A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY): Part 1
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| 100 | 1 | |a Miyaoka, Osahito |d 1936- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1146982399 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) |n Part 1 |c by Osahito Miyaoka |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin ; Boston |b De Gruyter Mouton |c [2012] | |
| 300 | |a li, 705 Seiten |b Karten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a Mouton grammar library |v 58 | |
| 490 | 0 | |a Mouton grammar library |v 58 | |
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| 830 | 0 | |a Mouton grammar library |v 58 |w (DE-604)BV000018422 |9 58,1 | |
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| adam_text | Contents The Grammar consists of fifty-four chapters (§ 1 through § 54) in ten parts. Footnotes and examples are respectively referred to as, e.g. “fn. 4” and (24), within one and the same chapter, while ones in a different chapter (e.g. § 10) are referred to as, §-10-fh.4 and § 10(24). Acknowledgements...........................................................................................vii Foreword ........................................................................................................... ix List of tables................................................................................................ xxxix List of phonological rules.................................................................................. xli Abbreviations and conventions...................................................................... xliii Maps .................................................................................................................1 Part 1: Preliminaries Chapter 1 Introductory...................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Profiles of Eskimo languages............................................................. 3 1.2. CAY - Speakers and dialects............................................................. 4 1.3. Postcontact status and current status.................................................. 7 1.4. Previous studies and sources for this description............................ 10 1.5. CAY’s geographical placement among neighboring languages..... 13 Chapter 2 A word in
Yupik............................................................................................. 18 2.1. A word as a “form”........................................................................... 18 2.2. Bilateral articulation......................................................................... 21 2.2.1. Words and syllables as minimal forms............................................ 21 2.2.2. A glimpse into the “form”................................................................ 23 2.2.3. “Mismatches”................................................................................... 25 2.3. Words, bound phrases, and phrases ................................................ 26 2.3.1. Clitic vs. non-clitic bound phrase..................................................... 27 2.3.2. Strongly vs. weakly bound .............................................................. 28 2.3.3. Detached or hetero-articulations...................................................... 29 2.4. Illustrations from CAY.................................................................... 30 2.5. Implications of formhood.................................................................33
xviii Contents Chapter 3 Phonological preliminaries........................................................................... 35 3.1. 3.2. 3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.2.3. 3.2.4. 3.3. 3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.3.2.1. 3.3.2.2. 3.3.3. 3.3.3.1. 3.3.3.2. 3.3.4. 3.3.4.1. 3.3.4.2. 3.3.4.3. 3.3.5. 3.3.5.1. 3.3.5.2. 3.3.5.3. 3.3.5.4. 3.3.6. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.6.1. 3.6.2. 3.6.3. 3.6.4. Representations ...................................................................................... 36 Vowels..................................................................................................... 38 Three full vowels and schwa................................................................. 39 Single vs. double vowels....................................................................... 40 Vowel clusters........................................................................................ 41 Phonetic specifications...........................................................................43 Consonants ............. 46 Place-of-articulation contrasts.............................................................. 47 Manner-of-articulation contrasts.......................................................... 50 Phonological alternations..................................................... 51 Dialect variations ................................................................................... 51 Voiceless vs. voiced............................................................................... 52 Phonological alternations...................................................................... 54 Dialectal
variations......................................................................... 54 Single vs. geminate................................................................................. 55 Names...................................................................................................... 56 Loanwords............................................................................................... 56 Intensification.......................... 57 Phonotactics ............................................................................................ 57 Word-medial...................... :................................................................... 58 Word-initial ............................................................................................. 60 Word-final ............................................................................................... 63 Final truncation ...................................................................................... 63 Phonetic specifications...........................................................................64 Phonological units.................................................................................. 68 Prosody......................................................................................................70 Practical orthography.............................................................................. 71 Use of alphabets ..................................................................................... 73 Use of apostrophes
................................................................................. 76 Use of hyphens ........................................................................................ 79 Different manners of writing................................................................. 81 Chapter 4 Morphological preliminaries......................................................................... 83 4.1. 4.1.1. 4.1.2. 4.1.3. 4.1.3.1. 4.1.3.2. General characteristics ...........................................................................84 Predominant suffixation ........................................................................ 85 Agglutination ........ .................................................................................. 88 Non-templatic polysynthesis .................................................................89 Derivational suffixes in advance.......................................................... 90 Postinflectional derivation .................................................................... 92
Contents xix 4.1.4. 4.1.4.1. 4.1.4.2. 4.1.4.3. 4.2. 4.2.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.2.1. 4.2.2.2. 4.2.3. 4.2.3.1. 4.2.3.2. 4.2.3.3. 4.2.4. 4.2.5. 4.2.5.1. 4.2.5.2. 4.2.5.3. 4.2.5.4. 4.2.5.4.1 4.2.5.4.2 4.2.5.5. 4.2.5.5.1 4.2.5.5.2 4.3. Ergativity and case-marking.................................................................. 93 Morphological ergativity....................................................................... 94 Double marking...................................................................................... 96 Case marking.......................................................................................... 96 Word and its constructions................................................................... 97 Three word classes - nominals, verbs, non-inflecting words ..........98 Constituents of inflecting words - stem, derivation, and inflection 101 Morpheme shapes and suffix types .................................................... 103 Morpheme sequence illustrated.......................................................... 106 Stems ............................ 107 Classification........................................................................................ 107 Shape of stems...................................................................................... 109 Lexical stock in trade: native and loan.............................................. 112 Inflectional suffixes (inflections) ..................................................... 114 Derivational suffixes ........................................................................... 116
Classification: transcategorial vs. stem-elaborating.......................117 Suffix order ........................................................................................... 122 Composite suffixes and cyclical expansion ..................................... 124 Morphological expansions illustrated ............................................... 128 Polysynthetic words ............................................................................ 128 Multiple embedding ............................................................................ 133 Periphrasis ............................................................................................. 134 Derivational suffixes vs. stems........................................................... 134 Splitting with expletive pi- - periphrastic constructions............. 136 Morphological anomalies.................................................................... 138 Chapter 5 Syntactical preliminaries............................................................................. 145 5.1. 5.1.1. 5.1.1.1. 5.1.1.2. 5.1.1.3. 5.1.2. 5.1.3. 5.2. 5.2.1. 5.2.2. 5.3. 5.3.1. 5.3.2. 5.3.3. Constituents of clauses.................... 146 Verbs - intransitive vs. transitive....................................................... 147 Verb stems - primary and valency-modified ................................... 148 Passives (vs. antipassives)........................................................... 150 Various derived verbs.......................................................................... 152 NPs
.........................................................................................................159 Peripherals............................................................................................. 161 Clause linkings ..................................................................................... 162 Coordinate, subordinate, and cosubordinate .................................... 163 Nominalizations ................................................................................... 165 Sentence types .......................................................................................167 Questions - content, polar, alternative, echo, indefinite, indirect 167 Commands - direct and indirect........................................................ 173 Exclamations and vocatives ................................................................174
XX Contents 5.3.4. 5.3.5. 5.4. 5.4.1. 5.4.2. 5.4.3. 5.4.4. Predicate-less sentences ....................................................................... 175 Direct and indirect speech.................................................................... 177 Constituent order................................................................................... 179 Some tendencies.................................................................................... 180 Detached constructions ........................................................................ 183 Disambiguation ..................................................................................... 183 Fronting .................................................................................................. 185 Chapter 6 Sociolinguistic notes .............................. 187 6.1. Hedging................................................................................................. 187 6.2. (Dis)honorific (or attitudinal) expressions........................................ 189 6.3. Word taboos ..........................................................................................189 6.4. Wordplay..-............................................................................................ 191 Phonology Part 2: Chapter 7 Segmental adjustments ........................................................................................ 195 7.1. (C)VC-stem/root strengthening: (Pl)................................................. 196 7.2. Initial fricativization: (P2)................................... 197 7.3.
Initial velar adjustments: (P3) ............................................................. 199 7.4. Final velar adjustments: (P4) .............................................................. 200 7.5. Final apical adjustments: (P5)............................................................. 202 7.6. Central vowel adjustments: (P6) ........................................................ 205 7.7. Schwa insertion: (P7) ........................................................................... 206 7.8. Schwa deletion: (P8) ............................................................................ 208 7.9. Final velar veletion: (P9)......................................................................210 7.10. Intervocalic velar deletion: (P10)....................................................... 211 7.11. Weak velar fricative deletion: (Pl 1)................................................. 212 7.12. Labiovelar fricativization: (Pl2)........................................................ 213 7.13. Devoicing: (Pl3) .................................................................................. 213 7.14. Post-devoicing cluster adjustments: (P14) ........................................ 215 7.15. /t/ affrication: (P15).............................................................................. 217 7.16. /v/ and /z/ adjustments: (P16).............................................................. 218 7.17. Word-final adjustments: (P17)............................................................ 219 Chapter Prosody 8.1. 8.2. 8.2.1. 8
.................................. 220 Rhythmical accent: (P18i)................................................................... 224 Regressive accent: (P18ii)................................................................... 225 Avoiding/V.V/: (P18ii.a).....................................................................225
Contents xxi 8.2.2. 8.2.3. 8.2.3.1. 8.2.3.2. 8.3. 8.4. 8.4.1. 8.4.2. 8.5. 8.5.1. 8.5.2. 8.5.3. 8.6. 8.7. 8.8. Avoiding /CVC.CV/: (Pl 8ii.b)........................................................... 228 Avoiding /CV.Ci/: (Pl8ii.c) .............................................................. 231 Blocking: (P18ii.d-g) .......................................................................... 232 Foot restructuring: (P18ii.h)............................................................... 234 Deaccentuation: (P18iii)...................................................................... 235 Regressive accent in bound phrases: (P18iv)................................... 236 Before a non-enclitic boundary (P18iv.a) ........................................ 236 Before an enclitic boundary: (P18iv.b) ............................................. 239 /ya/ and /ya/ deletion (syllable contraction): (Pl 8v)....................... 243 Within inflections: (P18v.a)................................................................ 246 Before other consonants: (Pl 8v.b).................................................... 247 Dialect variations ................................................................................. 248 CV-stem weakening: (Pl8vi) ............................................................. 249 Lexical and affective disturbances: (Pl 8vii).................................... 250 Double vowel contraction: (P18viii).................................. 252 Chapter 9 Postprosodic adjustments...................................................................................
