Poland and European East-West cooperation in the 1970s: the opening up
Towards the big opening, the late 1960s -- Bold and ambitious : a new national strategy, 1971-2 -- Perfect timing? 1973-5 -- Defending the status quo, 1976-80 -- Prosperity, progress, profit, and peace : the goals and expectations of the licence policy -- The deal of the decade : Italy, Fiat, and th...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge
[2024]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Cold war history
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | Towards the big opening, the late 1960s -- Bold and ambitious : a new national strategy, 1971-2 -- Perfect timing? 1973-5 -- Defending the status quo, 1976-80 -- Prosperity, progress, profit, and peace : the goals and expectations of the licence policy -- The deal of the decade : Italy, Fiat, and the production of passenger cars -- Cementing political rapprochement : France, Berliet, and new city buses -- Facing electronic giants : the FRG and audio equipment -- Gains and losses of the licence policy. |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 232 Seiten Diagramm |
| ISBN: | 9781032392165 1032392169 |
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Contents List of illustrations Abbreviations Acknowledgements vii ix xi Introduction 1 PART I The rise and fall of the nationalstrategy of the 1970s 1 Towards the big opening, thelate 15 17 1960s 2 Bold and ambitious: a new national strategy, 1971-72 36 3 56 Perfect timing? 1973-75 4 Defending the status quo, 1976-80 78 PART II Licence agreements with Western European companies 101 5 Prosperity, progress, profit, and peace: The goals and expectations of the licence policy 103 6 The deal of the decade: Italy, Fiat, and the production of passenger cars 126 7 Cementing political rapprochement: France, Berliet, and new city buses 148 8 Facing electronic giants: The FRG and audio equipment 167 9 Gains and losses of the licence policy 189
vi Contents Epilogue and Conclusion 197 Appendix Bibliography Index 208 209 226
Bibliography Archives Archives de la Fondation Berliet (AFB) Archive Storico Fiat (ASF) Archiwum Akt Nowych (AAN) Archiwum Instytutu Pamiçci Narodowej (AIPN) Archiwum Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych (AMSZ) Centre des Archives diplomatiques de la Courneuve (CADC) Dorn Spotkan z Historic, Archiwum Historii Môwionej (DSH, AHM) Historical Archives of the European Union (HAEU) Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts (PA AA) The National Archives (TNA) Published documents and document collections Borodziej, Wlodzimierz (ed.)· Polskie Dokumenty Dyplomatyczne 1972. Warsaw: Polski Instytut Spraw Miçdzynarodowych, 2005. Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Final Act. Helsinki, 1975. www. osce.org/files/f/documents/5/c/39501.pdf. Accessed 5 February 2023. Dunce, Bruce and David Patterson (eds). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, vol. 4, Foreign Assistance, International Development, Trade Policies, 1969—1972. Washington, DC: Department of State, 2002. Jarosz, Dariusz and Maria Pasztor (eds). ‘Archiwum: Raport koncowy Augustina Jor dana, ambasadora Francji w Polsce z 6 listopada 1973’. Polski Przeglqd Dyplomatyezny 6: 28 (2005): 121-143. Jarzgbek, Wanda (ed.). ‘Dokumenty’. In Wanda Jarz^bek, Polska wobec Konfereneji Bezpieczenstwa i Wspôlpracy w Europie. Plany i rzeczywistosc, 1964-1975, 177-259. Warsaw: Instytut Studiôw Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2008. Karcz, Zbigniew (ed.). ‘Aneks nr Γ. In Zbigniew Karcz, Zadluzenia zagraniezne Polski. Gra о miliardy. Kiedy do Euro?, 92-121. Warsaw: Difin, 2006. Kochanowski, Jerzy (ed.). Polskie Dokumenty
Dyplomatyczne 1979. Warsaw: Polski Instytut Spraw Miçdzynarodowych, 2014. Konserwatorium ‘Doswiadczenie i Przyszlosc’. Raport о stanie Rzeczypospolitej i drogach jej naprawy. 8 June 1979. http://www.dlibra.karta.org.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id= 3978. Accessed 5 February 2023. Kozlowski, Krzysztof (ed.). Raporty dla Edwarda Gierka. Warsaw: Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne, 1988.
210 Bibliography Machcewicz, Pawel (ed.). Polskie Dokumenty Dyplomatyczne 1975. Warsaw: Polski Instytut Spraw Miçdzynarodowych, 2010. Pomian, Grazyna (ed.). Protokoly tzw. Komisji Grabskiego: tajne dokumenty PZPR. Warsaw: Miçdzyzakladowa Struktura “Solidarnosc”, 1987. Strzyzewski, Tomasz (ed.). Czarna ksi^ga cenzury PRL. London: Aneks, 1977. Wlodek, Zbigniew (ed.). Tajne dokumenty Biura Politycznego. PZPR a Solidarnosc 1980-1981. London: Aneks, 1992. Periodicals Argumenty Daily Express Ekonomista Foreign Policy Gazeta Wyborcza Gospodarka Planowa Handel Zagraniczny Import-Eksport (supplement to Polityka') Literatura New York Herald Tribune New York Times Nowe Drogi Polityka Prasa Polska Rynki Zagraniczne Rzeczpospolita Trybuna Robotnicza Trybuna Ludu Zycie Gospodarcze Zycie i Nowoczesnosc (supplement to Zycie Warszawy) Zycie Warszawy Databases Antweilder, Werner (ed.). Pacific Exchange Rate Service. Foreign Currency Units per 1 U.S. Dollar, 1950-2018. http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf. Accessed 5 February 2023. Economic Survey of Europe in 1991—1992. New York: United Nations Economic Com mission for Europe, 1992. Rocznik Statystyczny 1971. Warsaw: Glôwny Urzad Statystyczny, 1971. Rocznik Statystyczny 1972. Warsaw: Glôwny Urzad Statystyczny, 1972. Rocznik Statystyczny 1981. Warsaw: Glôwny Urzad Statystyczny, 1981. Rocznik Statystyczny Handlu Zagranicznego 1981. Warsaw: Glôwny Urzad Statystyczny, 1981. Monographs, memoirs, edited volumes, and scholarly articles and chapters Andréani, Jacques. Le Piège: Helsinki et la chute du communisme. Paris: Odile Jacob, 2005.
