Will to fight of private military actors: applying cognitive maneuver to Russian private forces
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Santa Monica, Calif.
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[2023]
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Preface....................................................................................................................... iii Figures and Tables................................................................................................ vii Summary................................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgments................................................................................................xxi Abbreviations.................................................................................................... xxiii CHAPTER ONE Understanding the Will to Fight of Private Military Actors.................. 1 Cognitive Maneuver............................................................................................4 Background on the Will-to-Fight Model.......................................................... 6 Research Approach............................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER TWO Russia’s Private Military Actors......................................................................... 15 Industry Structure in Context.......................................................................... 19 CHAPTER THREE Applying the Will-to-Fight Model to Private Military Actors............ 27 Translating the Military Will-to-Fight Model to Private Military Actors................................................................................................... 28 Linking Model Factors to Strategies to Counter Russian Private Military
Actors.................................................................................... 51 v
vi Will to Fight of Private Military Actors CHAPTER FOUR Conclusions, Recommendations, and Next Steps.................................. 53 Who Are the Relevant Actors in the Russian Private Military Sphere? ... 54 What Factors Are Most Relevant to Russian Private Military Actors’ Will to Fight?...................................................................... 54 How Do Russian Private Military Actors Compare with Their Current and Historical Western Counterparts?............................. 55 Observations..................................................................................................... 55 Historical Lessons Learned: What Are the Best Options for Countering Adversary-Employed Private Military Actors in Syria and Beyond? 57 It Is Critical for U.S. Army Special Operations Command to Understand How These Dynamics Apply in Syria and Beyond 61 APPENDIX Glossary of Terms........................................................................................... 63 References........................................................................................................ 67
References Allison, Olivia, “Informal but Diverse: The Market for Exported Force from Russia and Ukraine,” in Molly Dunigan and Ulrich Petersohn, eds., The Markets for Force: Privatization ofSecurity Across World Regions, Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, pp. 87-102. American National Standards Institute and ASIS International, Management System for Quality ofPrivate Security Company Operations: Requirements with Guidance, Alexandria, Va.: ASIS International, American National Standard PSC.1-2012, March 5, 2012. Apuzzo, Matt, “Blackwater Guards Found Guilty in 2007 Iraq Killings,” New York Times, October 22, 2014. Astorino-Courtois, Allison, ed., A Cognitive Capabilities Agenda: A Multi-Step Approach for Closing DoD’s Cognitive Capability Gap, Washington, D.C.: Joint Staff, Strategic Multi-Layer Assessment Office, October 2017. Atwood, Rodney, The Hessians: Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980. Avant, Deborah D., “The Privatization of Security: Lessons from Iraq,” Orbis, Vol. 50, No. 2, Spring 2006, pp. 327-342. Bayley, С. C., War and Society in Renaissance Florence: The “De Militia” of Leonardo Bruni, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961. Bingham, Konrad, and James Muzyka, “Private Companies Engage in Russia’s Non-Linear Warfare,” Jane s Intelligence Review, January 29, 2018. Boatner, Mark Mayo III, Encyclopedia ofthe American Revolution, New York: David McKay Publications, 1969. Borshchevskaya, Anna, Russian Private Military Companies: Continuity and Evolution ofthe Model,
Philadelphia, Pa.: Foreign Policy Research Institute, December 2019. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.fpri.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/rfp4-borshchevskaya-final.pdf 67
70 Will to Fight of Private Military Actors International Committee of the Red Cross and Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland, The Montreux Document on Pertinent International Legal Obligations and Good Practicesfor States Related to Operations ofPrivate Military and Security Companies During Armed Conflict, Geneva, Switzerland, September 17, 2008. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0996.pdf Kelty, Ryan, “Citizen Soldiers and Civilian Contractors: Military Outsourcing, Unit Cohesion, and Retention Attitudes,” Chestertown, Md.: Washington College, 2011. Khazov-Cassia, Sergei, and Robert Coalson, “Russian Mercenaries: Vagner Commanders Describe Life Inside the ‘Meat Grinder,”’ Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty, March 14, 2018. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.rferl.Org/a/russian-mercenaries-vagner-commanders-syria/ 29100402.html Klein, Margarete, Private Military Companies: A Growing Instrument in Russia’s Foreign and Security Policy Toolbox, Helsinki, Finland: European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats, March 2019. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.hybridcoe.fi/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/HybridCoE_ StrategicAnalysis_3_2019.pdf Kopplin, Zack, and Irvin McCullough, “U.S. Paid $1B to Contractor Accused of Bigotry at Iraq Air Base,” Daily Beast, September 18, 2018. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.thedailybeast.com/ us-paid-dollarlb-to-contractor-accused-of-bigotry-at-iraq-air-base Linder, Andrew, “Russian Private Military Companies in Syria and Beyond,” New Perspectives in Foreign Policy, No. 16,
Fall 2018, pp. 17-21. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.csis.org/npfp/russian-private-military-companies-syria-and-beyond Lister, Tim, Sebastian Shukla, and Clarissa Ward, “Putin’s Private Army,” CNN, August 2019. As of August 26, 2020: https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2019/08/africa/putins-private-army-car-intl Lowell, Edward J., The Hessians and the Other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1884.