255 9.1. /a/raising: (Pl9)................................................................................... 255 9.2. Vowel cluster adjustments: (P20) ...................................................... 256 9.3. Postprosodic devoicing: (P21) - Kuskokwim dialect...................... 257 9.4. Pre-boundary fricativization: (P22).................................................... 258 9.5. Affective adjustments (P23)............................................................... 259 9.6. Truncation (P24) .................................................................................. 261 9.7. Boundaries and potential pauses in summary .................................. 262 Part 3: Nominals Chapter 10 Nominal inflection and ambivalent stems....................................................... 267 10.1. Nominal inflections............................................................................. 267 10.2. Nominal stems...................................................................................... 269 10.3. Most basic stems - pi- and ca- ........................ 269 10.3.1. pi- .......................................................................................................... 269 10.3.2. ca- ..........................................................................................................272 10.4. Ambivalent stems................................................................................. 273 10.5. Roots........................................................................................................ 276 Chapter 11 Nouns
................................................................................................................ 289 11.1. Appositive nouns................................................................................. 281 11.2. Location nouns .................................................................................... 284
xxii Contents 11.2.1. 11.2.2. 11.2.2.1. 11.2.3. 11.2.3.1. 11.2.3.2. 11.3. 11.3.1. 11.3.2. 11.3.3. 11.3.4. 11.3.5. 11.3.6. 11.4. 11.4.1. 11.4.2. 11.4.3. 11.5. 11.6. 11.6.1. 11.6.2. 11.6.3. 11.7. 11.7.1. Stems ..................................................................................................... 284 Syntax and semantics ...........................................................................286 Stem specifics........................................................................................288 Derivation.............................................................................................. 290 Nominal elaboration (NN) .................................................................. 290 Verbalization.........................................................................................297 Time words................. ............. 300 Inflection ............................................................................................... 300 Syntax................... 302 Derivation.............................................................................................. 307 Ambivalent time words........................................................................ 313 Seasons, months, and days of week .................................. 314 Non-native expressionsof time........................................................... 317 Kinship terms ........................................................................................ 318 Iroquoian type.......................................................................................
318 Reciprocal relatives -kilyiiylt .................................................. 321 ‘Part, relative, partner’ - ila- , aipay- ...............................................323 Color terms ............................................................................................ 326 Proper names ......................................................................................... 330 Names.................................... 330 Teknonymy............................................................................................ 334 Place names ..................... :................................................................... 340 Onomatopoeia..................................................................................... 342 Non-nominal..........................................................................................343 Chapter 12 Demonstratives ............................................................................................ 345 12.1. 12.2. 12.2.1. 12.2.2. 12.2.3. 12.2.3.1. 12.2.3.2. 12.2.3.3. 12.2.3.4. 12.2.3.5. 12.2.3.6. 12.2.4. 12.2.5. 12.3. 12.3.1. Demonstrative roots ............................................................................. 346 Nominal demonstratives...................................................................... 349 Morphology........................................................................................... 349 Syntax..................................................................................................... 353 Semantics - categorization throughdemonstratives
......................... 354 Extended vs. non-extended.................................................................. 354 Categories IX and X: ‘down/below’ vs.‘out, toward river’ ........... 356 Category XII: ‘outside’ (withoutreference to theriver)................... 357 Motion toward vs. away....................................................................... 358 u- vs. mat- ........................................................................................... 359 Anaphora............................................................................................... 360 References to areas/viHages ................................................................ 363 Derivation.............................................................................................. 364 Adverbial demonstratives.................................................................... 366 Morphology........................................................................................... 366
Contents xxiii 12.3.2. 12.3.2.1. 12.3.2.2. 12.3.3. 12.4. Syntax.................................................................................................... 371 Adverbial adjuncts .............................................................................. 371 Interjectives.......................................................................................... 373 Derivation............................................................................................. 377 Verbal demonstratives......................................................................... 379 Chapter 13 Personal pronouns....................................................................................... 382 13.1. 13.1.1. 13.1.2. 13.2. 13.2.1. 13.2.2. 13.2.3. 13.2.4. 13.3. 13.4. 13.4.1. 13.4.2. Morphology.......................................................................................... 382 [wa(ŋa)-[ first person........................................................................ 383 il(i)- non-first person......................................................................... 384 Syntax.................................................................................................... 385 Anaphoric............................................................................................. 385 Reflexive ............................................................................................... 387 Reciprocal..............................................................................................388 Other
requirements...............................................................................388 Derivation.............................................................................................. 392 nakmi- ................................................................................................... 394 nakmiin ................................................................................................ 394 Derivatives ............................................................................................ 395 Chapter 14 Numerals and quantifiers ........................................................................... 397 14.1. Numeral stems.................................................................................... 397 14.2. Inflection ............................................... 402 14.3. Phrasal numerals ................................................................................ 404 14.3.1. Adnominal verbs with -luku ............................................................ 404 14.3.1.1. Addition: cip-luku .................................................................. 405 14.3.1.1.1. Fluctuation in number agreement...................................................... 407 14.3.1.1.2. ‘more than X’ ....................................................................................408 14.3.1.2. Subtraction .......................................................................................... 409 14.3.1.3. Relational -ngu-luni and -ngu-luku ........................................... 410 14.3.1.4. Halving: avg-u-luku/aveg-
luku ......................................................... 411 14.3.2. Appositive phrases - multiplication................................................. 413 14.3.3. Juxtaposed phrases - combination................................................... 415 14.4. Higher numerals: 100, 1000, and beyond........................................ 417 14.5. Derivation............................................................................................ 420 14.6. Syntax................................................................................................... 421 14.7. Group (collective) numerals.............................................................. 428 14.8. Frequency numerals ......................................................................... 429 14.9. Ordinal numerals................................................................................ 429 14.10. Quantifiers........................................................................................... 432
xxiv Contents 14.10.1. 14.10.2. 14.10.2.1. 14.10.3. 14.10.3.1. 14.10.4. 14.10.4.1. ilma(Ya)Y- ‘a little bit of amount’ (food, fish, water, etc.) .......... 432 amlY- ‘(to be) many, much; to do (something) too much’.......... 433 Verbal....................................................................................................434 tama(lku)Y- ‘(to be) a whole one (sg,)/alɪ different kinds (pl.)’ 434 Verbal ................................................................................................... 437 kii- ‘alone, only’ (~[HBC] kiyi-[Mountain Village] kizi-) .... 440 Verbal......................................... 441 Chapter 15 Ignoratives ........................................ 15.1. 15.2. 15.2.1. 15.2.1.1. 15.2.1.2. 15.2.2. 15.2.3. 15.2.3.1. 15.2.3.2. 15.2.3.3. 15.2.4. 15.2.4.1. 15.2.4.2. 15.2.5. 15.2.5.1. 15.2.5.2. 15.2.6. 15.3. 15.3.1. 15.3.2. 443 Functions and morphology................................................................ 443 Ignorative stems...................................................................................445 ca- ‘(to do) what’ ...............................................................................445 Verbal ca-:to do what’...................................................................... 446 ciin ‘why’ ............................................................................................447 ki(t)- ‘who’ ......................................................................................... 447 na-
‘where’......................................................................................... 449 nat- ‘where/when (in relationto), what part (of)’ ......................... 450 naliy-l which one .............................................................................. 451 nauwa ‘where’ ................... 452 qa(y)- ‘when’ ................................................... 452 qayvaY- ‘when (in the past)’ ............................................................ 452 qaku- ‘when (in the future); later’ .................................................. 453 qai- ‘how’, attested in two particles ............................................... 454 qailun (particle) ‘how’ ...................................................................... 454 qayu- ‘how’ ........................................................................................ 455 qavciY~ ‘(to be/do) how many/much’ ............................................. 456 Non-interrogative uses ......................... 457 Indefinite .............................................................................................. 457 Negative................................................................................................ 460 Chapter 16 Nominal phrases .......................................................................................... 462 16.1. 16.1.1. 16.2. 16.2.1. 16.3. 16.4. 16.5. 16.6. Appositive phrases ............................................................................... 463 Verbalization
......................................................................................... 471 Coordinate phrases ............................................................................... 472 Reflexive third person within a coordinate phrase........................... 474 Juxtaposed phrases............................................................................... 475 Attributive (genitive) phrases.............................................................. 477 Adjunctional phrases (with oblique case NP) ................................... 480 Adnominal clauses (verbs) - appositional and stative-connective ... 483
Contents XXV Part 4: Nominal derivation Chapter 17 Relative clauses...........................................................................................489 17.1. 17.1.1. 17.1.2. 17.2. 17.2.1. 17.2.2. 17.3. 17.4. 17.4.1. 17.4.2. 17.4.3. 17.5. 17.5.1. 17.5.2. 17.5.3. 17.6. 17.6.1. 17.6.2. 17.7. 17.8. 17.8.1. 17.8.2. 17.9. CAY relative clauses in general........................................................ 489 Relativizers and arguments to be relativized................................... 490 Morpho-syntactic properties .............................................................. 491 Participial relativizers.......................................................................... 501 Intransitive VNrl -lyiay- ~ -yuy*- (variant after final /t/)......... 501 Transitive VNrl -iki- ...................................................................... :. 511 Preterite relativizers VNrl -ly- .......................................................... 516 Passive relativizers (P argument) ...................................................... 519 VNrl -lkinay- processive (or perfective)....................................... 520 VNrl/+yay-| .......................................................................................... 523 VNrl +yaykay- (future)..................................................................... 529 Agentive/active relativizer................................................................. 532 VNrl... .................................................................................................... 533 +(s)tily-| Past connotation by
addition of NN -ly- | ....................... 539 |+(s)tikay-| Future connotation by addition of NN |+kay- ............ 539 Oblique relativizers ............................................................................. 540 Locational............................................................................................. 540 Instrumental.......................................................................................... 543 Concatenated relative clauses ............................................................ 552 Transcategorial conversions of relative clauses.............................. 554 Reverbalization: V—VNr-NV ....................................................... 555 Renominalization: N — NV — VNrl/VNnm ................................ 558 Non-core roles in main clauses .......................................................... 559 Chapter 18 Nominal clauses ........................................................................................... 563 18.1. 18.1.1. 18.1.2. 18.1.2.1. 18.1.2.2. 18.1.3. 18.1.4. 18.1.4.1. 18.1.4.2. 18.1.4.3. 18.1.5. Nominal clauses: basic properties................................................ 564 Different types of verbs.......................................................................567 Nominal clause complemented ......................................................... 571 Intransitive nominalizations ............................................................... 571 Transitive nominalizations................................................................. 575 With no person