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Index Adenauer, Konrad 168-69 Afghanistan 4-5, 91-92 Agnelli, Giovanni 132-33, 135, 137 Andreotti, Giulio 135 August 1980 (Poland) 1, 91-95 Austria 93, 118 Babiuch, Edward 79 Balcerowicz, Leszek 116 Basic Treaty 1972 5 Bauman, Zbigniew 18 Beitz, Berthold 168, 171, 178-79 Belgrade conference see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Berliet (company) 10, 148, 150-61, 175, 180, 192-95, 201, 203; see also PR100; PRllOu Berliet, Paul 152 Bieh, Witold 58 Borusewicz, Bogdan 94 Bosch (company) 154 Bozyk, Pawel: career of 40; policymaking and 58, 83-86, 90, 92, 111-12, 120, 190 Brandt, Willy 5, 23-24, 64, 169, 171, 179, 181 Bratkowski, Stefan 81 Brenchley, Frank 71 Bretton Woods 7, 56 Brezhnev doctrine 2, 45 Brezhnev, Leonid 80, 86, 88, 91, 128 Brus, Wlodzimierz 18 Bulgaria 40, 127 Bundestag 68, 119, 153, 171 CAP see Common Agricultural Policy Carter, Jimmy 80, 88-89 Catholic Church 46, 80-81, 93 CCP see Common Commercial Policy CDU see Christian Democratic Union of Germany Ceausescu, Nicolae 88-89, 91 Charter 77 81 Chivino, Riccardo 128, 132 Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) 24, 50, 168-69 Chylinski, Jan 138, 156, 180 Citroën (company) 129-31, 152 CMEA see Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COCOM see Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Exports Control collectivisation 20, 88 Commission for the Modernisation of the Economy and State Functioning (Szydlak’s Commission) 39, 45, 115 Committee of Science and Technology 29, 31, 39, 104, 106, 110, 120 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 6, 25, 61-62, 175 Common Commercial Policy (CCP) 6, 61, 66, 156 Common
Market see European Economic Community (EEC) Communist Party of the Soviet Union 44 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE): process 5-6, 9, 56, 113, 50, 116, 157, 199, 202, 204; Multi lateral Preparatory Talks (MPT) 68-69; Final Act of 1, 5, 68-72, 80-81, 89-90, 139; Third Basket of 69-70, 90, 94; 1975 Helsinki 6, 46, 50, 65, 67-72, 88, 91, 134, 181; 1977-78 Belgrade 68-69, 80-81, 90; 1980-1983 Madrid 91, 198-99; ‘Helsinki effect’ 94 consumption: pre-1971 policy and debates concerning 25-28, 30—31; since 1971 policy and debates concerning 41-44,
Index 47, 51; licence policy and 103, 105-9, 120, 129-30, 171-72; results of policies concerning 190-1, 200 Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Exports Control (COCOM) 104, 111, 167, 170, 173-76, 192, 195 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA): internal dynamics of 2, 62, 67, 88, 91, 203; Polish attitude to 21-22, 62, 178, 205; specialisation in 29, 171; system of exchanges 20, 60-61, 109, 112, 194; cooperation between members of 116, 118, 136, 138, 178, 195-96; Soviet oil and 60-1, 88; comparison between members of 70, 80, 88, 104, 176, 201, 205; automobile industry and 127, 159; EEC and 6-7, 61-64, 66-67, 72, 88, 91, 119 CSCE see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe ‘cucumbers’ (Karosa buses) 148, 150 ‘Cuivre-Electronique’ 170, 173, 178 Cyrankiewicz, Jozef 19, 21, 24, 26, 29, 37, 168 Czechoslovakia: 1968 Warsaw Pact’s intervention in 2, 23; cooperation between Poland and 127, 148, 150, 156, 167, 178; comparison between Poland and 20, 25, 81, 104, 127, 148-49, 159, 20 Danzin, André 170, 173-75 DC-International cassette system 167-69 de Gaulle, Charles 5, 151 de-Stalinisation 2, 17, 20, 48, 106, 117, 126 December 1970 (Poland): rise of prices in 26, 79; upheavals in 1, 26, 41, 80, 94; personnel reshuffling after 19, 36-38, 48; significance of 9, 17, 30, 36, 47, 51, 117, 173; see also Treaty of Warsaw Dejmek, Kazimierz 18, 46 Denmark 61 Dlugosz, Stanislaw 62, 131, 133, 152, 159 Dobrosielski, Marian 68, 70 Dziopak, Ryszard 136-38 ‘economic manoeuvre’ 83-85, 157 EEC see European Economic Community Erhard, Ludwig 169 EU see European Union European
Commission 61-62, 65-67 European Economic Community (EEC): 1970s and 6—8, 61; Poland’s attitude to 21-22, 57-59, 61-67, 82, 91; Poland’s 227 economic exchange with 61, 71-72, 118, 195, 205, 209; trade restrictions of 25, 61, 66, 68, 116, 132, 156, 159, 171, 175; CMEA and 61-64, 66-67, 72, 88, 91, 119; CSCE and 6, 69; ECE and 65, 69; GATT and 65; Italy and 132, 134—35; France and 157; FRG .and 63; UK and 61, 63, 175; see also Common Commercial Policy (CCP); Common Agricultural Policy (CAP); European Commission European Union (EU) 204, 206 ‘Europeanisation’ 8, 204-6 ‘Experience and Future’ (‘Doswiadczenie i Przyszlosc’) 81, 87 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG): détente and 5, 23; relations between Poland and 20, 23-25, 30-31; 49-50, 68, 70, 89, 91, 117, 134, 195, 202, 205; economic cooperation between Poland and 70-71, 118-19, 130, 160, 170-71, 174-76, 179, 195; 1972 Berliet deal and 148-51, 153-54; 1966 Grundig deal 167-71, 177-78; 1967 Telefunken deal 170, 172; 1974 Grundig deal; 178-83; EEC and 63; see also Treaty of Warsaw, Adenauer, Konrad; Erhard, Ludwig; Brandt, Willy; Schmidt, Helmut; Friderichs, Hans Fernier-Penin (company) 154 Ferranti (company) 174-76 Ferranti, Sebastian de 174 Fiat (company): corporate history 127, 133, 137, 141, 195, 203, 205; before the Second World War 126, 201; Yugosla via and 127; 1967 deal between Poland and 26-28, 127-30, 171; 1971 deal between Poland and 41, 130—40, 148, 153, 159, 190, 193-95; 1979 deal between Poland and 140-42, 190, 193-94; 1972 Berliet deal and 150, 152; see also Agnelli, Giovanni; Fiat 125p; Fiat 126p Fiat 125p 28,
128-30, 139-41, 171 Fiat 126p 135, 138, 140-41, 190 Finland 68, 119 Fiorelli, Armando 128 Five Year Plan: 1966-70 20; 1971-1975 41-46, 49, 78, 82, 106, 108, 111, 115, 129, 149; 1975-80 59-60, 83 foreign debt: Poland’s 1, 21, 72, 90, 92, 197, 206; 208·, policymaking and 21-23; 31, 44-46, 57-59, 82-85, 105, 113-16,
228 Index 121, 180, 202; support from the West and 85-86, 89-90; 93, 95, 160, 197, 200; support from the Soviet Union and 86, 198, 200; Romania’s 21, 88, 90; see also International Monetary Fund; World Bank; Paris Club; London Club; ‘umbrella theory’ foreign loans: Poland’s access to 23, 44, 57-59, 61, 66, 72, 83-84, 89-90, 92-93, 95, 113-14; 181, 198; Austria and 93; FRG and 69-70, 89, 118, 168-69, 179, 181, 195; France and 89, 93, 153-55, 157, 159-61, 170, 178, 195; Italy and 132, 135, 139-42; UK and 175; US and 90; see also International Monetary Fund; World Bank; Paris Club; London Club Ford, Gerald 70 Fordism 116 France: détente and 5, 70, 91; relations between Poland and 70-71, 91, 151, 157, 160, 170, 182; economic cooperation between Poland and 20, 93, 118-19, 130-31,157, 195; 1972 Berliet deal and 148-61; 1970 Thomson Brand deal and 170-71, 177-78, 180, 182; 1972 Thomson-CSF deal and 173-76; comparison between Poland and 126, 172, 203; see also de Gaulle, Charles; Pompidou, Georges; Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry Free Trade Unions of the Coast 80, 94 Frelek, Ryszard 23, 25, 49-50, 70 FRG see Federal Republic of Germany Friderichs, Hans 179 FSM see Small Engine Car Factory FSO see Passenger Car Factory GATT see General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gdansk Shipyard 17, 93-94 GDR see German Democratic Republic General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 20, 40, 65, 91 German Democratic Republic (GDR): cooperation between Poland and 154; comparison between Poland and 2, 25, 127, 172, 201, 206; relation between FRG and 5, 89, 168 Gierek, Edward: career of 18-19, 36-39,
