Svědectví válečné krajiny: výsledky interdisciplinárního výzkumu východočeských bojišť z prusko-rakouské války roku 1866 = Testimony of a war landscape : the results if interdisciplinary research on battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in East Bohemia
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Červený Kostelec
Pavel Mervart
2023
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| Schriftenreihe: | Archeologické studie Univerzity Hradec Králové
svazek 7 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Kniha vychází z autorovy dizertační práce, kterou úspěšně obhájil na Katedře archeologie Filozofické fakulty Univerzity Hradec Králové v roce 2022. Literaturverzeichnis Seite [245]-253 |
| Beschreibung: | 297 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Tabellen 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788074656019 8074656012 |
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Obsah Úvod_ 15 Použité prameny a metody_ 23 Interdisciplinarita ve výzkumu bitevní krajiny_ 43 Řadový pěšák rakouské armády v tažení roku 1866 46 Potenciál prostorových informací artefaktů z bojiště 70 Výzkum střeliva rakouské armády a archeologický experiment 89 Stopy po dělostřelecké palbě 120 Rakouský II. armádní sbor ve válečném tažení 143 Prostorová analýza krajiny dělostřeleckého přepadu sboru u Kuksu_ 169 Archeologické doklady táboření sboru u Trotiny_ 185 Les Svíb pohledem archeologie krajiny_ 201 Polní opevnění u Chlumu jako klíč к pruskému triumfu u Hradce Králové_ 221 Závěr_ 235 Prameny a literatura_ 245 Prameny Literatura Hnternetové zdroje 245 246 252 Summary_ 267 Legend to illustrations 278 Rejstřík_ 295
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246 Prameny a literatura Král, 0.2018: Strategické aspekty prusko-rakouské války 1866 z pohledu vojenské geografie, disertační práce, Přírodovědecká fakulta Ostravské univerzity Milo, P. - Tencer, T. 2018: Správa o geofyzikálnom prieskume, Chlum - Na Předhánech, Brno. Uloženo na Katedře archeologie UHK. Milo, P. - Tencer, T. 2019: Správa o geofyzikálnom prieskume, Zaloňov-Na šancích, Brno. Uloženo na Katedře archeologie UHK. „Plan des Gefechtsterrains bei Gradlitz". In: Virtuální mapová sbírka ChartaeAntiquae.cz [online]. Zdiby: Výzkumný ústav geodetický, topografický a kartografický, w.i. [cit. 2020-01-26]. Dostupné z: http://chartae-antiquae.cz/ cs/maps/82934 Staňková, L. 2020: Průběh a důsledky prusko-rakouské války v optice zdravotní péče, magisterská diplomová práce, Masarykova univerzita, Filozofická fakulta, Historický ústav, Brno. Stejskalová, Μ. 2008: Fotografie v Náchodě od počátku do 2. světové války, bakalářská diplomová práce, Slezská univerzita v Opavě, Filozoficko-přírodovědná fakulta, Institut tvůrčí fotografie. Tabery, J. 2016: Muži z Aleje mrtvých, Česká televize, dokumentární film. Tůma, 0.2018: Nálezová zpráva: Zpevněná manipulační plocha na pozemku pare. č. 2S9/3, Muzeum Podkrkonoší v Trutnově. Verordnungsblattfür das к. и. к. Heer: Normal-Verodnungen, Wien 1860-1865. Verordnungsblattfür das Kaiserlich-Königliche Heer, Normal-Verordnungen 1862, Wien. Wittlich, F et al. 2017: Interpretace fotografie z hlediska obsažených obrazových informací: metodika maximalizace reálného využití informacíposkytovaných his torickýmfotografickým materiálem jako
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Summary Testimony of a war landscape The results of interdisciplinary research on battlefields ofthe Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in East Bohemia The results of interdisciplinary research on selected battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in the territory of East Bohemia confirm that it is well possible to follow up individual sites and the related research questions using a completely new approach based on a wide range of sources of different origin and focus. An interdisciplinary approach to their subsequent analysis and evaluation then ensures a sufficient level of informative potential of archaeological data obtained directly on site orby non-destructive analyses ofthe battlefield landscape. However, the crucial role in all thematic areas of research was always played by the investigated battlefield landscape, which by all indications significantly influenced the overall sequence of historical events in the first weeks of the military campaign. Its partial reconstruction then brings completely new source materials to the work with the informative value of the obtained field data regarding the involvement of a specific military unit, in this case the Austrian II Army Corps, in the military campaign. These data capture the activities of the army corps from its transfer to Moravia, through the first baptism of fire in the fights at Kuks to the final retreat after the bloody clash in the Svib Forest during the Battle of Hradec Králové. The fundamental pillars of interdisciplinary research of this kind are historical sources and military literature, a large part
ofwhich originated in the period of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Among them are mostly German-written texts that come directly from the military environment of the Austrian Army or the army of the Kingdom of Prussia. Important sources are also the memoirs of individual military units, which were most often created on the occasion of significant anniversaries of the war or the founding
268 Summary of individual units. Domestic records and official statements, which are presented by various municipal, parish or school chronicles, are also valuable sources. However, the source materials do not comprise only works from the 19th or early 20th centuries. The extensive interest in learning about the events of1866 was also reflected in the production ofvarious studies, the increasing number of which is especially evident since the 1990s. However, in the production we can see a distinct imbalance in the more numerous amateur works, in contrast to studies from the academic environment. On the other hand, historians have not yet had the opportunity to regularly discuss this military topic. The most recent opportunity was, for example, an international conference in 2016 on the occasion of an anniversary ofthe war. The conference addressed a wide range of military topics but at the same time showed and an absolute scientific disparity and stagnation as far as the adoption of modern theoretical and methodological trends in research is concerned. For that reason, Czech historiography does not develop a greater scientific awareness of the need for methodological or paradigmatic shifts in the topic of the 1866 War. It is therefore not surprising that, with some exceptions, crucial historical studies must be traced back to the period before 1918. The interest of domestic academics is largely influenced by the past production of essential works in the era ofthe so-called positivist military historiography. Therefore, a false impression is created that the military
conflict cannot be studied in any other way than by focusing on the history ofwar, the research on war operations, military technology or army units. In the territory of present-day Czech Republic, however, one topic is completely unique, which continues to appeal more and more to the public in various directions. That topic is the creation and appearance of monuments, which to this day commemorate the heroic struggle of many soldiers, but also their final resting places in the areas of many battlefields. The cause may also be the development of events and the change in society in the second half of the 19th century, when the War of 1866 was seen primarily as an example of heroic deeds face to face with a stronger enemy. Over the centuries, the battlefield from 1866 thus transformed into a specific place of worship or a sepulchral location, or even a heritage area, thus fulfilling the main function of a memory holder that went beyond its original regional scope. Iconographie sources also play an important role in the work and are perceived methodically as unwritten historical sources. Their broad range mainly includes the depiction of various clashes of armies or even the landscape of
Testimony of a war landscape 269 the battlefield. The most information is drawn from these sources in the context of works of military nature, where they complemented the written text and showed, for instance, the appearance of military equipment or weaponry. Among these sources, it is also possible to include photographic images that captured either the form of military equipment before the clash of the two armies in 1866 or the areas of the battlefields in various years after the war. Cartographic sources are of greatest importance for studying the war landscape of 1866, although it is clear that their creators did not avoid mistakes. Among these sources are primarily maps accompanying individual memoirs or chronicles of the participating military units. In these sources, the main emphasis was placed on meticulousness, as their purpose was to promote the one or another military unit and draw attention to its deployment in battle or the achieved military success. In this work, the most used archaeological methods were those of non destructive archaeology, which are mostly related to the spatial evaluation of archaeological data of various different nature and origin. The methods of searching for relics of the 1866 War are based on the traditional division of archaeological sources according to their immovable spatial parameters. These factors influence the degree of their preservation, which is dependent on the impact ofvarious combinations of processes that have formed or are still forming the surface of today s landscape. Within the topic of research on the battlefields
of the Austro-Prussian conflict treated in this work, it is therefore possible to talk mainly about relics in the form of ditches of defunct field fortifications. These can be detected completely non-destructively using, for example, the currently very widespread remote sensing of the Earths surface, specifically with the help of airborne laser scanning, the so-called LiDAR. The use of the method is very broad, and due to the accurate capture of spatial data of the terrain surface, it is possible to present the results in a three-dimensional display. LiDAR data therefore became a key source for the virtual display of data collected on the investigated battlefields of the 1866 War. Based on this method, for example, the relief of the battlefield landscape at Kuks was modelled, and the digital elevation model then enabled to perform a landscape analysis. Another method is geophysical survey or measurement that focuses on the Earths magnetic field and its regional and local disturbances, which indicate past interventions in the geological subsoil. The measurements with a magnetometer during the research on battlefields
270 Summary of the 1866 War were carried out and evaluated exclusively by colleagues P. Milo and T. Tencer from the Department ofArchaeology and Museology Faculty of Arts of the Masaryk University in Brno, who have already been specializing in such measurements for several years and their experience in this field is completely unrivalled in our country. Within several years, the measurements were mainly carried out on the relics of field fortifications on the battlefield near Hradec Králové and at the location of an artillery attack near Kuks. The complete evaluation of the obtained spatial data was carried out using the Geographic Information System (GIS), which enables their storage, administration and further analysis. Specifically, the ArcGIS software was used, which offers tools for their well-organised processing (ArcMap 10.2) and virtual display (ArcScene 10.2). An example reconstruction of the appearance of a field fortification of the Austrian artillery, based on findings from field measurements and historical sources, was created by Milan Sýkora from the Institute ofArchaeological Heritage of Northwest Bohemia, who created the presented model in the ALLPLAN programme. The use of metal detectors is to be perceived as the only destructive method within the presented research. The detection of metal objects in the area of the investigated battlefields was the basic method for obtaining field data with spatial relations, which are necessary for the overall assessment of the impact of military clashes on the relevant sites and for a more accurate interpretation
ofhistorical events. By detecting metal artefacts, direct evidence of military clashes physically disappears from the landscape, and its loss is thus destructive in nature and therefore irreversible. Metal detecting was mostly performed in areas with arable land, less often in areas ofwooded plots or grassy meadows. There were several reasons for choosing the locations. One of them was the above-mentioned development-led archaeological rescue research during the construction of motorways, bypass roads or family housing estates. A larger group of sites, however, consists of a series of locations that were investigated purely out of research interest. The material obtained from them became an important source of completely new knowledge about the applied tactical elements of the fighting armies or the effectiveness of their infantry or artillery weapons. These investigations act in the work as a sort of inquiries into particular topics, which nevertheless bring a lot of important information regarding the acquisition of finds from battlefields and also, for example, the determination of their borders.
