Russia's war against Ukraine:
On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, giving rise to the deadliest conflict on European soil since the Second World War. How could this happen in twenty-first century Europe? Why did Putin decide to escalate Russia's war against Ukraine, a war which began with R...
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| Zusammenfassung: | On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, giving rise to the deadliest conflict on European soil since the Second World War. How could this happen in twenty-first century Europe? Why did Putin decide to escalate Russia's war against Ukraine, a war which began with Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014? In this concise and authoritative book, Gwendolyn Sasse analyses the background to this conflict and examines the factors that led to Putin's fateful decision. She retraces the history of Ukraine's struggle for independence from Russia and shows how democratic developments in Ukraine had become a risk for Russia's political system. She also shows that ambiguous Western policy towards Russia encouraged elites in the Kremlin to think that they had more room for action than they did. The result is a brilliant analysis of the factors that led to Russia's invasion, a concise account the course of the war itself and a timely reflection on what its consequences will be - for Ukraine, for Russia and for the West.An indispensable text for anyone who wants to understand the most dangerous conflict of our time |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 157 Seiten Karten 216 mm |
| ISBN: | 9781509560608 9781509560592 |
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| 520 | |a On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, giving rise to the deadliest conflict on European soil since the Second World War. How could this happen in twenty-first century Europe? Why did Putin decide to escalate Russia's war against Ukraine, a war which began with Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014? In this concise and authoritative book, Gwendolyn Sasse analyses the background to this conflict and examines the factors that led to Putin's fateful decision. She retraces the history of Ukraine's struggle for independence from Russia and shows how democratic developments in Ukraine had become a risk for Russia's political system. She also shows that ambiguous Western policy towards Russia encouraged elites in the Kremlin to think that they had more room for action than they did. The result is a brilliant analysis of the factors that led to Russia's invasion, a concise account the course of the war itself and a timely reflection on what its consequences will be - for Ukraine, for Russia and for the West.An indispensable text for anyone who wants to understand the most dangerous conflict of our time | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Preface Maps 1 Why This War? Why Now? ix xiii 1 Ukraine 2 Independence and Territory 19 3 Protest and Transformation 40 Russia 4 Authoritarianism and Neo-Imperialism 55 Russia’s War Against Ukraine 5 The Annexation of Crimea in 2014 69 6 The War in Donbas since 2014 83 7 The War of Aggression since 24 February 2022 95 8 The Consequences of the War 112
vil Contents Outlook 131 Sources and Literature Index 135 143
Sources and Literature Primary Sources Aljazeera (2022) ‘Russia-Ukraine crisis: Zelensky’s address in full’. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.eom/news/2022/2/24/russia-u kraine-crisis-president-zelenskky-speech-in-full Bloomberg News (2022) ‘Full translation of Vladimir Putin’s Victory Day speech’. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ar ticIes/2022-05-09/full-transcript-here-s-russian-president-vladim ir-putin-s-victory-day-speech#xj4y7vzkg?leadSource=uverify%20 wall CNN (2022) ‘Zelensky receives standing ovation after speech to European Parliament’. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=hVvkdwksxMw Official Internet Resources of the President of Russia (2022a) ‘Address by the President of the Russian Federation - 21.2.2022’. Available at: http://en.kremIin.ru/events/president/news/67828 Official Internet Resources of the President of Russia (2022b) ‘Address by the President of the Russian Federation - 24.2.2022’. Available at: http :// en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843 Official Website of the President of Ukraine (2022a) ‘Russia has launched a new military operation against our state, martial law is being imposed throughout Ukraine’. Available at: https://www.
136 Sources and Literature president.gov.ua/en/news/rosiya-rozpochala-novu-vijskovu-oper aciyu-proti-nashoyi-derz-73105 Official Website of the President of Ukraine (2022b) ‘Address by the President of Ukraine’. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/ en/news/zvernennya-prezidenta-ukrayini-73137 Official Website of the President of Ukraine (2022c) ‘Address by President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the Bundestag’. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/promova- prezidenta-ukrayini-volodimira-zelenskogo-u-bundesta-73621 Putin, V. (2021) ‘Offen sein trotz der Vergangenheit, Ein Gastbeitrag’. Die Zeit/Zeit Online. Available at: https://www.zeit.de/politik/aus land/2021-06/ueberfall-auf-die-sow)etunion-1941-europa-russla nd-geschichte-wladimir-putin/komplettansicht UNHCR (2023) Operational Data Portal: Ukraine refugee situation’. Available at: https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine United Nations (2023) ‘The UN and the war in Ukraine: Key informa tion’. Available at: https://unric.org/en/the-un-and-the-war-in-uk raine-key-information/#uk2 Surveys InfoSapiens (no date) ‘Publications’. Available at: https://www.sapi ens.com.ua/en/publications Kyiv International Institute of Sociology - KIIS (2014a) ‘Nationwide public opinion survey: Attitudes to the unitary state and autonomy in Ukraine, April-May 2014’. Available at: https://www.kiis.com .ua/?Iang=eng cat=reports id=319 page=6 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology - KIIS (2014b) ‘The views and opinions of the residents of south-eastern regions of Ukraine, April 2014’. Available at:
https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng cat =reports id=302 page=l y=2014 m=4 New Europe Center (2023) ‘Wartime diplomacy. What Ukrainians think about Ukraine’s movement towards EU membership and beyond’. Kyiv. Available at: http://neweurope.org.ua/en/analytics/ yevropejska-integratsiya-voyennogo-chasu-shho-dumayut-ukra yintsi-pro-ruh-ukrayiny-do-yes
Sources and Literature 137 Onuch, O. et al. (2019-2022) MOBILISE 2019-2022: Ukrainian Nationally Representative Survey (Waves 1-3). ZOiS (2019) ‘Donbas Surveys’; for results see: Sasse, G. and Lackner, A. (2019) ‘Attitudes and Identities across the Donbas Front Line: What Has Changed from 2016 to 2019?’ ZOiS, Report 3. Available at: https://www.zois-berlin.de/fileadmin/media/Dateien/3-Publi kationen/ZOiS_Reports/2019/ZOiS_Report_3_2019.pdf Other Literature Arel, D. and Driscoll, J. (2022) Ukraine’s Unnamed War: Before the Russian Invasion of2022. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Balmaceda, Μ. Μ. (2021) Russian Energy Chains: The Remaking of Technopolitics from Siberia to Ukraine to the European Union. New York: Columbia University Press. Beichelt, T. and Worschech, S. (2017) Transnational Ukraine? Networks and Ties that Influence(d) Contemporary Ukraine. Stuttgart: ibidem. Beissinger, Μ. R. (2022) The Revolutionary City: Urbanization and the Global Transformation of Rebellion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Bidenko, Y. (2018) ‘(De)structuring of the Civil Society in the Political Process in Ukraine and Belarus’. In Smith, D. H., Moldavanova, A. V. and Krasynska, S. (eds.), The Nonprofit Sector in Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia: Civil Society Advances and Challenges. Leiden: Brill, 29-55. Channell-Justice, E. (2022) Without the State: Self-Organization and Political Activism in Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Charap, S. and Colton, T. J. (2018) Everyone Loses: The Ukraine Crisis and the Ruinous Contestfor Post-Soviet Eurasia.
Abingdon: Routledge. D’Anieri, P. (2019) Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. dekoder, Centre for East European and International Studies - ZOiS and The Research Centre for East European Studies - FSO (2019)
138 Sources and Literature ‘The Crimean Archipelago: Overview’. Available at: https://crimea .dekoder.org/archipelago Dollbaum, J. Μ., Lallouet Μ., and Noble, B. (2021) Navalny: Putin’s Nemesis, Russia’s Future? London: C. Hurst Co. Dragneva, R. and Wolczuk, K. (2015) Ukraine between the EU and Russia: The Integration Challenge. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Fischer, S. (2022) ‘Peace Talks between Russia and Ukraine: Mission Impossible’. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, SWP- Comment No. 65 (November). Available at: https://www.swp-ber lin.org/publications/products/comments/2022C65_PeaceTalksR ussia_Ukraine.pdf Frye, T. (2021) Weak Strongman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Giuliano, E. (2018) ‘Who Supported Separatism in Donbas? Ethnicity and Popular Opinion at the Start of the Ukraine Crisis’. In Onuch, O., Hale H. E. and Sasse, G. (eds.), Special Issue: ‘Identity Politics in Times of Crisis: Ukraine as a Critical Case’. Post-Soviet Affairs 34:2-3, pp. 158-78. Glauben, T. et al (2022) ‘The War in Ukraine Exposes Supply Tensions on Global Agricultural Markets: Openness to Global Trade is Needed to Cope with the Crisis’. IAMO Policy Brief No. 44, Halle (Saale). Greene, S. A. and Robertson, G. B. (2019) Putin v. the People: The Perilous Politics of a Divided Russia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Harding, L. (2022) Invasion: The Inside Story ofRussia’s Bloody War and Ukraine’s Fightfor Survival. New York: Vintage Books. Hurak, I. and D’Anieri, P. (2022) ‘The Evolution of Russian Political Tactics in Ukraine’. Problems of Post-Communism 69:2, pp.