47-49, 151; March 1968 and 18; December 1970 and 19; June 1976 79-81; August 1980 and 93, 95; Soviet Union and 2, 36, 80-81, 86, 88-89; foreign policy of 36, 70-71, 78, 89, 90-91, 93, 151, 155-57, 160-61, 182, 198, 200; economic policy of 28-29, 36, 41-42, 78-79, 83, 87, 93, 105, 112, 129, 136, 149, 189, 200, 205; cultural policy of 46, 80; leadership of 1, 31, 36-39, 81-83, 86, 95-96, 113, 161, 189-91, 201, 203; legacy 3-4, 96, 189 Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 70, 89, 91, 153, 156-57, 160-61 Global South 7, 24, 104, 113, 116, 131, 152, 159 Glôwczyk, Jan 27 Gomulka, Wladyslaw: career of 17-18; March 1968 and 18-19; December 1970 and 1, 17, 19, 37; Soviet Union and 2, 20-21, 88, 171; foreign policy of 23-24, 205; economic policy of 21, 25, 28-29, 43-44, 47, 57, 111, 129, 171, 201-2; leadership of 1, 20, 31, 36, 38, 46, 81, 109 Gorbachev, Mikhail 200 Gorecki, Andrzej 128-29, 131-32, 152 Grabski, Tadeusz 81, 87, 96 Grudzieh, Zdzislaw 38 Grundig (company) 10, 167-73, 177-83, 190, 192-94, 203 Grundig, Max 167-68, 171, 183 Hague Summit 61 Hallstein doctrine 168 Handel Zagraniczny 62, 114 Helsinki conference see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Hino (company) 148, 150 Huge Economic Units (WOG) 39, 84, 105 Hungary: economic model of 45, 114; economic cooperation between Poland and 148, 150, 156, 159, 161, 177, 195; comparison between Poland and 2, 25, 40, 69-70, 126-28, 149, 172, 201, 206 Ikarus (company) 150, 156, 159, 161 IMF see International Monetary Fund Integrated circuits 170, 172-76, 178-79, 192-93 Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee (MKS) 94-95
International Fair in Poznan 168 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 86, 88, 197-98, 206 Ireland 61
Index Italy: relations between Poland and 89, 127, 134, 139, 195; economic coopera tion between Poland and 118, 126-27, 134, 139-42, 148, 150, 152, 154, 167, 174, 176, 193, 195; 1967 Fiat deal 26 127-29; 1971 Fiat deal 41, 130-38; comparison between Poland and 106, 149; see also Andreotti, Giulio; Moro, Aldo Jagielski, Mieczyslaw 39, 94 Japan: economic model of 29-30, 43, 111, 116, 201; economic and technological rise of 29, 104, 111, 118, 151, 167, 174, 178, 182; economic cooperation between Poland and 118, 148, 150, 176, 178 Jaroszewicz, Piotr: career of 37, 48; June 1976 and 79-80; foreign policy and 86, 88; policymaking and 41, 45, 82-83, 85, 138, 156, 159, 178 Jaruzelski, Wojciech career of 49, 86; policymaking and 86, 95-90 Jaskolski, Lucjan 173, 176, 189 see also Unitra Jaszczuk, Boleslaw 19, 21, 26, 28-29, 37, 43 Jçdrychowski, Stefan career of 39, 48—49, 190; policymaking and 67, 82, 138, 179-80 Jelcz (factory) 148—49, 154—55, 157-59, 161 John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) 92-94 Jordan, Augustin 71 June 1976 (Poland) 79-81, 83, 181 Kaczmarek, Jan 29, 39, 111-12 Kaim, Franciszek 39, 180 Kalecki, Michal 42 Kamecki, Zbigniew 62, 67, Kania, Stanislaw 81, 86, 95-96, 197 Karosa (company) 148, 150, 156, 159 Karpinski, Andrzej 130 ‘Kasprzak’ 168-72, 177-83 Khrushchev, Nikita 128 Kisiel, Henryk 39, 48, 58, 64 Kisielewski, Stefan 38, 46 Kissinger, Henry 173, 175 Kliszko, Zenon 19, 26 Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz (company) 150-51, 153 Kolakowski, Leszek 18 KOR see Workers’ Defence Committee Kostikow, Piotr 44 229 Kosygin, Alexei 80, 88 Kruczek, Wladyslaw 43 Krupp (company) 168-69, 193
Kurort, Jacek 18, 37, 80 Latin America 61, 197, 206 Lejczak, Wlodzimierz 38-39, 47 ‘Letter of 2000’ 81, 87 Letter of 59 79-80 Leyland (company) 148, 150, 154, 158, 175 London Club 95, 197 Lytko, Michal 62-64 Madrid conference 1980-83 see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Main Office of Control of the Press, Pub lications and Public Performances 107 Main School of Planning and Statistics 40, 62, 116 March 1968 (Poland) 18-19, 80 martial law 4, 95, 141, 161, 197-200, 206 Master-Hit (Telefunken record player) 170 Michnik, Adam 18, 80 Ministry of Foreign Trade (Poland): min ister 38, 137, 151-52, 156, 159, 175-76; officials from 40, 131, 152; competences of 39, 84, 105; functioning of 62, 105, 119; policymaking and 22, 57, 62, 64-66, 90-91, 113, 115, 134, 157, 178; licence agreements’ negotiations and 152—54, 173, 176; see also Olszewski, Kazimierz; Olechowski, Tadeusz; Olszewski, Jerzy Ministry of Chemical Industry (Poland) 104, 110 Ministry of Defence (Poland) 49, 63-64, 82 Ministry of Domestic Trade and Services (Poland) 84, 108, 136, 189 Ministry of Finance (Poland): officials from 39, 48, 82, 138, 179; competences of 84-85; policymaking and 57, 82, 85-86, 113, 115, 139, 190; see also Jçdrychowski, Stefan Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland): minister 38-39; 48-49; 67, 81, 132, 134, 151; officials from 18, 67, 134; competences of 105; functioning of 62; policymaking and 50-51, 57, 59, 62-66, 89-90, 119-20; 151, 157, 173-74; see also Rapacki, Adam; Jçdrychowski, Stefan; Olszowski, Stefan ,
230 Index Ministry of Heavy Industry (Poland) 38-39, 47, 104, 110, 136 Ministry of Interior (Poland) 18, 81, 83, 105, 111-12 Ministry of Light Industry (Poland) 104 Ministry of Machine Industry (Poland): minister 37, 39, 111, 129, 179; officials from 108, 158; competences of 104, 173; functioning of 112, 176, 181-82, 189, 194; Five Year Plan for 1971-1975 and 110-11, 114-15, 129; policymaking and 178-80; 1971 Fiat deal and 130-31, 135-41; 1972 Berliet deal and 148-50, 152, 154, 156; see also Wrzaszczyk, Tadeusz Ministry of Science, Higher Education, and Technology (Poland) 104-5, 11-12, 120 Mitrçga, Jan 38-39 MK-125 (Thomson cassette deck) 170, 177-78 MKS see Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee Moczar, Mieczyslaw 18, 38, 87, 96; see also ‘partisans’ Monkiewicz, Jan 104, 112, 117 Moro, Aldo 134 Moscow see Soviet Union (USSR) Movement for Defence of Human and Civic Rights 80 Multilateral Preparatory Talks (MPT) see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Namiotkiewicz, Walery 19 Naszkowski, Marian 24, 49, 50 National Bank (Poland) 39, 58, 86 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 63, 83, 91, 151, 170, 199, 206 Nixon, Richard 56, 70, 132, 153, 173 Nowe Drogi 23-24, 26-27, 42, 45, 49-50, 59, 70 OBOP see Public Opinion Research Centre OECD (Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development) 114, 193 oil crises: 1973 oil crisis 56, 58-60, 63, 67, 72, 137, 156, 202; 1979 oil crisis 92, 202 Olechowski, Tadeusz 38, 151-53, 176 Olivetti 174 Olszewski, Jerzy 47-48, 84, 159 Olszewski, Kazimierz 137, 156 Olszowski, Stefan 38,49, 67, 81, 86,134,151 Organisation of