Testimony of a war landscape 271 In the results of scientific detector prospecting, it was possible, for example, to trace the movements of individual shooters of the Jaeger Battalion on the battlefield near Náchod. The blending of spatial information with source maps from the Stable Cadastre confirmed that during the battle, the shooters did not make their way across field plots, but advanced along field roads, which provided enough opportunities for cover in open terrain and for fighting in a loose order of battle, which the Austrian Jaeger were specially trained for. The main indicator of these movements became their uniform buttons, which always bore the number of a specific battalion. Another evidence for the activities of this light component of the Austrian infantry was obtained from the second location of the Náchod battlefield. This was a unique piece of evidence for the shooting support of the 6th Jaeger Battalion to a battery ofAustrian field artillery guns, which took the position southwest of Vysokov and advanced further north in the final phase of the battle. During the prospecting, evidence ofboth artillery fire and the Jaegers’ fire in the form of an accumulation of 53 spent percussion caps for Austrian handguns was found near the starting positions of the artillerymen. The Jaeger left them on the spot during reloading near a terrain ridge, from where they apparently fired at the enemy. Each of the discovered shotdeformed percussion caps was subjected to a visual analysis of the imprints of percussion pistons and cocks of percussion guns. The analysis was
aided by the imaging of cap deformations with a 3D measurement system and microscopic imaging with 40x magnification. The result confirmed that the caps were fired from at least 30 weapons, where only 6 weapons were fired repeatedly. This is the first physical evidence of the tactics used by the Jaeger, who did not maintain a linear formation in battle, but moved around the battlefield in groups of four and used any terrain shelters and irregularities for shooting. Similarly, it was possible to identify the activities ofthe Austrian artillerymen in the field and their method of firing at the enemy. The results of the prospecting at Svinišťany confirmed that at the beginning of the battle, the Austrian artillerymen used four-pounder and eight-pounder grapeshots to fire at a very short distance, which, according to written sources, was not quite common. This unique evidence of shooting directly from the battlefield confirmed why the Prussian soldiers finally gave up their original intention to advance to the village and had to find a way to it elsewhere. Other piece of knowledge about the effectiveness of artillery ammunition
272 Summary was obtained during the prospecting of a building plot on the battlefield near Hradec Králové in the village of Lipa. Isolated evidence of an exploded Prussian four-pounder grenade was found, parts of which penetrated the grassy slope to a depth of as much as 44 centimetres below the present-day ground surface. The prospecting also revealed the extent of the most dangerous explosion area, which was defined by pieces of the grenade within a radius of 18 metres from the place of the explosion. It was for the very first time that an archaeological experiment was used to evaluate archaeological finds from 1866. The experiment was carried out on three different topics, which were always related to the use of small arms in the Austrian Army. One of them is the way of bullet deformation during loading and their removal from weapons when a shot has failed. The second is the way of deformation of the fired projectiles according to the type of obstacle they hit, and the third is the deformation of projectiles when they hit a target which was supposed to be a soldier in uniform or, in the experiment, part of a pig carcass. The sources and methods used basically point to the interdisciplinary concept of the entire research, which in recent years has been favoured by a large number of archaeologists who also deal with modern-day topics, but most often with military conflicts from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The term must therefore be perceived in the context of research on the battlefields of 1866 as a research combination of historical sources and literature with
archaeological sources, which cannot be evaluated without known historical facts. For example, the analyses performed make it possible to set the obtained artefacts into the landscape of selected battlefields and, above all, into specific historical events that took place in the given locations during the war year. This approach was applied both in selection of research polygons on individual sites with the aim of investigative research, and in evaluation of the artefacts obtained by, for example, development-led rescue detector prospecting before the construction of a specific building. In the first case, the necessary step was always the study of historical and cartographic sources or relevant literature with the aim to define a potential research polygon. In the second case, when it is necessary to evaluate finds acquired on site, the crucial role is always played by their spatial distribution, on the basis of which we must look for their spatial relationships and the reasons why they remained on the battlefield to this day. Both approaches can then
Testimony of a war landscape 273 be combined with each other in different ways, always with a clear and unified goal of obtaining as much information as possible about the given location. Anyway, the first and most important step in both approaches is a basic knowledge ofthe material culture of military origin from 1866. This is a very specific knowledge, without which it is not possible to successfully describe and evaluate the collections of artefacts obtained from the battlefields. Therefore, it is important to gradually determine the fragments of metal components of military equipment and weaponry of selected army corps based on historical literature of military origin, their depiction in texts, description, or their preserved form in local museum collections. The mentioned investigations of the battlefields in East Bohemia are therefore based directly on the work with various types of sources and literature and they bring an insight into the possibilities of spatial analysis of selected objects together with the relevant locations of military clashes. Also necessary is to approach the analyses of individual artefacts separately. For example, the topic of the informational potential of ammunition for Austrian firearms was investigated using several research procedures, which included not only the work with spatial information and documentation of individual pieces of ammunition themselves, but also their experimental deformation by loading or firing at various obstacles. The firing from weapons and the shooting fights as such can be reconstructed in the battlefield
landscape thanks to the distribution of spent projectiles and, in the case of the Austrian Army, mainly thanks to the concentrations of spent percussion caps, which were used for firing from the infantry Μ. 1854 Lorenz rifles. In these percussion caps, it is then possible to examine not only their spatial distribution but also their shape using a 3D measurement system. Another group of the most frequent finds on battlefields is artillery ammunition. The research also includes the issue of locating the firing positions of field artillery of the Austrian Army, which at the firing posts on the battlefield always left a specific type of primers for initiating the firing of cannons. The basic structure ofthe research topics is intentionally based on the tracking of a military unit, which thus became a sort of guide through the entire research and successfully interconnected all of the investigated areas. For example, non-destructive archaeological research was used to locate the place near Kuks where this military unit was surprised by an artillery attack
274 Summary and where it apparently built a field fortification for its artillerymen. In the results of the detector prospecting within the scope of rescue research, we also identified the activities of a part of the corps in a field camp, where a specific brigade was preparing for the battle at Hradec Králové. Further research has also elucidated why the corps did not adhere to the assigned army instructions in this decisive battle of the war and was thus witnessing the complete disintegration of the right defensive wing of the Austrian Northern Army. A total of four locations, which are directly related to the activities of the aforementioned corps, were subjected to interdisciplinary research. The first among them is located near Kuks in the district of Trutnov. The site was investigated using an analysis of the historical landscape of the battle clash and thus determined the main location for carrying out a geophysical survey with the aim to locate the relics of field fortifications of the Austrian artillery. The fortification was to be built on the site to support the position of the Austrian corps on the right bank of the Elbe and thus delay the advance of Prussian armies after the Battles of Trutnov and Dvůr Králové. But at the moment when the corps occupied these positions, it was suddenly attacked by artillery fire from the Prussians, who, however, did not estimate the advantageous Austrian position and, after a short firefight, stopped their advance completely. The landscape analysis was successful, and subsequent measurements confirmed the existence of a
30-metre-long ditch in the most strategic location above the Elbe between Kuks and Zaloňov. But the results also pointed to the fact that there were no such extensive earthworks as described in a work by the Austrian General Staff one year after the war. It is therefore a question of how accurate the informational value of similar military sources really is and whether or not it is possible to continue to rely on their veracity. Extensive collection of finds also comes from another site. The site was discovered within a rescue research of areas affected by the future route of motorway Dll from Hradec Králové to Jaroměř (the motorway was put into operation at the end of2021) at a location near the village of Trotina. It was the discovery of a large amount of ammunition of the Austrian Army, which, however, showed unusual deformations. Its accurate evaluation and study of the necessary military sources confirmed that this is a unique evidence of the activity of Austrian infantrymen in a field camp before the Battle of Hradec Králové. On 2 July, weapons were being repaired here,
Testimony of a war landscape 275 which were inoperable due to the failed shots during the corps’ previous fight near Kuks, where the infantry units were also repeatedly alerted and thus prepared for the battle in the vicinity of their bivouacs near Zaloňov. The deteriorating weather which accompanied the subsequent retreat of the Austrians to the Elbe caused that the gunpowder charges in the weapons got wet. The weapons had to be repaired before the Battle of Hradec Králové by drilling the lead bullets in barrels and pulling them out. In addition, the characteristic deformation of these projectiles confirmed that this activity was made with tools, which were not primarily intended for this purpose. In order to properly evaluate the assemblage of finds, an archaeological experiment was also carried out, which confirmed the hypothesis about the deformation of bullets in Austrian weapons during their loading and the different nature of the traces created on them. The experiment also involved the process of drilling the projectiles, as they were found on the battlefield, and the result clearly confirmed that the repairs ofweapons were carried out by Austrian soldiers who knew exactly how to perform this operation. On the fateful day of the Battle of Hradec Králové, the tracked II Army Corps was positioned according to the given instructions on the farthest right wing of the entire Austrian Northern Army. But the concourse of events dragged the soldiers into a bloody fight in the Svib Forest, a place that for many years became a direct synonym for the entire battle. However, the
Svib Forest has completely changed its appearance over the past years, so that only a thorough analysis and partial reconstruction of how it looked in 1866 showed how much influence it has had on the entire course of the battle. The forest was partly composed of plots that were either very difficult to access for pedestrian soldiers or, on the contrary, they could use them as an ideal shelter. Such shelters were, for example, the areas of plots where cut pieces of felled trees were stacked at the time of the battle. Prussian gunmen used them to repulse the attacking Austrians who outnumbered them several times. On the other hand, other locations within the forest consisted of high-grown trees and were surrounded by grassy meadows. Parts ofthe II Army Corps used them perhaps for the first time for a successful shooting battle with the Prussians, which, however, did not last long. These characteristics of the forest plots, together with a rugged terrain relief, through which neither of the combatants could have a clear view of the terrain behind the Svib Forest, confirm that the fight in the forest was not
276 Summary insignificant, but rather very difficult. Only the one who was able to react more flexibly to the situation in the forest and thus adapt the tactics used could achieve significant success in the clash. As we already know, this success was repeatedly achieved by Prussian soldiers and officers, who were able to react much more skilfully to similar situations. Throughout the entire battle, the Prussians were able to hold the much more numerous Austrian enemy in the Svib Forest, so that the Austrians then did not have strength enough to fight the newly arriving Guards units from the north. The procedures ofnon-destructive analysis of the battlefield landscape with its reconstruction thus illustratively substantiated the mentioned results and provide the basis for further investigations of this important location on the battlefield near Hradec Králové. The last investigation of the fourth location, which is related to the activities of the mentioned corps on the battlefield at Hradec Králové, combines most of the mentioned methods into a single research goal, namely to elucidate the outcome of a particular historical event on the battlefield. The location was also chosen due to previous interest in the research subject and the localization of the defensive line ofAustrian field fortifications on the battlefield near Hradec Králové. However, further research was intended to obtain the most detailed information regarding the reason why this fortified position did not hold up in the fight against the Prussians at the most critical moment ofthe battle. Geophysical
measurements confirmed, among other things, the exact shape of the trenches of two fortifications for infantrymen and one fortification for artillerymen, which were excavated at the site one day before the battle. The trenches could accommodate up to 720 men and others could have been standing in the hinterland of the fortified post. It is quite certain that up to one thousand foot soldiers could have operated in its neighbourhood, being supported by eight cannons in the middle fortification. However, as is clear from the analysis of the shape of the forefield of these fortifications, it did not offer an ideal view, due to which the maximum firing range of the cannons was reduced by two thirds. The fortification was therefore abandoned during the frontal advance of the Austrian corps to Svib, and the artillerymen rather took the strategic positions near Máslojedy. The movement back to the fortification with such a poor viewshed could no longer stop the Prussian guardsmen, and the Austrians were not able to defend the position. The detector prospecting also confirmed that fierce personal fights and fire fights
Testimony of a war landscape 277 had apparently been taking place in the vicinity of the fortification, because a large number of projectiles from the weapons of both armies and several deformed fragments of fittings from Prussian helmets were detected here. However, the main outcome of the metal detecting was the localization of the firing posts of both artillery batteries during a battle for the trenches. The first eight cannons were positioned and fired from the middle fortification, which was intended for them. Another eight cannons, however, drove into the wing fortification on the right side of the fortified point, into the trenches intended for foot soldiers, which undoubtedly made their shooting significantly more complicated. In both cases, the location of the cannons and their firing were indicated by the finds of spent friction primers, which had to be used to initiate the firing of a cannon and which remained at the firing positions. The location of the battery on the right wing of the fortified point was not clear from written sources, so it could only be confirmed by detector prospecting, which was carried out on the site after geophysical measurements. There were probably more reasons why this position was chosen despite the poor view of the field of fire. The first reason is mentioned in literature as the need to keep a linear arrangement of all these field fortifications on the Hradec Králové battlefield. However, moving this position ahead towards Máslojedy would significantly complicate the Prussian advance and it would certainly increase the
functionality of the defensive position, even if it were not in line. After entering all the spatial information into the base map of the Stable Cadastre, another fact was confirmed that could have influenced the choice of the location. The position of the fortification for artillery was chosen at the corner of a field road that connected the field plots with the road leading from Chlum to Máslojedy. At the time when the fortification features in the mentioned defence line were being built, a large part of the field plots was affected by frequent rains, which according to period records accompanied the end of June. The planning was thus apparently primarily focused on the idea of the proximity of a well-passable field road, because as we know, cannons were transported to the firing lines with the help ofhorse-drawn carriages, and the same also applied to the supply of a sufficient amount of ammunition. Unfortunately, the sufficient access to cannon trenches was exchanged for insufficient view from the fortification, which had a negative impact on the defenders. The real functioning of the mentioned field road in the course of the battle is also confirmed by the finds
278 Summary of several projectiles from the site, which were flattened by the iron-hooped wheels of wagons and thus typically deformed. The position of fortified point No. 3 in the defensive line of the field fortifications of the Austrian Army in the Battle of Hradec Králové thus became the last place where the Austrians could stop the Prussian advance on Chlum. However, this did not happen and the fate ofthe Austrian Northern Army was forever sealed both in the battle and in the entire war. The last site investigated in this way within the interdisciplinary research symbolically closes the studied topic, which aimed to bring new knowledge about war events, the historical sequence ofwhich was significantly influenced by the appearance of the landscape of the battlefields of 1866. Legend to illustrations Map No. 1: The state of research into battlefields of 1866 in Northeast Bohemia. 1. Česká Skalice; 2. Náchod; 3. Trutnov; 4. Kuřívody; 5. Brejlov; 6. Svijany-Podolí; 7. Jičín; 8. Kuks; 9. Chlum-Hradec Králové; 10. Dašice; 11. Hradec nad Svitavou; 12. Svinišťany; 13. Střítež, Nový Rokytník; 14. Vysokov; 15. Trotina; 16. Rozběřice; 17. Mimoň. War graves: 1, 2, 3, 4,9,14,16,17. Field fortifications: 5, 8,9. Detector survey: 1, 7,9,10,11, 12,13,15. Battlefield landscape analysis: 2,8,9. Base map: World Topographic Map, Esri, USGS, NOAA. Map No. 2: Locations on the battlefield near Náchod, surveyed by metal detecting. A: the area of a ravine (2013-2014); B: Branka battlefield area (2018-2019), C: Vysokov (2018-2019). Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK-Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and
Cadastre). Map No. 3: Locations on the battlefield at Hradec Králové, which are mentioned in the text. War graves: 2, 9, 10, 11; field fortifications: 3-7; detector prospecting: 1,4,12-17; landscape analysis: 8,4. Base map: ZM 10 (CUZK- Czech Officefor Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 4: Spatial distribution of buttons of the Austrian Jaeger on the battlefield near Náchod. Base map: Stable Cadastre (ČÚZK- Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre).