12132. IISS (2023) ‘Country focus: Ukraine’. Available at: https://www.iiss .org/regions/russia-and-eurasia/ukraine ISW (2022) ‘Ukraine conflict updates’. Available at: https://underst andingwar.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-updates
Sources and Literature 139 Keudel, О. (2022) How Patronal Networks Shape Opportunities for Local Citizen Participation in a Hybrid Regime. A Comparative Analysis of Five Cities in Ukraine. Stuttgart: ibidem/Columbia University Press. Khromeychuk, O. (2021) A Loss: The Story of a Dead Soldier Told by His Sister. Stuttgart: ibidem. Kostiuchenko, T. and Martsenyuk, T. (2022) Russia's War in Ukraine 2022: Personal Experiences of Ukrainian Scholars. Stuttgart: ibidem. Kulyk, V. (2018) ‘Shedding Russianness, Recasting Ukrainianness: The Post-Euromaidan Dynamics of Ethnonational Identifications in Ukraine’. In Onuch, O., Hale, H. E. and Sasse, G. (eds.), Special Issue: ‘Identity Politics in Times of Crisis: Ukraine as a Critical Case’. Post-Soviet Affairs 34:2-3, pp. 119-38. Kulyk, V. (2019) ‘Identity in Transformation: Russian-Speakers in Post-Soviet Ukraine’. Europe-Asia Studies 71:1, pp. 156-78. Kurkov, A. (2014) Ukraine Diaries: Dispatches From Kiev. London: Harvill Seeker. Kuznetsova, I. and Mikheieva, O. (2020) 'Forced Displacement from Ukraine’s War-Torn Territories: Intersectionality and Power Geometry'. Nationalities Papers 48:4, pp. 690-706. Kyiv School of Economics Institute (no date) 'KSE Institute'. Available at: https://kse.ua/kse-department/kse-institute Löwis, S. and Sasse, G. (2021) ‘A Border Regime in the Making? The Case of the Contact Line in Ukraine’. Historical Social Research 46:3, pp. 208-44. McGlynn, J. (2023) Russia’s War. Cambridge: Polity Press. Mankoff, J. (2022) Imperial Legacies in Eurasia: How Imperial Legacies Shape International Security. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Minakov, Μ., Kasianov, G. and Rojansky, Μ. (2021)From ‘The Ukraine’ to Ukraine: A Contemporary History, 1991-2021. Stuttgart: ibidem. Myshlovska, O. and Schmid, U. (eds.) (2019) Regionalism without Regions: Reconceptualizing Ukraine’s Heterogeneity. Budapest: Central European University Press.
140 Sources and Literature Onuch, О. (2014) Mapping Mass Mobilization: Understanding Revolutionary Moments in Argentina and Ukraine. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Onuch, O. and Hale, H. E. (2022) The Zelensky Effect. London: Hurst. Onuch, O. and Sasse, G. (2016) ‘The Maidan in Movement and the Cycles of Protest’. Europe-Asia Studies 68:4, pp. 556-87. Onuch, O., Hale, H. E. and Sasse, G. (2018) ‘Studying Identity in Ukraine’. Introduction to Special Issue: ‘Identity Politics in Times of Crisis: Ukraine as a Critical Case’, Post-Soviet Affairs 34:2-3, pp. 79-83. Plokhy, S. (2017) The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. New York: Basic Books. Plokhy, S. (2022) The Frontline: Essays on Ukraine’s Past and Present. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. Plokhy, S. (2023) The Russo-Ukrainian War: The Return of History. New York: Norton Co. Portnov, A. (2020) ‘Poland and Ukraine: Entangled Histories, Asymmetric Memories’. In Essays of the Forum Transregionale Studien. Berlin: Forum Transregionale Studien. Romanova, V. and Umland, A. (2019) ‘Ukraine Decentralization Reforms since 2014: Initial Achievements and Future Challenges’, Chatham House Research Papers, September. Available at: https:// www.chathamhouse.org/2019/09/ukraines-decentralization-re forms-2014 Sasse, G. (2007) The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition and Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Sasse, G. (2020) ‘War and Displacement: The Case of Ukraine’. Europe-Asia Studies 72:3, pp. 347-53. Sasse, G. (ed.) (2022/23) ‘Russia’s War against Ukraine: A Trio of Virtual Special Issues’.
Europe-Asia Studies 1-3. Sasse, G. and Lackner, A. (2019) ‘War and State-Making in Ukraine: Forging a Civic Identity from Below?’ The Ideology and Politics Journal 1:12. Sereda, V. (2020a) ‘In Search of Belonging: Rethinking the Other
Sources and Literature 141 in the Historical Memory of Ukrainian IDPs’. The Ideology and Politics Journal 2:16, pp. 83-107. Sereda, V. (2020b) '“Social Distancing” and Hierarchies of Belonging: The Case of Displaced Population from Donbas and Crimea’. In Sasse, G. (ed.) 'War and Displacement: The Case of Ukraine’. Europe-Asia Studies 72:3, pp. 404-31. Sereda, V. (2023) Displacement in War-Torn Ukraine: State, Displacement and Belonging. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Online Series: Elements in Global Development Studies). Snyder, T. (2019) The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America. New York: Vintage Books. Snyder, T. (2022) Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. Szporluk, R. (2000) Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. Trebesch, C. et al. (2023) ‘The Ukraine Support Tracker: Which Countries Help Ukraine and How?’ Kiel Working Paper No. 2218, Kiel Institute for the World Economy. Available at: https://www .ifw-kiel.de/publications/kiel-working-papers/2022/the-ukraine -support-tracker-which-countries-help-ukraine-and-how-172 04/ Uehling, G. L. (2023) Everyday War: The Conflict over Donbas, Ukraine. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Wilson, A. (2014) Ukraine Crisis: What It Means for the West. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Wilson, A. (2022) The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Fifth edition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Zarembo, K. (2020) European Donbas: How to Talk about European Integration in Donetsk and Luhansk Regions. Kyiv: FriedrichEbert-Stiftung. Zhadan, S.
(2023 [2022]) Sky Above Kharkiv: Dispatches from the Ukrainian Front. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Zhurzhenko, T. (2010) Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine. Stuttgart: ibidem.
142 Sources and Literature Zhurzhenko, T., Fedor, J. Μ., Kangaspuro, Μ. and Lassila, J. (2017) War and Memory in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Index Abkhazia 130 war in 2, 24,132 Africa impact of war on wheat supplies 129 agriculture 128-9 Akhmetov, Renat 116 Aksyonov, Sergei 69 anti-Western sentiment 112,127 Armenia confrontation with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karbach 130 authoritarian systems 61 and Russia 5, 6, 7-8,14, 55-65.119-20,133 Azerbaijan confrontation with Armenia over Nagorno-Karbach 130 Azov Sea 29, 93 Azov steel works (Mariupol) 104,116 Badinter Committee 70-1 Bakhmut, battle over 106 ‘Baltic Way’ 41 Belarus 110 build up of Russian military presence in 99 dependence on Russia 99 first peace talks held in 102-3 impact of war on 129-30 relations with Russia 130 Russian Iskander missile system moved to 130 Berdyansk 93,105 Biden, Joe 95,122 bilingualism, Russian-Ukrainian 38-9 Black Sea 74,105,128 military escalation in (2018) 93 NATO’s increased presence in 98
144 Black Sea Fleet 25, 29, 30, 77 Britain military aid to Ukraine 109 Bucharest summit (2008) see NATO Budapest Memorandum (1994) 22-3 Central and East Europe 13 and NATO 97 Centre for East European and International Studies (ZOiS) 92 Chechen wars 2, 64 first (1994-6) 7, 28 second (2000-9) 7, 56-7, 64 Chernobyl disaster (1986) 41 children, Ukrainian deportation of to Russia 2, 107 China 14, 71,103,125 relations with Russia 127-8 strategic cooperation with Russia 111 Ukraine war stance 128 churches (Ukraine) 118-19 citizenship 11, 37, 38 Cold War, end of 2 colonialism 112 colour revolutions 44 Copenhagen criteria 123 corruption fighting of in Ukraine 36, 48, 50-1, 52 Covid-19 pandemic 128 Index Crimea 23-30 becomes an integral part of south-eastern Ukraine from 1998 30 conflict in early 1990s 25-6 conquest of by Russian Empire (1783) 76, 77 constitution (1992) 25, 26, 70 constitution (1998) 27 destruction of bridge linking Russia to 105 dominance of Russian language in 27-8 factors defusing the conflict potential in 1990s 26-7 granted autonomy status 23-4 multi-ethnicity 27 relations with Ukraine 25-6, 28 resettlement of Russians in after annexation 82 Russian movement in 25-6, 28 strategic and symbolic importance to Russia 25 transfer from RSFSR to Ukrainian SSR (1954) 21, 75, 78-80 votes for Ukrainian independence 22, 80 Crimea, annexation of (2014) 2, 6,14,16, 22-3, 31, 61, 69-82, 94,119,132 Crimean Tatar claim 75-6
Index Crimean Tatar opposition to and repression of 81, 82 EU/US sanctions imposed on Russia 73-4 impact of on population and difficulties faced 81-2 increase in support for Putin 119 non-recognition of by the West 73, 74-s opinion polls 81 peace talk proposals 103 Putin’s justification for and Russia’s neo-imperial claim 72-3, 76-7, 83 Putin’s speech on ‘reunification’ of Crimea after referendum 70-3 ‘referendum’ on reunification with Russia 70-1 Russian public opinion on 74 signing of accession of Crimea and Sevastopol to the Russian Federation 73 taking control of institutions and installation of Aksyonov as prime minister 69 Ukrainian claim to 77-9 and war in Donbas 83, 84 ‘Crimea Declaration’ (2018) 74 Crimean Khanate 19, 75-6 Crimean Tatars 24-5, 27-8, 30, 70, 71, 75 claim on Crimea 75-6 145 defining themselves as citizens of Ukraine 76 deportation of by Stalin 24, 27-8, 75, 78 exodus of after annexation 82 opposition to annexation and repression of 81, 82 return to Crimea (1991) 25, 76, 80 Crimean War (1853-6) 77 Czech Republic 124 military aid to Ukraine 109 taking in displaced Ukrainians 107 democracy, classifications of 55 digital authoritarianism and Russia 60 displacement/displaced people of Ukrainians during war 2, 106-7,116,117 Dnipro Canal 105 Dnipropetrovsk 34, 83 Donbas 37 pre-war 83-4 Donbas, war in (2014-22) 2, 6, 14,15,16, 52, 61, 75, 83-94, 119,132 and annexation of Crimea 83, 84 beginnings of 84 ceasefire line (‘contact line’) and crossing of 31-2, 90-1 civic Ukrainian identity 92 death toll 90