References 71 MacCoun, Robert J., “What Is Known About Unit Cohesion and Military Performance,” in Bernard D. Rostker, Scott A. Harris, James P. Kahan, Erik J. Frinking, C. Neil Fulcher, Lawrence M. Hanser, Paul Koegel, John D. Winkler, Brent A. Boultinghouse, Joanna Heilbrunn, Janet Lever, Robert J. MacCoun, Peter Tiemeyer, Gail L. Zellman, Sandra H. Berry, Jennifer Hawes-Dawson, Samantha Ravich, Steven L. Schlossman, Timothy Haggarty, Tanjam Jacobson, Ancella Livers, Sherie Mershon, Andrew Cornell, Mark A. Schuster, David E. Kanouse, Raynard Kington, Mark Litwin, Conrad Peter Schmidt, Carl H. Builder, Peter Jacobson, Stephen A. Saltzburg, Roger Allen Brown, William Fedorochko, Marilyn Fisher Freemon, John F. Peterson, and James A. Dewer, Sexual Orientation and U.S. Military Personnel Policy: Options and Assessment, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, MR-323-OSD, 1993, pp. 283-331. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR323.html Machiavelli, Niccolo, The Prince, George Bull, trans., New York: Random House, 2003. Mallett, Michael, Mercenaries and Their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy, London: Bodley Head, 1974. Marten, Kimberly, “Russia’s Use of Semi-State Security Forces: The Case of the Wagner Group,” Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 35, No. 3, 2019, pp. 181-204. McCoy, Terrence, “What Does Russia Tell the Mothers of Soldiers Killed in Ukraine? Not Much,” Washington Post, August 29, 2014. Merriam-Webster, “Well-Being,” Merriam-Wehster.com Dictionary, undated. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/well-being
Miller, T. Christian, “AIG Faces Inquiry over Medical Care for U.S. Contractors,” ProPublica, April 22, 2009a. As of August 26, 2020: http://www.propublica.org/article/ aig-faces-inquiry-over-medical-care-for-u.s.-contractors-422 --------- , “Congressional Hearing: Officials Admit Major Flaws in Program to Aid Wounded War-Zone Workers,” ProPublica, June 19, 2009b. As of August 26, 2020: http://www.propublica.org/article/ congressional-hearing-officials-acknowledge-program-to-treat-war-contra-619 --------- , “Foreign Workers for U.S. Are Casualties Twice Over,” ProPublica, June 19, 2009c. As of August 26, 2020: http://www.propublica.org/article/ foreign-workers-for-u.s.-are-casualties-twice-over-619
72 Will to Fight of Private Military Actors --------- , “The Other Victims of Battlefield Stress; Defense Contractors’ Mental Health Neglected,” ProPublica, February 26, 2010a. As of August 26, 2020: http://www.propublica.org/article/ injured-contractors-the-other-victims-of-battlefield-stress-224 --------- , “This Year, Contractor Deaths Exceed Military Ones in Iraq and Afghanistan,” ProPublica, September 23, 2010b. As of August 26, 2020: http://www.propublica.org/article/ this-year-contractor-deaths-exceed-military-ones-in-iraq-and-afgh-100923 Miller, T. Christian, and Doug Smith, “Injured Civilians Battle to Get Care,” Los Angeles Times, April 17, 2009. Mockler, Anthony, The Mercenaries, New York: Macmillan, 1969. Moore, Adam, Empire’s Labor: The Global Army That Supports U.S. Wars, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2019. Nelson, Kim M., Contractors on the Battlefield: Force Multipliers or Force Dividers? Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.: Air Command and Staff College, April 2000. Percy, Sarah, Mercenaries: The History ofa Norm in International Relations, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007. Phinney, David, “Marines Jail Contractors in Iraq: Tension and Confusion Grow Amid the ‘Fog of War,’” CorpWatch, June 7, 2005. Prechtel, Johann Ernst, A Hessian Officer s Diary ofthe American Revolution, Bruce E. Burgoyne, trans., Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 1994. Reynolds, Nathaniel, Putin’s Not-So-Secret Mercenaries: Patronage, Geopolitics, and the Wagner Group, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 8, 2019. As of August 26, 2020:
https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/07/08/putin-s-not-so-secret-mercenariespatronage-geopolitics-and-wagner-group-pub-79442 Robinson, Linda, “America’s Secret Armies: A Swarm of Private Contractors Bedevils the U.S. Military,” U.S. News and World Report, November 4, 2002. Robinson, Linda, Todd C. Helmus, Raphael S. Cohen, Alireza Nader, Andrew Radin, Madeline Magnuson, and Katya Migacheva, Modern Political Warfare: Current Practices and Possible Responses, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1772-A, 2018. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1772.html Rondeaux, Candace, Decoding the Wagner Group: Analyzing the Role ofPrivate Military Security Contractors in Russian Proxy Warfare, Washington, D.C.: New America, November 7, 2019. Rosengarten, Joseph George, A Defence ofthe Hessians, reprint, Philadelphia, Pa.: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, July 1899.
References 73 “Russia’s Wagner Mercenaries Halt Prisoner Recruitment Campaign—Prigozhin,” Reuters, February 9, 2023. Schwartz, Moshe, and Joyprada Swain, Department ofDefense Contractors in Afghanistan and Iraq: Background and Analysis, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, R40764, May 13, 2011. Singer, P. W, Corporate Warriors: The Rise ofthe Privatized Military Industry, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003. Smith, Eugene B., “The New Condottieri and US Policy: The Privatization of Conflict and its Implications,” Parameters, Vol. 32, No. 4, Winter 2002-2003, pp. 104-119. Spearin, Christopher, “Special Operations Forces a Strategic Resource: Public and Private Divides,” Parameters, Vol. 36, No. 4, Winter 2006-2007, pp. 58-70. Sukhankin, Sergey, “War, Business and ‘Hybrid’ Warfare: The Case of the Wagner Private Military Company (Part Two),” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol. 15, No. 61, April 23, 2018a. --------- , Continuing War by Other Means : The Case of Wagner, Russia’s Premier Private Military Company in the Middle East, Washington, D.C.: Jamestown Foundation, July 13, 2018b. Swed, Ori, and Thomas Crosbie, “Who Are the Private Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan?” Military Times, March 14, 2019. As of September 8, 2020: https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-navy/2019/03/14/ who-are-the-private-contractors-in-iraq-and-afghanistan Thomson, Janice E., Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994. Trading Economics, “Russia Average Monthly Wages,” data for March 2020. As of September 8, 2020:
https://tradingeconomics.com/russia/wages Tsvetkova, Maria, “Russian Military Veterans Seek ICC Investigation of Mercenary Deployments,” Reuters, November 9, 2018. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-military-mercenaries/russian-militaryveterans-seek-icc-investigation-of-mercenary-deployments-idUSKCNlNE2G7 Tsvetkova, Maria, and Anton Zverev, “Ghost Soldiers: The Russians Secretly Dying for the Kremlin in Syria,” Reuters, November 3, 2016. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-insight/ghostsoldiers-the-russians-secretly-dying-for-the-kremlin-in-syria-idUSKBN12Y0M6 U.S. Army Special Operations Command, Cognitive Maneuver for the Contemporary and Future Strategic OperatingEnvironment, May 31, 2016.