Testimony of a war landscape 279 Map No. 5: Spatial distribution of finds from 1866 on the site near Svinišťany. 1. Impact areas of artillery grapeshots; 2. firing positions of Austrian cannons based on the finds of friction primers. Map No. 6: Spatial distribution of Prussian artillery ammunition at the locations of route Dll near Hradec Králové. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre) Map No. 7: The involvement of the Austrian II Army Corps in the War of 1866.1. Vienna; 2. the territory of the Austrian state of Styria; 3. Brno; 4. Svitavy; 5. Šumperk; 6. Letohrad; 7. Vysoké Mýto; 8. Solnice; 9. Nový Ples; 10. battlefield at Kuks; 11. battlefield at Hradec Králové; 12. Týniště nad Orlicí; 13. Zábřeh; 14. Litovel; 15. Tovačov; 16. Uherské Hradiště; 17. Lamač. Base map: World Topographic Map, Esri, USGS, NOAA. Map No. 8: The investigated location near Kuks. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK- Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 9: Battle positions of a part of the Austrian II Army Corps on 3 July and distribution of bivouacs of the corps around Trotina on 2 July. A. Henriquez Brigade; B. the accession area of the Austrian II Army Corps at the moment of battle; C. Württemberg and Saffran Brigades; D. Thom Brigade; E. front guards; F. 2nd Light Cavalry Division; G. Weber Brigade. After Strobl 1903, sketch No. 10. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK - Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 10: Spatial marking of the defensive position of the Austrian Northern Army in the Battle of Hradec Králové. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK Czech Office for
Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 11 : A. Sadová; В. Lípa; C. Holá Forest; D. Chlum; E. area of field fortifications; F. Svib Forest; G. the right wing of the Austrian Northern Army; H. Hořiněves; I. Máslojedy; J. Račice nad Trotinou. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK - Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 12: The investigated area near Kuks. Map No. 13: Rendering of contour lines from LiDAR data on a base map of the Second Military Survey (ČÚZK - Czech Officefor Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 14: Base map created on the basis of monitored elements in the landscape of the battlefield near Kuks. 1. Žireč; 2. Kašov; 3. Nový Kašov; 4. location of the Teufelsschenke pub; 5. Hospital Kuks; 6. Slotov; 7. Brod;
280 Summary 8. Kuks; 9. Stanovíce; 10. Vlčkovice v Podkrkonoší; 11. Choustníkovo Hradiště; 12. grassy river floodplain; 13. Elbe River; 14. dominant forested location above Kašov; 15. meadows; 16. railway track; 17. position “Na šancích”; 18. position above the railway track; 19. covered position; 20. position of the Prussian artillery. Map No. 15: Viewshed and fire range analyses of the Prussian artillery at Kuks. A. position of Prussian artillery batteries. B. maximum effective range of artillery batteries. Map No. 16. Viewshed and fire range analyses ofAustrian artillery at Kuks. A. position of Austrian artillery batteries. B-C. maximum effective range of artillery batteries. Map No. 17: Investigated locations near Kuks and their landscape. Map No. 18: Location of the Svib Forest. Base map: ZM50 (ČÚZK- Czech Officefor Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 19: Present-day appearance of the Svib Forest. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK - Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 20: Viewshed analysis in the vicinity of the Svib Forest from the perspective of the Austrians. 1-3. viewpoints; A, B, C: areas outside the viewshed. Map No. 21 : Viewshed analysis in the vicinity of the Svib Forest from the perspective of the Prussians. 1-2. viewpoints; A, B, C: areas outside the viewshed. Map No. 22: Reconstructed appearance of the Svib Forest with spatial distribution ofmarked war graves. 1. Grassy meadows; 2. Havranec Forest consisting of alder and lime bushes; 3: plots with high-grown conifers; 4: mixed forest with pine, spruce, fir and oak; 5: forest glade with
piled-up pieces of felled trees and young undergrowth; 6: high-grown deciduous forest with oak, beech and lime; 7: young deciduous forest with oak, lime and hornbeam with the height of an adult man. 8. road leading to Máslojedy. A: the area between grassy meadows and the central plot; B: preserved crosses in the so-called Alley of the Dead; C: accumulation of preserved crosses on graves in the area of highest death toll of the Austrian infantry units. Map No. 23: Viewshed analysis from the position of fortified point No. 3. A: Svib Forest; B: observer’s post; C: viewshed; D: Máslojedy village;
Testimony of a war landscape 281 E: Chlum village. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK - Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre), LiDAR data (ČÚZK). Figure No. 1 : Dead soldiers on a Danish battlefield in 1864 before burial. An example of creating a sketch in the field and the resulting engraving. The drawing form of a spatial sketch for final illustration engraving, sources top: Royal Danish Library-DH017476; bottom: R. Landells: Illustrated London News. Vol. XLIV, No. 1258, May 1864. Figure No. 2: Austrian line infantry in the Battle of Oeversee, 6 February 1864. Author: Fritz LAllemand, Museum of Military History, Vienna, detail from a painting. Figure No. 3: Movements of military formations during the clash in Svib Forest. Figure No. 4: The Austrian Army in pictures from the Danish campaign, 1864. 1. Austrian line infantry; 2. Austrian supply wagons. Source: Det Kongelige Biblioték, Kort- og Billedsamlingen. Figure No. 5: Photographs of field camps of the Prussian infantry on the Danish battlefield near Düppel, 1864. Source: 1. Graf Heinrich, Royal Danish Library, ID: DHO18660; 2. Graf Heinrich, Royal Danish Library, ID: DH018666. Figure No. 6: A view of the field fortification No. 5 near Chlum (photo: Μ. Gojda). Figure No. 7: Visible crop marks at the fortified position No. 3 (mapy.cz). Figure No. 8: Metal detecting in the area of fortified point No. 3. Photo by Μ. Bulat. Figure No. 9: Magnetometer measurement at the location of fortified point No. 3. Photo by Pavel Vrba. Figure No. 10: Austrian ordinary infantrymen in parade uniforms. Photographer: Karl von Jagemann, 1865,
storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 11: Austrian ordinary infantrymen in full combat gear. Photographer: Karl von Jagemann, 1865, storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 12: Austrian army backpack and its components.
282 Summary Figure No. 13: The prescribed alignment of a platoon of riflemen of the Austrian infantry. A. the first line leads the fire, B. the NCOs on wings oversee the course of fire, C. the second line waits for the first line to fire, D. the officer commands the fire. Figure No. 14: An attack by the Austrian line infantry. A. advanced chain of riflemen, B. officers at the head of the attack; C. formation of arrayed platoons and companies. Detail from a painting, F. Neumann (Krkonoše Piedmont Museum in Trutnov). Figure No. 15: Spatial distribution of finds from 1866 at the location near Václavice, Náchod District. Source data of terrain relief: ČÚZK (Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Figure No. 16: Austrian Jaeger practicing the prescribed mounting of bayonets on rifles. Figure No. 17: Photos of buttons that were found during a detector survey of the battlefield at Náchod. Top left: Prussian Army buttons and a bolt from a Prussian helmet. The other pictures show buttons of the Austrian 17th Jaeger Battalion. Figure No. 18 : View of the investigated site near Václavice, Náchod District. Figure No. 19: Spatial distribution of military finds from 1866 at the location near Vysokov. Source data of terrain relief: ČÚZK (Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). A. location of the find of friction primers for Austrian cannons; B. location of the find of percussion caps for hand arms of the Austrian Army; C. position of artillery batteries of the Prussian Army; D. location of the finds of Prussian artillery ammunition. Figure No. 20: A set of spent
percussion caps for Austrian weapons from the site near Vysokov. Figure No. 21: Austrian Jaeger firing in open-order formations of four. Photo: Chiara Ruello. Figure No. 22: Percussion rifle for the Austrian infantry, its parts and components. Figure No. 23: Austrian ordinary infantrymen loading their weapons in the prescribed manner. Figure No. 24: Reconstructed appearance of an ammunition pocket for non-commissioned officers of the Austrian infantry and its equipment. Cartridge packs and gun maintenance accessories.
Testimony of a war landscape 283 Figure No. 25: Replica of the Μ. 1854 Lorenz percussion rifle that was used in archaeological experiments. Figure No. 26: The appearance of gunshot wounds on the femurs of Prussian Army soldiers from the campaign of 1866. (Left to right) Private F. Günther; Guardsman N. Hunz; wound of an unknown Prussian soldier from the Battle of Podolí; NCO Singer. Figure No. 27: Detail of the bone structure imprint on a compression projectile fired at a pig carcass during the second phase of the shooting experiment. The projectile passed through, but the imprint of the bone is still visible on it. Figure No. 28: Austrian artillerymen in firing position in a photograph from 1866, storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 29: Members of the 2nd Austrian Artillery Regiment at a Μ. 1863 field cannon. On the left, a non-commissioned officer with the rank of a sergeant or ammunition technician (Feuerwerker), who is equipped with a typical shako (cylindrical cap), a single-breasted jacket, a hanging belt with an ammunition pocket holding pistol cartridges, a long cloak, a pistol ramrod suspended from the hanging belt, and riding boots. Photographer: Karl von Jagemann, 1865, storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 30: Metal detector survey of the location near Svinišťany. Figure No. 31 : An Austrian 4-pounder grapeshot projectile found in the field. Figure No. 32: Documented depth of an Austrian artillery grapeshot find at the location near Svinišťany. Figure No. 33: Commanders and gunners of a Prussian Guards
battery during the Danish campaign of 1864, Det Kongelige Biblioték, Kobenhavn, DH017434. Figure No. 34: Parts of a Prussian 4-pounder grenade found at a location in the village of Lipa. Figure No. 35: Spatial distribution ofparts of a Prussian 4-pounder grenade. Figure No. 36: Documented find depths of parts of a Prussian 4-pounder grenade. Figure No. 37: Austrian Jaeger attacking the Svib Forest. Maly (1893). Kampf um den Swiepwald, 3/7/1866, detail from a painting.