inflection................................................................... 577 Elaborations of nominal clauses.........................................................579 Verbal categories retained.................................................................. 580 Further expansions .............................................................................. 585 Subordination and cosubordination to a nominalization................ 586 Indirect interrogative clauses ............................................................. 587
xxvi Contents 18.1.6. 18.2. 18.2.1. 18.2.1.1. 18.2.1.2. 18.2.1.3. 18.2.2. 18.2.2.1. 18.2.2.2. Deverbal nouns..................................................................................... 588 Various nominalizers (VVnm) ........................................................... 589 +(u)ciy-, etc........................................................................................... 589 VNnm |+(u)ciy-| .................................................................................. 589 VNnm +(u)ciykay- (future) .............................................................. 594 Composite suffixes............................................................................... 594 -ly-l, etc.................................... :............................................................ 599 VNnm |-ly-| ............................................................................................ 599 VNnm |-liykayl (future) ....................................................................... 602 18.2.3. 18.3. 18.3.1. 18.3.1.1. 18.3.1.2. 18.3.2. 18.3.2.1. 18.3.2.2. 18.4. 18.4.1. 18.4.2. 18.4.3. 18.4.4. VNnm +icayay- ............................................................................. : 604 Bifunctional -ny- ................................................................................. 610 Abstract |-»y-| vs. deverbal I+i«y-| .................................. :..................611 Abstract nominalization -ny- .............................................................. 611 Deverbal nouns ny-
........................................................................ 616 Comparative nominal -ny- (~ post-apical -ily-) ............................618 Comparative phrases .................................................................. 619 Comparative clauses............................................................................. 622 Nominalizations in main clauses........................................................ 624 With absolutive-case marking............................................................ 624 With relative-case marking ................................................................. 627 Ablative-modalis case marking.......................................................... 629 With allative-case marking for a peripheral argument.................... 630 Chapter 19 Other deverbal nouns .................................................................................. 631 19.1. 19.2. Agent nouns......................................................................................... 631 Miscellaneous...................................................................................... 635 Chapter 20 Nominal elaborations ................................................................................... 646 20.1. 20.1.1. 20.1.2. 20.2. 20.3. 20.4. Adjectival .............................................................................................. 646 Qualifying.............................................................................................. 646 Belonging
.............................................................................................. 666 Associative ............................................................................................ 677 (Dis)honorifics (HNR) (NNhWVh)...................................................680 Nominal cyclical expansion (N—V— N) ......................................... 700
Contents xxvii Part 5: Nominal categories Chapter 21 Number ...................................................................................................... 709 21.1. 21.2. 21.3. 21.4. 21.5. 21.6. Duality in kinships ...............................................................................711 Associative non-singular ..................................................................... 712 Collective/generic singular.................................................................. 713 Partitive singular .................................................................................. 713 Composite objects in the non-singular.............................................. 715 Number of place names................................................................... ...718 Chapter 22 Person (possessor) .................... 22.1. 22.1.1. 22.2. 22.3. 22.4. 22.5. 721 First, second, and third persons......................................................... 722 Third-person possessor in attributive phrases................................. 722 Reflexive-third person........................................................................ 723 Possessed nominals in oblique cases................................................. 727 Emphasis on the possessor................................................................. 727 Inalienability.........................................................................................727 Chapter 23 Absolutive case ............................................................................................ 730 23.1. 23.2. S/P
function - intransitive subject and transitive object............... 732 Absolutive vs. locative ........................................................................734 Chapter 24 Relative case......................... 24.1. 24.2. 24.2.1. 24.2.2. 24.2.3. 24.2.4. 24.2.5. 24.3. 24.3.1. 24.3.2. 24.4. 737 G function (genitive) ........................................................................... 739 A function (ergative) ........................ 741 Natural elements.......... ......................................................................... 742 Other miscellaneous nouns................................................................. 743 Nominal clauses .................................................................................. 743 Standard of comparison....................................................................... 744 Non-prototypical A arguments........................................................... 745 Verb stems in the relative case........................................................... 745 G function..............................................................................................745 A function............................................................................................. 748 Ambivalence......................................................................................... 748
xxviii Contents Chapter 25 Ablative-modalis case........................................................................................... 750 25.1. Starting point, etc................................................................................... 751 25.1.1. In adjunctional phrases........................................................................ 753 25.2. Syntactic................................................................................................ 754 25.2.1. Demoted NPs........................................................................................ 754 25.2.2. Stranded NPs............................. 757 25.2.3. Ablative-modalis for pseudo-passives............................................... 764 25.3. Composite ablative ±niyniY .............................................................. 766 Chapter 26 Allative case ......................................................................................... :................ 769 26.1. Direction, etc.......................................................................................... 769 26.1.1. In adjunctionalphrases..........................................................................774 26.1.2. Allative-derivedverbalizations ........................................................... 774 26.2. Syntactic....................................................................................... 774 Chapter 27 Locative case.......................................................................................................... 779 27.1. Location, etc........................... 780
27.2. Relation/concern/judgement................................................................. 782 27.3. Standard of comparison ................... 784 27.4. Reference to a first or second person argument............................... 786 27.5. Vocative ................................................................................................. 794 27.6. Exclamative........................................................................................... 796 27.7. In adjunctional phrases......................................................................... 798 27.8. Locative verbs - NV +m(i)t- ~ +[person]n(i)t- ............................ 799 27.9. Double case-marking............................................................................ 808 27.9.1. Location locative + comparison locative .......................................... 809 27.9.2. Location locative + comparison equalis............................................. 810 27.9.3. Temporal locative/ablative + composite ablative ............................ 812 Chapter 28 Perlative case ......................................................................................................... 813 28.1. Location.................................................................................................. 813 28.1.1. Perlative-derived verbalizations.......................................................... 816 28.2. Instruments, etc....................................................................................... 816 Chapter 29 Equalis case............................ 819 29.1. Equality and
similarity ......................................................................... 819 29.2. Comparison of equaliy ......................................................................... 822 29.3. Manner and time.................................................................................... 822
Contents xxix Chapter 30 Case assignments .................................................................................................. 826 30.1. Preliminaries......................................................................................... 827 30.1.1. Seven cases - syntactic and oblique.................................................. 827 30.1.2. Core arguments and valency modification........................................828 30.2. Case assignment according to argument hierarchy......................... 833 30.2.1. Primary (non-extended) simplex verbs ............................................. 833 30.2.2. Extended simplex verbs ...................................................................... 835 30.2.3. Complex verbs...................................................................................... 838 30.3. Argument reduction and detransitivization .................................... 840 30.3.1. Reduction - demotion (two types) and agent coreference ..............841 30.3.2. Detransitivization .................................................................................843 30.3.2.1. Antipassive........................................................................................... 844 30.3.2.2. Passive................................................................................................... 847 30.3.2.3. Medio-passive ...................................................................................... 849 30.3.2.4. Reflexives and reciprocals ................................................................. 850 30.4. Stranded
NPs........................................................................................ 851 30.4.1. From nominal phrases ......................................................................... 851 30.4.2. pi- constructions.................................................................................. 852 30.5. Cases in nominalized clauses............................................................. 852 30.5.1. Nominal clauses (complementations) ............................................... 852 30.5.2. Relative clauses.................................................................................... 855 30.6. Five syntactically relevant cases, with the locative included....... 856 Chapter 31 Vocatives ................................................................................................................ 859 31.1. Final vowel doubling........................................................................... 859 31.2. Possessor marker in the relative case................................................ 861 31.3. Final truncation ........................................................... 862 Part 6: Verbs Chapter 32 Verb inflection ...................................................................................................... 867 32.1. Valency and its modifications............................................................ 867 32.1.1. Modifications ....................................................................................... 868 32.1.2. Intransitive vs. transitive .....................................................................
871 32.2. Subject and object persons.................................................................. 871 32.2.1. Verbal person markers ........................................................................ 872 32.3. Cross-reference/agreement.................................................................. 873 32.3.1. Disagreement......................................................................................... 874
xxx Contents 32.3.2. 32.4. Disguised person ................................................................................. 875 Six moods and reflexive third person............................................... 876 Chapter 33 Monovalent (intransitive) stems ................................................................. 879 33.1. 33.2. 33.3. 33.4. 33.4.1. 33.4.2. 33.4.3. 33.5. Primary monovalent stems .................................................................. 880 Denominal monovalent stems ............................................................. 882 Impersonal monovalent stems .............................................................883 Transitive use of monovalent stems (zero derivation)..................... 887 LocationalP........................................................................................ ..888 Impersonal and personal A.................................................................. 889 Denominal stems with impersonal A ............................. 895 Transitivization (suffix-derived) ........................................................ 897 Chapter 34 Bivalent (monotransitive) stems ................................................................. 898 34.1. 34.1.1. 34.1.2. 34.1.2.1. 34.1.2.2. 34.2. 34.2.1. 34.2.2. 34.3. 34.3.1. 34.3.2. 34.4. 34.4.1. 34.4.2. 34.5. 34.6. 34.7. Agentive stems (S=A) ..........................................................................901 Antipassives (zero-derived)................................................................. 903 Passives