14 Will to Fight of Private Military Actors --------- , Expanding Maneuver in the Early 21st Century Security Environment, January 12, 2017. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.soc.mil/Files/ExpandingManeuvers21Century.pdf U.S. Army Sustainment Command, Public Affairs, “LOGCAP V Performance Contractors Selected,” April 15, 2019. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.army.mil/article/220353/logcap_v_performance_contractors_selected U.S. Code, Title 10, Subtitle A, Chapter 3, Section 129a, General Policy for Total Force Management. U.S. Department of Defense, Summary ofthe 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States ofAmerica: Sharpening the American Military’s Competitive Edge, January 19, 2018. U.S. Department of Defense Instruction 1100.22, Policy and Procedures for Determining Workforce Mix, incorporating change 1, December 1, 2017. U.S. General Accounting Office, Military Operations: Contractors Provide Vital Services to Deployed Forces but Are Not Adequately Addressed in DoD Plans, Washington, D.C., GAO-03-695, June 2003. U.S. Special Operations Command, Operating in the Human Domain, version 1.0, August 3, 2015. Waley, Daniel, The Italian City-Republics, London: World University Library, 1969. Warburg, Robert A., U.S. Army Special Operations Command, “Cognitive Maneuver for the Contemporary and Future Strategic Operating Environment,” briefing, June 21, 2016. Weiss, Michael, “The Case of the Keystone Cossacks,” Foreign Policy, November 21, 2013. “What Is Russia’s Wagner Group of Mercenaries and Why Did It March on Moscow?” BBC News, June 26, 2023. Whitson, Anthony
K., Logistical Contractors on the Peacekeeping (PKO) Battlefield: A Guidefor the Operational Commander, Newport, R.I.: Naval War College, February 2001. Zilber, Ariel, “Ex-Green Beret and Father-of-Four Who Worked as a Contractor for Lockheed Martin Dies After Being ‘Pummeled into Unconsciousness by Two Marines During a Gym Altercation’ While Working in Iraq,” Daily Mail, January 8, 2019. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6567705/American-defense-contractorIraq-DIES-pummeled-unconsciousness-Marines.html Zinn, Johann Georg, journal entry in Bruce E. Burgoyne, ed. and trans., Enemy Views: The American Revolutionary War as Recorded by the Hessian Participants, Westminster, Md.: Heritage Books, 1996. ( Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München __ У
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Contents Preface. iii Figures and Tables. vii Summary. ix Acknowledgments.xxi Abbreviations. xxiii CHAPTER ONE Understanding the Will to Fight of Private Military Actors. 1 Cognitive Maneuver.4 Background on the Will-to-Fight Model. 6 Research Approach. 12 CHAPTER TWO Russia’s Private Military Actors. 15 Industry Structure in Context. 19 CHAPTER THREE Applying the Will-to-Fight Model to Private Military Actors. 27 Translating the Military Will-to-Fight Model to Private Military Actors. 28 Linking Model Factors to Strategies to Counter Russian Private Military
Actors. 51 v
vi Will to Fight of Private Military Actors CHAPTER FOUR Conclusions, Recommendations, and Next Steps. 53 Who Are the Relevant Actors in the Russian Private Military Sphere? . 54 What Factors Are Most Relevant to Russian Private Military Actors’ Will to Fight?. 54 How Do Russian Private Military Actors Compare with Their Current and Historical Western Counterparts?. 55 Observations. 55 Historical Lessons Learned: What Are the Best Options for Countering Adversary-Employed Private Military Actors in Syria and Beyond? 57 It Is Critical for U.S. Army Special Operations Command to Understand How These Dynamics Apply in Syria and Beyond 61 APPENDIX Glossary of Terms. 63 References. 67