284 Summary Figure No. 38: Infantrymen of the Austrian Infantry Regiment No. 64 firing at Prussian Cuirassiers arrayed in a defensive square near Biskupice. Siegmund L’Allemand, 1906, detail from a lithograph, storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 39: Members of the Austrian Infantry Regiment No. 27 on a battlefield in Denmark in 1864, Sonderborg. Detail, source: Det Kongelige Biblioték, Kort- og Billedsamlingen. Figure No. 40: Pioneers of the Austrian Army, Photographer: Karl von Jagemann, 1865, storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 41: Key elements of the battlefield landscape at Kuks. A: Choustníkovo Hradiště; В: position of Prussian artillery; C: position suitable for shelter (Schrankberg); D : Hospital Kuks; views ofthe investigated site from the position “Na šancích”; E: Teufelsschenke pub; F: Kašov; G: bivouac of the Württemberg Brigade. Figure No. 42: The resulting model of the analysis showing the location ofbivouacs of the Austrian corps near Kuks. A: bivouac of the Württemberg Brigade attacked by Prussian artillery; B: bivouac of the Saffran Brigade; C: Teufelsschenke pub; D: Dolní Kašov; E: Kašov; F: Stanovíce. Figure No. 43: Reconstruction of activities at the location near Kuks based on the results of battlefield landscape analysis. A: abandoned bivouac of the Württemberg Brigade; B: Austrian cannons in the position above the railway track (Kloster Flur) and infantry units moving to the river; C: a position suitable for shelter (Grenzen Flur, Birken Flur) with the main forces of the Saffran and Württemberg
Brigades; D: Teufelsschenke pub; E: abandoned bivouac of the Saffran Brigade; F : Zaloňov; G : backup units of the Austrian II Army Corps; H: Austrian artillery in the position “Na šancích” and infantry units of the Saffran and Württemberg Brigades; I: Brod. Figure No. 44: The result of geophysical measurement from the location “Na šancích” near Kuks. A: regular ditch, B: irregular ditch. Figure No. 45 : Austrian ordinary infantrymen cleaning their weapons and equipment in a field camp during the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859, engraving by Μ. Trentsensky, Vienna. Figure No. 46: Spatial distribution of discarded ammunition from the camp of the Austrian Army at the site near Trotina. A. Location of the existing road from Hradec Králové to Jaroměř; В. the area investigated within the
Testimony of a war landscape 285 construction ofmotorway D11 ; C. the road connecting Trotina and Sendražice; D. Sendražice. Figure No. 47: Metal detector survey near Trotina in 2017, photo by R. Tichý. Figure No. 48: Aerial photograph of the south-western part of the Svib Forest in winter, photo by Μ. Goj da 2012. Figure No. 49: Austrian Jaeger (Rifles) during a battle re-enactment in the Svib Forest, photo by O. Littera. Figure No. 50: Present-day view of the Svib Forest from the first observation point on the side of the Austrian Army. The silhouette of the forest on the horizon forms a visual barrier with its terrain relief. The site is located on a hill north of the road from Másloj edy to Benátky at an altitude of303 metres. Figure No. 51 : Digital elevation model of the present-day Svib Forest with marked places of war graves still visible in terrain. View from the southeast. In the background, there are the villages of Benátky and Sovětice. LiDAR data source: Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre (ČÚZK). Figure No. 52: A view of the central plot in the Svib Forest around 1902, photo by Heidrich 1902. Figure No. 53: Engineers of the Austrian Army. Photographer: Karl von Jagemann, 1865, storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 54: The line of field fortifications of the Austrian Army as shown by the results of non-destructive research. 1. Fortified point No. 1, the remains of three field fortifications at the intersection of roads from Sendražice and Neděliště; 2. fortified point No. 2; 3. fortified point No. 3, three fortifications
near Chlum; 4. fortified point No. 4, two fortifications at the exit from Chlum; 5. fortified point No. 5, terrain relic of two fortifications in the forest near the Battery of the Dead monument; 6. fortified point No. 6, fortification of the Kuhn Battery; 7. fortified point No. 7, Mausoleum on Lipa. LiDAR data source: Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre (ČÚZK), Figure No. 55: Present-day appearance of the forefield of fortified point No. 3. On the left in the background is the village of Chlum, photo by Μ. Bulat. Figure No. 56: The result of geophysical measurement at the fortified point No. 3, authors: P. Milo, T. Tencer.
286 Summary Figure No. 57: A square grid laid out in the area of fortified point No. 3 and the spatial distribution of all finds of metal objects from all stages of the detector survey. Figure No. 58: Spatial distribution of objects from 1866 in the area of fortified point No. 3. Figure No. 59: Spatial distribution of selected finds dating from 1866 at the fortified point No. 3.1. line of fortification trenches for riflemen; 2. line of fortification trenches for artillery; 3. distribution of ammunition of the Austrian and Prussian Armies, which was destroyed by later activity on field roads; 4. field road leading from the artillery fortification to the Chlum Máslojedy road; 5. unpaved road leading to field plots; 6. distribution of friction primers for Austrian cannons in places of field fortifications. A. Deformed lead projectiles of the Austrian and Prussian Armies collected on defunct field roads; B. drawing of a friction primer for Austrian cannons; C. finds of friction primers for Austrian cannons in the area of fortified point No. 3. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové; В. graphic after Müeller 1864. Figure No. 60: A view of the road leading from Máslojedy to Chlum, on the horizon is the church on Chlum and field fortifications were established in the area to the left of it. Photo: Ernst Siegfried Mittler 1896. Figure No. 61: Example reconstruction of the appearance of a field fortification for artillery in the area of fortified point No. 3 based on results of non-destructive survey and written sources, visualisation by Μ. Sýkora. 1. ditch; 2. rampart;
3. loophole; 4. sunken space for ammunition; 5. firing position of a cannon. Plate No. 1 : Illustration of the training ofAustrian infantrymen for combat with the enemy, source: Abrichtungs-Reglement fur die kaiserlich-königlichen Zuk-Truppen. Aus der kaiserlich-königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien 1862, edited. Plate No. 2: Buttons used by the Austrian infantry in 1866. Source: graphics after Vorschrift 18SS·. 1, 6; private collection: 2, 3,4, 5, 7. Plate No. 3: The equipment of an Austrian ordinary infantryman. 1. Garrison cap; 2. garrison cap for officers; 3. emblem of the Imperial Eagle and cockade on the infantry shako; 4. shako; 5. protective cover for the shako;
Testimony of a war landscape 287 6. neckerchief; 7. spade fixed to the backpack; 8. shirt; 9. pants; 10. braces; 11. white coat; 12. trousers; 13. work coat; 14. pickaxe fixed to the backpack; 15. fastening belt for tools and its position on the backpack; 16. thermal food container fixed to the backpack; 17. cloak; 18. food bowl; 19. spats; 20. shoes. Plate No. 4: Shako of the Austrian Army and its fragments from the battlefields of 1866.1-3. Cockades; 4-9. emblems of the Imperial Eagle some with fragments of a linen cover or felt from the shako; 10. infantry shako of the Austrian Army; 11. chin strap with buckle; 12. fragment of a chin strap with buckle; 13. buckle from a chin strap with leather fragments; 14-17. types ofloops and buckles for the chin strap of a shako; 18. buckle for fastening the chin strap; 19-20. buckles for fastening the chin strap with leather fragments. Storage: Krkonoše Piedmont Museum in Trutnov: 2; Regional Museum Náchod: 3, 8,9,13,16-20; Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 4, 6, 7, 10; Private collection: 1, 5, 11, 12, 14, 15. Origin of the finds: detector survey of the battlefield: 3,18, 16; war grave find: 8, 9, 13, 17,19,20; retrieved from the ossuary at Chlum: 7; battlefield find without context: 1,4, 5,6,12,14,15; battlefield find with context: 2. Plate No. 5: Selected personal items of soldiers according to historical and archaeological sources. 1. Diary with a bullet hole; 2. letter of a Prussian officer; 3. writing utensils; 4. part of a pipe made in Banská Bystrica; 5a: tobacco pouch; 5b: ration tobacco pack; 6. round tin box with
double bottom for leather care; 7. tin box; 8-9. fragments of tin boxes; 10. textile hygiene items: towel, handkerchiefs and other pieces of fabric; 11. linen pouch for uniform maintenance items; 12. a piece of soap; 13. mirror in a wooden frame; 14. an example of possible appearance of a sewing kit; 15. polishing board and board with wound up threads; 16. razor; 17.bandages; 18. glass flask; 19. comb; 20.rosary; 21. gunlock cleaning brush; 22. uniform cleaning brush; 23. glass bottle with relief decoration; 24. leather wallet; 25. prayer book; 26-28. wallets. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 1,3,7,16,17,24,25,26,28; Regional Museum Náchod: 5a, 5b, 18,22,23; Museum of Božena Němcová in Česká Skalice: 2, 8,27; Krkonoše Piedmont Museum in Trutnov: 4,9; Ringridermuseet Sonderborg, Denmark: 14. Origin of the finds: replica: 10-13,19,21; war grave find: 2, 8, 24, 27; retrieved from the ossuary at Chlum: 26; battlefield find with context: 4, 5a, 5b, 9,16; private collection: 6.
288 Summary Plate No. 6 : Articles ofdaily use for infantrymen ofthe Austrian Army. 1. Glass canteen model 1863; 2-3. tin canteens; 4. wooden barrel for storing liquids; 5. wooden canteen; 6. thermal food container; 7. food bowl; 8. water can; 9. possible appearance of a tin mug; 10. spoon; 11. knife; 12. knife; 13. fork; 14. fork; 15. fork; 16. knife; 17. knife. Storage: Museum of Božena Němcová in Česká Skalice: 10, И, 13, 15; Regional Museum Náchod: 16; Museum ofEast Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 12,14,17,10; Società Solferino e San Martino: 4; private collection: 8,9. Plate No. 7: Buttons from the battlefield at Náchod and their real and prescribed form. 1. Buttons ofthe AustrianJaeger Battalions No. 14,17 and 25; 2. button of the Austrian Jaeger Battalion No. 17; 3. button of the Austrian Jaeger Battalion No. 25; 4. button of the Austrian Jaeger Battalion No. 14; 5-6. standard form of buttons of the Austrian Jaeger Battalions; 7. button ofthe Austrian Jaeger Battalion No. 17; 8-10. buttons of the Austrian Jaeger Battalions No. 14, 17 and 25. Origin and storage of the finds: detector prospecting (Regional Museum Náchod): 1-4; graphics after Vorschrift 1855: 5,6; private collection: 7-10. Plate No. 8: Found items of the Austrian field artillery. 1-8. Prescribed form of field artillery buttons; 2-7. real form of the field artillery buttons found; 9. prescribed form of friction primers; 10-15. condition of the found friction primers and their fragments from the battlefields. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 15; Regional Museum Náchod: 5,10-14.