.................................................................................................. 904 TAM-sensitive....................................................................................... 904 Pseudo-passives.................................................................................... 907 Patientive stems............... ...................................................................... 909 Medio-passives......................................................................................914 Antipassives (suffix-derived).............................................................. 917 Impersonal-patientive stems................................................................ 919 Transitive vs. intransitive.................................................................... 921 Impersonal verbs in summary ............................................................ 924 Reflexives and reciprocals .................................................................. 925 Reflexives...............................................................................................926 Reciprocals............................................................................................. 928 Causative verbs: simplex vs. complex .............................................. 931 Contrast among various transitive verbs ........................................... 933 pi- verbs ................................................................................................936 Chapter 35 Trivalent (ditransitive)
stems...................................................................... 940 35.1. 35.1.1. 35.1.2. 35.1.2.1. 35.1.2.2. 35.1.3. Two types of ditransitives ................................................................... 940 Secundative ........................................................................................... 942 Indirective...............................................................................................949 Applicative extended............................................................................ 952 Variable stems....................................................................................... 954 Valency rearrangements.......................................................................955
Contents xxxi 35.1.4. 35.2. 35.2.1. 35.2.1.1. 35.2.1.2. 35.2.1.3. 35.2.1.4. 35.2.2. 35.2.3. 35.2.4. 35.3. Valency increase (extension) of ditransitives .................................. 958 Syntactic properties............................................................................. 959 Detransitivization ................................................................................. 959 Passivization......................................................................................... 960 Antipassivization ..................................................................................962 Reflexivization ..................................................................................... 963 Reciprocalization.................................................................................. 963 Nominal ization..................................................................................... 964 Relativization ....................................................................................... 966 Questions........................ ,.968 Ditransitives compared with extended trivalents ............................. 970 Chapter 36 Root-derived stems...................................................................................... 972 36.1. 36.2. 36.2.1. 36.3. Emotional roots ................................................................................... 972 Postural roots....................................................................................... 975 Direct inflection with no expander.................................................... 977
Others ................................................................................................... 979 Part 7: Verbal derivation Chapter 37 Relational (equational) verbs (NVrv)........................................................ 983 37.1. 37.2. 37.2.1. 37.3. 37.3.1. 37.4. 37.4.1. 37.5. 37.5.1. 37.5.2. 37.5.3. 37.5.3.1. 37.5.3.2. Stative intransitive NVrv +yu-| ‘to be’.............................................987 Stative transitive NVrv -ki- .............................................................. 990 As VV suffix ........................................................................................993 Inchoative intransitive NVrv +yuyc- ............................................... 996 Transitive inflection ............................................................................ 997 Inchoative transitive NVrv -k(i)sayuc- ........................................... 998 As VV suffix -1 k{t)sayuc- .............................................................. 1000 Morphosyntactic properties of relational verbs ............................. 1000 Difference from non-relational denominal verbs....................... 1000 Co-occurrence with deverbalized clauses .......................................1002 Cyclical verbal expansion ................................................................ 1003 Verbal markers ................................................................................... 1003 Verbal cyclical expansion (V—N—V) ........................................... 1004 Chapter 38 Non-relational verbalizations (NV)
.......................................................... 1006 38.1. 38.2. 38.3. Possession/existence/deprivation .....................................................1006 Action verbs ....................................................................................... 1019 -li-I group.............................................................................................1024
xxxii Contents 38.4. Quantity/quality/size ................................................................... 1034 38.5. Miscellaneous...................................................................................... 1039 Chapter 39 Simplex verb modifications (Wsm)............................................................... 1044 39.1. Agent .................................................................................................... 1047 39.1.1. +c-............................................. 1047 39.1.2. +cay- / +caa(ya)y- ........................................................................... 1053 39.1.3. +ciy-..................................................................................................... 1055 39.1.4. -yqi- .................................... 1057 39.2. Necessitative impersonal agent.........................................................1059 39.2.1. Impersonal ............................................................................................1061 39.2.1.1. Modality ............................................................................................... 1062 39.2.2. Further expansions ............................................................................. 1068 39.3. Pseudo-passive .................................................................................... 1070 39.3.1. Wsm +(s)ci(u)y- ............................................................................. 1070 39.3.2. +yau- / +yaqi- .................................................................................. 1075 39.4. Applicative
experiencer ..................................................................... 1076 39.4.1. Applicative Wsm +(u)c- .................................................................1077 39.4.2. Various roles with transitive inflection............................................ 1080 39.4.3. Detransitivization of |+(w)c-|-derived stems ...................... 1088 39.4.4. +(u)c- antipassives............................................................................. 1091 39.4.5. Various derivations .............................................................................1093 39.5. Adversative experiencer | +yi- ......................................................... 1096 39.5.1. Transitive vs. intransitive inflection................................................. 1097 39.5.2. Two ways +yi- is detransitivized .....................................................1105 39.5.3. A brief comparative note.................................................................... 1108 39.6. Antipassives (suffix-derived) .............. 1109 39.6.1. Wsm +yiz- (cf. P15iii)..................................................................... 1110 39.6.2. Wsm -kini- ...................................................................................... 1114 39.6.3. Recursive modifications by E extensions.........................................1117 39.7. Valency increase and rearrangement................................................. 1118 39.7.1. Wsm +(u)tiki- .................................................................................. 1119 39.7.2. Wsm |
+viki-|...................................................................................... 1122 39.7.3. Valency rearrangement derived from suffix composite............... 1123 Chapter 40 Complex transitives (Wem) ............................................................................ 1125 40.1. Intransitive inflections..........................................................................1129 40.2. Six kinds............................................................................................... 1133 40.2.1. Causative (causing/having) -vkay- ~ |+cic- .................................. 1133 40.2.1.1. Coreferential marker (CRF) .............................................................. 1137
Contents 40.2.1.2. 40.2.2. 40.2.2.1. 40.2.3. 40.2.3.1. 40.2.4. 40.2.5. 40.2.5.1. 40.2.6. 40.3. 40.3.1. 40.3.2. 40.3.3. 40.4. 40.4.1. 40.4.2. 40.5. 40.6. 40.7. xxxiii Secondary: +citaay- ........................................................................ 1138 Directive (asking): +sqi-................................................................ 1139 Secondary: +squma- ........................................................................ 1142 Speculative (or jussive; thinking) +cuki- ..................................... 1143 Secondary: +nayuki- ........................................................................ 1144 Reportative (saying): +ni-|................................................................ 1145 Ignorative (not sure/known): |+(u)ciit- ......................................... 1147 Other ignoratives................................................................................ 1149 Expectant VVem-niyciy- ................................................................ 1150 Derivations of complex verbs .......................................................... 1152 Suffix orders........................................................................................ 1154 Double complex transitives............................................................... 1158 Multi-layered complex transitives.................................................... 1160 Nominalizations of complex transitives.......................................... 1163 Relative clauses.................................................................................. 1164
Nominal clauses ................................................................................. 1165 Adjuncts to complex transitives....................................................... 1166 Periphrastic complex transitives ...................................................... 1167 Case alignments of complex transitive constructions .................... 1171 Part 8: Verb elaboration Chapter 41 Adverbial (Wa) ........................................................................................ 1175 41.1. 41.2. 41.3. 41.3.1. 41.3.2. 41.3.3. 41.3.4. 41.3.5. Manner ............................................................................................... 1175 Time (speed/precedence) .................................................................. 1181 Intensity (degree/extent).................................................................... 1184 Group 1 -piyc- ~ -piay- , etc............................................................ 1185 Group 2 +pay- , etc........................................................................... 1193 Group 3 +q*inay- , etc...................................................................... 1199 Group 4 qay ...................................................................................... 1202 Group 5 miscellaneous...................................................................... 1204 Chapter 42 Tense and aspect (Wt) ............................................................................. 1210 42.1. 42.2. 42.2.1. 42.2.2. 42.2.3. 42.2.4. 42.2.5. 42.2.6. Tense
................................................................................................. 1211 Aspect......................... 1216 Inceptive/inchoative (INC)............................................................... 1217 Momentaneous (MOM)..................................................................... 1221 Continuous/stative/perfective........................................................... 1224 Iterative (ITR)..................................................................................... 1235 Customary (CUS) ............................................................................... 1238 Consequential (fiɪture/present) (CSQ) ............................................ 1241
xxxiv Contents Chapter 43 Modality (Wm) .................................................................................................. 1250 43.1. (Dis)honorifics (VVh/NNh).............................................................1265 43.2. Evidentiality (We)........................................................................... 1265 Chapter 44 Negation (VVn)..................................... ;............................................................. 1272 44.1. Double and partial negation ............................................................. 1285 Chapter 45 Comparison...................................... 1287 45.1. Comparative degree.......................................................... 1288 45.1.1. Intransitive constructions ................................................................... 1289 45.1.2. Transitive constructions ..................................................................... 1291 45.1.2.1. Superficial transitive comparatives.................................................. 1294 45.1.3. Various NPs for comparee and for standard ................................... 1296 45.1.4. Various parameters............................................................................. 1297 45.1.5. Numerals of‘more than X’ ............................................................... 1299 45.1.6. Relative clauses of comparative constructions .............................. 1300 45.2. Superlative degree............ .................................................................. 1301 45.2.1. With plural standard of
comparison................................................. 1301 45.2.2. With intensifier in index .............................. 1302 45.3. Inchoative comparison (‘to become more than’) ........................... 1304 45.4. Comparative clauses from comparative phrases ............................ 1306 45.5. Negative comparison.......................................................................... 1309 45.6. Equalitive .............................................................................................1310 45.6.1. Intransitive VVa +ta- ...................................................................... 1310 45.6.2. Transitive constructions .....................................................................1315 45.7. Indices of comparisons summarized ................................................ 1318 45.8. Peculiarity of case markers +mi / +tun as standard of comparison 1318 45.9. Lexical comparison............................................................................. 1319 Part 9: Verb moods Chapter 46 Indicative mood ................................................................................................... 1323 46.1. Inflection .............................................................................................. 1323 46.2. Declarative role ................................................................................... 1327 46.3. Non-declarative role........................................................................... 1328