146 Index Donbas, war in (2014-22) (cont.) deployment of an OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (2014) 87, 88 gradual reorientation of Russia controlled ‘people’s republics’ 91-2 independence of‘people’s republics’ 57, 84-5, 87 killing of separatist protestors in Odesa (2014) 84 Minsk agreements and partitioning of 31-2, 87-9 peace talks 87 Putin accuses Ukraine of committing ‘genocide’ 100 Putin’s recognition of independent ‘people’s republics’ 100 Russia’s active intervention in 86, 87-8 separatist mobilization and reasons for success of 84-7 significance of to Russia 90 Donetsk 22, 83, 57, 84-5, 88, 100,104-5,106 Duma 58 Dzhemilev, Mustafa 76 Eastern Partnership 46 Economist 25 Ekho Moskvy 60 energy sources alternative sources 127 EU dependence on Russian 14, 94,127,132 Eritrea no EU (European Union) 12,122-4, 126-7 Association Agreement with Ukraine and initial non signing of 10, 47-8, 49 Copenhagen criteria 123 dependence on US leadership 122 energy dependence on Russia 14, 94,127,132 enlargement 123 need for reforms within 124 relations with Ukraine 10, 45-6,47 sanctions against Russia 13-14, 61, 73-4, 94,109-10, 120-1,128 signing of Association Agreement with Ukraine (2016) 51 support of Ukraine during war 103-4,108 surprised by Russian attack on Ukraine (2022) 3 and Ukraine membership 12, 122-4 Ukraine’s border with 31 Eurasian Economic Union 12, 34, 47,130 Euromaidan protests (2013-14) 10, 33, 34, 35, 46, 47-50, 69, 72, 84
Index European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) 87 European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) 45-6 European Union see EU Federation Council 58 fertilizers 128 Finland and NATO membership 125 First World War 20 food supply 128 impact of war on 128-9 Franchuk, Anatolii 26 frozen conflicts 132 G8 exclusion of Russia from 73 G20 73 Galicia 36, 37 geopoliticization of European societies 126-8 Georgia Association Agreement with EU 46 and EU membership 122-3 and NATO membership 96-7 Gerasimov, Chief of General Staff 119 Germany 126 military assistance given to Ukraine 108,109,126 and NATO membership 97 and Nord Stream 2 project 14, 94,109,132 147 proclamation of a ‘time shift’ by Scholz 126 relations with and policy towards Russia 13-14, 64 reliance on Russian energy 14 taking in displaced Ukrainians 107 Gongadze, Georgii murder of 43 Gorbachev, Mikhail 42, 97 Habsburg Empire 19, 20 Heavenly Hundred 49 Helsinki Final Act 96 history and Russia’s neo-imperial state ideology 8-9 Holodomor (1932-3) 11, 21 Hrushevsky, Mykhaylo 78 Hungary ban on Ukrainian wheat imports 108 relations with Russia 124 internally displaced persons (IDPs) 107 see also displacement/displaced people International Civil Aviation Organization 88 International Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) 93 International and Monetary Fund 114
Index 148 Iran 130 Iskander missile system 130 Israel 103 Italy taking in displaced Ukrainians 107 ‘It’s Time!’ (activist movement) 45 Johnson, Boris 104 Kadyrov, Ramzan 119-20 Kazakhstan 130 Kerch Strait military confrontation between Russia and Ukraine (2018) 93 Khabarovsk, protests (2019) 62 Kharkiv 3,15, 22, 84,101 Kherson annexation of 105 Russia’s advance on 104 Khrushchev, Nikita 78-9, 99 Kimani, Martin 127 Kirill, Patriarch 63 Komsomol 42 Kravchuk, President Leonid 29 Kuchma, President Leonid 26, 27, 29, 32, 42—3, 45 Kuleba, Dmytro 103 ‘Kuchmagate’ 43 Kyiv 15, 27, 32 attack on in first days of invasion 129 attempt by Russia to capture Kyiv but unsuccessful 101, 102 human chain formed from Lviv to (1990) 41 missile strikes on 3,15,101 protests against government 48 relations with Simferopol 25, 28, 70, 76 settling of Crimean Tatars in 82 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) 3, 23, 85, 134 Kyiv School of Economics 114 language use 35, 38-9 impact of Ukraine war on 116-17 see also Russian language; Ukrainian language Lavrov, Sergei 101,103 Lenin, Vladimir 20, 99 Levada 62, 81 Levitsky, Steven 42 literature role of in dissemination of the colonial view 77 Luhansk 57, 83, 84-5, 88,100, 104-5,106 Lukashenko, Aleksandr 99,129 Luzhkov, Yurii 28 Lviv 3, 41, 48, 82,106 Lvova-Belova, Maria 107
Index Mariupol 93,105 Azov Steel plant 104,116 falling into Russian hands 104 Marshall Plan 115 Masol, Vitali 41 Medvedchuk, Viktor 115 Medvedev, Dmitrii 58,101,104 Memorial 63 Meshkov, Yurii 25-6 MH17 plane, shooting down of (2014) 88 Milosevic, Slobodan 44 Minsk agreements 94 Minsk II agreement (2015) 31, 75, 88, 89 Minsk Protocol (2014) 31, 88 Moldova 12, 31 Association Agreement with EU 46 EU candidate status granted to 123 and EU membership 130 see also Transnistria Mongol Empire 76 Moroz, Oleksandr 43 Moskva, sinking of 105 mother tongue 37, 38, 72 Nagorno-Karabakh war 2 Naryshkin, Sergei 57 national identity and Ukraine 4, 20, 37-8 National Security Council meeting (2022) 57 nationality 37-8 149 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 89,124-6 Bucharest Summit (2008) 12, 96 core tasks of 125 eastward enlargement 12,13, 47, 64-5, 97 new Strategic Concept 125 rapid response force 125 relations with Russia 47, 96-7, 98-9 relations with Ukraine and membership issue 10,12, 34-5, 98 reticent over no-fly zone 108 sanctions against Russia 61 summit (Madrid) (2022) 125 support for Ukraine during war 103-4,107-8 Swedish and Finnish membership 125 trying to keep wider escalation of war under control 108 underling central role of by the war 124 and United States 125 NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997) 12,13, 96 NATO-Ukraine Charter (1997) 98 Navalny, Alexei, poisoning of (2020) 59 Nemtsov, Boris murder of (2015) 59
150 Index no-fly zone 108 Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline 14, 94,109,132 North Atlantic Treaty Organization see NATO North Crimea Canal 79-80 North Korea no Norway military aid given to Ukraine 109 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 22 nuclear weapons transfer of from Ukraine to Russia 22, 25, 29 October Revolution 20 Odesa 3, 22, 84,105 oligarchs 7, 33, 56, 57. 87,115-16 Onuch, Olga 48 Opposition Platform - For Life 33, ns Orange Revolution (2004) 10, 32, 43, 44-5, 46, 48 Orthodox Church of Ukraine 118-19 OSCE Special Monitoring Mission 87, 88,100 Ottoman Empire 76 Our Ukraine 45 Party of Regions 33, 50, 69,115 ‘people’s republics’ (Donbas) see Donetsk; Luhansk Pereyaslav Treaty (1654) 79 Peskov, Dmitrii 101 Peter the Great 9 Poland 124,129 import ban on Ukrainian wheat 108,129 military aid to Ukraine 109 taking in displaced Ukrainians 107 Pompeo, Mike 74 Poroshenko, Petro 35, 36, 50-1, 93, 98 presidential elections, Ukrainian (2004) 32, 43-4, 45 (2010) 46 (2019) 11, 32, 35-7, 71 Prigozhin, Yevgenii 119-20 protests and transformation in Ukraine 40-52 Putin, Vladimir 6, 47,133 and annexation of Crimea 69, 72, 82, 83,119 arrest warrant for war crimes 107 and Belarus 130 and Chechen war 64 concern with own historical legacy 9, 60-1 demonization of Euromaidan protests 72 describing of invasion as a ‘special military operation' 62,100 essay on German-Russia relations 64
151 Index and EU 12 future of 120 inner circle 119 leadership style 56-7 meeting with Biden (2021) 95 mobilization of troops 106 and NATO enlargement 64-5 neo-imperial thinking 8-9,14, 61, 63, 71, 72-3 orchestration of constitutional reform (2020)62-3 personalization and centralization of power 57-8, 61 popularity ratings 60, 61, 64, 74,119 and potential NATO integration of Ukraine 12 presidential election campaign and succeeds Yeltsin as president (2000) 7, 64 puts Yanukovych under pressure not to sign EU Association Agreement 47 repressive regime 59-60 sees Western policies as a threat 11-12 speech on ‘reunification’ of Crimea 70-3 speech on Ukraine (21 Feb 2022) 5, 99-100 speech on Ukraine (24 Feb 2022)100 treatment of oligarchs 57 and war against culture of Ukraine 114 war rhetoric 72 Revolution of Dignity see Euromaidan protests Revolution on Granite (1990) 41 Right Sector (Pravy) Sektor 49 Russia 55-65 annexation of Crimea see Crimea, annexation of anti-West propaganda/ rhetoric 59-60, 63,127 authoritarianism and tightening of due to war 5, 6, 7-8,14, 55-65,119-20, 133 banning of independent media 59-60 brain drain and exodus of younger and well-educated Russians 121-2 close link between domestic and foreign policy 8 constitution (1993) 56 and digital authoritarianism 60 economic system 58 EU dependence on energy supplies 14, 94,127,132 EU/ΝΑΤΟ sanctions against and impact of 13-14, 61, 73-4, 94,109-10,120-1, 128