Origin ofthe finds: 2. Jaroměř; 7. Horní Dolce; 3. Rodov; 4. Lochenice-Trotina; 5.Václavice; 10-14. Vysokov, 15. prospecting at the fortified point No. 3 near Chlum. Plate No. 9: Method of documentation of percussion caps and examined characteristics ofimprints ofpercussion locks. A: Deformation of a percussion cap with lateral extension ofthe wings : 1. imprint ofthe opening ofa percussion piston; 2. imprint ofthe rim ofthe mouth of a percussion piston; 3. documented surface of the cap in cross-section. B: Deformation of a percussion cap with a hollow from the piston: 1. imprint of the opening of the percussion piston; 2. imprint of the rim of the percussion cock; 3. documented surface of the cap in cross-section. Plate No. 10: An example of shape features followed up when analysing the assemblage ofpercussion caps. A: Comparison of imprints of the piston and cock of the percussion lock of one weapon on a pair of differently
Testimony of a war landscape 289 preserved percussion caps; B: comparison of imprints of the piston of the percussion lock of one weapon on a pair of differently preserved percussion caps - using a comparison of the surface of the caps in cross-section; C: comparison of imprints of the piston and cock of the percussion lock of one weapon on a pair of differently preserved percussion caps. Plate No. 11 : The appearance of cartridges, bullets and weapon tools used during archaeological experiments. 1. ball screw; 2. cleaning jag; 3. compression projectile; 4. cartridge with a bullet; 5. parts of a cartridge. Plate No. 12: Results ofexperimental shooting into the ground. 1. Compression projectile after hitting the ground; 2. deformation of a compression projectile in the form of deflection of the impact surface; 3-4. details of damage on the deformed side of a compression projectile at the point ofimpact; 5. deformation of a compression projectile in the form of deflection of the impact surface; 6. deformation of an expansion projectile after hitting the ground. Plate No. 13: Results of experimental shooting at fired bricks. 1-2. Bricks destroyed by the impact of lead bullets; 3-5. parts of a compression projectile after hitting a fired brick; 4. deformed compression projectile after hitting a fired brick. Plate No. 14: Results of experimental shooting at a wooden building element. 1. Traces of a compression bullet hitting a wooden beam; 2. traces of a compression bullet hitting a wooden beam from the side; 3. penetration of an expansion projectile through a wooden beam; 4-5.
penetration and traces of a compression bullet hitting a wooden beam from the side. Plate No. 15: Results of experimental shooting, projectiles after shooting at a wooden beam. 1. Burst compression bullet after penetrating a part of the beam; 2. deformation of a compression bullet that penetrated the beam from the side; 3. deformation of an expansion bullet that penetrated a wooden beam. PlateNo. 16: Results of experimental shooting at dry round logs. 1.Penetration of a compression bullet through a dry spruce log; 2. the shape of the hole after penetration of a compression bullet into a dry spruce log; 3. deformation of a compression bullet after penetrating a dry spruce log; 4. deformation of an expansion bullet after hitting a dry spruce log; 5. penetration of an expansion projectile into a dry spruce log. Plate No. 17: Results of experimental shooting at dry round logs. 1-2. The form of impact hole and lateral penetration of a compression bullet through
290 Summary a dry log; 3-4. comparison of the way of penetration of an expansion (top) and a compression (bottom) projectile through a dry spruce log; 5-6. comparison of the deformation of a compression (left) and an expansion (right) bullet after penetrating through a dry spruce log. Plate No. 18: Results of experimental shooting at a grown tree. Plate No. 19: Results of experimental shooting at a grown tree. The form of penetration and deformations of compression bullets after hitting a grown spruce stem. Plate No. 20: Results of experimental shooting at a pig carcass (head). 1-2. The form of penetration of an expansion bullet through a pig carcass; 3. noticeable deformation of an expansion projectile after penetrating the pig carcass, pieces of bone are stuck in the lead. Plate No. 21: Results of experimental shooting at a pig carcass (knee). 1-3. The form of penetration of a compression bullet through the pig carcass, wool cloth and linen; 4-5. dirt and pieces of lead drawn into the wound by a compression bullet; 6-8. the form of deformation and parts of a compression bullet that penetrated the tissue and bone of the pig carcass. Plate No. 22: Deformed projectiles ofweapons of the Austrian Army from battlefields in East Bohemia. 1. The form of deformations of projectiles that apparently hit the ground on the battlefield; 2. the form of deformation of a bullet that hit a very hard obstacle on the battlefield; 3. deformed compression bullet that penetrated a grown tree; 4-5,7. deformed proj ectiles that penetrated hard and gravelly soil; 6. projectile that penetrated a
soft obstacle on the battlefield; 8. compression projectile that hit a Prussian Army epaulet button during its flight path. The projectiles come from a private collection, Náchod region. Plate No. 23: Ammunition of the Austrian field artillery. 1. Four-pounder artillery grenade; 2. sectioned four-pounder artillery grenade; 3. sectioned four-pounder artillery grenade; 4. sectioned four-pounder incendiary grenade; 5. sectioned grapeshot; 6. four-pounder grapeshot; 7. view of a four-pounder artillery grenade without a zinc case with cast-iron lugs; 8. four-pounder shrapnel shell; 9. sectioned four-pounder shrapnel shell; 10. incendiary rotary rocket; 11. lighting rotary rocket; 12. grenade rotary rocket; 13-14. grapeshot rotary rockets.
Testimony of a war landscape 291 Plate No. 24: Austrian artillery ammunition from the battlefields of 1866, grenades. 1. Fragment of the fuze plug of an artillery grenade; 2. hollow cylinder of an artillery grenade fuze; 3. inertia shutter; 4. hollow fuze plug of an artillery grenade; 5. fuze plug with screw collar and brass case; 6. sectioned head of an artillery grenade; 7. brass case of a fuze with the ignition tube; 8. fragments of brass casings of grenade fuzes; 9. fragments of a four-pounder grenade; 10. four-pounder grenade; 11. four-pounder grenade without casing, mistakenly exploded in two on the battlefield; 12. fragment of the head of a four-pounder grenade; 13. half of the head of a four-pounder grenade, marked space for the ignition tube and fuze plug; 14. reconstruction of the head of a four-pounder grenade based on the found half; 15. fragments of an eight-pounder grenade with visible protrusions; 16. fragments of the casing of a four-pounder grenade; 17. separated bottom of a four-pounder grenade; 18. head of a four-pounder grenade with wood fragments stuck in it during the explosion, condition at discovery. Storage: Regional Museum Náchod: 1-3, 8-10, 12-18; Arsenal Vienna: 6; private collection: 4-5, 7,11. Plate No. 25: Austrian artillery ammunition from the battlefields of 1866, shrapnel shells. 1. Sectioned time fuze of a shrapnel shell; 2. time fuze; 3. lead shrapnel charge 0 13 mm; 4. reconstruction of the shape of a fourpounder shrapnel shell based on the fragments found; 5. screw plug of the shrapnel filling hole; 6. fragments of a four-pounder
shrapnel shell; 7. fourpounder shrapnel shell without casing. Storage: Regional Museum Náchod: 2-6; graphics after Atlas zu Feld-Artillerrien., Wien 1871:1; private collector: 7. Plate No. 26: Prussian artillery ammunition from the battlefields of 1866, grenades and shrapnel shells. 1. Sectioned four-pounder grenade; 2. sectioned head with a contact fuze and centrifugal shutter 3. fuze plug; 4. four-pounder grenade with and without a lead casing; 5. four-pounder grenade and its fragments; 6. head of a four-pounder grenade; 7. pieces of the lead casing; 8. fragments of twelve-pounder eccentric spherical grenade Μ. 1847; 9. reconstruction of the shape of a twelve-pounder eccentric spherical grenade Μ. 1847; 10. twelve-pounder spherical shrapnel shell; 11. sectioned spherical grenade with a wooden fuze; 12. twelve-pounder spherical shrapnel shell. Storage: Regional Museum Náchod: 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; graphics after Dolleczek J 887:2,10,11; Museum ofEast Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 1,12; Bayerisches Armeemuseum: 4.
292 Summary Plate No. 27: Prussian artillery ammunition from the battlefield at Hradec Králové. 1. Contact fuze of a grenade; 2-3. strikers of grenade fuzes; 4. screw collar with the striker plug of a grenade fuze; 5. fragment of the head of a four-pounder grenade with a marked space for the contact fuze; 6. fragments of individual parts of a grenade contact fuze; 7. fragment of the lead casing of a grenade with a letter; 8. fragment of a four-pounder grenade; 9-10. parts of the lead casing of a four-pounder grenade with marked dimensions of the ribs; 11. fragment of a four-pounder grenade, middle part; 12-16. fragments of a lead grenade casing; 17. fragment of a four-pounder grenade, middle part; 18. bottom of a four-pounder grenade; 19. reconstruction of the appearance of a Prussian four-pounder grenade based on parts of the body and head; 20. fragment of the casing of a four-pounder grenade, the area under the head with a measured dimension; 21. fragment of a four-pounder grenade, the area under the head; 22. part of the lead case of a four-pounder grenade with marked dimensions of the ribs. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové. Locations: Stěžery-Kukleny: 8, 17, 19, 21; Svobodné Dvory: 1,9, Lochenice (Trotina): 2-7,10-16,18,20,22. Plate No. 28: Tools for the Austrian Μ. 1854 Lorenz rifles. 1. Folding combination tool; 2. Y-shaped combination tool including nipple wrench, spring punch and screwdriver head; 3-5. mainspring vice and its manufacturing variants; 6-7. replacement percussion piston. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 1, 3, 7;
Regional Museum Náchod: 4, 5, 6; private collection: 2. Plate No. 29: Tools for the Austrian Μ. 1854 Lorenz rifles. 1. Ball screw for Jaeger rifles; 2. sectioned ball screw; 3. sectioned ball screw for infantry rifles; 4-6. ball screw for infantry rifles; 7,16-17: double worm and spiked cleaning jags forJaeger rifles; 8. gun cleaning tool ofthe Saxon Army; 9-12. cleaning jags for infantry rifles; 13-15. cleaning jags forJaeger rifles. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 17; Regional Museum Náchod: 15. Drawings and graphics after Plönnies 1864. Plate No. 30: Discarded projectiles of the Austrian Army and interpretation of the method of their removal from rifles at the site near Trotina. 1. Projectiles deformed by loading with a ramrod; 2. traces ofrepeated drilling into a bullet; 3. traces of repeated and unsuccessful drilling into a bullet; 4-5. distinct deformations caused by drilling into bullets; 6. a bullet pierced through; 7. other weapon maintenance tools used by the Austrian Army; 8. interpretation
Testimony of a war landscape 293 of the tools used to remove bullets from rifles based on the marks left on the projectiles. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové; Società Solferino e san Martino Museum, Italy: 7. Plate No. 31: Discarded ammunition for Austrian weapons, Trotina. 1. Shallow ball screw marks; 2. deep ball screw marks; 3. cleaning jag marks; 4. deep traces of a combination tool; 5. combined traces of a hollow tool; 6. deep traces of a hollow tool. Plate No. 32: Objects used in the experiment, which followed up the method of removing an Austrian projectile from the Lorenz rifle and the procedure of loading and removing the projectile. Plate No. 33: Results of the experiment. Traces of loading and removal of bullets from the Lorenz rifle. Numbers according to the experiment ID. |
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Obsah Úvod_ 15 Použité prameny a metody_ 23 Interdisciplinarita ve výzkumu bitevní krajiny_ 43 Řadový pěšák rakouské armády v tažení roku 1866 46 Potenciál prostorových informací artefaktů z bojiště 70 Výzkum střeliva rakouské armády a archeologický experiment 89 Stopy po dělostřelecké palbě 120 Rakouský II. armádní sbor ve válečném tažení 143 Prostorová analýza krajiny dělostřeleckého přepadu sboru u Kuksu_ 169 Archeologické doklady táboření sboru u Trotiny_ 185 Les Svíb pohledem archeologie krajiny_ 201 Polní opevnění u Chlumu jako klíč к pruskému triumfu u Hradce Králové_ 221 Závěr_ 235 Prameny a literatura_ 245 Prameny Literatura Hnternetové zdroje 245 246 252 Summary_ 267 Legend to illustrations 278 Rejstřík_ 295
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Summary Testimony of a war landscape The results of interdisciplinary research on battlefields ofthe Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in East Bohemia The results of interdisciplinary research on selected battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in the territory of East Bohemia confirm that it is well possible to follow up individual sites and the related research questions using a completely new approach based on a wide range of sources of different origin and focus. An interdisciplinary approach to their subsequent analysis and evaluation then ensures a sufficient level of informative potential of archaeological data obtained directly on site orby non-destructive analyses ofthe battlefield landscape. However, the crucial role in all thematic areas of research was always played by the investigated battlefield landscape, which by all indications significantly influenced the overall sequence of historical events in the first weeks of the military campaign. Its partial reconstruction then brings completely new source materials to the work with the informative value of the obtained field data regarding the involvement of a specific military unit, in this case the Austrian II Army Corps, in the military campaign. These data capture the activities of the army corps from its transfer to Moravia, through the first baptism of fire in the fights at Kuks to the final retreat after the bloody clash in the Svib Forest during the Battle of Hradec Králové. The fundamental pillars of interdisciplinary research of this kind are historical sources and military literature, a large part
ofwhich originated in the period of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Among them are mostly German-written texts that come directly from the military environment of the Austrian Army or the army of the Kingdom of Prussia. Important sources are also the memoirs of individual military units, which were most often created on the occasion of significant anniversaries of the war or the founding