the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 58 Ostpolitik 4-6, 23, 204 Paiestka, Jozef 22, 26-27, 39, 42-43, 48, 85, 128 Paris Club 95, 142, 161, 197-98 ‘partisans’ 18-19, 22, 38, 87 Passenger Car Factory (FSO) 37, 127-28, 139-41 ‘petrodollars’ 58 Philips (company) 167-70, 178, 182-83 Pinkowski, Jozef 137 ‘planning auction’ 29, 83 Planning Commission (Poland): members of 22-23, 29, 31, 39, 130, 137-38, 140, 156, 180; competences of 84, 104-5; policymaking and 26, 31, 41, 44, 57-58, 60, 85, 92, 106, 110, 113, 179, 190 Pol-Mot 128, 131-33, 135, 137, 139-41, 152-54, 157, 159 Polish Foreign Trade Chamber 62 Polish Foreign Trade Institute 62 Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM) 23, 62, 67 Polish United Workers’ Party (PUWP): congresses of 37, 41, 83, 85, 107-8; ple nums of 29, 38, 41, 79, 81, 129; support for 78-79, 82, 95; internal composition of 17-19, 29-30, 37-40, 43, 47-49, 199, 201; legitimisation of 20, 89, 96, 113, 191; regional apparatus of 19, 30-31, 43, 79, 8; industrial apparatus of 8, 19, 28-31, 39, 43, 83-85, 105, 109, 111, 120, 178, 189-90, 202, 204; dogmatic wing of 81, 87; see also Gierek, Edward; Gomulka, Wladyslaw; Jaruzelski, Woj ciech; March 1968; December 1970; June 1976; August 1980; Nowe Drogi; Trybuna Ludu; ‘partisans’ Polityka 24, 27, 29, 31, 87, 129 Polmo 27, 37, 111, 128, 148, 189 Pompidou, Georges 151, 155 Portugal 65 PR100 (Berliet buses) 153, 155, 157, 161 PRllOu (Berliet buses) 157, 159, 161 Prague Spring 23, 45, 49 Public Opinion Research Centre (OBOP) 78-79 PUWP see Polish United Workers’ Party Radio Free Europe 24 Rakowski,
Mieczyslaw 24, 28-29, 31, 50, 64, 70, 82, 90, 107, 160
Index 231 Rapacki, Adam 67 RCA tape cartridge 167 Reagan, Ronald 5 Renault (company) 130-31, 152, 157, 161 Romania: economic model of 114; détente and 23; comparison between Poland and 2, 21, 61-62, 68, 86, 88-91, 126, 205-6 Rotfeld, Adam 68 Round Table negotiations 1989 3, 200 Rurarz, Zdzislaw career of 40; policymaking and 42-43, 45, 62-65, 107, 130, 150-1 Rye, Kazimierz 27 Rychlowski, Boguslaw 67 Sanyo-Tokyo (company) 176 Scandinavia 65, 119 Schmidt, Helmut 47, 70, 89, 91, 181-82 Secomski, Kazimierz 29, 39, 43, 48 ‘selective development’ 28-30, 43, 111, 171 Silesia 19, 28-29, 38, 47, 84, 129, 136 Skoda (company) 148 Small Engine Car Factory (FSM) 136-42 Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 5, 23-24, 50, 169, 171 Soldaczuk, Jozef 62, 64 Solidarnosc 1, 3, 95, 161, 191, 198-200, 206 Sony (company) 178 sovereign debt crisis 7, 206 Soviet Union (USSR): economic and poli tical model of 28-29, 42, 109; détente and 4-5, 89; relations between Poland and 2-3, 19-20, 36, 44-45, 47-48, 67, 78-82, 86, 88-89, 95, 151, 171, 197, 199, 201; economic cooperation between Poland and 44, 72, 86-88, 159, 167, 174-75, 178, 198; CMEA and 2, 59-61, 64, 66, 109, 200-1; Warsaw Pact and 2, 68, 88, 205; CSCE and 68-69, 71, 89, 91; comparison between Poland and 40, 61, 65, 128, 153, 157 Spain 65 SPD see Social Democratic Party of Germany Sprawy Mi^dzynarodowe 62-64, 134 ‘Sputnik’ 112, 176 Stryzewski, Tomasz 107 Strzelecki, Ryszard 131, 152 Supreme Chamber of Control (Poland) 96, 110, 116, 118, 128, 133, 172, 177, 181 Sweden 119 Switzerland 118 Szczepahski, Jan 27, 30, 42 Szlachcic, Franciszek
38, 70, 83 Szotek, Janusz 129, 131-32, 137-10, 158 Szydlak, Jan 38-39, 45, 49, 79, 85, 112 Szydlak’s Commission see Commission for the Modernisation of the Economy and State Functioning Szyr, Eugeniusz 48, 108 ‘Syrena’ 126, 139 technocracts 47-48, 51, 113 Tejchma, Jozef 21, 79, 86 Telefunken, AEG 170-72, 193 ‘Third World’ see Global South Thomson: group 192, 194, 203, 205; Thomson Brand 170-73, 176—78, 180-83; Thomson CFS 173-76 TK series (Grundig tape-recorders) 169-70, 177-78 Trade Bank (Poland) 39, 57, 86, 131-32, 153-54 Treaty of Moscow 1970 5 Treaty of Rome 1957 6, 21 Treaty of Warsaw 1970: détente and 5, 89; signing of 24, 171; significance of 17, 24, 30, 36, 49-50, 63, 117; ratification of 50, 68, 119, 153 Trepczynski, Stanislaw 46, 107 Trybuna Ludu 8, 20, 135, 155 ‘umbrella theory’ 86 Union of Polish Youth 49 United Kingdom (UK): relations between Poland and 70—71; economic coopera tion between Poland and 61, 118-19, 135, 195; 1972 Berliet deal and 148, 150-54; integrated circuits and 174-76; comparison between Poland and 106, 203; EEC and 61, 63; see also Wilson, Harold; United Nations (UN) 67, 90 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 40, 113 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) 65, 69, 205 United States (US): economic and techno logical rise of 153, 167, 172, 178; 1970s financial and oil crises and 56-57, 92, 132; détente and 4, 88, 91; relation between Western Europe and 6-7, 23-24, 50-51, 63, 133, 173-76, 202, 204; relations between Poland and 70, 89-90; economic cooperation between Poland and 90, 118, 153; comparison
232 Index between Poland and 172; COCOM and 173-76; see also Nixon, Richard; Ford, Gerald; Carter, Jimmy Unitra: Association of Polish Consumer Electronics Manufacturers 172-73, 182, 189; Foreign Trade Enterprise Unitra 172, 174—75, 177-78, 182 Universal 168, 170, 172 USSR see Soviet Union ‘Volcker shock’ 92 Volcker, Paul 92 Volkswagen (company) 129-30 Walentynowicz, Anna 94 Walçsa, Lech 94 Warsaw Pact: internal dynamics of 2, 88, 91, 203, 205; cooperation between members of 109, 112, 203; comparison between members of 70, 80, 201; intervention in Czechoslovakia of 2, 23, 45; CSCE and 67-69, 91 ‘Warszawa’ 126 Waszczuk, Jerzy 47 WB see World Bank Werfel, Roman 23 West Germany see Federal Republic of Germany WOG see Huge Economic Units Wilmann, Adam 68 : Wilson, Harold 70 Wladyka, Andrzej 128, 131, 135, 137 Wojtyla, Karol see John Paul II Workers’ Defence Committee (KOR) 80-81, 94 World Bank (WB) 86, 88 Wrzaszczyk, Tadeusz: career of 27-28, 37-39, 47-48, 111, 128-29, 140, 173, 189; influence over policymaking of 42, 111, 176; policymaking and 129, 136, 138-140, 176, 180; 1971 Fiat deal and 132; 1972 Berliet deal and 152, 156; 1974 Grundig deal and 179-180; see also Ministry of Machine Industry Wylupek, Stanislaw 108 Yugoslavia: economic model of 45, 114; economic cooperation between Poland and 127-28, 156, 178, 195; comparison between Poland and 21, 65, 86, 104, 126, 148 ‘Zastava’ 127 Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen (company) 154 ZK-240 (Grundig technology-based tape-recorder) 170, 177-78 Zycie Gospodarcze 27, 87 Zycie i Nowoczesnosc 29-31, 81, 176 Zycie Warszawy 29, 155 · 4.Λ |
| adam_txt |
