It is compact, loosely porphyritic, light grey col oured, with tabular jointing. The magnetic susceptibility of this specimen (and of three amorphous fragments from Features 3,10 and 41) ranges between 9 and 13 · 10-3 (SI), in one object 17-23 · 10-3 (SI). The rock occurs in the close sur roundings north of Mšeno (Fig. 20). Considering the fact that sodalitic trachyte was also identified among the rocks of Neolithic artefacts from the site of Vchynice (Šreinová et al. 2013), where the local provenance of rock was proved with certainty, the raw material might have been transported to Mšeno together with palaeorhyolite (Fig. 19). 4. Hammerstones/one-handed tools 4.1. Introduction Common attributes of one-handed tools mentioned in this text are, among others, their small dimensions and the way of being held in one hand during the work process. They are characterized by a considerable multifunctionality (they were probably used not only for the manufacture of all stone tools, including chipped lithics, but also for other activities) and a small variety of shapes. The tools can be divided into sev- FONTES A RCHA EO LOG ICI eral groups according to partly overlapping selected criteria. The
tools of the first group (hammerstones in the narrower sense) were made from natural stones, cobbles and ventifacts due to their suitable shape, dimensions and material prop erties. The subsequent working traces, which emerged on their surface, did not substantially change the shape of the tools. The tools of the second group (so-called percussors) were made from fragments of broken axes and similar arte facts, or from semi-finished products (except for knife tools, PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 151
SUMMARY which are mentioned elsewhere). The reutilised tools in this case retained the shape of the original tool. Other groups mainly represent prismatic and spherical crushers, cooking stones and grinding slabs. The former two types of artefacts were treated in the chapter on quern-stones, to which they probably belong with regard to their function. In the follow ing text we solely pay attention to hammerstones in the nar rower sense of the word. 4.2. Assessment of the properties of the hammer stones 4.2.1. Hammerstones in the narrower sense Out of the total sum of finds, almost three quarters represent finished products, about one fifth is potential raw material and approximately one tenth are unremarkable amorphous stones. The basic raw material (for 24 finished tools) were stones of natural shape (excluding the pieces with no working traces). As regards the preservation rate of finished products (25 pcs), about one half are represented by whole artefacts, one third are larger torsos and the rest are small fragments. Their shape in plan is mostly oval. Working traces, mostly in the form of a finely rough or finely serrated rough surface, a surface with common standard abrasion or a surface abraded into one or two facets, were detected on the perimeter (on lat eral surfaces) of a tool, on one half of its perimeter, on about one fifth of its narrow side, less frequently on both narrow sides and on one long side. Working traces were only spo radically found on flat surfaces and, if so, they mostly have the form of a gloss, rarely a standard abrasion, scratches and
exceptionally a finely rough surface, i.e. it is evidence for essentially only the horizontal movement of the tool dur ing the working activity. Individual types of deformation on striking and friction surfaces caused by the working activity (more details in: Lička et al. 2014,36, obr. 8) mostly occurred in two and more combinations. The last-mentioned type can be demonstrated on a onehanded tool made from a natural cobble, with distinct use wear along the whole perimeter (Fig. 41:2). The wear marks in the form of a distinct abrasion are visible on both narrow sides, one of them being abraded into one facet and the other into two facets. Fine scratches and a gloss are visible on both flat surfaces. Thus, it is a multifunctional tool. As regards individual tool types and their variants, a clear determination and distinction is difficult because there are only a few specimens with the pure attributes of only one specific tool: five hammerstones, one muller and one fine crusher. The working surfaces of all the other tools show signs of two or more methods of use. However, even under 152 these circumstances, there is an evident predominance of tools with the attributes of fine crushers (mostly overlapping with percussors) and hammerstones. Occasionally, we can also find among them tools which were simultaneously used as choppers (Figs. 40:6; 41:3). The traces of a processed mate rial were detected only once: the flat surfaces of a hammer stone from Feature 96 exhibit residues of a red dye, i.e. the tool was also used for grinding a dyestuff (Fig. 42:4). The weight of the
finished products, both complete and fragmented, is 4,108 g. The weight of the raw material includ ing amorphous stones is 2,102 g. The length of the finished and whole artefacts (13 pcs) ranges from 39 mm to 168 mm, with a slight predominance of specimens up to 66 mm long. The weighted arithmetic mean of their length is 73.1 mm. The weight varies widely from 28 g to 748 g. 4.2.2. The so-called percussors Percussors are artefacts which were made from fragments of finished polished stone tools with a cutting edge and possible semi-finished products (18 pcs). Working traces are mostly found on both of the narrow sides (ca. in two thirds of the total) in accordance with the elongated shape of the artefacts. Traces around the whole perimeter or on one of the narrow sides occurred only three times at most. (Manufacturing traces are almost indistinguishable from working traces, when some of the truncated ends of damaged original tools were previously trimmed by grinding.) The occurrence of deformations on striking and friction surfaces induced by working activity is similar to the first group of tools, with the only difference being that the category of percussors exhibits a significantly higher proportion of coarsely ser rated rough and irregularly bumpy working surfaces, which correspond to rough pounding. On the other hand, the abra sion of the lateral surfaces of a tool into facets was essentially absent. It turns out that the multifunctionality of percussors is less variable when compared to the first group of artefacts. Their total weight is 3,951 g and the length varies