268 Summary of individual units. Domestic records and official statements, which are presented by various municipal, parish or school chronicles, are also valuable sources. However, the source materials do not comprise only works from the 19th or early 20th centuries. The extensive interest in learning about the events of1866 was also reflected in the production ofvarious studies, the increasing number of which is especially evident since the 1990s. However, in the production we can see a distinct imbalance in the more numerous amateur works, in contrast to studies from the academic environment. On the other hand, historians have not yet had the opportunity to regularly discuss this military topic. The most recent opportunity was, for example, an international conference in 2016 on the occasion of an anniversary ofthe war. The conference addressed a wide range of military topics but at the same time showed and an absolute scientific disparity and stagnation as far as the adoption of modern theoretical and methodological trends in research is concerned. For that reason, Czech historiography does not develop a greater scientific awareness of the need for methodological or paradigmatic shifts in the topic of the 1866 War. It is therefore not surprising that, with some exceptions, crucial historical studies must be traced back to the period before 1918. The interest of domestic academics is largely influenced by the past production of essential works in the era ofthe so-called positivist military historiography. Therefore, a false impression is created that the military
conflict cannot be studied in any other way than by focusing on the history ofwar, the research on war operations, military technology or army units. In the territory of present-day Czech Republic, however, one topic is completely unique, which continues to appeal more and more to the public in various directions. That topic is the creation and appearance of monuments, which to this day commemorate the heroic struggle of many soldiers, but also their final resting places in the areas of many battlefields. The cause may also be the development of events and the change in society in the second half of the 19th century, when the War of 1866 was seen primarily as an example of heroic deeds face to face with a stronger enemy. Over the centuries, the battlefield from 1866 thus transformed into a specific place of worship or a sepulchral location, or even a heritage area, thus fulfilling the main function of a memory holder that went beyond its original regional scope. Iconographie sources also play an important role in the work and are perceived methodically as unwritten historical sources. Their broad range mainly includes the depiction of various clashes of armies or even the landscape of
Testimony of a war landscape 269 the battlefield. The most information is drawn from these sources in the context of works of military nature, where they complemented the written text and showed, for instance, the appearance of military equipment or weaponry. Among these sources, it is also possible to include photographic images that captured either the form of military equipment before the clash of the two armies in 1866 or the areas of the battlefields in various years after the war. Cartographic sources are of greatest importance for studying the war landscape of 1866, although it is clear that their creators did not avoid mistakes. Among these sources are primarily maps accompanying individual memoirs or chronicles of the participating military units. In these sources, the main emphasis was placed on meticulousness, as their purpose was to promote the one or another military unit and draw attention to its deployment in battle or the achieved military success. In this work, the most used archaeological methods were those of non destructive archaeology, which are mostly related to the spatial evaluation of archaeological data of various different nature and origin. The methods of searching for relics of the 1866 War are based on the traditional division of archaeological sources according to their immovable spatial parameters. These factors influence the degree of their preservation, which is dependent on the impact ofvarious combinations of processes that have formed or are still forming the surface of today s landscape. Within the topic of research on the battlefields
of the Austro-Prussian conflict treated in this work, it is therefore possible to talk mainly about relics in the form of ditches of defunct field fortifications. These can be detected completely non-destructively using, for example, the currently very widespread remote sensing of the Earths surface, specifically with the help of airborne laser scanning, the so-called LiDAR. The use of the method is very broad, and due to the accurate capture of spatial data of the terrain surface, it is possible to present the results in a three-dimensional display. LiDAR data therefore became a key source for the virtual display of data collected on the investigated battlefields of the 1866 War. Based on this method, for example, the relief of the battlefield landscape at Kuks was modelled, and the digital elevation model then enabled to perform a landscape analysis. Another method is geophysical survey or measurement that focuses on the Earths magnetic field and its regional and local disturbances, which indicate past interventions in the geological subsoil. The measurements with a magnetometer during the research on battlefields
270 Summary of the 1866 War were carried out and evaluated exclusively by colleagues P. Milo and T. Tencer from the Department ofArchaeology and Museology Faculty of Arts of the Masaryk University in Brno, who have already been specializing in such measurements for several years and their experience in this field is completely unrivalled in our country. Within several years, the measurements were mainly carried out on the relics of field fortifications on the battlefield near Hradec Králové and at the location of an artillery attack near Kuks. The complete evaluation of the obtained spatial data was carried out using the Geographic Information System (GIS), which enables their storage, administration and further analysis. Specifically, the ArcGIS software was used, which offers tools for their well-organised processing (ArcMap 10.2) and virtual display (ArcScene 10.2). An example reconstruction of the appearance of a field fortification of the Austrian artillery, based on findings from field measurements and historical sources, was created by Milan Sýkora from the Institute ofArchaeological Heritage of Northwest Bohemia, who created the presented model in the ALLPLAN programme. The use of metal detectors is to be perceived as the only destructive method within the presented research. The detection of metal objects in the area of the investigated battlefields was the basic method for obtaining field data with spatial relations, which are necessary for the overall assessment of the impact of military clashes on the relevant sites and for a more accurate interpretation
ofhistorical events. By detecting metal artefacts, direct evidence of military clashes physically disappears from the landscape, and its loss is thus destructive in nature and therefore irreversible. Metal detecting was mostly performed in areas with arable land, less often in areas ofwooded plots or grassy meadows. There were several reasons for choosing the locations. One of them was the above-mentioned development-led archaeological rescue research during the construction of motorways, bypass roads or family housing estates. A larger group of sites, however, consists of a series of locations that were investigated purely out of research interest. The material obtained from them became an important source of completely new knowledge about the applied tactical elements of the fighting armies or the effectiveness of their infantry or artillery weapons. These investigations act in the work as a sort of inquiries into particular topics, which nevertheless bring a lot of important information regarding the acquisition of finds from battlefields and also, for example, the determination of their borders.
Testimony of a war landscape 271 In the results of scientific detector prospecting, it was possible, for example, to trace the movements of individual shooters of the Jaeger Battalion on the battlefield near Náchod. The blending of spatial information with source maps from the Stable Cadastre confirmed that during the battle, the shooters did not make their way across field plots, but advanced along field roads, which provided enough opportunities for cover in open terrain and for fighting in a loose order of battle, which the Austrian Jaeger were specially trained for. The main indicator of these movements became their uniform buttons, which always bore the number of a specific battalion. Another evidence for the activities of this light component of the Austrian infantry was obtained from the second location of the Náchod battlefield. This was a unique piece of evidence for the shooting support of the 6th Jaeger Battalion to a battery ofAustrian field artillery guns, which took the position southwest of Vysokov and advanced further north in the final phase of the battle. During the prospecting, evidence ofboth artillery fire and the Jaegers’ fire in the form of an accumulation of 53 spent percussion caps for Austrian handguns was found near the starting positions of the artillerymen. The Jaeger left them on the spot during reloading near a terrain ridge, from where they apparently fired at the enemy. Each of the discovered shotdeformed percussion caps was subjected to a visual analysis of the imprints of percussion pistons and cocks of percussion guns. The analysis was
aided by the imaging of cap deformations with a 3D measurement system and microscopic imaging with 40x magnification. The result confirmed that the caps were fired from at least 30 weapons, where only 6 weapons were fired repeatedly. This is the first physical evidence of the tactics used by the Jaeger, who did not maintain a linear formation in battle, but moved around the battlefield in groups of four and used any terrain shelters and irregularities for shooting. Similarly, it was possible to identify the activities ofthe Austrian artillerymen in the field and their method of firing at the enemy. The results of the prospecting at Svinišťany confirmed that at the beginning of the battle, the Austrian artillerymen used four-pounder and eight-pounder grapeshots to fire at a very short distance, which, according to written sources, was not quite common. This unique evidence of shooting directly from the battlefield confirmed why the Prussian soldiers finally gave up their original intention to advance to the village and had to find a way to it elsewhere. Other piece of knowledge about the effectiveness of artillery ammunition
272 Summary was obtained during the prospecting of a building plot on the battlefield near Hradec Králové in the village of Lipa. Isolated evidence of an exploded Prussian four-pounder grenade was found, parts of which penetrated the grassy slope to a depth of as much as 44 centimetres below the present-day ground surface. The prospecting also revealed the extent of the most dangerous explosion area, which was defined by pieces of the grenade within a radius of 18 metres from the place of the explosion. It was for the very first time that an archaeological experiment was used to evaluate archaeological finds from 1866. The experiment was carried out on three different topics, which were always related to the use of small arms in the Austrian Army. One of them is the way of bullet deformation during loading and their removal from weapons when a shot has failed. The second is the way of deformation of the fired projectiles according to the type of obstacle they hit, and the third is the deformation of projectiles when they hit a target which was supposed to be a soldier in uniform or, in the experiment, part of a pig carcass. The sources and methods used basically point to the interdisciplinary concept of the entire research, which in recent years has been favoured by a large number of archaeologists who also deal with modern-day topics, but most often with military conflicts from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The term must therefore be perceived in the context of research on the battlefields of 1866 as a research combination of historical sources and literature with
archaeological sources, which cannot be evaluated without known historical facts. For example, the analyses performed make it possible to set the obtained artefacts into the landscape of selected battlefields and, above all, into specific historical events that took place in the given locations during the war year. This approach was applied both in selection of research polygons on individual sites with the aim of investigative research, and in evaluation of the artefacts obtained by, for example, development-led rescue detector prospecting before the construction of a specific building. In the first case, the necessary step was always the study of historical and cartographic sources or relevant literature with the aim to define a potential research polygon. In the second case, when it is necessary to evaluate finds acquired on site, the crucial role is always played by their spatial distribution, on the basis of which we must look for their spatial relationships and the reasons why they remained on the battlefield to this day. Both approaches can then
Testimony of a war landscape 273 be combined with each other in different ways, always with a clear and unified goal of obtaining as much information as possible about the given location. Anyway, the first and most important step in both approaches is a basic knowledge ofthe material culture of military origin from 1866. This is a very specific knowledge, without which it is not possible to successfully describe and evaluate the collections of artefacts obtained from the battlefields. Therefore, it is important to gradually determine the fragments of metal components of military equipment and weaponry of selected army corps based on historical literature of military origin, their depiction in texts, description, or their preserved form in local museum collections. The mentioned investigations of the battlefields in East Bohemia are therefore based directly on the work with various types of sources and literature and they bring an insight into the possibilities of spatial analysis of selected objects together with the relevant locations of military clashes. Also necessary is to approach the analyses of individual artefacts separately. For example, the topic of the informational potential of ammunition for Austrian firearms was investigated using several research procedures, which included not only the work with spatial information and documentation of individual pieces of ammunition themselves, but also their experimental deformation by loading or firing at various obstacles. The firing from weapons and the shooting fights as such can be reconstructed in the battlefield