Contents yxnyi Chapter 47 Participial mood ........................................................................................ 1329 47.1. 47.2. 47.2.1. 47.2.1.1. 47.2.2. 47.2.3. 47.2.4. 47.3. 47.4. 47.5. 47.6. 47.6.1. 47.6.2. Inflection ............................................................................................. 1330 With a non-inflecting word ............................................................... 1331 =wa ( # wa) .................................................................................... 1331 Occurrence with -li- ......................................................................... 1333 ima ‘you know’ ................................................................................. 1334 ta^ ‘to see (as it’s a fact)!’ .............................................................. 1335 Miscellaneous particles ..................................................................... 1336 Without a non-inflecting word ........................................................ .1337 In bi-clausal sentences....................................................................... 1338 With reflexive third inflection (‘when, because’).......................... 1342 Converbs.............................................................................................. 1344 Converb 1 -lyiim ‘when, as’............................................................ 1347 Converb 2 -lyiani ‘whenever’ ......................................................... 1348 Chapter 48 Interrogative
mood.................................................................................... 1349 48.1. 48.2. 48.2.1. 48.2.2. 48.2.3. 48.3. 48.4. Inflection ............................................................................................ 1349 Content questions .............................................................................. 1351 In complex transitive constructions................................................. 1357 Nominal clauses .................................................................................1358 Word order ......................................................................................... 1359 Indirect (rhetorical) questions ‘I wonder’:|=kiy ............................ 1359 Exclamations by interrogative-mood verbs..................................... 1360 Chapter 49 Optative mood ........................................................................................... 1362 49.1. 49.2. 49.2.1. 49.3. 49.3.1. 49.4. 49.4.1. 49.4.2. 49.4.3. 49.5. 49.6. 49.6.1. 49.6.2. 49.6.3. Inflection ........................................... 1363 Third-person optatives....................................................................... 1367 With non-inflecting words ............................................................... 1367 First-person optatives .......................................................................1369 With a non-inflecting word .............................................................. 1369 Second-person optatives.................................................................... 1371 With non-
inflecting words ............................................................... 1372 Periphrastic optatives with pi- ........................................................ 1373 -qay- optatives .................................................................................. 1374 Future optatives: -ki- (I)................................................................ 1375 Prohibitional optatives ...................................................................... 1378 General prohibition ........................................................................... 1378 Future prohibition...............................................................................1379 Continuative prohibition ................................................................... 1381
xxxvi Contents 49.7. 49.8. Non-optative use: -iki- (2) ............................................................... 1382 In bi-clausal sentences........................................................................ 1383 Chapter 50 Connective mood ................................................................................................ 1384 50.1. Inflection .................................. 1387 50.2. Causal (CNNbc): ‘because, when’ ................................................... 1389 50.3. Constantive (CNNwv): ‘whenever’.................................................. 1392 50.4. Precessive (CNNbf): ‘before’ ...........................................................1395 50.4.1. Starting point (‘since before’)........................................................... 1396 50.5. Concessive (CNNth): ‘though, even if........................................... 1396 50.6. Conditional (CNNif):‘if .................................................. 1398 50.7. Indirective (CNNid) ........................................................................... 1401 50.8. Contemporative (CNNwn): ‘when’.................................................. 1403 50.9. Simultaneous (CNNwI): ‘while’ ....................................................... 1406 50.10. Stative (CNNst): ‘being in the state of................................... 1407 50.11. Quasi-connectives (CNNqs).............................................................. 1410 50.11.1. -ly- ~ -ny- ~ +viy- with the allative marker (‘until’) ............. 1411 50.11.2. -ny- (~ -y-|) with perlative or locative
marker (‘after’) ..............1412 50.11.3. -xaany- with the ablative marker (‘since’) .................................... 1412 50.11.4. +(u)t- with the locative marker (‘as soon as, when’) .. .................1413 50.11.5. +(u)ciy-| with the equalis marker (‘as soon as’)............................. 1414 Chapter 51 Appositional mood .................................... 1416 51.1. Morphological and syntactic characteristics................................... 1421 51.1.1. Mood marker....................................................................................... 1421 51.1.2. Suffix selectivity ................................................................................. 1423 51.1.3. Negative appositionals ....................................................................... 1424 51.1.4. Morpho-syntactic idiosyncracies..................................................... 1427 51.1.4.1. First- and second person..................................................................... 1427 51.1.4.2. Third vs. reflexive third person......................................................... 1429 51.1.4.3. Coreferential marker - vkay ~ +cic ............................................... 1433 51.2. Cosubordinate clauses........................................................................ 1439 51.2.1. Concomitant circumstances............................................................... 1439 51.2.2. Temporal settings ................................................................................ 1446 51.2.3. Miscellaneous
“adverbials”............................................................... 1452 51.2.4. Coordinate clauses ............................................................................. 1458 51.2.5. Cosubordination to lower clauses of complex transitives............. 1461 51.2.6. Reduplicative use ................................................................................ 1463 51.2.7. ca-and pi- .......................................................................................... 1463 51.2.8. Adjunct to inalienably possessed nominals..................................... 1465
Contents 51.3. 51.3.1. 51.3.1.1. 51.3.2. 51.4. 51.4.1. 51.4.2. 51.4.3. 51.4.4. 51.5. 51.6. 51.6.1. 51.6.2. 51.7. 51.7.1. 51.7.2. xxxvii Periphrasis with appositionals ........................................................ 1467 Cosubordination to expletive pi- clauses..................................... 1468 Different splitting.............................................................................. 1472 Periphrastic complex transitives - |pi-and full verbs................... 1473 As independent clauses ..................................................................... 1474 Declarative ......................................................................................... 1475 Reply ................................................................................................... 1480 Interrogative ....................................................................................... 1481 Optative - command and prohibition.............................................1482 Adnominal clauses ............................................................................ 1.484 Quasi-nominal clauses....................................................................... 1489 As an intransitive subject................................................................. 1489 Exclamative constructions.................................................................1492 Nominalizations of appositional constructions .............................. 1493 Nominal clauses ................................................................................ 1493 Relative
clauses.................................................................. 1495 Part 10: Non-inflecting words Chapter 52 Non-inflecting words in general............................................................... 1501 52.1. 52.2. 52.3. 52.4. 52.4.1. 52.4.2. 52.5. 52.5.1. 52.5.2. Particles and enclitics........................................................................ 1501 Constitution ........................................................................................ 1504 Functions ............................................................................................. 1509 Two exclamative particlizers ............................................................1508 VPc +paa ......................................................................................... 1508 VPc +naa ~ +nii . ...........................................................................1512 Linkers (linking suffixes).................................................................. 1513 Following non-in fleeting words ........ 1514 Following English words................................................................... 1516 Chapter 53 Particles .................................................................................................... 1518 53.1. 53.2. 53.3. 53.4. 53.5. 53.6. Interjectional/exclamative ................................................................. 1518 Sentence words................................................................................... 1522 Sentence adverbials............................................................................
1524 Adverbials ......................................................................................... 1531 Conjunctionals.................................................................................... 1535 Expletive sentence fillers .................................................................. 1541
xxxviii Contents Chapter 54 Enclitics ............................................................................................................. 1544 54.1. Reactive................................................................................................1544 54.2. Expressive ........................................................................................... 1550 54.3. Expressive (negative)..........................................................................1553 54.4. Reportative/quotative ......................................................................... 1555 54.5. Coordinating.......................... 1559 Appendix Suffix list ............................................................................................................ .1565 References/sources................................................................................................ 1577 Index: Subjects.............................................................................................. 1602 Index: Authors and persons................................................................................. 1654
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Contents The Grammar consists of fifty-four chapters (§ 1 through § 54) in ten parts. Footnotes and examples are respectively referred to as, e.g. “fn. 4” and (24), within one and the same chapter, while ones in a different chapter (e.g. § 10) are referred to as, §-10-fh.4 and § 10(24). Acknowledgements.vii Foreword . ix List of tables. xxxix List of phonological rules. xli Abbreviations and conventions. xliii Maps .1 Part 1: Preliminaries Chapter 1 Introductory. 3 1.1. Profiles of Eskimo languages. 3 1.2. CAY - Speakers and dialects. 4 1.3. Postcontact status and current status. 7 1.4. Previous studies and sources for this description. 10 1.5. CAY’s geographical placement among neighboring languages. 13 Chapter 2 A word in
Yupik. 18 2.1. A word as a “form”. 18 2.2. Bilateral articulation. 21 2.2.1. Words and syllables as minimal forms. 21 2.2.2. A glimpse into the “form”. 23 2.2.3. “Mismatches”. 25 2.3. Words, bound phrases, and phrases . 26 2.3.1. Clitic vs. non-clitic bound phrase. 27 2.3.2. Strongly vs. weakly bound . 28 2.3.3. Detached or hetero-articulations. 29 2.4. Illustrations from CAY. 30 2.5. Implications of formhood.33
xviii Contents Chapter 3 Phonological preliminaries. 35 3.1. 3.2. 3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.2.3. 3.2.4. 3.3. 3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.3.2.1. 3.3.2.2. 3.3.3. 3.3.3.1. 3.3.3.2. 3.3.4. 3.3.4.1. 3.3.4.2. 3.3.4.3. 3.3.5. 3.3.5.1. 3.3.5.2. 3.3.5.3. 3.3.5.4. 3.3.6. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.6.1. 3.6.2. 3.6.3. 3.6.4. Representations . 36 Vowels. 38 Three full vowels and schwa. 39 Single vs. double vowels. 40 Vowel clusters. 41 Phonetic specifications.43 Consonants . 46 Place-of-articulation contrasts. 47 Manner-of-articulation contrasts. 50 Phonological alternations. 51 Dialect variations . 51 Voiceless vs. voiced. 52 Phonological alternations. 54 Dialectal
variations. 54 Single vs. geminate. 55 Names. 56 Loanwords. 56 Intensification. 57 Phonotactics . 57 Word-medial. :. 58 Word-initial . 60 Word-final . 63 Final truncation . 63 Phonetic specifications.64 Phonological units. 68 Prosody.70 Practical orthography. 71 Use of alphabets . 73 Use of apostrophes
. 76 Use of hyphens . 79 Different manners of writing. 81 Chapter 4 Morphological preliminaries. 83 4.1. 4.1.1. 4.1.2. 4.1.3. 4.1.3.1. 4.1.3.2. General characteristics .84 Predominant suffixation . 85 Agglutination . . 88 Non-templatic polysynthesis .89 Derivational suffixes in advance. 90 Postinflectional derivation . 92
Contents xix 4.1.4. 4.1.4.1. 4.1.4.2. 4.1.4.3. 4.2. 4.2.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.2.1. 4.2.2.2. 4.2.3. 4.2.3.1. 4.2.3.2. 4.2.3.3. 4.2.4. 4.2.5. 4.2.5.1. 4.2.5.2. 4.2.5.3. 4.2.5.4. 4.2.5.4.1 4.2.5.4.2 4.2.5.5. 4.2.5.5.1 4.2.5.5.2 4.3. Ergativity and case-marking. 93 Morphological ergativity. 94 Double marking. 96 Case marking. 96 Word and its constructions. 97 Three word classes - nominals, verbs, non-inflecting words .98 Constituents of inflecting words - stem, derivation, and inflection 101 Morpheme shapes and suffix types . 103 Morpheme sequence illustrated. 106 Stems . 107 Classification. 107 Shape of stems. 109 Lexical stock in trade: native and loan. 112 Inflectional suffixes (inflections) . 114 Derivational suffixes . 116
Classification: transcategorial vs. stem-elaborating.117 Suffix order . 122 Composite suffixes and cyclical expansion . 124 Morphological expansions illustrated . 128 Polysynthetic words . 128 Multiple embedding . 133 Periphrasis . 134 Derivational suffixes vs. stems. 134 Splitting with expletive pi- - periphrastic constructions. 136 Morphological anomalies. 138 Chapter 5 Syntactical preliminaries. 145 5.1. 5.1.1. 5.1.1.1. 5.1.1.2. 5.1.1.3. 5.1.2. 5.1.3. 5.2. 5.2.1. 5.2.2. 5.3. 5.3.1. 5.3.2. 5.3.3. Constituents of clauses. 146 Verbs - intransitive vs. transitive. 147 Verb stems - primary and valency-modified . 148 Passives (vs. antipassives). 150 Various derived verbs. 152 NPs
.159 Peripherals. 161 Clause linkings . 162 Coordinate, subordinate, and cosubordinate . 163 Nominalizations . 165 Sentence types .167 Questions - content, polar, alternative, echo, indefinite, indirect 167 Commands - direct and indirect. 173 Exclamations and vocatives .174
XX Contents 5.3.4. 5.3.5. 5.4. 5.4.1. 5.4.2. 5.4.3. 5.4.4. Predicate-less sentences . 175 Direct and indirect speech. 177 Constituent order. 179 Some tendencies. 180 Detached constructions . 183 Disambiguation . 183 Fronting . 185 Chapter 6 Sociolinguistic notes . 187 6.1. Hedging. 187 6.2. (Dis)honorific (or attitudinal) expressions. 189 6.3. Word taboos .189 6.4. Wordplay.-. 191 Phonology Part 2: Chapter 7 Segmental adjustments . 195 7.1. (C)VC-stem/root strengthening: (Pl). 196 7.2. Initial fricativization: (P2). 197 7.3.