152 Index Russia (cont.) impact of Ukraine war on 119-22 increase in trade with China and India 110 invasion of Ukraine see War of Aggression law on foreign agents and organizations 59 local protests/grievances 62 as a ‘managed democracy’ under Putin 55-6 neo-imperial claim to Crimea 76-7 opposition parties and oppression of 58, 59 penetration of society with state-sponsored memory politics and propaganda 8-9 pre-Putin relations with Ukraine 25 reinterpretation of Russian/ Soviet history 60 relations with Belarus 130 relations with China 111, 127-8 relations with Germany 64 relations with NATO 47, 96-7, 98-9 relations with the West 6 repression against anyone protesting against the ‘war’ 120 sees EU’s closer relations with Ukraine as a threat 47 Victory Day (9 May) celebrations 9, 63 and war in Donbas see Donbas, war in West’s growing contradictions in policies towards 13-14 see also Putin, Vladimir Russian Central Bank no, 121 Russian Empire 78 conquest of Crimea (1783) 76, 78 Russian Federation constitution (1993) 7 Russian Human Rights Council 70 Russian language 27-8, 33, 35, 38, 39, 78, 83, 86 Russian Orthodox Church 63 Russian Unity party 69 Sakha 56 sanctions imposed against Russia by EU/NATO 13-14, 61, 73-4, 94,109-10,120-1,128 Scholz, Chancellor Olaf 109,126 Schröder, Chancellor Gerhard 64 Schuman, Robert 123 Sea of Azov see Azov Sea Second World War 21, 60, 63, 77
153 Index Serbia ‘Bulldozer Revolution’ 44 ‘Servant of the People’ (party) 36 Servant of the People (tv series) 36 Sevastopol 22, 27, 29, 71 reunification of with Russia (2014) 71.73 Russian naval base in 29-30 siege of 77 Shoigu, Sergei 119 Simferopol relations with Kyiv 25, 28, 70, 76 Slovakia 129 Snyder, Timothy 21 South Ossetia 24, 96,130 Soviet Union 42 break-up of 2, 7,13, 22, 24,71, 78, 97,132 deportation of Crimean Tatars by Stalin 24, 27-8, 75. 78 and national identity 37-8 Spain taking in displaced Ukrainians 107 Stalin, Josef 11, 20-1, 79, 99 deportation of Crimean Tatars 24, 27-8, 75, 78 rehabilitation of under Putin 63 State Council 63 sunflower oil 128 Sweden and NATO membership 125 Syria 2, no Syrian civil war 57 Tajikistan civil war 2 Tatarstan 56 Taurida 78 Transnistria 2, 31,130,132, 311 Transparency International global corruption index 51 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces (1990) 13 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership (Great Treaty) (1997) 29 Trump, Donald 14 Turkey 103,130 TV Rain 60 Tymoshenko, Yulia 45, 46 Ukraine 19-52 amendment of constitution (2019) 98 approval ratings for independence since 1991 23 Association Agreement with EU and initial non-signing of 10, 47-8, 49 ban on political forces in the south-east by Zelensky 115-16 census (2001) 37
154 Index Ukraine (cont.) citizenship granted to all residents (1991) 11 civil society 117 claim to Crimea 77-9 competitive authoritarianism under Kuchma 42-3 connection between protest and transformation 40-52 constitution (1996) 27, 42 corruption and fighting of 36, 48, so-ι, 52 democratization and westward expansion of 5, 9-10 energy dependence on Russia 42 EU candidate status granted to 123-4 and EU membership 12, 122-4 Euromaidan protests (2013-14) see Euromaidan protests foreign policy orientation and regional differences 34-5 history up to independence 19-22 Holodomor (1932-3) 11, 21 impact and consequences of the war 113-19 independence (1991) and international recognition 78, 80,132 independence movement and road to independence 19-22, 41 integration into EU structures 12 integration into Soviet Union (1922) 20 language law 35 leaning towards authoritarianism under Yanukovych 46-7 national identity 4, 20, 37-8 and NATO membership 12, 34-5, 96-7, 98, 99 obstacles to transformation into a democratic market economy 42 Orange Revolution (2004) 10, 32, 44-5 party spectrum in regions 32-4 Poroshenko regime 50-1 referendum on independence (1991) 22, 23, 42 reform programme under Zelensky 51-2 regional diversity 30-1 regions and borders 29-32 relations with Crimea 25-6, 28 relations with EU 10, 45-6, 47 relations with NATO 10, 98 relations with pre-Putin Russia 25
Index relations with Russia under Yeltsin 28-30 signing of Association Agreement with EU (2016) 51 Stalin era 21 strengthening of civic national identity 5,10-11 successful political integration of Crimea into 80 under martial law 115 voting behaviour and regional patterns 32-3 Ukraine, war against annexation of Crimea see Crimea, annexation of approval ratings in Russia 62 and change in language practice 116-17 changing of political landscape in Ukraine due to 115-16 death toll and casualties 1-2 destruction of cultural assets 114-15 developments creating conditions for descent into 5-16 domination of positive emotions in opinion polls despite the 134 impact and consequences of on Russia 119-22 impact and consequences of for Ukraine 113-19 155 impact on Russian-backed de facto states 130 infrastructure destroyed 114 invasion of Ukraine see War of Aggression reconstruction 113-15,116, 124 seen as fight against ‘Nazism’ by Russia 60 and traumatization 117-18 war in Donbas see Donbas, war in ‘Ukraine without Kuchma’ protest (2000-1) 43 Ukrainian language 20, 21, 27, 35, 38,39,116-17 Ukrainian Ministry of Culture 114 Ukrainian Orthodox Church 118-19 Ukrainian People’s Republic (1918-20) 20 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR) 19, 20, 21 UN (United Nations) and annexation of Crimea 73 UN General Assembly attempt at passing resolution on exclusion of Russia from the UN Human Rights Council 110-11 attempt at passing resolution on Russia’s attack as illegal 110,111
156 UNHCR 2,106,107 Union Treaty 42 United Russia 58 United States 14 and democracy promotion 44 economic and military assistance to Ukraine 108, 109 and EU 122 and Marshall Plan 115 and NATO 125 and Russia’s annexation of Crimea 73, 74-5 sanctions imposed on Russia 120-1 and Ukraine war 122 Vladimir, Prince 77 VTSIOM institute 62 Vynnytsya 106 Wagner Group 106,110,119 War of Aggression (2022- ) 95-in amount of territory occupied by Russia 105 annexation of four more territories by Russia 104-5 attempt to take Kyiv by Russian forces and failure 101,102 beginnings 5,15 deportation of children to Russia 2,107 Index destruction of bridge linking Crimea to Russia 105 displacement of Ukrainians 2, 106-7,116 fatalities 106 mobilization of troops by Putin 106 and NATO 103-4,107-8 peace talks and proposals 102-4,115 problems encountered by Russian troops 101-2 Putin speeches justifying 99-101 Russian demands (2021) 95-6 Russian preparations and build up of troops near border 95 Russian retreats 105-6 Russian Wagner units 106 Russian war crimes 104,107 as a 'special military operation’ 62,100,120 trench style warfare 106 underestimation of Ukraine’s capabilities and resolve 3-4, 61,102 Western financial and military support for Ukraine 102,103-4,107-8 Warsaw Pact 97 disintegration of 13, 97 Way, Lucan 42 Wells Declaration (1940) 74-5
157 Index West growing contradictions in policies towards Russia Yushchenko, Viktor 32, 44-5, 46 13-14 increasing discrepancies between Russian security perceptions and 11-13 Putin sees policies of as a threat 11-12 relations with Russia 6, 73 wheat 128,129 import bans on Ukrainian 108,129 World Bank 114 Zalushnyi, Valerii 118 Zaporizhzhia 104-5 Zeit, Die 64 . Zelensky, Volodymyr 32,115,118 background 36 banning of political forces in the south-east of Ukraine 115-16 decision to stay in Ukraine at start of invasion 102 presidential election campaign and elected president (2019) 11, 32, Yanukovych, Viktor 32, 43, 44-5, 84, 98,115 decision not to sign EU Association Agreement 47, 49 deposing of and flight to Russia (2014) 49-50 and Euromaidan protests 49 regime under 46-7 Yeltsin, Boris 2, 7, 26, 28-9, 29, 56, 64 Yugoslavia, former wars in 2 35-7, Si reform programme 51-2 speech on the night of Russian invasion of Ukraine 52 style of leadership during war 102 understanding of Ukrainian society 36 Zhadan, Serhiy Sky Above Kharkiv 1 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 28 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen |
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Contents Preface Maps 1 Why This War? Why Now? ix xiii 1 Ukraine 2 Independence and Territory 19 3 Protest and Transformation 40 Russia 4 Authoritarianism and Neo-Imperialism 55 Russia’s War Against Ukraine 5 The Annexation of Crimea in 2014 69 6 The War in Donbas since 2014 83 7 The War of Aggression since 24 February 2022 95 8 The Consequences of the War 112
vil Contents Outlook 131 Sources and Literature Index 135 143
Sources and Literature Primary Sources Aljazeera (2022) ‘Russia-Ukraine crisis: Zelensky’s address in full’. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.eom/news/2022/2/24/russia-u kraine-crisis-president-zelenskky-speech-in-full Bloomberg News (2022) ‘Full translation of Vladimir Putin’s Victory Day speech’. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ar ticIes/2022-05-09/full-transcript-here-s-russian-president-vladim ir-putin-s-victory-day-speech#xj4y7vzkg?leadSource=uverify%20 wall CNN (2022) ‘Zelensky receives standing ovation after speech to European Parliament’. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=hVvkdwksxMw Official Internet Resources of the President of Russia (2022a) ‘Address by the President of the Russian Federation - 21.2.2022’. Available at: http://en.kremIin.ru/events/president/news/67828 Official Internet Resources of the President of Russia (2022b) ‘Address by the President of the Russian Federation - 24.2.2022’. Available at: http :// en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843 Official Website of the President of Ukraine (2022a) ‘Russia has launched a new military operation against our state, martial law is being imposed throughout Ukraine’. Available at: https://www.