landscape thanks to the distribution of spent projectiles and, in the case of the Austrian Army, mainly thanks to the concentrations of spent percussion caps, which were used for firing from the infantry Μ. 1854 Lorenz rifles. In these percussion caps, it is then possible to examine not only their spatial distribution but also their shape using a 3D measurement system. Another group of the most frequent finds on battlefields is artillery ammunition. The research also includes the issue of locating the firing positions of field artillery of the Austrian Army, which at the firing posts on the battlefield always left a specific type of primers for initiating the firing of cannons. The basic structure ofthe research topics is intentionally based on the tracking of a military unit, which thus became a sort of guide through the entire research and successfully interconnected all of the investigated areas. For example, non-destructive archaeological research was used to locate the place near Kuks where this military unit was surprised by an artillery attack
274 Summary and where it apparently built a field fortification for its artillerymen. In the results of the detector prospecting within the scope of rescue research, we also identified the activities of a part of the corps in a field camp, where a specific brigade was preparing for the battle at Hradec Králové. Further research has also elucidated why the corps did not adhere to the assigned army instructions in this decisive battle of the war and was thus witnessing the complete disintegration of the right defensive wing of the Austrian Northern Army. A total of four locations, which are directly related to the activities of the aforementioned corps, were subjected to interdisciplinary research. The first among them is located near Kuks in the district of Trutnov. The site was investigated using an analysis of the historical landscape of the battle clash and thus determined the main location for carrying out a geophysical survey with the aim to locate the relics of field fortifications of the Austrian artillery. The fortification was to be built on the site to support the position of the Austrian corps on the right bank of the Elbe and thus delay the advance of Prussian armies after the Battles of Trutnov and Dvůr Králové. But at the moment when the corps occupied these positions, it was suddenly attacked by artillery fire from the Prussians, who, however, did not estimate the advantageous Austrian position and, after a short firefight, stopped their advance completely. The landscape analysis was successful, and subsequent measurements confirmed the existence of a
30-metre-long ditch in the most strategic location above the Elbe between Kuks and Zaloňov. But the results also pointed to the fact that there were no such extensive earthworks as described in a work by the Austrian General Staff one year after the war. It is therefore a question of how accurate the informational value of similar military sources really is and whether or not it is possible to continue to rely on their veracity. Extensive collection of finds also comes from another site. The site was discovered within a rescue research of areas affected by the future route of motorway Dll from Hradec Králové to Jaroměř (the motorway was put into operation at the end of2021) at a location near the village of Trotina. It was the discovery of a large amount of ammunition of the Austrian Army, which, however, showed unusual deformations. Its accurate evaluation and study of the necessary military sources confirmed that this is a unique evidence of the activity of Austrian infantrymen in a field camp before the Battle of Hradec Králové. On 2 July, weapons were being repaired here,
Testimony of a war landscape 275 which were inoperable due to the failed shots during the corps’ previous fight near Kuks, where the infantry units were also repeatedly alerted and thus prepared for the battle in the vicinity of their bivouacs near Zaloňov. The deteriorating weather which accompanied the subsequent retreat of the Austrians to the Elbe caused that the gunpowder charges in the weapons got wet. The weapons had to be repaired before the Battle of Hradec Králové by drilling the lead bullets in barrels and pulling them out. In addition, the characteristic deformation of these projectiles confirmed that this activity was made with tools, which were not primarily intended for this purpose. In order to properly evaluate the assemblage of finds, an archaeological experiment was also carried out, which confirmed the hypothesis about the deformation of bullets in Austrian weapons during their loading and the different nature of the traces created on them. The experiment also involved the process of drilling the projectiles, as they were found on the battlefield, and the result clearly confirmed that the repairs ofweapons were carried out by Austrian soldiers who knew exactly how to perform this operation. On the fateful day of the Battle of Hradec Králové, the tracked II Army Corps was positioned according to the given instructions on the farthest right wing of the entire Austrian Northern Army. But the concourse of events dragged the soldiers into a bloody fight in the Svib Forest, a place that for many years became a direct synonym for the entire battle. However, the
Svib Forest has completely changed its appearance over the past years, so that only a thorough analysis and partial reconstruction of how it looked in 1866 showed how much influence it has had on the entire course of the battle. The forest was partly composed of plots that were either very difficult to access for pedestrian soldiers or, on the contrary, they could use them as an ideal shelter. Such shelters were, for example, the areas of plots where cut pieces of felled trees were stacked at the time of the battle. Prussian gunmen used them to repulse the attacking Austrians who outnumbered them several times. On the other hand, other locations within the forest consisted of high-grown trees and were surrounded by grassy meadows. Parts ofthe II Army Corps used them perhaps for the first time for a successful shooting battle with the Prussians, which, however, did not last long. These characteristics of the forest plots, together with a rugged terrain relief, through which neither of the combatants could have a clear view of the terrain behind the Svib Forest, confirm that the fight in the forest was not
276 Summary insignificant, but rather very difficult. Only the one who was able to react more flexibly to the situation in the forest and thus adapt the tactics used could achieve significant success in the clash. As we already know, this success was repeatedly achieved by Prussian soldiers and officers, who were able to react much more skilfully to similar situations. Throughout the entire battle, the Prussians were able to hold the much more numerous Austrian enemy in the Svib Forest, so that the Austrians then did not have strength enough to fight the newly arriving Guards units from the north. The procedures ofnon-destructive analysis of the battlefield landscape with its reconstruction thus illustratively substantiated the mentioned results and provide the basis for further investigations of this important location on the battlefield near Hradec Králové. The last investigation of the fourth location, which is related to the activities of the mentioned corps on the battlefield at Hradec Králové, combines most of the mentioned methods into a single research goal, namely to elucidate the outcome of a particular historical event on the battlefield. The location was also chosen due to previous interest in the research subject and the localization of the defensive line ofAustrian field fortifications on the battlefield near Hradec Králové. However, further research was intended to obtain the most detailed information regarding the reason why this fortified position did not hold up in the fight against the Prussians at the most critical moment ofthe battle. Geophysical
measurements confirmed, among other things, the exact shape of the trenches of two fortifications for infantrymen and one fortification for artillerymen, which were excavated at the site one day before the battle. The trenches could accommodate up to 720 men and others could have been standing in the hinterland of the fortified post. It is quite certain that up to one thousand foot soldiers could have operated in its neighbourhood, being supported by eight cannons in the middle fortification. However, as is clear from the analysis of the shape of the forefield of these fortifications, it did not offer an ideal view, due to which the maximum firing range of the cannons was reduced by two thirds. The fortification was therefore abandoned during the frontal advance of the Austrian corps to Svib, and the artillerymen rather took the strategic positions near Máslojedy. The movement back to the fortification with such a poor viewshed could no longer stop the Prussian guardsmen, and the Austrians were not able to defend the position. The detector prospecting also confirmed that fierce personal fights and fire fights
Testimony of a war landscape 277 had apparently been taking place in the vicinity of the fortification, because a large number of projectiles from the weapons of both armies and several deformed fragments of fittings from Prussian helmets were detected here. However, the main outcome of the metal detecting was the localization of the firing posts of both artillery batteries during a battle for the trenches. The first eight cannons were positioned and fired from the middle fortification, which was intended for them. Another eight cannons, however, drove into the wing fortification on the right side of the fortified point, into the trenches intended for foot soldiers, which undoubtedly made their shooting significantly more complicated. In both cases, the location of the cannons and their firing were indicated by the finds of spent friction primers, which had to be used to initiate the firing of a cannon and which remained at the firing positions. The location of the battery on the right wing of the fortified point was not clear from written sources, so it could only be confirmed by detector prospecting, which was carried out on the site after geophysical measurements. There were probably more reasons why this position was chosen despite the poor view of the field of fire. The first reason is mentioned in literature as the need to keep a linear arrangement of all these field fortifications on the Hradec Králové battlefield. However, moving this position ahead towards Máslojedy would significantly complicate the Prussian advance and it would certainly increase the
functionality of the defensive position, even if it were not in line. After entering all the spatial information into the base map of the Stable Cadastre, another fact was confirmed that could have influenced the choice of the location. The position of the fortification for artillery was chosen at the corner of a field road that connected the field plots with the road leading from Chlum to Máslojedy. At the time when the fortification features in the mentioned defence line were being built, a large part of the field plots was affected by frequent rains, which according to period records accompanied the end of June. The planning was thus apparently primarily focused on the idea of the proximity of a well-passable field road, because as we know, cannons were transported to the firing lines with the help ofhorse-drawn carriages, and the same also applied to the supply of a sufficient amount of ammunition. Unfortunately, the sufficient access to cannon trenches was exchanged for insufficient view from the fortification, which had a negative impact on the defenders. The real functioning of the mentioned field road in the course of the battle is also confirmed by the finds
278 Summary of several projectiles from the site, which were flattened by the iron-hooped wheels of wagons and thus typically deformed. The position of fortified point No. 3 in the defensive line of the field fortifications of the Austrian Army in the Battle of Hradec Králové thus became the last place where the Austrians could stop the Prussian advance on Chlum. However, this did not happen and the fate ofthe Austrian Northern Army was forever sealed both in the battle and in the entire war. The last site investigated in this way within the interdisciplinary research symbolically closes the studied topic, which aimed to bring new knowledge about war events, the historical sequence ofwhich was significantly influenced by the appearance of the landscape of the battlefields of 1866. Legend to illustrations Map No. 1: The state of research into battlefields of 1866 in Northeast Bohemia. 1. Česká Skalice; 2. Náchod; 3. Trutnov; 4. Kuřívody; 5. Brejlov; 6. Svijany-Podolí; 7. Jičín; 8. Kuks; 9. Chlum-Hradec Králové; 10. Dašice; 11. Hradec nad Svitavou; 12. Svinišťany; 13. Střítež, Nový Rokytník; 14. Vysokov; 15. Trotina; 16. Rozběřice; 17. Mimoň. War graves: 1, 2, 3, 4,9,14,16,17. Field fortifications: 5, 8,9. Detector survey: 1, 7,9,10,11, 12,13,15. Battlefield landscape analysis: 2,8,9. Base map: World Topographic Map, Esri, USGS, NOAA. Map No. 2: Locations on the battlefield near Náchod, surveyed by metal detecting. A: the area of a ravine (2013-2014); B: Branka battlefield area (2018-2019), C: Vysokov (2018-2019). Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK-Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and
Cadastre). Map No. 3: Locations on the battlefield at Hradec Králové, which are mentioned in the text. War graves: 2, 9, 10, 11; field fortifications: 3-7; detector prospecting: 1,4,12-17; landscape analysis: 8,4. Base map: ZM 10 (CUZK- Czech Officefor Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 4: Spatial distribution of buttons of the Austrian Jaeger on the battlefield near Náchod. Base map: Stable Cadastre (ČÚZK- Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre).