Contents List of illustrations Abbreviations Acknowledgements vii ix xi Introduction 1 PART I The rise and fall of the nationalstrategy of the 1970s 1 Towards the big opening, thelate 15 17 1960s 2 Bold and ambitious: a new national strategy, 1971-72 36 3 56 Perfect timing? 1973-75 4 Defending the status quo, 1976-80 78 PART II Licence agreements with Western European companies 101 5 Prosperity, progress, profit, and peace: The goals and expectations of the licence policy 103 6 The deal of the decade: Italy, Fiat, and the production of passenger cars 126 7 Cementing political rapprochement: France, Berliet, and new city buses 148 8 Facing electronic giants: The FRG and audio equipment 167 9 Gains and losses of the licence policy 189
vi Contents Epilogue and Conclusion 197 Appendix Bibliography Index 208 209 226
Bibliography Archives Archives de la Fondation Berliet (AFB) Archive Storico Fiat (ASF) Archiwum Akt Nowych (AAN) Archiwum Instytutu Pamiçci Narodowej (AIPN) Archiwum Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych (AMSZ) Centre des Archives diplomatiques de la Courneuve (CADC) Dorn Spotkan z Historic, Archiwum Historii Môwionej (DSH, AHM) Historical Archives of the European Union (HAEU) Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts (PA AA) The National Archives (TNA) Published documents and document collections Borodziej, Wlodzimierz (ed.)· Polskie Dokumenty Dyplomatyczne 1972. Warsaw: Polski Instytut Spraw Miçdzynarodowych, 2005. Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Final Act. Helsinki, 1975. www. osce.org/files/f/documents/5/c/39501.pdf. Accessed 5 February 2023. Dunce, Bruce and David Patterson (eds). Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, vol. 4, Foreign Assistance, International Development, Trade Policies, 1969—1972. Washington, DC: Department of State, 2002. Jarosz, Dariusz and Maria Pasztor (eds). ‘Archiwum: Raport koncowy Augustina Jor dana, ambasadora Francji w Polsce z 6 listopada 1973’. Polski Przeglqd Dyplomatyezny 6: 28 (2005): 121-143. Jarzgbek, Wanda (ed.). ‘Dokumenty’. In Wanda Jarz^bek, Polska wobec Konfereneji Bezpieczenstwa i Wspôlpracy w Europie. Plany i rzeczywistosc, 1964-1975, 177-259. Warsaw: Instytut Studiôw Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2008. Karcz, Zbigniew (ed.). ‘Aneks nr Γ. In Zbigniew Karcz, Zadluzenia zagraniezne Polski. Gra о miliardy. Kiedy do Euro?, 92-121. Warsaw: Difin, 2006. Kochanowski, Jerzy (ed.). Polskie Dokumenty
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Index Adenauer, Konrad 168-69 Afghanistan 4-5, 91-92 Agnelli, Giovanni 132-33, 135, 137 Andreotti, Giulio 135 August 1980 (Poland) 1, 91-95 Austria 93, 118 Babiuch, Edward 79 Balcerowicz, Leszek 116 Basic Treaty 1972 5 Bauman, Zbigniew 18 Beitz, Berthold 168, 171, 178-79 Belgrade conference see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Berliet (company) 10, 148, 150-61, 175, 180, 192-95, 201, 203; see also PR100; PRllOu Berliet, Paul 152 Bieh, Witold 58 Borusewicz, Bogdan 94 Bosch (company) 154 Bozyk, Pawel: career of 40; policymaking and 58, 83-86, 90, 92, 111-12, 120, 190 Brandt, Willy 5, 23-24, 64, 169, 171, 179, 181 Bratkowski, Stefan 81 Brenchley, Frank 71 Bretton Woods 7, 56 Brezhnev doctrine 2, 45 Brezhnev, Leonid 80, 86, 88, 91, 128 Brus, Wlodzimierz 18 Bulgaria 40, 127 Bundestag 68, 119, 153, 171 CAP see Common Agricultural Policy Carter, Jimmy 80, 88-89 Catholic Church 46, 80-81, 93 CCP see Common Commercial Policy CDU see Christian Democratic Union of Germany Ceausescu, Nicolae 88-89, 91 Charter 77 81 Chivino, Riccardo 128, 132 Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) 24, 50, 168-69 Chylinski, Jan 138, 156, 180 Citroën (company) 129-31, 152 CMEA see Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COCOM see Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Exports Control collectivisation 20, 88 Commission for the Modernisation of the Economy and State Functioning (Szydlak’s Commission) 39, 45, 115 Committee of Science and Technology 29, 31, 39, 104, 106, 110, 120 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 6, 25, 61-62, 175 Common Commercial Policy (CCP) 6, 61, 66, 156 Common
Market see European Economic Community (EEC) Communist Party of the Soviet Union 44 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE): process 5-6, 9, 56, 113, 50, 116, 157, 199, 202, 204; Multi lateral Preparatory Talks (MPT) 68-69; Final Act of 1, 5, 68-72, 80-81, 89-90, 139; Third Basket of 69-70, 90, 94; 1975 Helsinki 6, 46, 50, 65, 67-72, 88, 91, 134, 181; 1977-78 Belgrade 68-69, 80-81, 90; 1980-1983 Madrid 91, 198-99; ‘Helsinki effect’ 94 consumption: pre-1971 policy and debates concerning 25-28, 30—31; since 1971 policy and debates concerning 41-44,
Index 47, 51; licence policy and 103, 105-9, 120, 129-30, 171-72; results of policies concerning 190-1, 200 Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Exports Control (COCOM) 104, 111, 167, 170, 173-76, 192, 195 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA): internal dynamics of 2, 62, 67, 88, 91, 203; Polish attitude to 21-22, 62, 178, 205; specialisation in 29, 171; system of exchanges 20, 60-61, 109, 112, 194; cooperation between members of 116, 118, 136, 138, 178, 195-96; Soviet oil and 60-1, 88; comparison between members of 70, 80, 88, 104, 176, 201, 205; automobile industry and 127, 159; EEC and 6-7, 61-64, 66-67, 72, 88, 91, 119 CSCE see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe ‘cucumbers’ (Karosa buses) 148, 150 ‘Cuivre-Electronique’ 170, 173, 178 Cyrankiewicz, Jozef 19, 21, 24, 26, 29, 37, 168 Czechoslovakia: 1968 Warsaw Pact’s intervention in 2, 23; cooperation between Poland and 127, 148, 150, 156, 167, 178; comparison between Poland and 20, 25, 81, 104, 127, 148-49, 159, 20 Danzin, André 170, 173-75 DC-International cassette system 167-69 de Gaulle, Charles 5, 151 de-Stalinisation 2, 17, 20, 48, 106, 117, 126 December 1970 (Poland): rise of prices in 26, 79; upheavals in 1, 26, 41, 80, 94; personnel reshuffling after 19, 36-38, 48; significance of 9, 17, 30, 36, 47, 51, 117, 173; see also Treaty of Warsaw Dejmek, Kazimierz 18, 46 Denmark 61 Dlugosz, Stanislaw 62, 131, 133, 152, 159 Dobrosielski, Marian 68, 70 Dziopak, Ryszard 136-38 ‘economic manoeuvre’ 83-85, 157 EEC see European Economic Community Erhard, Ludwig 169 EU see European Union European