136 Sources and Literature president.gov.ua/en/news/rosiya-rozpochala-novu-vijskovu-oper aciyu-proti-nashoyi-derz-73105 Official Website of the President of Ukraine (2022b) ‘Address by the President of Ukraine’. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/ en/news/zvernennya-prezidenta-ukrayini-73137 Official Website of the President of Ukraine (2022c) ‘Address by President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the Bundestag’. Available at: https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/promova- prezidenta-ukrayini-volodimira-zelenskogo-u-bundesta-73621 Putin, V. (2021) ‘Offen sein trotz der Vergangenheit, Ein Gastbeitrag’. Die Zeit/Zeit Online. Available at: https://www.zeit.de/politik/aus land/2021-06/ueberfall-auf-die-sow)etunion-1941-europa-russla nd-geschichte-wladimir-putin/komplettansicht UNHCR (2023) Operational Data Portal: Ukraine refugee situation’. Available at: https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine United Nations (2023) ‘The UN and the war in Ukraine: Key informa tion’. Available at: https://unric.org/en/the-un-and-the-war-in-uk raine-key-information/#uk2 Surveys InfoSapiens (no date) ‘Publications’. Available at: https://www.sapi ens.com.ua/en/publications Kyiv International Institute of Sociology - KIIS (2014a) ‘Nationwide public opinion survey: Attitudes to the unitary state and autonomy in Ukraine, April-May 2014’. Available at: https://www.kiis.com .ua/?Iang=eng cat=reports id=319 page=6 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology - KIIS (2014b) ‘The views and opinions of the residents of south-eastern regions of Ukraine, April 2014’. Available at:
https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=eng cat =reports id=302 page=l y=2014 m=4 New Europe Center (2023) ‘Wartime diplomacy. What Ukrainians think about Ukraine’s movement towards EU membership and beyond’. Kyiv. Available at: http://neweurope.org.ua/en/analytics/ yevropejska-integratsiya-voyennogo-chasu-shho-dumayut-ukra yintsi-pro-ruh-ukrayiny-do-yes
Sources and Literature 137 Onuch, O. et al. (2019-2022) MOBILISE 2019-2022: Ukrainian Nationally Representative Survey (Waves 1-3). ZOiS (2019) ‘Donbas Surveys’; for results see: Sasse, G. and Lackner, A. (2019) ‘Attitudes and Identities across the Donbas Front Line: What Has Changed from 2016 to 2019?’ ZOiS, Report 3. Available at: https://www.zois-berlin.de/fileadmin/media/Dateien/3-Publi kationen/ZOiS_Reports/2019/ZOiS_Report_3_2019.pdf Other Literature Arel, D. and Driscoll, J. (2022) Ukraine’s Unnamed War: Before the Russian Invasion of2022. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Balmaceda, Μ. Μ. (2021) Russian Energy Chains: The Remaking of Technopolitics from Siberia to Ukraine to the European Union. New York: Columbia University Press. Beichelt, T. and Worschech, S. (2017) Transnational Ukraine? Networks and Ties that Influence(d) Contemporary Ukraine. Stuttgart: ibidem. Beissinger, Μ. R. (2022) The Revolutionary City: Urbanization and the Global Transformation of Rebellion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Bidenko, Y. (2018) ‘(De)structuring of the Civil Society in the Political Process in Ukraine and Belarus’. In Smith, D. H., Moldavanova, A. V. and Krasynska, S. (eds.), The Nonprofit Sector in Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia: Civil Society Advances and Challenges. Leiden: Brill, 29-55. Channell-Justice, E. (2022) Without the State: Self-Organization and Political Activism in Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Charap, S. and Colton, T. J. (2018) Everyone Loses: The Ukraine Crisis and the Ruinous Contestfor Post-Soviet Eurasia.
Abingdon: Routledge. D’Anieri, P. (2019) Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. dekoder, Centre for East European and International Studies - ZOiS and The Research Centre for East European Studies - FSO (2019)
138 Sources and Literature ‘The Crimean Archipelago: Overview’. Available at: https://crimea .dekoder.org/archipelago Dollbaum, J. Μ., Lallouet Μ., and Noble, B. (2021) Navalny: Putin’s Nemesis, Russia’s Future? London: C. Hurst Co. Dragneva, R. and Wolczuk, K. (2015) Ukraine between the EU and Russia: The Integration Challenge. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Fischer, S. (2022) ‘Peace Talks between Russia and Ukraine: Mission Impossible’. Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, SWP- Comment No. 65 (November). Available at: https://www.swp-ber lin.org/publications/products/comments/2022C65_PeaceTalksR ussia_Ukraine.pdf Frye, T. (2021) Weak Strongman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Giuliano, E. (2018) ‘Who Supported Separatism in Donbas? Ethnicity and Popular Opinion at the Start of the Ukraine Crisis’. In Onuch, O., Hale H. E. and Sasse, G. (eds.), Special Issue: ‘Identity Politics in Times of Crisis: Ukraine as a Critical Case’. Post-Soviet Affairs 34:2-3, pp. 158-78. Glauben, T. et al (2022) ‘The War in Ukraine Exposes Supply Tensions on Global Agricultural Markets: Openness to Global Trade is Needed to Cope with the Crisis’. IAMO Policy Brief No. 44, Halle (Saale). Greene, S. A. and Robertson, G. B. (2019) Putin v. the People: The Perilous Politics of a Divided Russia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Harding, L. (2022) Invasion: The Inside Story ofRussia’s Bloody War and Ukraine’s Fightfor Survival. New York: Vintage Books. Hurak, I. and D’Anieri, P. (2022) ‘The Evolution of Russian Political Tactics in Ukraine’. Problems of Post-Communism 69:2, pp.
12132. IISS (2023) ‘Country focus: Ukraine’. Available at: https://www.iiss .org/regions/russia-and-eurasia/ukraine ISW (2022) ‘Ukraine conflict updates’. Available at: https://underst andingwar.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-updates
Sources and Literature 139 Keudel, О. (2022) How Patronal Networks Shape Opportunities for Local Citizen Participation in a Hybrid Regime. A Comparative Analysis of Five Cities in Ukraine. Stuttgart: ibidem/Columbia University Press. Khromeychuk, O. (2021) A Loss: The Story of a Dead Soldier Told by His Sister. Stuttgart: ibidem. Kostiuchenko, T. and Martsenyuk, T. (2022) Russia's War in Ukraine 2022: Personal Experiences of Ukrainian Scholars. Stuttgart: ibidem. Kulyk, V. (2018) ‘Shedding Russianness, Recasting Ukrainianness: The Post-Euromaidan Dynamics of Ethnonational Identifications in Ukraine’. In Onuch, O., Hale, H. E. and Sasse, G. (eds.), Special Issue: ‘Identity Politics in Times of Crisis: Ukraine as a Critical Case’. Post-Soviet Affairs 34:2-3, pp. 119-38. Kulyk, V. (2019) ‘Identity in Transformation: Russian-Speakers in Post-Soviet Ukraine’. Europe-Asia Studies 71:1, pp. 156-78. Kurkov, A. (2014) Ukraine Diaries: Dispatches From Kiev. London: Harvill Seeker. Kuznetsova, I. and Mikheieva, O. (2020) 'Forced Displacement from Ukraine’s War-Torn Territories: Intersectionality and Power Geometry'. Nationalities Papers 48:4, pp. 690-706. Kyiv School of Economics Institute (no date) 'KSE Institute'. Available at: https://kse.ua/kse-department/kse-institute Löwis, S. and Sasse, G. (2021) ‘A Border Regime in the Making? The Case of the Contact Line in Ukraine’. Historical Social Research 46:3, pp. 208-44. McGlynn, J. (2023) Russia’s War. Cambridge: Polity Press. Mankoff, J. (2022) Imperial Legacies in Eurasia: How Imperial Legacies Shape International Security. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Minakov, Μ., Kasianov, G. and Rojansky, Μ. (2021)From ‘The Ukraine’ to Ukraine: A Contemporary History, 1991-2021. Stuttgart: ibidem. Myshlovska, O. and Schmid, U. (eds.) (2019) Regionalism without Regions: Reconceptualizing Ukraine’s Heterogeneity. Budapest: Central European University Press.