References Allison, Olivia, “Informal but Diverse: The Market for Exported Force from Russia and Ukraine,” in Molly Dunigan and Ulrich Petersohn, eds., The Markets for Force: Privatization ofSecurity Across World Regions, Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, pp. 87-102. American National Standards Institute and ASIS International, Management System for Quality ofPrivate Security Company Operations: Requirements with Guidance, Alexandria, Va.: ASIS International, American National Standard PSC.1-2012, March 5, 2012. Apuzzo, Matt, “Blackwater Guards Found Guilty in 2007 Iraq Killings,” New York Times, October 22, 2014. Astorino-Courtois, Allison, ed., A Cognitive Capabilities Agenda: A Multi-Step Approach for Closing DoD’s Cognitive Capability Gap, Washington, D.C.: Joint Staff, Strategic Multi-Layer Assessment Office, October 2017. Atwood, Rodney, The Hessians: Mercenaries from Hessen-Kassel in the American Revolution, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980. Avant, Deborah D., “The Privatization of Security: Lessons from Iraq,” Orbis, Vol. 50, No. 2, Spring 2006, pp. 327-342. Bayley, С. C., War and Society in Renaissance Florence: The “De Militia” of Leonardo Bruni, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961. Bingham, Konrad, and James Muzyka, “Private Companies Engage in Russia’s Non-Linear Warfare,” Jane's Intelligence Review, January 29, 2018. Boatner, Mark Mayo III, Encyclopedia ofthe American Revolution, New York: David McKay Publications, 1969. Borshchevskaya, Anna, Russian Private Military Companies: Continuity and Evolution ofthe Model,
Philadelphia, Pa.: Foreign Policy Research Institute, December 2019. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.fpri.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/rfp4-borshchevskaya-final.pdf 67
70 Will to Fight of Private Military Actors International Committee of the Red Cross and Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland, The Montreux Document on Pertinent International Legal Obligations and Good Practicesfor States Related to Operations ofPrivate Military and Security Companies During Armed Conflict, Geneva, Switzerland, September 17, 2008. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/icrc_002_0996.pdf Kelty, Ryan, “Citizen Soldiers and Civilian Contractors: Military Outsourcing, Unit Cohesion, and Retention Attitudes,” Chestertown, Md.: Washington College, 2011. Khazov-Cassia, Sergei, and Robert Coalson, “Russian Mercenaries: Vagner Commanders Describe Life Inside the ‘Meat Grinder,”’ Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty, March 14, 2018. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.rferl.Org/a/russian-mercenaries-vagner-commanders-syria/ 29100402.html Klein, Margarete, Private Military Companies: A Growing Instrument in Russia’s Foreign and Security Policy Toolbox, Helsinki, Finland: European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats, March 2019. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.hybridcoe.fi/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/HybridCoE_ StrategicAnalysis_3_2019.pdf Kopplin, Zack, and Irvin McCullough, “U.S. Paid $1B to Contractor Accused of Bigotry at Iraq Air Base,” Daily Beast, September 18, 2018. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.thedailybeast.com/ us-paid-dollarlb-to-contractor-accused-of-bigotry-at-iraq-air-base Linder, Andrew, “Russian Private Military Companies in Syria and Beyond,” New Perspectives in Foreign Policy, No. 16,
Fall 2018, pp. 17-21. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.csis.org/npfp/russian-private-military-companies-syria-and-beyond Lister, Tim, Sebastian Shukla, and Clarissa Ward, “Putin’s Private Army,” CNN, August 2019. As of August 26, 2020: https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2019/08/africa/putins-private-army-car-intl Lowell, Edward J., The Hessians and the Other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1884.
References 71 MacCoun, Robert J., “What Is Known About Unit Cohesion and Military Performance,” in Bernard D. Rostker, Scott A. Harris, James P. Kahan, Erik J. Frinking, C. Neil Fulcher, Lawrence M. Hanser, Paul Koegel, John D. Winkler, Brent A. Boultinghouse, Joanna Heilbrunn, Janet Lever, Robert J. MacCoun, Peter Tiemeyer, Gail L. Zellman, Sandra H. Berry, Jennifer Hawes-Dawson, Samantha Ravich, Steven L. Schlossman, Timothy Haggarty, Tanjam Jacobson, Ancella Livers, Sherie Mershon, Andrew Cornell, Mark A. Schuster, David E. Kanouse, Raynard Kington, Mark Litwin, Conrad Peter Schmidt, Carl H. Builder, Peter Jacobson, Stephen A. Saltzburg, Roger Allen Brown, William Fedorochko, Marilyn Fisher Freemon, John F. Peterson, and James A. Dewer, Sexual Orientation and U.S. Military Personnel Policy: Options and Assessment, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, MR-323-OSD, 1993, pp. 283-331. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR323.html Machiavelli, Niccolo, The Prince, George Bull, trans., New York: Random House, 2003. Mallett, Michael, Mercenaries and Their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy, London: Bodley Head, 1974. Marten, Kimberly, “Russia’s Use of Semi-State Security Forces: The Case of the Wagner Group,” Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 35, No. 3, 2019, pp. 181-204. McCoy, Terrence, “What Does Russia Tell the Mothers of Soldiers Killed in Ukraine? Not Much,” Washington Post, August 29, 2014. Merriam-Webster, “Well-Being,” Merriam-Wehster.com Dictionary, undated. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/well-being
Miller, T. Christian, “AIG Faces Inquiry over Medical Care for U.S. Contractors,” ProPublica, April 22, 2009a. As of August 26, 2020: http://www.propublica.org/article/ aig-faces-inquiry-over-medical-care-for-u.s.-contractors-422 --------- , “Congressional Hearing: Officials Admit Major Flaws in Program to Aid Wounded War-Zone Workers,” ProPublica, June 19, 2009b. As of August 26, 2020: http://www.propublica.org/article/ congressional-hearing-officials-acknowledge-program-to-treat-war-contra-619 --------- , “Foreign Workers for U.S. Are Casualties Twice Over,” ProPublica, June 19, 2009c. As of August 26, 2020: http://www.propublica.org/article/ foreign-workers-for-u.s.-are-casualties-twice-over-619
72 Will to Fight of Private Military Actors --------- , “The Other Victims of Battlefield Stress; Defense Contractors’ Mental Health Neglected,” ProPublica, February 26, 2010a. As of August 26, 2020: http://www.propublica.org/article/ injured-contractors-the-other-victims-of-battlefield-stress-224 --------- , “This Year, Contractor Deaths Exceed Military Ones in Iraq and Afghanistan,” ProPublica, September 23, 2010b. As of August 26, 2020: http://www.propublica.org/article/ this-year-contractor-deaths-exceed-military-ones-in-iraq-and-afgh-100923 Miller, T. Christian, and Doug Smith, “Injured Civilians Battle to Get Care,” Los Angeles Times, April 17, 2009. Mockler, Anthony, The Mercenaries, New York: Macmillan, 1969. Moore, Adam, Empire’s Labor: The Global Army That Supports U.S. Wars, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2019. Nelson, Kim M., Contractors on the Battlefield: Force Multipliers or Force Dividers? Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.: Air Command and Staff College, April 2000. Percy, Sarah, Mercenaries: The History ofa Norm in International Relations, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007. Phinney, David, “Marines Jail Contractors in Iraq: Tension and Confusion Grow Amid the ‘Fog of War,’” CorpWatch, June 7, 2005. Prechtel, Johann Ernst, A Hessian Officer's Diary ofthe American Revolution, Bruce E. Burgoyne, trans., Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 1994. Reynolds, Nathaniel, Putin’s Not-So-Secret Mercenaries: Patronage, Geopolitics, and the Wagner Group, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 8, 2019. As of August 26, 2020:
https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/07/08/putin-s-not-so-secret-mercenariespatronage-geopolitics-and-wagner-group-pub-79442 Robinson, Linda, “America’s Secret Armies: A Swarm of Private Contractors Bedevils the U.S. Military,” U.S. News and World Report, November 4, 2002. Robinson, Linda, Todd C. Helmus, Raphael S. Cohen, Alireza Nader, Andrew Radin, Madeline Magnuson, and Katya Migacheva, Modern Political Warfare: Current Practices and Possible Responses, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1772-A, 2018. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1772.html Rondeaux, Candace, Decoding the Wagner Group: Analyzing the Role ofPrivate Military Security Contractors in Russian Proxy Warfare, Washington, D.C.: New America, November 7, 2019. Rosengarten, Joseph George, A Defence ofthe Hessians, reprint, Philadelphia, Pa.: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, July 1899.