Commission 61-62, 65-67 European Economic Community (EEC): 1970s and 6—8, 61; Poland’s attitude to 21-22, 57-59, 61-67, 82, 91; Poland’s 227 economic exchange with 61, 71-72, 118, 195, 205, 209; trade restrictions of 25, 61, 66, 68, 116, 132, 156, 159, 171, 175; CMEA and 61-64, 66-67, 72, 88, 91, 119; CSCE and 6, 69; ECE and 65, 69; GATT and 65; Italy and 132, 134—35; France and 157; FRG .and 63; UK and 61, 63, 175; see also Common Commercial Policy (CCP); Common Agricultural Policy (CAP); European Commission European Union (EU) 204, 206 ‘Europeanisation’ 8, 204-6 ‘Experience and Future’ (‘Doswiadczenie i Przyszlosc’) 81, 87 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG): détente and 5, 23; relations between Poland and 20, 23-25, 30-31; 49-50, 68, 70, 89, 91, 117, 134, 195, 202, 205; economic cooperation between Poland and 70-71, 118-19, 130, 160, 170-71, 174-76, 179, 195; 1972 Berliet deal and 148-51, 153-54; 1966 Grundig deal 167-71, 177-78; 1967 Telefunken deal 170, 172; 1974 Grundig deal; 178-83; EEC and 63; see also Treaty of Warsaw, Adenauer, Konrad; Erhard, Ludwig; Brandt, Willy; Schmidt, Helmut; Friderichs, Hans Fernier-Penin (company) 154 Ferranti (company) 174-76 Ferranti, Sebastian de 174 Fiat (company): corporate history 127, 133, 137, 141, 195, 203, 205; before the Second World War 126, 201; Yugosla via and 127; 1967 deal between Poland and 26-28, 127-30, 171; 1971 deal between Poland and 41, 130—40, 148, 153, 159, 190, 193-95; 1979 deal between Poland and 140-42, 190, 193-94; 1972 Berliet deal and 150, 152; see also Agnelli, Giovanni; Fiat 125p; Fiat 126p Fiat 125p 28,
128-30, 139-41, 171 Fiat 126p 135, 138, 140-41, 190 Finland 68, 119 Fiorelli, Armando 128 Five Year Plan: 1966-70 20; 1971-1975 41-46, 49, 78, 82, 106, 108, 111, 115, 129, 149; 1975-80 59-60, 83 foreign debt: Poland’s 1, 21, 72, 90, 92, 197, 206; 208·, policymaking and 21-23; 31, 44-46, 57-59, 82-85, 105, 113-16,
228 Index 121, 180, 202; support from the West and 85-86, 89-90; 93, 95, 160, 197, 200; support from the Soviet Union and 86, 198, 200; Romania’s 21, 88, 90; see also International Monetary Fund; World Bank; Paris Club; London Club; ‘umbrella theory’ foreign loans: Poland’s access to 23, 44, 57-59, 61, 66, 72, 83-84, 89-90, 92-93, 95, 113-14; 181, 198; Austria and 93; FRG and 69-70, 89, 118, 168-69, 179, 181, 195; France and 89, 93, 153-55, 157, 159-61, 170, 178, 195; Italy and 132, 135, 139-42; UK and 175; US and 90; see also International Monetary Fund; World Bank; Paris Club; London Club Ford, Gerald 70 Fordism 116 France: détente and 5, 70, 91; relations between Poland and 70-71, 91, 151, 157, 160, 170, 182; economic cooperation between Poland and 20, 93, 118-19, 130-31,157, 195; 1972 Berliet deal and 148-61; 1970 Thomson Brand deal and 170-71, 177-78, 180, 182; 1972 Thomson-CSF deal and 173-76; comparison between Poland and 126, 172, 203; see also de Gaulle, Charles; Pompidou, Georges; Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry Free Trade Unions of the Coast 80, 94 Frelek, Ryszard 23, 25, 49-50, 70 FRG see Federal Republic of Germany Friderichs, Hans 179 FSM see Small Engine Car Factory FSO see Passenger Car Factory GATT see General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Gdansk Shipyard 17, 93-94 GDR see German Democratic Republic General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 20, 40, 65, 91 German Democratic Republic (GDR): cooperation between Poland and 154; comparison between Poland and 2, 25, 127, 172, 201, 206; relation between FRG and 5, 89, 168 Gierek, Edward: career of 18-19, 36-39,
47-49, 151; March 1968 and 18; December 1970 and 19; June 1976 79-81; August 1980 and 93, 95; Soviet Union and 2, 36, 80-81, 86, 88-89; foreign policy of 36, 70-71, 78, 89, 90-91, 93, 151, 155-57, 160-61, 182, 198, 200; economic policy of 28-29, 36, 41-42, 78-79, 83, 87, 93, 105, 112, 129, 136, 149, 189, 200, 205; cultural policy of 46, 80; leadership of 1, 31, 36-39, 81-83, 86, 95-96, 113, 161, 189-91, 201, 203; legacy 3-4, 96, 189 Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 70, 89, 91, 153, 156-57, 160-61 Global South 7, 24, 104, 113, 116, 131, 152, 159 Glôwczyk, Jan 27 Gomulka, Wladyslaw: career of 17-18; March 1968 and 18-19; December 1970 and 1, 17, 19, 37; Soviet Union and 2, 20-21, 88, 171; foreign policy of 23-24, 205; economic policy of 21, 25, 28-29, 43-44, 47, 57, 111, 129, 171, 201-2; leadership of 1, 20, 31, 36, 38, 46, 81, 109 Gorbachev, Mikhail 200 Gorecki, Andrzej 128-29, 131-32, 152 Grabski, Tadeusz 81, 87, 96 Grudzieh, Zdzislaw 38 Grundig (company) 10, 167-73, 177-83, 190, 192-94, 203 Grundig, Max 167-68, 171, 183 Hague Summit 61 Hallstein doctrine 168 Handel Zagraniczny 62, 114 Helsinki conference see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Hino (company) 148, 150 Huge Economic Units (WOG) 39, 84, 105 Hungary: economic model of 45, 114; economic cooperation between Poland and 148, 150, 156, 159, 161, 177, 195; comparison between Poland and 2, 25, 40, 69-70, 126-28, 149, 172, 201, 206 Ikarus (company) 150, 156, 159, 161 IMF see International Monetary Fund Integrated circuits 170, 172-76, 178-79, 192-93 Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee (MKS) 94-95
International Fair in Poznan 168 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 86, 88, 197-98, 206 Ireland 61
Index Italy: relations between Poland and 89, 127, 134, 139, 195; economic coopera tion between Poland and 118, 126-27, 134, 139-42, 148, 150, 152, 154, 167, 174, 176, 193, 195; 1967 Fiat deal 26 127-29; 1971 Fiat deal 41, 130-38; comparison between Poland and 106, 149; see also Andreotti, Giulio; Moro, Aldo Jagielski, Mieczyslaw 39, 94 Japan: economic model of 29-30, 43, 111, 116, 201; economic and technological rise of 29, 104, 111, 118, 151, 167, 174, 178, 182; economic cooperation between Poland and 118, 148, 150, 176, 178 Jaroszewicz, Piotr: career of 37, 48; June 1976 and 79-80; foreign policy and 86, 88; policymaking and 41, 45, 82-83, 85, 138, 156, 159, 178 Jaruzelski, Wojciech career of 49, 86; policymaking and 86, 95-90 Jaskolski, Lucjan 173, 176, 189 see also Unitra Jaszczuk, Boleslaw 19, 21, 26, 28-29, 37, 43 Jçdrychowski, Stefan career of 39, 48—49, 190; policymaking and 67, 82, 138, 179-80 Jelcz (factory) 148—49, 154—55, 157-59, 161 John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) 92-94 Jordan, Augustin 71 June 1976 (Poland) 79-81, 83, 181 Kaczmarek, Jan 29, 39, 111-12 Kaim, Franciszek 39, 180 Kalecki, Michal 42 Kamecki, Zbigniew 62, 67, Kania, Stanislaw 81, 86, 95-96, 197 Karosa (company) 148, 150, 156, 159 Karpinski, Andrzej 130 ‘Kasprzak’ 168-72, 177-83 Khrushchev, Nikita 128 Kisiel, Henryk 39, 48, 58, 64 Kisielewski, Stefan 38, 46 Kissinger, Henry 173, 175 Kliszko, Zenon 19, 26 Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz (company) 150-51, 153 Kolakowski, Leszek 18 KOR see Workers’ Defence Committee Kostikow, Piotr 44 229 Kosygin, Alexei 80, 88 Kruczek, Wladyslaw 43 Krupp (company) 168-69, 193