140 Sources and Literature Onuch, О. (2014) Mapping Mass Mobilization: Understanding Revolutionary Moments in Argentina and Ukraine. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Onuch, O. and Hale, H. E. (2022) The Zelensky Effect. London: Hurst. Onuch, O. and Sasse, G. (2016) ‘The Maidan in Movement and the Cycles of Protest’. Europe-Asia Studies 68:4, pp. 556-87. Onuch, O., Hale, H. E. and Sasse, G. (2018) ‘Studying Identity in Ukraine’. Introduction to Special Issue: ‘Identity Politics in Times of Crisis: Ukraine as a Critical Case’, Post-Soviet Affairs 34:2-3, pp. 79-83. Plokhy, S. (2017) The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine. New York: Basic Books. Plokhy, S. (2022) The Frontline: Essays on Ukraine’s Past and Present. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. Plokhy, S. (2023) The Russo-Ukrainian War: The Return of History. New York: Norton Co. Portnov, A. (2020) ‘Poland and Ukraine: Entangled Histories, Asymmetric Memories’. In Essays of the Forum Transregionale Studien. Berlin: Forum Transregionale Studien. Romanova, V. and Umland, A. (2019) ‘Ukraine Decentralization Reforms since 2014: Initial Achievements and Future Challenges’, Chatham House Research Papers, September. Available at: https:// www.chathamhouse.org/2019/09/ukraines-decentralization-re forms-2014 Sasse, G. (2007) The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition and Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Sasse, G. (2020) ‘War and Displacement: The Case of Ukraine’. Europe-Asia Studies 72:3, pp. 347-53. Sasse, G. (ed.) (2022/23) ‘Russia’s War against Ukraine: A Trio of Virtual Special Issues’.
Europe-Asia Studies 1-3. Sasse, G. and Lackner, A. (2019) ‘War and State-Making in Ukraine: Forging a Civic Identity from Below?’ The Ideology and Politics Journal 1:12. Sereda, V. (2020a) ‘In Search of Belonging: Rethinking the Other
Sources and Literature 141 in the Historical Memory of Ukrainian IDPs’. The Ideology and Politics Journal 2:16, pp. 83-107. Sereda, V. (2020b) '“Social Distancing” and Hierarchies of Belonging: The Case of Displaced Population from Donbas and Crimea’. In Sasse, G. (ed.) 'War and Displacement: The Case of Ukraine’. Europe-Asia Studies 72:3, pp. 404-31. Sereda, V. (2023) Displacement in War-Torn Ukraine: State, Displacement and Belonging. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Online Series: Elements in Global Development Studies). Snyder, T. (2019) The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America. New York: Vintage Books. Snyder, T. (2022) Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. Szporluk, R. (2000) Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. Trebesch, C. et al. (2023) ‘The Ukraine Support Tracker: Which Countries Help Ukraine and How?’ Kiel Working Paper No. 2218, Kiel Institute for the World Economy. Available at: https://www .ifw-kiel.de/publications/kiel-working-papers/2022/the-ukraine -support-tracker-which-countries-help-ukraine-and-how-172 04/ Uehling, G. L. (2023) Everyday War: The Conflict over Donbas, Ukraine. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Wilson, A. (2014) Ukraine Crisis: What It Means for the West. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Wilson, A. (2022) The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Fifth edition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Zarembo, K. (2020) European Donbas: How to Talk about European Integration in Donetsk and Luhansk Regions. Kyiv: FriedrichEbert-Stiftung. Zhadan, S.
(2023 [2022]) Sky Above Kharkiv: Dispatches from the Ukrainian Front. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Zhurzhenko, T. (2010) Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine. Stuttgart: ibidem.
142 Sources and Literature Zhurzhenko, T., Fedor, J. Μ., Kangaspuro, Μ. and Lassila, J. (2017) War and Memory in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Index Abkhazia 130 war in 2, 24,132 Africa impact of war on wheat supplies 129 agriculture 128-9 Akhmetov, Renat 116 Aksyonov, Sergei 69 anti-Western sentiment 112,127 Armenia confrontation with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karbach 130 authoritarian systems 61 and Russia 5, 6, 7-8,14, 55-65.119-20,133 Azerbaijan confrontation with Armenia over Nagorno-Karbach 130 Azov Sea 29, 93 Azov steel works (Mariupol) 104,116 Badinter Committee 70-1 Bakhmut, battle over 106 ‘Baltic Way’ 41 Belarus 110 build up of Russian military presence in 99 dependence on Russia 99 first peace talks held in 102-3 impact of war on 129-30 relations with Russia 130 Russian Iskander missile system moved to 130 Berdyansk 93,105 Biden, Joe 95,122 bilingualism, Russian-Ukrainian 38-9 Black Sea 74,105,128 military escalation in (2018) 93 NATO’s increased presence in 98
144 Black Sea Fleet 25, 29, 30, 77 Britain military aid to Ukraine 109 Bucharest summit (2008) see NATO Budapest Memorandum (1994) 22-3 Central and East Europe 13 and NATO 97 Centre for East European and International Studies (ZOiS) 92 Chechen wars 2, 64 first (1994-6) 7, 28 second (2000-9) 7, 56-7, 64 Chernobyl disaster (1986) 41 children, Ukrainian deportation of to Russia 2, 107 China 14, 71,103,125 relations with Russia 127-8 strategic cooperation with Russia 111 Ukraine war stance 128 churches (Ukraine) 118-19 citizenship 11, 37, 38 Cold War, end of 2 colonialism 112 colour revolutions 44 Copenhagen criteria 123 corruption fighting of in Ukraine 36, 48, 50-1, 52 Covid-19 pandemic 128 Index Crimea 23-30 becomes an integral part of south-eastern Ukraine from 1998 30 conflict in early 1990s 25-6 conquest of by Russian Empire (1783) 76, 77 constitution (1992) 25, 26, 70 constitution (1998) 27 destruction of bridge linking Russia to 105 dominance of Russian language in 27-8 factors defusing the conflict potential in 1990s 26-7 granted autonomy status 23-4 multi-ethnicity 27 relations with Ukraine 25-6, 28 resettlement of Russians in after annexation 82 Russian movement in 25-6, 28 strategic and symbolic importance to Russia 25 transfer from RSFSR to Ukrainian SSR (1954) 21, 75, 78-80 votes for Ukrainian independence 22, 80 Crimea, annexation of (2014) 2, 6,14,16, 22-3, 31, 61, 69-82, 94,119,132 Crimean Tatar claim 75-6
Index Crimean Tatar opposition to and repression of 81, 82 EU/US sanctions imposed on Russia 73-4 impact of on population and difficulties faced 81-2 increase in support for Putin 119 non-recognition of by the West 73, 74-s opinion polls 81 peace talk proposals 103 Putin’s justification for and Russia’s neo-imperial claim 72-3, 76-7, 83 Putin’s speech on ‘reunification’ of Crimea after referendum 70-3 ‘referendum’ on reunification with Russia 70-1 Russian public opinion on 74 signing of accession of Crimea and Sevastopol to the Russian Federation 73 taking control of institutions and installation of Aksyonov as prime minister 69 Ukrainian claim to 77-9 and war in Donbas 83, 84 ‘Crimea Declaration’ (2018) 74 Crimean Khanate 19, 75-6 Crimean Tatars 24-5, 27-8, 30, 70, 71, 75 claim on Crimea 75-6 145 defining themselves as citizens of Ukraine 76 deportation of by Stalin 24, 27-8, 75, 78 exodus of after annexation 82 opposition to annexation and repression of 81, 82 return to Crimea (1991) 25, 76, 80 Crimean War (1853-6) 77 Czech Republic 124 military aid to Ukraine 109 taking in displaced Ukrainians 107 democracy, classifications of 55 digital authoritarianism and Russia 60 displacement/displaced people of Ukrainians during war 2, 106-7,116,117 Dnipro Canal 105 Dnipropetrovsk 34, 83 Donbas 37 pre-war 83-4 Donbas, war in (2014-22) 2, 6, 14,15,16, 52, 61, 75, 83-94, 119,132 and annexation of Crimea 83, 84 beginnings of 84 ceasefire line (‘contact line’) and crossing of 31-2, 90-1 civic Ukrainian identity 92 death toll 90
146 Index Donbas, war in (2014-22) (cont.) deployment of an OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (2014) 87, 88 gradual reorientation of Russia controlled ‘people’s republics’ 91-2 independence of‘people’s republics’ 57, 84-5, 87 killing of separatist protestors in Odesa (2014) 84 Minsk agreements and partitioning of 31-2, 87-9 peace talks 87 Putin accuses Ukraine of committing ‘genocide’ 100 Putin’s recognition of independent ‘people’s republics’ 100 Russia’s active intervention in 86, 87-8 separatist mobilization and reasons for success of 84-7 significance of to Russia 90 Donetsk 22, 83, 57, 84-5, 88, 100,104-5,106 Duma 58 Dzhemilev, Mustafa 76 Eastern Partnership 46 Economist 25 Ekho Moskvy 60 energy sources alternative sources 127 EU dependence on Russian 14, 94,127,132 Eritrea no EU (European Union) 12,122-4, 126-7 Association Agreement with Ukraine and initial non signing of 10, 47-8, 49 Copenhagen criteria 123 dependence on US leadership 122 energy dependence on Russia 14, 94,127,132 enlargement 123 need for reforms within 124 relations with Ukraine 10, 45-6,47 sanctions against Russia 13-14, 61, 73-4, 94,109-10, 120-1,128 signing of Association Agreement with Ukraine (2016) 51 support of Ukraine during war 103-4,108 surprised by Russian attack on Ukraine (2022) 3 and Ukraine membership 12, 122-4 Ukraine’s border with 31 Eurasian Economic Union 12, 34, 47,130 Euromaidan protests (2013-14) 10, 33, 34, 35, 46, 47-50, 69, 72, 84
Index European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) 87 European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) 45-6 European Union see EU Federation Council 58 fertilizers 128 Finland and NATO membership 125 First World War 20 food supply 128 impact of war on 128-9 Franchuk, Anatolii 26 frozen conflicts 132 G8 exclusion of Russia from 73 G20 73 Galicia 36, 37 geopoliticization of European societies 126-8 Georgia Association Agreement with EU 46 and EU membership 122-3 and NATO membership 96-7 Gerasimov, Chief of General Staff 119 Germany 126 military assistance given to Ukraine 108,109,126 and NATO membership 97 and Nord Stream 2 project 14, 94,109,132 147 proclamation of a ‘time shift’ by Scholz 126 relations with and policy towards Russia 13-14, 64 reliance on Russian energy 14 taking in displaced Ukrainians 107 Gongadze, Georgii murder of 43 Gorbachev, Mikhail 42, 97 Habsburg Empire 19, 20 Heavenly Hundred 49 Helsinki Final Act 96 history and Russia’s neo-imperial state ideology 8-9 Holodomor (1932-3) 11, 21 Hrushevsky, Mykhaylo 78 Hungary ban on Ukrainian wheat imports 108 relations with Russia 124 internally displaced persons (IDPs) 107 see also displacement/displaced people International Civil Aviation Organization 88 International Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) 93 International and Monetary Fund 114