References 73 “Russia’s Wagner Mercenaries Halt Prisoner Recruitment Campaign—Prigozhin,” Reuters, February 9, 2023. Schwartz, Moshe, and Joyprada Swain, Department ofDefense Contractors in Afghanistan and Iraq: Background and Analysis, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, R40764, May 13, 2011. Singer, P. W, Corporate Warriors: The Rise ofthe Privatized Military Industry, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003. Smith, Eugene B., “The New Condottieri and US Policy: The Privatization of Conflict and its Implications,” Parameters, Vol. 32, No. 4, Winter 2002-2003, pp. 104-119. Spearin, Christopher, “Special Operations Forces a Strategic Resource: Public and Private Divides,” Parameters, Vol. 36, No. 4, Winter 2006-2007, pp. 58-70. Sukhankin, Sergey, “War, Business and ‘Hybrid’ Warfare: The Case of the Wagner Private Military Company (Part Two),” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol. 15, No. 61, April 23, 2018a. --------- , "Continuing War by Other Means": The Case of Wagner, Russia’s Premier Private Military Company in the Middle East, Washington, D.C.: Jamestown Foundation, July 13, 2018b. Swed, Ori, and Thomas Crosbie, “Who Are the Private Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan?” Military Times, March 14, 2019. As of September 8, 2020: https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-navy/2019/03/14/ who-are-the-private-contractors-in-iraq-and-afghanistan Thomson, Janice E., Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994. Trading Economics, “Russia Average Monthly Wages,” data for March 2020. As of September 8, 2020:
https://tradingeconomics.com/russia/wages Tsvetkova, Maria, “Russian Military Veterans Seek ICC Investigation of Mercenary Deployments,” Reuters, November 9, 2018. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-military-mercenaries/russian-militaryveterans-seek-icc-investigation-of-mercenary-deployments-idUSKCNlNE2G7 Tsvetkova, Maria, and Anton Zverev, “Ghost Soldiers: The Russians Secretly Dying for the Kremlin in Syria,” Reuters, November 3, 2016. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-insight/ghostsoldiers-the-russians-secretly-dying-for-the-kremlin-in-syria-idUSKBN12Y0M6 U.S. Army Special Operations Command, Cognitive Maneuver for the Contemporary and Future Strategic OperatingEnvironment, May 31, 2016.
14 Will to Fight of Private Military Actors --------- , Expanding Maneuver in the Early 21st Century Security Environment, January 12, 2017. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.soc.mil/Files/ExpandingManeuvers21Century.pdf U.S. Army Sustainment Command, Public Affairs, “LOGCAP V Performance Contractors Selected,” April 15, 2019. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.army.mil/article/220353/logcap_v_performance_contractors_selected U.S. Code, Title 10, Subtitle A, Chapter 3, Section 129a, General Policy for Total Force Management. U.S. Department of Defense, Summary ofthe 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States ofAmerica: Sharpening the American Military’s Competitive Edge, January 19, 2018. U.S. Department of Defense Instruction 1100.22, Policy and Procedures for Determining Workforce Mix, incorporating change 1, December 1, 2017. U.S. General Accounting Office, Military Operations: Contractors Provide Vital Services to Deployed Forces but Are Not Adequately Addressed in DoD Plans, Washington, D.C., GAO-03-695, June 2003. U.S. Special Operations Command, Operating in the Human Domain, version 1.0, August 3, 2015. Waley, Daniel, The Italian City-Republics, London: World University Library, 1969. Warburg, Robert A., U.S. Army Special Operations Command, “Cognitive Maneuver for the Contemporary and Future Strategic Operating Environment,” briefing, June 21, 2016. Weiss, Michael, “The Case of the Keystone Cossacks,” Foreign Policy, November 21, 2013. “What Is Russia’s Wagner Group of Mercenaries and Why Did It March on Moscow?” BBC News, June 26, 2023. Whitson, Anthony
K., Logistical Contractors on the Peacekeeping (PKO) Battlefield: A Guidefor the Operational Commander, Newport, R.I.: Naval War College, February 2001. Zilber, Ariel, “Ex-Green Beret and Father-of-Four Who Worked as a Contractor for Lockheed Martin Dies After Being ‘Pummeled into Unconsciousness by Two Marines During a Gym Altercation’ While Working in Iraq,” Daily Mail, January 8, 2019. As of August 26, 2020: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-6567705/American-defense-contractorIraq-DIES-pummeled-unconsciousness-Marines.html Zinn, Johann Georg, journal entry in Bruce E. Burgoyne, ed. and trans., Enemy Views: The American Revolutionary War as Recorded by the Hessian Participants, Westminster, Md.: Heritage Books, 1996. ( Bayerische ' Staatsbibliothek München _ У |
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| spellingShingle | Dunigan, Molly Atler, Anthony Will to fight of private military actors applying cognitive maneuver to Russian private forces Bürgerkrieg in Syrien (DE-588)1041651422 gnd Söldner (DE-588)4055364-4 gnd Privatarmee (DE-588)4353087-4 gnd Motivation (DE-588)4040364-6 gnd |
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| title | Will to fight of private military actors applying cognitive maneuver to Russian private forces |
| title_auth | Will to fight of private military actors applying cognitive maneuver to Russian private forces |
| title_exact_search | Will to fight of private military actors applying cognitive maneuver to Russian private forces |
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| title_full | Will to fight of private military actors applying cognitive maneuver to Russian private forces Molly Dunigan and Anthony Atler |
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