between 50 and 119 mm, mostly from 50 to 92 mm. They are thus a little greater than the tools from the first group, as is also evidenced by the weighted arithmetic mean of their length, which is 82.3 mm. 4.3. Representation of hammerstones in indi vidual archaeological features Hammerstones in the broader sense occurred in a total of 20 archaeological features, most of them dated to the late stage of the SPC, with the exception of Features 117, 164, 168 and 176 from the early stage (Graph 7). These features had various FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2 02 2
SUMMARY different functions. A larger concentration of hammerstones was detected in the features of larger dimensions (10,60, 75), which at the same time contained a lot of other finds. On the other hand, a larger proportion of hammerstones compared to pottery, which is the most common type of settlement waste, was detected in Features 145 and 164. These results correlate well with the data on the weight of the mentioned artefacts {Graph. 7). 4.4. Cooking stones Some stones, which exhibit an increased or high magnetic susceptibility, were probably exposed to heat. They might have been part e.g. of the paving on oven floors (see the above chapter on quern-stones) or had the function of cook ing stones. A quartz cobble, originally used as a hammer stone, of which a fragment is preserved (Feature 99), might have served as a cooking stone. Quartzite tools with the same function were recognized e.g. in the settlement of the LPC in Kosoř on the basis of a partly fallen-off surface layer {Lička et al. 2014, 38). 4.5. Grinding slabs Within this category there is a flat grinding slab (tablet), rectangular in plan, made from a longitudinally split percussor from amphibolic hornfels, i.e. from a once reutilised tool {Fig. 45: 2) with the preserved residues of a red dye on the surface. 4.6. Other types of finds This category represents a collection of 30 small quartz peb bles with no traces of working (diameter 15-22 mm, total weight 160 g, average weight per piece 5.3 g), which were found in one place in the lower half of the fill of pit 137. The reasons for their concentration and
usage are unknown. This heterogeneous category of finds also includes an amorphous piece of hematite (Feature 48), which might have been used for the manufacture of red dye. 4.7. Petrography of hammerstone rocks (B. Šreinová) The rocks of hammerstones in the narrower sense represent a relatively wide spectrum of types for well understandable reasons, as the following text will show. The origin of these rocks is also varied. Absolutely predominant is the more dis FONTES A RC HA EOLOG ICI tant (Upper Jizera Basin or Oparno Valley) or less distant ori gin (Elbe Basin), while a local origin was detected to a negli gible extent. Considering the category of weight, the collec tion is dominated by amphibole hornfels (metabasite of the Jizerské hory), amphibolite and amphibole schist due to the presence of artefacts made from broken polished stone tools (44.8 %). They are followed by quartzite cobbles (19.8 %) and quartz cobbles (22.4 %). The other rocks (serpentinite, basalt, quartzite, quartz sandstone with a transition to quartzite) are marginal, ranging from 2.1 % to 5.7 % {Graph 8). The outcrops of the first three mentioned rocks should be sought in the area of the Upper Jizera Basin {Fig. 59), where also rocks for the manufacture of polished stone tools are located. Amphibole hornfels (metabasite of the Jizerské hory) occurs in multiple variants: a high-quality, very fine-grained, finely banded, grey-green, a nodular, fine-grained, directed, grey greenish, a compact, very fine-grained, grey-green, and a fine-grained, finely banded, grey-black with black phenoc rysts with
an increased magnetite content. The magnetic susceptibility of the high-quality amphibole hornfels ranges within 0.3-0.9 · 10-3 (SI), the magnetic susceptibility of the grey-black amphibolic hornfels is 33 · 10-3 (SI). Amphibolite is banded, grey greenish, fine-grained to medium-grained with thicker layers and with a pinkish feld spar. The magnetic susceptibility of the banded medium grained amphibolite is 0.6-1.06 · 10-3 (SI), the magnetic suscep tibility of amphibolite with pink feldspar is 10-13 · 10-3 (SI). Amphibole schist is a grey-green schistose rock with a mag netic susceptibility of 1.42-1.84 · 10-3 {SI). Basalt, on the other hand, might have originated from the close surroundings of Mženo, or it might have been imported to Mženo together with quartz-porphyry from the area of the Oparno Valley near Lovosice {Fig. 19; Šreinová et al. 2013). The last-mentioned piece is compact, the colour of its surface is grey-brownish with visible phenocrysts in the form of black grains sized up to 4 mm (probably augite). The magnetic sus ceptibility is 10.8-12.1 · 10-3 (SI). One artefact was identified as being made from serpenti nized peridotite {Fig. 43: 1). The rock is dark grey, compact, strongly decomposed. The magnetic susceptibility is 30.431.6 · 10‘3 (SI). The rock might originate from Poland near the Czech border, or from a serpentinite body located north of Bernartice near the Švihov Reservoir on the Želivka River, or from some other locations. Two artefacts were made from sandstone. The material is a light-grey coloured, fine-grained, quartz sandstone with a