Index 148 Iran 130 Iskander missile system 130 Israel 103 Italy taking in displaced Ukrainians 107 ‘It’s Time!’ (activist movement) 45 Johnson, Boris 104 Kadyrov, Ramzan 119-20 Kazakhstan 130 Kerch Strait military confrontation between Russia and Ukraine (2018) 93 Khabarovsk, protests (2019) 62 Kharkiv 3,15, 22, 84,101 Kherson annexation of 105 Russia’s advance on 104 Khrushchev, Nikita 78-9, 99 Kimani, Martin 127 Kirill, Patriarch 63 Komsomol 42 Kravchuk, President Leonid 29 Kuchma, President Leonid 26, 27, 29, 32, 42—3, 45 Kuleba, Dmytro 103 ‘Kuchmagate’ 43 Kyiv 15, 27, 32 attack on in first days of invasion 129 attempt by Russia to capture Kyiv but unsuccessful 101, 102 human chain formed from Lviv to (1990) 41 missile strikes on 3,15,101 protests against government 48 relations with Simferopol 25, 28, 70, 76 settling of Crimean Tatars in 82 Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) 3, 23, 85, 134 Kyiv School of Economics 114 language use 35, 38-9 impact of Ukraine war on 116-17 see also Russian language; Ukrainian language Lavrov, Sergei 101,103 Lenin, Vladimir 20, 99 Levada 62, 81 Levitsky, Steven 42 literature role of in dissemination of the colonial view 77 Luhansk 57, 83, 84-5, 88,100, 104-5,106 Lukashenko, Aleksandr 99,129 Luzhkov, Yurii 28 Lviv 3, 41, 48, 82,106 Lvova-Belova, Maria 107
Index Mariupol 93,105 Azov Steel plant 104,116 falling into Russian hands 104 Marshall Plan 115 Masol, Vitali 41 Medvedchuk, Viktor 115 Medvedev, Dmitrii 58,101,104 Memorial 63 Meshkov, Yurii 25-6 MH17 plane, shooting down of (2014) 88 Milosevic, Slobodan 44 Minsk agreements 94 Minsk II agreement (2015) 31, 75, 88, 89 Minsk Protocol (2014) 31, 88 Moldova 12, 31 Association Agreement with EU 46 EU candidate status granted to 123 and EU membership 130 see also Transnistria Mongol Empire 76 Moroz, Oleksandr 43 Moskva, sinking of 105 mother tongue 37, 38, 72 Nagorno-Karabakh war 2 Naryshkin, Sergei 57 national identity and Ukraine 4, 20, 37-8 National Security Council meeting (2022) 57 nationality 37-8 149 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 89,124-6 Bucharest Summit (2008) 12, 96 core tasks of 125 eastward enlargement 12,13, 47, 64-5, 97 new Strategic Concept 125 rapid response force 125 relations with Russia 47, 96-7, 98-9 relations with Ukraine and membership issue 10,12, 34-5, 98 reticent over no-fly zone 108 sanctions against Russia 61 summit (Madrid) (2022) 125 support for Ukraine during war 103-4,107-8 Swedish and Finnish membership 125 trying to keep wider escalation of war under control 108 underling central role of by the war 124 and United States 125 NATO-Russia Founding Act (1997) 12,13, 96 NATO-Ukraine Charter (1997) 98 Navalny, Alexei, poisoning of (2020) 59 Nemtsov, Boris murder of (2015) 59
150 Index no-fly zone 108 Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline 14, 94,109,132 North Atlantic Treaty Organization see NATO North Crimea Canal 79-80 North Korea no Norway military aid given to Ukraine 109 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 22 nuclear weapons transfer of from Ukraine to Russia 22, 25, 29 October Revolution 20 Odesa 3, 22, 84,105 oligarchs 7, 33, 56, 57. 87,115-16 Onuch, Olga 48 Opposition Platform - For Life 33, ns Orange Revolution (2004) 10, 32, 43, 44-5, 46, 48 Orthodox Church of Ukraine 118-19 OSCE Special Monitoring Mission 87, 88,100 Ottoman Empire 76 Our Ukraine 45 Party of Regions 33, 50, 69,115 ‘people’s republics’ (Donbas) see Donetsk; Luhansk Pereyaslav Treaty (1654) 79 Peskov, Dmitrii 101 Peter the Great 9 Poland 124,129 import ban on Ukrainian wheat 108,129 military aid to Ukraine 109 taking in displaced Ukrainians 107 Pompeo, Mike 74 Poroshenko, Petro 35, 36, 50-1, 93, 98 presidential elections, Ukrainian (2004) 32, 43-4, 45 (2010) 46 (2019) 11, 32, 35-7, 71 Prigozhin, Yevgenii 119-20 protests and transformation in Ukraine 40-52 Putin, Vladimir 6, 47,133 and annexation of Crimea 69, 72, 82, 83,119 arrest warrant for war crimes 107 and Belarus 130 and Chechen war 64 concern with own historical legacy 9, 60-1 demonization of Euromaidan protests 72 describing of invasion as a ‘special military operation' 62,100 essay on German-Russia relations 64
151 Index and EU 12 future of 120 inner circle 119 leadership style 56-7 meeting with Biden (2021) 95 mobilization of troops 106 and NATO enlargement 64-5 neo-imperial thinking 8-9,14, 61, 63, 71, 72-3 orchestration of constitutional reform (2020)62-3 personalization and centralization of power 57-8, 61 popularity ratings 60, 61, 64, 74,119 and potential NATO integration of Ukraine 12 presidential election campaign and succeeds Yeltsin as president (2000) 7, 64 puts Yanukovych under pressure not to sign EU Association Agreement 47 repressive regime 59-60 sees Western policies as a threat 11-12 speech on ‘reunification’ of Crimea 70-3 speech on Ukraine (21 Feb 2022) 5, 99-100 speech on Ukraine (24 Feb 2022)100 treatment of oligarchs 57 and war against culture of Ukraine 114 war rhetoric 72 Revolution of Dignity see Euromaidan protests Revolution on Granite (1990) 41 Right Sector (Pravy) Sektor 49 Russia 55-65 annexation of Crimea see Crimea, annexation of anti-West propaganda/ rhetoric 59-60, 63,127 authoritarianism and tightening of due to war 5, 6, 7-8,14, 55-65,119-20, 133 banning of independent media 59-60 brain drain and exodus of younger and well-educated Russians 121-2 close link between domestic and foreign policy 8 constitution (1993) 56 and digital authoritarianism 60 economic system 58 EU dependence on energy supplies 14, 94,127,132 EU/ΝΑΤΟ sanctions against and impact of 13-14, 61, 73-4, 94,109-10,120-1, 128
152 Index Russia (cont.) impact of Ukraine war on 119-22 increase in trade with China and India 110 invasion of Ukraine see War of Aggression law on foreign agents and organizations 59 local protests/grievances 62 as a ‘managed democracy’ under Putin 55-6 neo-imperial claim to Crimea 76-7 opposition parties and oppression of 58, 59 penetration of society with state-sponsored memory politics and propaganda 8-9 pre-Putin relations with Ukraine 25 reinterpretation of Russian/ Soviet history 60 relations with Belarus 130 relations with China 111, 127-8 relations with Germany 64 relations with NATO 47, 96-7, 98-9 relations with the West 6 repression against anyone protesting against the ‘war’ 120 sees EU’s closer relations with Ukraine as a threat 47 Victory Day (9 May) celebrations 9, 63 and war in Donbas see Donbas, war in West’s growing contradictions in policies towards 13-14 see also Putin, Vladimir Russian Central Bank no, 121 Russian Empire 78 conquest of Crimea (1783) 76, 78 Russian Federation constitution (1993) 7 Russian Human Rights Council 70 Russian language 27-8, 33, 35, 38, 39, 78, 83, 86 Russian Orthodox Church 63 Russian Unity party 69 Sakha 56 sanctions imposed against Russia by EU/NATO 13-14, 61, 73-4, 94,109-10,120-1,128 Scholz, Chancellor Olaf 109,126 Schröder, Chancellor Gerhard 64 Schuman, Robert 123 Sea of Azov see Azov Sea Second World War 21, 60, 63, 77
153 Index Serbia ‘Bulldozer Revolution’ 44 ‘Servant of the People’ (party) 36 Servant of the People (tv series) 36 Sevastopol 22, 27, 29, 71 reunification of with Russia (2014) 71.73 Russian naval base in 29-30 siege of 77 Shoigu, Sergei 119 Simferopol relations with Kyiv 25, 28, 70, 76 Slovakia 129 Snyder, Timothy 21 South Ossetia 24, 96,130 Soviet Union 42 break-up of 2, 7,13, 22, 24,71, 78, 97,132 deportation of Crimean Tatars by Stalin 24, 27-8, 75. 78 and national identity 37-8 Spain taking in displaced Ukrainians 107 Stalin, Josef 11, 20-1, 79, 99 deportation of Crimean Tatars 24, 27-8, 75, 78 rehabilitation of under Putin 63 State Council 63 sunflower oil 128 Sweden and NATO membership 125 Syria 2, no Syrian civil war 57 Tajikistan civil war 2 Tatarstan 56 Taurida 78 Transnistria 2, 31,130,132, 311 Transparency International global corruption index 51 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces (1990) 13 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Partnership (Great Treaty) (1997) 29 Trump, Donald 14 Turkey 103,130 TV Rain 60 Tymoshenko, Yulia 45, 46 Ukraine 19-52 amendment of constitution (2019) 98 approval ratings for independence since 1991 23 Association Agreement with EU and initial non-signing of 10, 47-8, 49 ban on political forces in the south-east by Zelensky 115-16 census (2001) 37
154 Index Ukraine (cont.) citizenship granted to all residents (1991) 11 civil society 117 claim to Crimea 77-9 competitive authoritarianism under Kuchma 42-3 connection between protest and transformation 40-52 constitution (1996) 27, 42 corruption and fighting of 36, 48, so-ι, 52 democratization and westward expansion of 5, 9-10 energy dependence on Russia 42 EU candidate status granted to 123-4 and EU membership 12, 122-4 Euromaidan protests (2013-14) see Euromaidan protests foreign policy orientation and regional differences 34-5 history up to independence 19-22 Holodomor (1932-3) 11, 21 impact and consequences of the war 113-19 independence (1991) and international recognition 78, 80,132 independence movement and road to independence 19-22, 41 integration into EU structures 12 integration into Soviet Union (1922) 20 language law 35 leaning towards authoritarianism under Yanukovych 46-7 national identity 4, 20, 37-8 and NATO membership 12, 34-5, 96-7, 98, 99 obstacles to transformation into a democratic market economy 42 Orange Revolution (2004) 10, 32, 44-5 party spectrum in regions 32-4 Poroshenko regime 50-1 referendum on independence (1991) 22, 23, 42 reform programme under Zelensky 51-2 regional diversity 30-1 regions and borders 29-32 relations with Crimea 25-6, 28 relations with EU 10, 45-6, 47 relations with NATO 10, 98 relations with pre-Putin Russia 25