Initial velar adjustments: (P3) . 199 7.4. Final velar adjustments: (P4) . 200 7.5. Final apical adjustments: (P5). 202 7.6. Central vowel adjustments: (P6) . 205 7.7. Schwa insertion: (P7) . 206 7.8. Schwa deletion: (P8) . 208 7.9. Final velar veletion: (P9).210 7.10. Intervocalic velar deletion: (P10). 211 7.11. Weak velar fricative deletion: (Pl 1). 212 7.12. Labiovelar fricativization: (Pl2). 213 7.13. Devoicing: (Pl3) . 213 7.14. Post-devoicing cluster adjustments: (P14) . 215 7.15. /t/ affrication: (P15). 217 7.16. /v/ and /z/ adjustments: (P16). 218 7.17. Word-final adjustments: (P17). 219 Chapter Prosody 8.1. 8.2. 8.2.1. 8
. 220 Rhythmical accent: (P18i). 224 Regressive accent: (P18ii). 225 Avoiding/V.V/: (P18ii.a).225
Contents xxi 8.2.2. 8.2.3. 8.2.3.1. 8.2.3.2. 8.3. 8.4. 8.4.1. 8.4.2. 8.5. 8.5.1. 8.5.2. 8.5.3. 8.6. 8.7. 8.8. Avoiding /CVC.CV/: (Pl 8ii.b). 228 Avoiding /CV.Ci/: (Pl8ii.c) . 231 Blocking: (P18ii.d-g) . 232 Foot restructuring: (P18ii.h). 234 Deaccentuation: (P18iii). 235 Regressive accent in bound phrases: (P18iv). 236 Before a non-enclitic boundary (P18iv.a) . 236 Before an enclitic boundary: (P18iv.b) . 239 /ya/ and /ya/ deletion (syllable contraction): (Pl 8v). 243 Within inflections: (P18v.a). 246 Before other consonants: (Pl 8v.b). 247 Dialect variations . 248 CV-stem weakening: (Pl8vi) . 249 Lexical and affective disturbances: (Pl 8vii). 250 Double vowel contraction: (P18viii). 252 Chapter 9 Postprosodic adjustments.
255 9.1. /a/raising: (Pl9). 255 9.2. Vowel cluster adjustments: (P20) . 256 9.3. Postprosodic devoicing: (P21) - Kuskokwim dialect. 257 9.4. Pre-boundary fricativization: (P22). 258 9.5. Affective adjustments (P23). 259 9.6. Truncation (P24) . 261 9.7. Boundaries and potential pauses in summary . 262 Part 3: Nominals Chapter 10 Nominal inflection and ambivalent stems. 267 10.1. Nominal inflections. 267 10.2. Nominal stems. 269 10.3. Most basic stems - \pi-\ and ca- . 269 10.3.1. pi- . 269 10.3.2. ca- .272 10.4. Ambivalent stems. 273 10.5. Roots. 276 Chapter 11 Nouns
. 289 11.1. Appositive nouns. 281 11.2. Location nouns . 284
xxii Contents 11.2.1. 11.2.2. 11.2.2.1. 11.2.3. 11.2.3.1. 11.2.3.2. 11.3. 11.3.1. 11.3.2. 11.3.3. 11.3.4. 11.3.5. 11.3.6. 11.4. 11.4.1. 11.4.2. 11.4.3. 11.5. 11.6. 11.6.1. 11.6.2. 11.6.3. 11.7. 11.7.1. Stems . 284 Syntax and semantics .286 Stem specifics.288 Derivation. 290 Nominal elaboration (NN) . 290 Verbalization.297 Time words. . 300 Inflection . 300 Syntax. 302 Derivation. 307 Ambivalent time words. 313 Seasons, months, and days of week . 314 Non-native expressionsof time. 317 Kinship terms . 318 Iroquoian type.
318 Reciprocal relatives -kilyiiylt . 321 ‘Part, relative, partner’ - \ ila-\, \aipay-\.323 Color terms . 326 Proper names . 330 Names. 330 Teknonymy. 334 Place names . :. 340 Onomatopoeia. 342 Non-nominal.343 Chapter 12 Demonstratives . 345 12.1. 12.2. 12.2.1. 12.2.2. 12.2.3. 12.2.3.1. 12.2.3.2. 12.2.3.3. 12.2.3.4. 12.2.3.5. 12.2.3.6. 12.2.4. 12.2.5. 12.3. 12.3.1. Demonstrative roots . 346 Nominal demonstratives. 349 Morphology. 349 Syntax. 353 Semantics - categorization throughdemonstratives
. 354 Extended vs. non-extended. 354 Categories IX and X: ‘down/below’ vs.‘out, toward river’ . 356 Category XII: ‘outside’ (withoutreference to theriver). 357 Motion toward vs. away. 358 u- vs. \mat-\. 359 Anaphora. 360 References to areas/viHages . 363 Derivation. 364 Adverbial demonstratives. 366 Morphology. 366
Contents xxiii 12.3.2. 12.3.2.1. 12.3.2.2. 12.3.3. 12.4. Syntax. 371 Adverbial adjuncts . 371 Interjectives. 373 Derivation. 377 Verbal demonstratives. 379 Chapter 13 Personal pronouns. 382 13.1. 13.1.1. 13.1.2. 13.2. 13.2.1. 13.2.2. 13.2.3. 13.2.4. 13.3. 13.4. 13.4.1. 13.4.2. Morphology. 382 [wa(ŋa)-[ first person. 383 il(i)- non-first person. 384 Syntax. 385 Anaphoric. 385 Reflexive . 387 Reciprocal.388 Other
requirements.388 Derivation. 392 \nakmi-\. 394 \nakmiin\ . 394 Derivatives . 395 Chapter 14 Numerals and quantifiers . 397 14.1. Numeral stems. 397 14.2. Inflection . 402 14.3. Phrasal numerals . 404 14.3.1. Adnominal verbs with -luku . 404 14.3.1.1. Addition: cip-luku . 405 14.3.1.1.1. Fluctuation in number agreement. 407 14.3.1.1.2. ‘more than X’ .408 14.3.1.2. Subtraction . 409 14.3.1.3. Relational -ngu-luni and -ngu-luku . 410 14.3.1.4. Halving: avg-u-luku/aveg-
luku . 411 14.3.2. Appositive phrases - multiplication. 413 14.3.3. Juxtaposed phrases - combination. 415 14.4. Higher numerals: 100, 1000, and beyond. 417 14.5. Derivation. 420 14.6. Syntax. 421 14.7. Group (collective) numerals. 428 14.8. Frequency numerals . 429 14.9. Ordinal numerals. 429 14.10. Quantifiers. 432
xxiv Contents 14.10.1. 14.10.2. 14.10.2.1. 14.10.3. 14.10.3.1. 14.10.4. 14.10.4.1. \ilma(Ya)Y-\ ‘a little bit of amount’ (food, fish, water, etc.) . 432 \amlY-\ ‘(to be) many, much; to do (something) too much’. 433 Verbal.434 \tama(lku)Y-\ ‘(to be) a whole one (sg,)/alɪ different kinds (pl.)’ 434 Verbal . 437 \kii-\ ‘alone, only’ (~[HBC] kiyi-[Mountain Village] kizi-) . 440 Verbal. 441 Chapter 15 Ignoratives . 15.1. 15.2. 15.2.1. 15.2.1.1. 15.2.1.2. 15.2.2. 15.2.3. 15.2.3.1. 15.2.3.2. 15.2.3.3. 15.2.4. 15.2.4.1. 15.2.4.2. 15.2.5. 15.2.5.1. 15.2.5.2. 15.2.6. 15.3. 15.3.1. 15.3.2. 443 Functions and morphology. 443 Ignorative stems.445 \ca-\ ‘(to do) what’ .445 Verbal ca-:to do what’. 446 \ciin\ ‘why’ .447 \ki(t)-\ ‘who’ . 447 \na-\
‘where’. 449 \nat-\ ‘where/when (in relationto), what part (of)’ . 450 naliy-l'which one' . 451 \nauwa\ ‘where’ . 452 qa(y)- ‘when’ . 452 \qayvaY-\ ‘when (in the past)’ . 452 \qaku-\ ‘when (in the future); later’ . 453 \qai-\ ‘how’, attested in two particles . 454 \qailun\ (particle) ‘how’ . 454 \qayu-\ ‘how’ . 455 \qavciY~\ ‘(to be/do) how many/much’ . 456 Non-interrogative uses . 457 Indefinite . 457 Negative. 460 Chapter 16 Nominal phrases . 462 16.1. 16.1.1. 16.2. 16.2.1. 16.3. 16.4. 16.5. 16.6. Appositive phrases . 463 Verbalization
. 471 Coordinate phrases . 472 Reflexive third person within a coordinate phrase. 474 Juxtaposed phrases. 475 Attributive (genitive) phrases. 477 Adjunctional phrases (with oblique case NP) . 480 Adnominal clauses (verbs) - appositional and stative-connective . 483
Contents XXV Part 4: Nominal derivation Chapter 17 Relative clauses.489 17.1. 17.1.1. 17.1.2. 17.2. 17.2.1. 17.2.2. 17.3. 17.4. 17.4.1. 17.4.2. 17.4.3. 17.5. 17.5.1. 17.5.2. 17.5.3. 17.6. 17.6.1. 17.6.2. 17.7. 17.8. 17.8.1. 17.8.2. 17.9. CAY relative clauses in general. 489 Relativizers and arguments to be relativized. 490 Morpho-syntactic properties . 491 Participial relativizers. 501 Intransitive VNrl \-lyiay-\ ~ -yuy*- (variant after final /t/). 501 Transitive VNrl -iki- . :. 511 Preterite relativizers VNrl -ly- . 516 Passive relativizers (P argument) . 519 VNrl -lkinay- processive (or perfective). 520 VNrl/+yay-| . 523 VNrl +yaykay- (future). 529 Agentive/active relativizer. 532 VNrl. . 533 +(s)tily-| Past connotation by
addition of NN\-ly- | . 539 |+(s)tikay-| Future connotation by addition of NN |+kay-\ . 539 Oblique relativizers . 540 Locational. 540 Instrumental. 543 Concatenated relative clauses . 552 Transcategorial conversions of relative clauses. 554 Reverbalization: V—VNr-NV . 555 Renominalization: N — NV — VNrl/VNnm . 558 Non-core roles in main clauses . 559 Chapter 18 Nominal clauses . 563 18.1. 18.1.1. 18.1.2. 18.1.2.1. 18.1.2.2. 18.1.3. 18.1.4. 18.1.4.1. 18.1.4.2. 18.1.4.3. 18.1.5. Nominal clauses: basic properties. 564 Different types of verbs.567 Nominal clause complemented . 571 Intransitive nominalizations . 571 Transitive nominalizations. 575 With no person
inflection. 577 Elaborations of nominal clauses.579 Verbal categories retained. 580 Further expansions . 585 Subordination and cosubordination to a nominalization. 586 Indirect interrogative clauses . 587
xxvi Contents 18.1.6. 18.2. 18.2.1. 18.2.1.1. 18.2.1.2. 18.2.1.3. 18.2.2. 18.2.2.1. 18.2.2.2. Deverbal nouns. 588 Various nominalizers (VVnm) . 589 +(u)ciy-, etc. 589 VNnm |+(u)ciy-| . 589 VNnm \+(u)ciykay-\ (future) . 594 Composite suffixes. 594 -ly-l, etc. :. 599 VNnm |-ly-| . 599 VNnm |-liykayl (future) . 602 18.2.3. 18.3. 18.3.1. 18.3.1.1. 18.3.1.2. 18.3.2. 18.3.2.1. 18.3.2.2. 18.4. 18.4.1. 18.4.2. 18.4.3. 18.4.4. VNnm \+icayay-\ . : 604 Bifunctional -ny- . 610 Abstract |-»y-| vs. deverbal I+i«y-| . :.611 Abstract nominalization \-ny-\. 611 Deverbal nouns ny-