Kurort, Jacek 18, 37, 80 Latin America 61, 197, 206 Lejczak, Wlodzimierz 38-39, 47 ‘Letter of 2000’ 81, 87 Letter of 59 79-80 Leyland (company) 148, 150, 154, 158, 175 London Club 95, 197 Lytko, Michal 62-64 Madrid conference 1980-83 see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Main Office of Control of the Press, Pub lications and Public Performances 107 Main School of Planning and Statistics 40, 62, 116 March 1968 (Poland) 18-19, 80 martial law 4, 95, 141, 161, 197-200, 206 Master-Hit (Telefunken record player) 170 Michnik, Adam 18, 80 Ministry of Foreign Trade (Poland): min ister 38, 137, 151-52, 156, 159, 175-76; officials from 40, 131, 152; competences of 39, 84, 105; functioning of 62, 105, 119; policymaking and 22, 57, 62, 64-66, 90-91, 113, 115, 134, 157, 178; licence agreements’ negotiations and 152—54, 173, 176; see also Olszewski, Kazimierz; Olechowski, Tadeusz; Olszewski, Jerzy Ministry of Chemical Industry (Poland) 104, 110 Ministry of Defence (Poland) 49, 63-64, 82 Ministry of Domestic Trade and Services (Poland) 84, 108, 136, 189 Ministry of Finance (Poland): officials from 39, 48, 82, 138, 179; competences of 84-85; policymaking and 57, 82, 85-86, 113, 115, 139, 190; see also Jçdrychowski, Stefan Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland): minister 38-39; 48-49; 67, 81, 132, 134, 151; officials from 18, 67, 134; competences of 105; functioning of 62; policymaking and 50-51, 57, 59, 62-66, 89-90, 119-20; 151, 157, 173-74; see also Rapacki, Adam; Jçdrychowski, Stefan; Olszowski, Stefan ,
230 Index Ministry of Heavy Industry (Poland) 38-39, 47, 104, 110, 136 Ministry of Interior (Poland) 18, 81, 83, 105, 111-12 Ministry of Light Industry (Poland) 104 Ministry of Machine Industry (Poland): minister 37, 39, 111, 129, 179; officials from 108, 158; competences of 104, 173; functioning of 112, 176, 181-82, 189, 194; Five Year Plan for 1971-1975 and 110-11, 114-15, 129; policymaking and 178-80; 1971 Fiat deal and 130-31, 135-41; 1972 Berliet deal and 148-50, 152, 154, 156; see also Wrzaszczyk, Tadeusz Ministry of Science, Higher Education, and Technology (Poland) 104-5, 11-12, 120 Mitrçga, Jan 38-39 MK-125 (Thomson cassette deck) 170, 177-78 MKS see Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee Moczar, Mieczyslaw 18, 38, 87, 96; see also ‘partisans’ Monkiewicz, Jan 104, 112, 117 Moro, Aldo 134 Moscow see Soviet Union (USSR) Movement for Defence of Human and Civic Rights 80 Multilateral Preparatory Talks (MPT) see Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Namiotkiewicz, Walery 19 Naszkowski, Marian 24, 49, 50 National Bank (Poland) 39, 58, 86 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 63, 83, 91, 151, 170, 199, 206 Nixon, Richard 56, 70, 132, 153, 173 Nowe Drogi 23-24, 26-27, 42, 45, 49-50, 59, 70 OBOP see Public Opinion Research Centre OECD (Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development) 114, 193 oil crises: 1973 oil crisis 56, 58-60, 63, 67, 72, 137, 156, 202; 1979 oil crisis 92, 202 Olechowski, Tadeusz 38, 151-53, 176 Olivetti 174 Olszewski, Jerzy 47-48, 84, 159 Olszewski, Kazimierz 137, 156 Olszowski, Stefan 38,49, 67, 81, 86,134,151 Organisation of
the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 58 Ostpolitik 4-6, 23, 204 Paiestka, Jozef 22, 26-27, 39, 42-43, 48, 85, 128 Paris Club 95, 142, 161, 197-98 ‘partisans’ 18-19, 22, 38, 87 Passenger Car Factory (FSO) 37, 127-28, 139-41 ‘petrodollars’ 58 Philips (company) 167-70, 178, 182-83 Pinkowski, Jozef 137 ‘planning auction’ 29, 83 Planning Commission (Poland): members of 22-23, 29, 31, 39, 130, 137-38, 140, 156, 180; competences of 84, 104-5; policymaking and 26, 31, 41, 44, 57-58, 60, 85, 92, 106, 110, 113, 179, 190 Pol-Mot 128, 131-33, 135, 137, 139-41, 152-54, 157, 159 Polish Foreign Trade Chamber 62 Polish Foreign Trade Institute 62 Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM) 23, 62, 67 Polish United Workers’ Party (PUWP): congresses of 37, 41, 83, 85, 107-8; ple nums of 29, 38, 41, 79, 81, 129; support for 78-79, 82, 95; internal composition of 17-19, 29-30, 37-40, 43, 47-49, 199, 201; legitimisation of 20, 89, 96, 113, 191; regional apparatus of 19, 30-31, 43, 79, 8; industrial apparatus of 8, 19, 28-31, 39, 43, 83-85, 105, 109, 111, 120, 178, 189-90, 202, 204; dogmatic wing of 81, 87; see also Gierek, Edward; Gomulka, Wladyslaw; Jaruzelski, Woj ciech; March 1968; December 1970; June 1976; August 1980; Nowe Drogi; Trybuna Ludu; ‘partisans’ Polityka 24, 27, 29, 31, 87, 129 Polmo 27, 37, 111, 128, 148, 189 Pompidou, Georges 151, 155 Portugal 65 PR100 (Berliet buses) 153, 155, 157, 161 PRllOu (Berliet buses) 157, 159, 161 Prague Spring 23, 45, 49 Public Opinion Research Centre (OBOP) 78-79 PUWP see Polish United Workers’ Party Radio Free Europe 24 Rakowski,
Mieczyslaw 24, 28-29, 31, 50, 64, 70, 82, 90, 107, 160
Index 231 Rapacki, Adam 67 RCA tape cartridge 167 Reagan, Ronald 5 Renault (company) 130-31, 152, 157, 161 Romania: economic model of 114; détente and 23; comparison between Poland and 2, 21, 61-62, 68, 86, 88-91, 126, 205-6 Rotfeld, Adam 68 Round Table negotiations 1989 3, 200 Rurarz, Zdzislaw career of 40; policymaking and 42-43, 45, 62-65, 107, 130, 150-1 Rye, Kazimierz 27 Rychlowski, Boguslaw 67 Sanyo-Tokyo (company) 176 Scandinavia 65, 119 Schmidt, Helmut 47, 70, 89, 91, 181-82 Secomski, Kazimierz 29, 39, 43, 48 ‘selective development’ 28-30, 43, 111, 171 Silesia 19, 28-29, 38, 47, 84, 129, 136 Skoda (company) 148 Small Engine Car Factory (FSM) 136-42 Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 5, 23-24, 50, 169, 171 Soldaczuk, Jozef 62, 64 Solidarnosc 1, 3, 95, 161, 191, 198-200, 206 Sony (company) 178 sovereign debt crisis 7, 206 Soviet Union (USSR): economic and poli tical model of 28-29, 42, 109; détente and 4-5, 89; relations between Poland and 2-3, 19-20, 36, 44-45, 47-48, 67, 78-82, 86, 88-89, 95, 151, 171, 197, 199, 201; economic cooperation between Poland and 44, 72, 86-88, 159, 167, 174-75, 178, 198; CMEA and 2, 59-61, 64, 66, 109, 200-1; Warsaw Pact and 2, 68, 88, 205; CSCE and 68-69, 71, 89, 91; comparison between Poland and 40, 61, 65, 128, 153, 157 Spain 65 SPD see Social Democratic Party of Germany Sprawy Mi^dzynarodowe 62-64, 134 ‘Sputnik’ 112, 176 Stryzewski, Tomasz 107 Strzelecki, Ryszard 131, 152 Supreme Chamber of Control (Poland) 96, 110, 116, 118, 128, 133, 172, 177, 181 Sweden 119 Switzerland 118 Szczepahski, Jan 27, 30, 42 Szlachcic, Franciszek
38, 70, 83 Szotek, Janusz 129, 131-32, 137-10, 158 Szydlak, Jan 38-39, 45, 49, 79, 85, 112 Szydlak’s Commission see Commission for the Modernisation of the Economy and State Functioning Szyr, Eugeniusz 48, 108 ‘Syrena’ 126, 139 technocracts 47-48, 51, 113 Tejchma, Jozef 21, 79, 86 Telefunken, AEG 170-72, 193 ‘Third World’ see Global South Thomson: group 192, 194, 203, 205; Thomson Brand 170-73, 176—78, 180-83; Thomson CFS 173-76 TK series (Grundig tape-recorders) 169-70, 177-78 Trade Bank (Poland) 39, 57, 86, 131-32, 153-54 Treaty of Moscow 1970 5 Treaty of Rome 1957 6, 21 Treaty of Warsaw 1970: détente and 5, 89; signing of 24, 171; significance of 17, 24, 30, 36, 49-50, 63, 117; ratification of 50, 68, 119, 153 Trepczynski, Stanislaw 46, 107 Trybuna Ludu 8, 20, 135, 155 ‘umbrella theory’ 86 Union of Polish Youth 49 United Kingdom (UK): relations between Poland and 70—71; economic coopera tion between Poland and 61, 118-19, 135, 195; 1972 Berliet deal and 148, 150-54; integrated circuits and 174-76; comparison between Poland and 106, 203; EEC and 61, 63; see also Wilson, Harold; United Nations (UN) 67, 90 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 40, 113 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) 65, 69, 205 United States (US): economic and techno logical rise of 153, 167, 172, 178; 1970s financial and oil crises and 56-57, 92, 132; détente and 4, 88, 91; relation between Western Europe and 6-7, 23-24, 50-51, 63, 133, 173-76, 202, 204; relations between Poland and 70, 89-90; economic cooperation between Poland and 90, 118, 153; comparison