Index relations with Russia under Yeltsin 28-30 signing of Association Agreement with EU (2016) 51 Stalin era 21 strengthening of civic national identity 5,10-11 successful political integration of Crimea into 80 under martial law 115 voting behaviour and regional patterns 32-3 Ukraine, war against annexation of Crimea see Crimea, annexation of approval ratings in Russia 62 and change in language practice 116-17 changing of political landscape in Ukraine due to 115-16 death toll and casualties 1-2 destruction of cultural assets 114-15 developments creating conditions for descent into 5-16 domination of positive emotions in opinion polls despite the 134 impact and consequences of on Russia 119-22 impact and consequences of for Ukraine 113-19 155 impact on Russian-backed de facto states 130 infrastructure destroyed 114 invasion of Ukraine see War of Aggression reconstruction 113-15,116, 124 seen as fight against ‘Nazism’ by Russia 60 and traumatization 117-18 war in Donbas see Donbas, war in ‘Ukraine without Kuchma’ protest (2000-1) 43 Ukrainian language 20, 21, 27, 35, 38,39,116-17 Ukrainian Ministry of Culture 114 Ukrainian Orthodox Church 118-19 Ukrainian People’s Republic (1918-20) 20 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR) 19, 20, 21 UN (United Nations) and annexation of Crimea 73 UN General Assembly attempt at passing resolution on exclusion of Russia from the UN Human Rights Council 110-11 attempt at passing resolution on Russia’s attack as illegal 110,111
156 UNHCR 2,106,107 Union Treaty 42 United Russia 58 United States 14 and democracy promotion 44 economic and military assistance to Ukraine 108, 109 and EU 122 and Marshall Plan 115 and NATO 125 and Russia’s annexation of Crimea 73, 74-5 sanctions imposed on Russia 120-1 and Ukraine war 122 Vladimir, Prince 77 VTSIOM institute 62 Vynnytsya 106 Wagner Group 106,110,119 War of Aggression (2022- ) 95-in amount of territory occupied by Russia 105 annexation of four more territories by Russia 104-5 attempt to take Kyiv by Russian forces and failure 101,102 beginnings 5,15 deportation of children to Russia 2,107 Index destruction of bridge linking Crimea to Russia 105 displacement of Ukrainians 2, 106-7,116 fatalities 106 mobilization of troops by Putin 106 and NATO 103-4,107-8 peace talks and proposals 102-4,115 problems encountered by Russian troops 101-2 Putin speeches justifying 99-101 Russian demands (2021) 95-6 Russian preparations and build up of troops near border 95 Russian retreats 105-6 Russian Wagner units 106 Russian war crimes 104,107 as a 'special military operation’ 62,100,120 trench style warfare 106 underestimation of Ukraine’s capabilities and resolve 3-4, 61,102 Western financial and military support for Ukraine 102,103-4,107-8 Warsaw Pact 97 disintegration of 13, 97 Way, Lucan 42 Wells Declaration (1940) 74-5
157 Index West growing contradictions in policies towards Russia Yushchenko, Viktor 32, 44-5, 46 13-14 increasing discrepancies between Russian security perceptions and 11-13 Putin sees policies of as a threat 11-12 relations with Russia 6, 73 wheat 128,129 import bans on Ukrainian 108,129 World Bank 114 Zalushnyi, Valerii 118 Zaporizhzhia 104-5 Zeit, Die 64 . Zelensky, Volodymyr 32,115,118 background 36 banning of political forces in the south-east of Ukraine 115-16 decision to stay in Ukraine at start of invasion 102 presidential election campaign and elected president (2019) 11, 32, Yanukovych, Viktor 32, 43, 44-5, 84, 98,115 decision not to sign EU Association Agreement 47, 49 deposing of and flight to Russia (2014) 49-50 and Euromaidan protests 49 regime under 46-7 Yeltsin, Boris 2, 7, 26, 28-9, 29, 56, 64 Yugoslavia, former wars in 2 35-7, Si reform programme 51-2 speech on the night of Russian invasion of Ukraine 52 style of leadership during war 102 understanding of Ukrainian society 36 Zhadan, Serhiy Sky Above Kharkiv 1 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 28 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen |
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| era | Geschichte 2014- gnd |
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How could this happen in twenty-first century Europe? Why did Putin decide to escalate Russia's war against Ukraine, a war which began with Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014? In this concise and authoritative book, Gwendolyn Sasse analyses the background to this conflict and examines the factors that led to Putin's fateful decision. She retraces the history of Ukraine's struggle for independence from Russia and shows how democratic developments in Ukraine had become a risk for Russia's political system. She also shows that ambiguous Western policy towards Russia encouraged elites in the Kremlin to think that they had more room for action than they did. The result is a brilliant analysis of the factors that led to Russia's invasion, a concise account the course of the war itself and a timely reflection on what its consequences will be - for Ukraine, for Russia and for the West.An indispensable text for anyone who wants to understand the most dangerous conflict of our time</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 2014-</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)106969780X</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Ukraine</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4061496-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Vergleichende und internationale Politikwissenschaft</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Ukraine</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4061496-7</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)106969780X</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 2014-</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - 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| geographic | Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ukraine Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV049389724 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:01:00Z |
| indexdate | 2025-03-19T09:01:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781509560608 9781509560592 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034717176 |
| oclc_num | 1407830325 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-12 DE-521 |
| physical | xii, 157 Seiten Karten 216 mm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240320 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Polity |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sasse, Gwendolyn 1972- Verfasser (DE-588)128748125 aut Der Krieg gegen die Ukraine Russia's war against Ukraine Gwendolyn Sasse Cambridge Polity [2023] © 2023 xii, 157 Seiten Karten 216 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, giving rise to the deadliest conflict on European soil since the Second World War. How could this happen in twenty-first century Europe? Why did Putin decide to escalate Russia's war against Ukraine, a war which began with Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014? In this concise and authoritative book, Gwendolyn Sasse analyses the background to this conflict and examines the factors that led to Putin's fateful decision. She retraces the history of Ukraine's struggle for independence from Russia and shows how democratic developments in Ukraine had become a risk for Russia's political system. She also shows that ambiguous Western policy towards Russia encouraged elites in the Kremlin to think that they had more room for action than they did. The result is a brilliant analysis of the factors that led to Russia's invasion, a concise account the course of the war itself and a timely reflection on what its consequences will be - for Ukraine, for Russia and for the West.An indispensable text for anyone who wants to understand the most dangerous conflict of our time Geschichte 2014- gnd rswk-swf Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X gnd rswk-swf Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Vergleichende und internationale Politikwissenschaft Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Ukraine (DE-588)4061496-7 g Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X s Geschichte 2014- z DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034717176&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034717176&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034717176&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Sasse, Gwendolyn 1972- Russia's war against Ukraine Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)106969780X (DE-588)4061496-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Russia's war against Ukraine |
| title_alt | Der Krieg gegen die Ukraine |
| title_auth | Russia's war against Ukraine |
| title_exact_search | Russia's war against Ukraine |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russia's war ggainst Ukraine |
| title_full | Russia's war against Ukraine Gwendolyn Sasse |
| title_fullStr | Russia's war against Ukraine Gwendolyn Sasse |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia's war against Ukraine Gwendolyn Sasse |
| title_short | Russia's war against Ukraine |
| title_sort | russia s war against ukraine |
| topic | Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X gnd |
| topic_facet | Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg Ukraine Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034717176&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034717176&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034717176&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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