. 616 Comparative nominal -ny- (~ post-apical -ily-) .618 Comparative phrases . 619 Comparative clauses. 622 Nominalizations in main clauses. 624 With absolutive-case marking. 624 With relative-case marking . 627 Ablative-modalis case marking. 629 With allative-case marking for a peripheral argument. 630 Chapter 19 Other deverbal nouns . 631 19.1. 19.2. Agent nouns. 631 Miscellaneous. 635 Chapter 20 Nominal elaborations . 646 20.1. 20.1.1. 20.1.2. 20.2. 20.3. 20.4. Adjectival . 646 Qualifying. 646 Belonging
. 666 Associative . 677 (Dis)honorifics (HNR) (NNhWVh).680 Nominal cyclical expansion (N—V— N) . 700
Contents xxvii Part 5: Nominal categories Chapter 21 Number . 709 21.1. 21.2. 21.3. 21.4. 21.5. 21.6. Duality in kinships .711 Associative non-singular . 712 Collective/generic singular. 713 Partitive singular . 713 Composite objects in the non-singular. 715 Number of place names. .718 Chapter 22 Person (possessor) . 22.1. 22.1.1. 22.2. 22.3. 22.4. 22.5. 721 First, second, and third persons. 722 Third-person possessor in attributive phrases. 722 Reflexive-third person. 723 Possessed nominals in oblique cases. 727 Emphasis on the possessor. 727 Inalienability.727 Chapter 23 Absolutive case . 730 23.1. 23.2. S/P
function - intransitive subject and transitive object. 732 Absolutive vs. locative .734 Chapter 24 Relative case. 24.1. 24.2. 24.2.1. 24.2.2. 24.2.3. 24.2.4. 24.2.5. 24.3. 24.3.1. 24.3.2. 24.4. 737 G function (genitive) . 739 A function (ergative) . 741 Natural elements. . 742 Other miscellaneous nouns. 743 Nominal clauses . 743 Standard of comparison. 744 Non-prototypical A arguments. 745 Verb stems in the relative case. 745 G function.745 A function. 748 Ambivalence. 748
xxviii Contents Chapter 25 Ablative-modalis case. 750 25.1. Starting point, etc. 751 25.1.1. In adjunctional phrases. 753 25.2. Syntactic. 754 25.2.1. Demoted NPs. 754 25.2.2. Stranded NPs. 757 25.2.3. Ablative-modalis for pseudo-passives. 764 25.3. Composite ablative \±niyniY\ . 766 Chapter 26 Allative case . :. 769 26.1. Direction, etc. 769 26.1.1. In adjunctionalphrases.774 26.1.2. Allative-derivedverbalizations . 774 26.2. Syntactic. 774 Chapter 27 Locative case. 779 27.1. Location, etc. 780
27.2. Relation/concern/judgement. 782 27.3. Standard of comparison . 784 27.4. Reference to a first or second person argument. 786 27.5. Vocative . 794 27.6. Exclamative. 796 27.7. In adjunctional phrases. 798 27.8. Locative verbs - NV +m(i)t- ~ +[person]n(i)t- . 799 27.9. Double case-marking. 808 27.9.1. Location locative + comparison locative . 809 27.9.2. Location locative + comparison equalis. 810 27.9.3. Temporal locative/ablative + composite ablative . 812 Chapter 28 Perlative case . 813 28.1. Location. 813 28.1.1. Perlative-derived verbalizations. 816 28.2. Instruments, etc. 816 Chapter 29 Equalis case. 819 29.1. Equality and
similarity . 819 29.2. Comparison of equaliy . 822 29.3. Manner and time. 822
Contents xxix Chapter 30 Case assignments . 826 30.1. Preliminaries. 827 30.1.1. Seven cases - syntactic and oblique. 827 30.1.2. Core arguments and valency modification.828 30.2. Case assignment according to argument hierarchy. 833 30.2.1. Primary (non-extended) simplex verbs . 833 30.2.2. Extended simplex verbs . 835 30.2.3. Complex verbs. 838 30.3. Argument reduction and detransitivization . 840 30.3.1. Reduction - demotion (two types) and agent coreference .841 30.3.2. Detransitivization .843 30.3.2.1. Antipassive. 844 30.3.2.2. Passive. 847 30.3.2.3. Medio-passive . 849 30.3.2.4. Reflexives and reciprocals . 850 30.4. Stranded
NPs. 851 30.4.1. From nominal phrases . 851 30.4.2. \pi-\ constructions. 852 30.5. Cases in nominalized clauses. 852 30.5.1. Nominal clauses (complementations) . 852 30.5.2. Relative clauses. 855 30.6. Five syntactically relevant cases, with the locative included. 856 Chapter 31 Vocatives . 859 31.1. Final vowel doubling. 859 31.2. Possessor marker in the relative case. 861 31.3. Final truncation . 862 Part 6: Verbs Chapter 32 Verb inflection . 867 32.1. Valency and its modifications. 867 32.1.1. Modifications . 868 32.1.2. Intransitive vs. transitive .
871 32.2. Subject and object persons. 871 32.2.1. Verbal person markers . 872 32.3. Cross-reference/agreement. 873 32.3.1. Disagreement. 874
xxx Contents 32.3.2. 32.4. Disguised person . 875 Six moods and reflexive third person. 876 Chapter 33 Monovalent (intransitive) stems . 879 33.1. 33.2. 33.3. 33.4. 33.4.1. 33.4.2. 33.4.3. 33.5. Primary monovalent stems . 880 Denominal monovalent stems . 882 Impersonal monovalent stems .883 Transitive use of monovalent stems (zero derivation). 887 LocationalP. .888 Impersonal and personal A. 889 Denominal stems with impersonal A . 895 Transitivization (suffix-derived) . 897 Chapter 34 Bivalent (monotransitive) stems . 898 34.1. 34.1.1. 34.1.2. 34.1.2.1. 34.1.2.2. 34.2. 34.2.1. 34.2.2. 34.3. 34.3.1. 34.3.2. 34.4. 34.4.1. 34.4.2. 34.5. 34.6. 34.7. Agentive stems (S=A) .901 Antipassives (zero-derived). 903 Passives
. 904 TAM-sensitive. 904 Pseudo-passives. 907 Patientive stems. . 909 Medio-passives.914 Antipassives (suffix-derived). 917 Impersonal-patientive stems. 919 Transitive vs. intransitive. 921 Impersonal verbs in summary . 924 Reflexives and reciprocals . 925 Reflexives.926 Reciprocals. 928 Causative verbs: simplex vs. complex . 931 Contrast among various transitive verbs . 933 \pi-\ verbs .936 Chapter 35 Trivalent (ditransitive)
stems. 940 35.1. 35.1.1. 35.1.2. 35.1.2.1. 35.1.2.2. 35.1.3. Two types of ditransitives . 940 Secundative . 942 Indirective.949 Applicative extended. 952 Variable stems. 954 Valency rearrangements.955
Contents xxxi 35.1.4. 35.2. 35.2.1. 35.2.1.1. 35.2.1.2. 35.2.1.3. 35.2.1.4. 35.2.2. 35.2.3. 35.2.4. 35.3. Valency increase (extension) of ditransitives . 958 Syntactic properties. 959 Detransitivization . 959 Passivization. 960 Antipassivization .962 Reflexivization . 963 Reciprocalization. 963 Nominal ization. 964 Relativization . 966 Questions. ,.968 Ditransitives compared with extended trivalents . 970 Chapter 36 Root-derived stems. 972 36.1. 36.2. 36.2.1. 36.3. Emotional roots . 972 Postural roots. 975 Direct inflection with no expander. 977
Others . 979 Part 7: Verbal derivation Chapter 37 Relational (equational) verbs (NVrv). 983 37.1. 37.2. 37.2.1. 37.3. 37.3.1. 37.4. 37.4.1. 37.5. 37.5.1. 37.5.2. 37.5.3. 37.5.3.1. 37.5.3.2. Stative intransitive NVrv +yu-| ‘to be’.987 Stative transitive NVrv -ki- . 990 As VV suffix .993 Inchoative intransitive NVrv \+yuyc-\ . 996 Transitive inflection . 997 Inchoative transitive NVrv \-k(i)sayuc-\ . 998 As VV suffix -1 k{t)sayuc-\ . 1000 Morphosyntactic properties of relational verbs . 1000 Difference from non-relational denominal verbs. 1000 Co-occurrence with deverbalized clauses .1002 Cyclical verbal expansion . 1003 Verbal markers . 1003 Verbal cyclical expansion (V—N—V) . 1004 Chapter 38 Non-relational verbalizations (NV)
. 1006 38.1. 38.2. 38.3. Possession/existence/deprivation .1006 Action verbs . 1019 -li-I group.1024
xxxii Contents 38.4. Quantity/quality/size . 1034 38.5. Miscellaneous. 1039 Chapter 39 Simplex verb modifications (Wsm). 1044 39.1. Agent . 1047 39.1.1. +c-. 1047 39.1.2. +cay- / \+caa(ya)y-\. 1053 39.1.3. +ciy-. 1055 39.1.4. \-yqi-\. 1057 39.2. Necessitative impersonal agent.1059 39.2.1. Impersonal .1061 39.2.1.1. Modality . 1062 39.2.2. Further expansions . 1068 39.3. Pseudo-passive . 1070 39.3.1. Wsm +(s)ci(u)y- . 1070 39.3.2. \+yau-\ /\+yaqi-\. 1075 39.4. Applicative
experiencer . 1076 39.4.1. Applicative Wsm +(u)c- .1077 39.4.2. Various roles with transitive inflection. 1080 39.4.3. Detransitivization of |+(w)c-|-derived stems . 1088 39.4.4. +(u)c- antipassives. 1091 39.4.5. Various derivations .1093 39.5. Adversative experiencer | +yi- . 1096 39.5.1. Transitive vs. intransitive inflection. 1097 39.5.2. Two ways +yi- is detransitivized .1105 39.5.3. A brief comparative note. 1108 39.6. Antipassives (suffix-derived) . 1109 39.6.1. Wsm +yiz- (cf. P15iii). 1110 39.6.2. Wsm -kini- . 1114 39.6.3. Recursive modifications by E extensions.1117 39.7. Valency increase and rearrangement. 1118 39.7.1. Wsm +(u)tiki- . 1119 39.7.2. Wsm |
+viki-|. 1122 39.7.3. Valency rearrangement derived from suffix composite. 1123 Chapter 40 Complex transitives (Wem) . 1125 40.1. Intransitive inflections.1129 40.2. Six kinds. 1133 40.2.1. Causative (causing/having) \-vkay-\ ~ |+cic-\ . 1133 40.2.1.1. Coreferential marker (CRF) . 1137
Contents 40.2.1.2. 40.2.2. 40.2.2.1. 40.2.3. 40.2.3.1. 40.2.4. 40.2.5. 40.2.5.1. 40.2.6. 40.3. 40.3.1. 40.3.2. 40.3.3. 40.4. 40.4.1. 40.4.2. 40.5. 40.6. 40.7. xxxiii Secondary: \+citaay-\. 1138 Directive (asking): +sqi-. 1139 Secondary: \+squma-\ . 1142 Speculative (or jussive; thinking) +cuki- . 1143 Secondary: \+nayuki-\ . 1144 Reportative (saying): +ni-|. 1145 Ignorative (not sure/known): |+(u)ciit- . 1147 Other ignoratives. 1149 Expectant VVem-niyciy- . 1150 Derivations of complex verbs . 1152 Suffix orders. 1154 Double complex transitives. 1158 Multi-layered complex transitives. 1160 Nominalizations of complex transitives. 1163 Relative clauses. 1164