transition to quartzite. The magnetic susceptibility is almost zero. The rock probably originates from terrace gravels of the River Elbe. Finally, a flat quartzite cobble is dark grey-brown coloured and its magnetic susceptibility is almost zero. The artefact originates from the terrace gravels of the Elbe Basin. PRAGENSES - VOLUMEN 49 - PRAGAE 2022 153 |
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| author | Lička, Milan 1939- Šreinová, Blanka |
| author_GND | (DE-588)128082771 (DE-588)1154890589 |
| author_facet | Lička, Milan 1939- Šreinová, Blanka |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Lička, Milan 1939- |
| author_variant | m l ml b š bš |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049423828 |
| classification_rvk | NF 1645 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1410423250 (DE-599)BVBBV049423828 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| edition | První vydání |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Mšeno Melnik, Moldau (DE-588)4773724-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Mšeno Melnik, Moldau |
| id | DE-604.BV049423828 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:08:26Z |
| indexdate | 2024-10-15T14:00:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1010865-8 |
| isbn | 9788070367216 |
| language | Czech English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034751283 |
| oclc_num | 1410423250 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M515 DE-29 DE-12 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M515 DE-29 DE-12 DE-20 |
| physical | 187 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme 31 cm |
| psigel | gbd_1 BSB_NED_20240126 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Národní muzeum |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Fontes Archaeologici Pragenses |
| series2 | Fontes Archaeologici Pragenses |
| spelling | Lička, Milan 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)128082771 aut Makrolitická industrie kultury s vypíchanou keramikou ve Mšeně = Macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from Mšeno Milan Lička, Blanka Šreinová Macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from Mšeno První vydání Pragae Národní muzeum 2022 187 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme 31 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Fontes Archaeologici Pragenses volumen 49 Přehled nástrojů z období neolitické kultury s vypíchanou keramikou, které byly objevy nedaleko Mšena. Literaturverzeichnis Seite 134-139 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Stichbandkeramik (DE-588)4183246-2 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Steingerät (DE-588)4057175-0 gnd rswk-swf Mšeno Melnik, Moldau (DE-588)4773724-4 gnd rswk-swf Mšeno Melnik, Moldau (DE-588)4773724-4 g Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Steingerät (DE-588)4057175-0 s Stichbandkeramik (DE-588)4183246-2 s DE-604 Šreinová, Blanka Verfasser (DE-588)1154890589 aut Národní muzeum (Prag) (DE-588)1010865-8 isb Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-80-7036-722-3 Fontes Archaeologici Pragenses volumen 49 (DE-604)BV008011825 49 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034751283&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034751283&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034751283&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Lička, Milan 1939- Šreinová, Blanka Makrolitická industrie kultury s vypíchanou keramikou ve Mšeně = Macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from Mšeno Fontes Archaeologici Pragenses Stichbandkeramik (DE-588)4183246-2 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Steingerät (DE-588)4057175-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4183246-2 (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4057175-0 (DE-588)4773724-4 |
| title | Makrolitická industrie kultury s vypíchanou keramikou ve Mšeně = Macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from Mšeno |
| title_alt | Macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from Mšeno |
| title_auth | Makrolitická industrie kultury s vypíchanou keramikou ve Mšeně = Macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from Mšeno |
| title_exact_search | Makrolitická industrie kultury s vypíchanou keramikou ve Mšeně = Macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from Mšeno |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Makrolitická industrie kultury s vypíchanou keramikou ve Mšeně = Macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from Mšeno |
| title_full | Makrolitická industrie kultury s vypíchanou keramikou ve Mšeně = Macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from Mšeno Milan Lička, Blanka Šreinová |
| title_fullStr | Makrolitická industrie kultury s vypíchanou keramikou ve Mšeně = Macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from Mšeno Milan Lička, Blanka Šreinová |
| title_full_unstemmed | Makrolitická industrie kultury s vypíchanou keramikou ve Mšeně = Macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from Mšeno Milan Lička, Blanka Šreinová |
| title_short | Makrolitická industrie kultury s vypíchanou keramikou ve Mšeně |
| title_sort | makroliticka industrie kultury s vypichanou keramikou ve msene macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from mseno |
| title_sub | = Macrolithic industry of the stroked pottery culture from Mšeno |
| topic | Stichbandkeramik (DE-588)4183246-2 gnd Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Steingerät (DE-588)4057175-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Stichbandkeramik Archäologie Steingerät Mšeno Melnik, Moldau |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034751283&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034751283&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034751283&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV008011825 |
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