232 Index between Poland and 172; COCOM and 173-76; see also Nixon, Richard; Ford, Gerald; Carter, Jimmy Unitra: Association of Polish Consumer Electronics Manufacturers 172-73, 182, 189; Foreign Trade Enterprise Unitra 172, 174—75, 177-78, 182 Universal 168, 170, 172 USSR see Soviet Union ‘Volcker shock’ 92 Volcker, Paul 92 Volkswagen (company) 129-30 Walentynowicz, Anna 94 Walçsa, Lech 94 Warsaw Pact: internal dynamics of 2, 88, 91, 203, 205; cooperation between members of 109, 112, 203; comparison between members of 70, 80, 201; intervention in Czechoslovakia of 2, 23, 45; CSCE and 67-69, 91 ‘Warszawa’ 126 Waszczuk, Jerzy 47 WB see World Bank Werfel, Roman 23 West Germany see Federal Republic of Germany WOG see Huge Economic Units Wilmann, Adam 68 : Wilson, Harold 70 Wladyka, Andrzej 128, 131, 135, 137 Wojtyla, Karol see John Paul II Workers’ Defence Committee (KOR) 80-81, 94 World Bank (WB) 86, 88 Wrzaszczyk, Tadeusz: career of 27-28, 37-39, 47-48, 111, 128-29, 140, 173, 189; influence over policymaking of 42, 111, 176; policymaking and 129, 136, 138-140, 176, 180; 1971 Fiat deal and 132; 1972 Berliet deal and 152, 156; 1974 Grundig deal and 179-180; see also Ministry of Machine Industry Wylupek, Stanislaw 108 Yugoslavia: economic model of 45, 114; economic cooperation between Poland and 127-28, 156, 178, 195; comparison between Poland and 21, 65, 86, 104, 126, 148 ‘Zastava’ 127 Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen (company) 154 ZK-240 (Grundig technology-based tape-recorder) 170, 177-78 Zycie Gospodarcze 27, 87 Zycie i Nowoczesnosc 29-31, 81, 176 Zycie Warszawy 29, 155 · 4.Λ |
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| author | Komornicka, Aleksandra |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1308102798 |
| author_facet | Komornicka, Aleksandra |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Komornicka, Aleksandra |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049390305 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1414555082 (DE-599)BVBBV049390305 |
| era | Geschichte 1970-1980 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1970-1980 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV049390305 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:01:08Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-11T13:01:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032392165 1032392169 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034717741 |
| oclc_num | 1414555082 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M352 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-M352 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-11 |
| physical | xiii, 232 Seiten Diagramm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240320 |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publishDateSearch | 2024 |
| publishDateSort | 2024 |
| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Cold war history |
| spelling | Komornicka, Aleksandra Verfasser (DE-588)1308102798 aut Poland and European East-West cooperation in the 1970s the opening up Aleksandra Komornicka London ; New York Routledge [2024] xiii, 232 Seiten Diagramm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cold war history Towards the big opening, the late 1960s -- Bold and ambitious : a new national strategy, 1971-2 -- Perfect timing? 1973-5 -- Defending the status quo, 1976-80 -- Prosperity, progress, profit, and peace : the goals and expectations of the licence policy -- The deal of the decade : Italy, Fiat, and the production of passenger cars -- Cementing political rapprochement : France, Berliet, and new city buses -- Facing electronic giants : the FRG and audio equipment -- Gains and losses of the licence policy. Geschichte 1970-1980 gnd rswk-swf Ost-West-Kooperation (DE-588)4138195-6 gnd rswk-swf Ost-West-Beziehungen (DE-588)4044123-4 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf HISTORY / Europe / Eastern HISTORY / Europe / General POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / General Poland / Economic policy / 1966-1980 Poland / Economic conditions / 1945-1981 Poland / Foreign economic relations / Europe, Western Europe, Western / Foreign economic relations / Poland Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Ost-West-Beziehungen (DE-588)4044123-4 s Ost-West-Kooperation (DE-588)4138195-6 s Geschichte 1970-1980 z DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-032-39217-2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-34885-6 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034717741&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034717741&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034717741&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Komornicka, Aleksandra Poland and European East-West cooperation in the 1970s the opening up Ost-West-Kooperation (DE-588)4138195-6 gnd Ost-West-Beziehungen (DE-588)4044123-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4138195-6 (DE-588)4044123-4 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Poland and European East-West cooperation in the 1970s the opening up |
| title_auth | Poland and European East-West cooperation in the 1970s the opening up |
| title_exact_search | Poland and European East-West cooperation in the 1970s the opening up |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Poland and European East-West cooperation in the 1970s the opening up |
| title_full | Poland and European East-West cooperation in the 1970s the opening up Aleksandra Komornicka |
| title_fullStr | Poland and European East-West cooperation in the 1970s the opening up Aleksandra Komornicka |
| title_full_unstemmed | Poland and European East-West cooperation in the 1970s the opening up Aleksandra Komornicka |
| title_short | Poland and European East-West cooperation in the 1970s |
| title_sort | poland and european east west cooperation in the 1970s the opening up |
| title_sub | the opening up |
| topic | Ost-West-Kooperation (DE-588)4138195-6 gnd Ost-West-Beziehungen (DE-588)4044123-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ost-West-Kooperation Ost-West-Beziehungen Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034717741&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034717741&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034717741&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT komornickaaleksandra polandandeuropeaneastwestcooperationinthe1970stheopeningup |