Nominal clauses . 1165 Adjuncts to complex transitives. 1166 Periphrastic complex transitives . 1167 Case alignments of complex transitive constructions . 1171 Part 8: Verb elaboration Chapter 41 Adverbial (Wa) . 1175 41.1. 41.2. 41.3. 41.3.1. 41.3.2. 41.3.3. 41.3.4. 41.3.5. Manner . 1175 Time (speed/precedence) . 1181 Intensity (degree/extent). 1184 Group 1 \-piyc-\ ~ \-piay-\, etc. 1185 Group 2 \+pay-\, etc. 1193 Group 3 \+q*inay-\, etc. 1199 Group 4 \qay\ . 1202 Group 5 miscellaneous. 1204 Chapter 42 Tense and aspect (Wt) . 1210 42.1. 42.2. 42.2.1. 42.2.2. 42.2.3. 42.2.4. 42.2.5. 42.2.6. Tense
. 1211 Aspect. 1216 Inceptive/inchoative (INC). 1217 Momentaneous (MOM). 1221 Continuous/stative/perfective. 1224 Iterative (ITR). 1235 Customary (CUS) . 1238 Consequential (fiɪture/present) (CSQ) . 1241
xxxiv Contents Chapter 43 Modality (Wm) . 1250 43.1. (Dis)honorifics (VVh/NNh).1265 43.2. Evidentiality (We). 1265 Chapter 44 Negation (VVn). ;. 1272 44.1. Double and partial negation . 1285 Chapter 45 Comparison. 1287 45.1. Comparative degree. 1288 45.1.1. Intransitive constructions . 1289 45.1.2. Transitive constructions . 1291 45.1.2.1. Superficial transitive comparatives. 1294 45.1.3. Various NPs for comparee and for standard . 1296 45.1.4. Various parameters. 1297 45.1.5. Numerals of‘more than X’ . 1299 45.1.6. Relative clauses of comparative constructions . 1300 45.2. Superlative degree. . 1301 45.2.1. With plural standard of
comparison. 1301 45.2.2. With intensifier in index . 1302 45.3. Inchoative comparison (‘to become more than’) . 1304 45.4. Comparative clauses from comparative phrases . 1306 45.5. Negative comparison. 1309 45.6. Equalitive .1310 45.6.1. Intransitive VVa +ta- . 1310 45.6.2. Transitive constructions .1315 45.7. Indices of comparisons summarized . 1318 45.8. Peculiarity of case markers\+mi\/\+tun\ as standard of comparison 1318 45.9. Lexical comparison. 1319 Part 9: Verb moods Chapter 46 Indicative mood . 1323 46.1. Inflection . 1323 46.2. Declarative role . 1327 46.3. Non-declarative role. 1328
Contents yxnyi Chapter 47 Participial mood . 1329 47.1. 47.2. 47.2.1. 47.2.1.1. 47.2.2. 47.2.3. 47.2.4. 47.3. 47.4. 47.5. 47.6. 47.6.1. 47.6.2. Inflection . 1330 With a non-inflecting word . 1331 =wa ( # wa) . 1331 Occurrence with \-li-\ . 1333 \ima\ ‘you know’ . 1334 \ta^ ‘to see (as it’s a fact)!’ . 1335 Miscellaneous particles . 1336 Without a non-inflecting word . .1337 In bi-clausal sentences. 1338 With reflexive third inflection (‘when, because’). 1342 Converbs. 1344 Converb 1 \-lyiim\ ‘when, as’. 1347 Converb 2 \-lyiani\ ‘whenever’ . 1348 Chapter 48 Interrogative
mood. 1349 48.1. 48.2. 48.2.1. 48.2.2. 48.2.3. 48.3. 48.4. Inflection . 1349 Content questions . 1351 In complex transitive constructions. 1357 Nominal clauses .1358 Word order . 1359 Indirect (rhetorical) questions ‘I wonder’:|=kiy . 1359 Exclamations by interrogative-mood verbs. 1360 Chapter 49 Optative mood . 1362 49.1. 49.2. 49.2.1. 49.3. 49.3.1. 49.4. 49.4.1. 49.4.2. 49.4.3. 49.5. 49.6. 49.6.1. 49.6.2. 49.6.3. Inflection . 1363 Third-person optatives. 1367 With non-inflecting words . 1367 First-person optatives .1369 With a non-inflecting word . 1369 Second-person optatives. 1371 With non-
inflecting words . 1372 Periphrastic optatives with \pi-\ . 1373 -qay- optatives . 1374 Future optatives: -ki- (I). 1375 Prohibitional optatives . 1378 General prohibition . 1378 Future prohibition.1379 Continuative prohibition . 1381
xxxvi Contents 49.7. 49.8. Non-optative use: -iki- (2) . 1382 In bi-clausal sentences. 1383 Chapter 50 Connective mood . 1384 50.1. Inflection . 1387 50.2. Causal (CNNbc): ‘because, when’ . 1389 50.3. Constantive (CNNwv): ‘whenever’. 1392 50.4. Precessive (CNNbf): ‘before’ .1395 50.4.1. Starting point (‘since before’). 1396 50.5. Concessive (CNNth): ‘though, even if. 1396 50.6. Conditional (CNNif):‘if . 1398 50.7. Indirective (CNNid) . 1401 50.8. Contemporative (CNNwn): ‘when’. 1403 50.9. Simultaneous (CNNwI): ‘while’ . 1406 50.10. Stative (CNNst): ‘being in the state of. 1407 50.11. Quasi-connectives (CNNqs). 1410 50.11.1. \-ly-\ ~ \-ny-\ ~ +viy- with the allative marker (‘until’) . 1411 50.11.2. -ny- (~ -y-|) with perlative or locative
marker (‘after’) .1412 50.11.3. \-xaany-\ with the ablative marker (‘since’) . 1412 50.11.4. +(u)t- with the locative marker (‘as soon as, when’) . .1413 50.11.5. +(u)ciy-| with the equalis marker (‘as soon as’). 1414 Chapter 51 Appositional mood . 1416 51.1. Morphological and syntactic characteristics. 1421 51.1.1. Mood marker. 1421 51.1.2. Suffix selectivity . 1423 51.1.3. Negative appositionals . 1424 51.1.4. Morpho-syntactic idiosyncracies. 1427 51.1.4.1. First- and second person. 1427 51.1.4.2. Third vs. reflexive third person. 1429 51.1.4.3. Coreferential marker - \vkay\ ~ +cic . 1433 51.2. Cosubordinate clauses. 1439 51.2.1. Concomitant circumstances. 1439 51.2.2. Temporal settings . 1446 51.2.3. Miscellaneous
“adverbials”. 1452 51.2.4. Coordinate clauses . 1458 51.2.5. Cosubordination to lower clauses of complex transitives. 1461 51.2.6. Reduplicative use . 1463 51.2.7. ca-and pi- . 1463 51.2.8. Adjunct to inalienably possessed nominals. 1465
Contents 51.3. 51.3.1. 51.3.1.1. 51.3.2. 51.4. 51.4.1. 51.4.2. 51.4.3. 51.4.4. 51.5. 51.6. 51.6.1. 51.6.2. 51.7. 51.7.1. 51.7.2. xxxvii Periphrasis with appositionals . 1467 Cosubordination to expletive pi- clauses. 1468 Different splitting. 1472 Periphrastic complex transitives - |pi-and full verbs. 1473 As independent clauses . 1474 Declarative . 1475 Reply . 1480 Interrogative . 1481 Optative - command and prohibition.1482 Adnominal clauses . 1.484 Quasi-nominal clauses. 1489 As an intransitive subject. 1489 Exclamative constructions.1492 Nominalizations of appositional constructions . 1493 Nominal clauses . 1493 Relative
clauses. 1495 Part 10: Non-inflecting words Chapter 52 Non-inflecting words in general. 1501 52.1. 52.2. 52.3. 52.4. 52.4.1. 52.4.2. 52.5. 52.5.1. 52.5.2. Particles and enclitics. 1501 Constitution . 1504 Functions . 1509 Two exclamative particlizers .1508 VPc +paa . 1508 VPc\+naa\ ~ \+nii\ . .1512 Linkers (linking suffixes). 1513 Following non-in fleeting words . 1514 Following English words. 1516 Chapter 53 Particles . 1518 53.1. 53.2. 53.3. 53.4. 53.5. 53.6. Interjectional/exclamative . 1518 Sentence words. 1522 Sentence adverbials.
1524 Adverbials . 1531 Conjunctionals. 1535 Expletive sentence fillers . 1541
xxxviii Contents Chapter 54 Enclitics . 1544 54.1. Reactive.1544 54.2. Expressive . 1550 54.3. Expressive (negative).1553 54.4. Reportative/quotative . 1555 54.5. Coordinating. 1559 Appendix Suffix list . .1565 References/sources. 1577 Index: Subjects. 1602 Index: Authors and persons. 1654 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T23:00:13Z |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Miyaoka, Osahito 1936- Verfasser (DE-588)1146982399 aut A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) Part 1 by Osahito Miyaoka Berlin ; Boston De Gruyter Mouton [2012] li, 705 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mouton grammar library 58 (DE-604)BV049386126 1 Mouton grammar library 58 (DE-604)BV000018422 58,1 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034713668&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Miyaoka, Osahito 1936- A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) Mouton grammar library |
| title | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) |
| title_auth | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) |
| title_exact_search | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) |
| title_exact_search_txtP | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) |
| title_full | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) Part 1 by Osahito Miyaoka |
| title_fullStr | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) Part 1 by Osahito Miyaoka |
| title_full_unstemmed | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) Part 1 by Osahito Miyaoka |
| title_short | A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) |
| title_sort | a grammar of central alaskan yupik cay |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034713668&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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