Testimony of a war landscape 279 Map No. 5: Spatial distribution of finds from 1866 on the site near Svinišťany. 1. Impact areas of artillery grapeshots; 2. firing positions of Austrian cannons based on the finds of friction primers. Map No. 6: Spatial distribution of Prussian artillery ammunition at the locations of route Dll near Hradec Králové. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre) Map No. 7: The involvement of the Austrian II Army Corps in the War of 1866.1. Vienna; 2. the territory of the Austrian state of Styria; 3. Brno; 4. Svitavy; 5. Šumperk; 6. Letohrad; 7. Vysoké Mýto; 8. Solnice; 9. Nový Ples; 10. battlefield at Kuks; 11. battlefield at Hradec Králové; 12. Týniště nad Orlicí; 13. Zábřeh; 14. Litovel; 15. Tovačov; 16. Uherské Hradiště; 17. Lamač. Base map: World Topographic Map, Esri, USGS, NOAA. Map No. 8: The investigated location near Kuks. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK- Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 9: Battle positions of a part of the Austrian II Army Corps on 3 July and distribution of bivouacs of the corps around Trotina on 2 July. A. Henriquez Brigade; B. the accession area of the Austrian II Army Corps at the moment of battle; C. Württemberg and Saffran Brigades; D. Thom Brigade; E. front guards; F. 2nd Light Cavalry Division; G. Weber Brigade. After Strobl 1903, sketch No. 10. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK - Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 10: Spatial marking of the defensive position of the Austrian Northern Army in the Battle of Hradec Králové. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK Czech Office for
Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 11 : A. Sadová; В. Lípa; C. Holá Forest; D. Chlum; E. area of field fortifications; F. Svib Forest; G. the right wing of the Austrian Northern Army; H. Hořiněves; I. Máslojedy; J. Račice nad Trotinou. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK - Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 12: The investigated area near Kuks. Map No. 13: Rendering of contour lines from LiDAR data on a base map of the Second Military Survey (ČÚZK - Czech Officefor Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 14: Base map created on the basis of monitored elements in the landscape of the battlefield near Kuks. 1. Žireč; 2. Kašov; 3. Nový Kašov; 4. location of the Teufelsschenke pub; 5. Hospital Kuks; 6. Slotov; 7. Brod;
280 Summary 8. Kuks; 9. Stanovíce; 10. Vlčkovice v Podkrkonoší; 11. Choustníkovo Hradiště; 12. grassy river floodplain; 13. Elbe River; 14. dominant forested location above Kašov; 15. meadows; 16. railway track; 17. position “Na šancích”; 18. position above the railway track; 19. covered position; 20. position of the Prussian artillery. Map No. 15: Viewshed and fire range analyses of the Prussian artillery at Kuks. A. position of Prussian artillery batteries. B. maximum effective range of artillery batteries. Map No. 16. Viewshed and fire range analyses ofAustrian artillery at Kuks. A. position of Austrian artillery batteries. B-C. maximum effective range of artillery batteries. Map No. 17: Investigated locations near Kuks and their landscape. Map No. 18: Location of the Svib Forest. Base map: ZM50 (ČÚZK- Czech Officefor Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 19: Present-day appearance of the Svib Forest. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK - Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Map No. 20: Viewshed analysis in the vicinity of the Svib Forest from the perspective of the Austrians. 1-3. viewpoints; A, B, C: areas outside the viewshed. Map No. 21 : Viewshed analysis in the vicinity of the Svib Forest from the perspective of the Prussians. 1-2. viewpoints; A, B, C: areas outside the viewshed. Map No. 22: Reconstructed appearance of the Svib Forest with spatial distribution ofmarked war graves. 1. Grassy meadows; 2. Havranec Forest consisting of alder and lime bushes; 3: plots with high-grown conifers; 4: mixed forest with pine, spruce, fir and oak; 5: forest glade with
piled-up pieces of felled trees and young undergrowth; 6: high-grown deciduous forest with oak, beech and lime; 7: young deciduous forest with oak, lime and hornbeam with the height of an adult man. 8. road leading to Máslojedy. A: the area between grassy meadows and the central plot; B: preserved crosses in the so-called Alley of the Dead; C: accumulation of preserved crosses on graves in the area of highest death toll of the Austrian infantry units. Map No. 23: Viewshed analysis from the position of fortified point No. 3. A: Svib Forest; B: observer’s post; C: viewshed; D: Máslojedy village;
Testimony of a war landscape 281 E: Chlum village. Base map: ZM10 (ČÚZK - Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre), LiDAR data (ČÚZK). Figure No. 1 : Dead soldiers on a Danish battlefield in 1864 before burial. An example of creating a sketch in the field and the resulting engraving. The drawing form of a spatial sketch for final illustration engraving, sources top: Royal Danish Library-DH017476; bottom: R. Landells: Illustrated London News. Vol. XLIV, No. 1258, May 1864. Figure No. 2: Austrian line infantry in the Battle of Oeversee, 6 February 1864. Author: Fritz LAllemand, Museum of Military History, Vienna, detail from a painting. Figure No. 3: Movements of military formations during the clash in Svib Forest. Figure No. 4: The Austrian Army in pictures from the Danish campaign, 1864. 1. Austrian line infantry; 2. Austrian supply wagons. Source: Det Kongelige Biblioték, Kort- og Billedsamlingen. Figure No. 5: Photographs of field camps of the Prussian infantry on the Danish battlefield near Düppel, 1864. Source: 1. Graf Heinrich, Royal Danish Library, ID: DHO18660; 2. Graf Heinrich, Royal Danish Library, ID: DH018666. Figure No. 6: A view of the field fortification No. 5 near Chlum (photo: Μ. Gojda). Figure No. 7: Visible crop marks at the fortified position No. 3 (mapy.cz). Figure No. 8: Metal detecting in the area of fortified point No. 3. Photo by Μ. Bulat. Figure No. 9: Magnetometer measurement at the location of fortified point No. 3. Photo by Pavel Vrba. Figure No. 10: Austrian ordinary infantrymen in parade uniforms. Photographer: Karl von Jagemann, 1865,
storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 11: Austrian ordinary infantrymen in full combat gear. Photographer: Karl von Jagemann, 1865, storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 12: Austrian army backpack and its components.
282 Summary Figure No. 13: The prescribed alignment of a platoon of riflemen of the Austrian infantry. A. the first line leads the fire, B. the NCOs on wings oversee the course of fire, C. the second line waits for the first line to fire, D. the officer commands the fire. Figure No. 14: An attack by the Austrian line infantry. A. advanced chain of riflemen, B. officers at the head of the attack; C. formation of arrayed platoons and companies. Detail from a painting, F. Neumann (Krkonoše Piedmont Museum in Trutnov). Figure No. 15: Spatial distribution of finds from 1866 at the location near Václavice, Náchod District. Source data of terrain relief: ČÚZK (Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). Figure No. 16: Austrian Jaeger practicing the prescribed mounting of bayonets on rifles. Figure No. 17: Photos of buttons that were found during a detector survey of the battlefield at Náchod. Top left: Prussian Army buttons and a bolt from a Prussian helmet. The other pictures show buttons of the Austrian 17th Jaeger Battalion. Figure No. 18 : View of the investigated site near Václavice, Náchod District. Figure No. 19: Spatial distribution of military finds from 1866 at the location near Vysokov. Source data of terrain relief: ČÚZK (Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre). A. location of the find of friction primers for Austrian cannons; B. location of the find of percussion caps for hand arms of the Austrian Army; C. position of artillery batteries of the Prussian Army; D. location of the finds of Prussian artillery ammunition. Figure No. 20: A set of spent
percussion caps for Austrian weapons from the site near Vysokov. Figure No. 21: Austrian Jaeger firing in open-order formations of four. Photo: Chiara Ruello. Figure No. 22: Percussion rifle for the Austrian infantry, its parts and components. Figure No. 23: Austrian ordinary infantrymen loading their weapons in the prescribed manner. Figure No. 24: Reconstructed appearance of an ammunition pocket for non-commissioned officers of the Austrian infantry and its equipment. Cartridge packs and gun maintenance accessories.
Testimony of a war landscape 283 Figure No. 25: Replica of the Μ. 1854 Lorenz percussion rifle that was used in archaeological experiments. Figure No. 26: The appearance of gunshot wounds on the femurs of Prussian Army soldiers from the campaign of 1866. (Left to right) Private F. Günther; Guardsman N. Hunz; wound of an unknown Prussian soldier from the Battle of Podolí; NCO Singer. Figure No. 27: Detail of the bone structure imprint on a compression projectile fired at a pig carcass during the second phase of the shooting experiment. The projectile passed through, but the imprint of the bone is still visible on it. Figure No. 28: Austrian artillerymen in firing position in a photograph from 1866, storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 29: Members of the 2nd Austrian Artillery Regiment at a Μ. 1863 field cannon. On the left, a non-commissioned officer with the rank of a sergeant or ammunition technician (Feuerwerker), who is equipped with a typical shako (cylindrical cap), a single-breasted jacket, a hanging belt with an ammunition pocket holding pistol cartridges, a long cloak, a pistol ramrod suspended from the hanging belt, and riding boots. Photographer: Karl von Jagemann, 1865, storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 30: Metal detector survey of the location near Svinišťany. Figure No. 31 : An Austrian 4-pounder grapeshot projectile found in the field. Figure No. 32: Documented depth of an Austrian artillery grapeshot find at the location near Svinišťany. Figure No. 33: Commanders and gunners of a Prussian Guards
battery during the Danish campaign of 1864, Det Kongelige Biblioték, Kobenhavn, DH017434. Figure No. 34: Parts of a Prussian 4-pounder grenade found at a location in the village of Lipa. Figure No. 35: Spatial distribution ofparts of a Prussian 4-pounder grenade. Figure No. 36: Documented find depths of parts of a Prussian 4-pounder grenade. Figure No. 37: Austrian Jaeger attacking the Svib Forest. Maly (1893). Kampf um den Swiepwald, 3/7/1866, detail from a painting.
284 Summary Figure No. 38: Infantrymen of the Austrian Infantry Regiment No. 64 firing at Prussian Cuirassiers arrayed in a defensive square near Biskupice. Siegmund L’Allemand, 1906, detail from a lithograph, storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 39: Members of the Austrian Infantry Regiment No. 27 on a battlefield in Denmark in 1864, Sonderborg. Detail, source: Det Kongelige Biblioték, Kort- og Billedsamlingen. Figure No. 40: Pioneers of the Austrian Army, Photographer: Karl von Jagemann, 1865, storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 41: Key elements of the battlefield landscape at Kuks. A: Choustníkovo Hradiště; В: position of Prussian artillery; C: position suitable for shelter (Schrankberg); D : Hospital Kuks; views ofthe investigated site from the position “Na šancích”; E: Teufelsschenke pub; F: Kašov; G: bivouac of the Württemberg Brigade. Figure No. 42: The resulting model of the analysis showing the location ofbivouacs of the Austrian corps near Kuks. A: bivouac of the Württemberg Brigade attacked by Prussian artillery; B: bivouac of the Saffran Brigade; C: Teufelsschenke pub; D: Dolní Kašov; E: Kašov; F: Stanovíce. Figure No. 43: Reconstruction of activities at the location near Kuks based on the results of battlefield landscape analysis. A: abandoned bivouac of the Württemberg Brigade; B: Austrian cannons in the position above the railway track (Kloster Flur) and infantry units moving to the river; C: a position suitable for shelter (Grenzen Flur, Birken Flur) with the main forces of the Saffran and Württemberg
Brigades; D: Teufelsschenke pub; E: abandoned bivouac of the Saffran Brigade; F : Zaloňov; G : backup units of the Austrian II Army Corps; H: Austrian artillery in the position “Na šancích” and infantry units of the Saffran and Württemberg Brigades; I: Brod. Figure No. 44: The result of geophysical measurement from the location “Na šancích” near Kuks. A: regular ditch, B: irregular ditch. Figure No. 45 : Austrian ordinary infantrymen cleaning their weapons and equipment in a field camp during the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859, engraving by Μ. Trentsensky, Vienna. Figure No. 46: Spatial distribution of discarded ammunition from the camp of the Austrian Army at the site near Trotina. A. Location of the existing road from Hradec Králové to Jaroměř; В. the area investigated within the
Testimony of a war landscape 285 construction ofmotorway D11 ; C. the road connecting Trotina and Sendražice; D. Sendražice. Figure No. 47: Metal detector survey near Trotina in 2017, photo by R. Tichý. Figure No. 48: Aerial photograph of the south-western part of the Svib Forest in winter, photo by Μ. Goj da 2012. Figure No. 49: Austrian Jaeger (Rifles) during a battle re-enactment in the Svib Forest, photo by O. Littera. Figure No. 50: Present-day view of the Svib Forest from the first observation point on the side of the Austrian Army. The silhouette of the forest on the horizon forms a visual barrier with its terrain relief. The site is located on a hill north of the road from Másloj edy to Benátky at an altitude of303 metres. Figure No. 51 : Digital elevation model of the present-day Svib Forest with marked places of war graves still visible in terrain. View from the southeast. In the background, there are the villages of Benátky and Sovětice. LiDAR data source: Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre (ČÚZK). Figure No. 52: A view of the central plot in the Svib Forest around 1902, photo by Heidrich 1902. Figure No. 53: Engineers of the Austrian Army. Photographer: Karl von Jagemann, 1865, storage: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Austria. Figure No. 54: The line of field fortifications of the Austrian Army as shown by the results of non-destructive research. 1. Fortified point No. 1, the remains of three field fortifications at the intersection of roads from Sendražice and Neděliště; 2. fortified point No. 2; 3. fortified point No. 3, three fortifications
near Chlum; 4. fortified point No. 4, two fortifications at the exit from Chlum; 5. fortified point No. 5, terrain relic of two fortifications in the forest near the Battery of the Dead monument; 6. fortified point No. 6, fortification of the Kuhn Battery; 7. fortified point No. 7, Mausoleum on Lipa. LiDAR data source: Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre (ČÚZK), Figure No. 55: Present-day appearance of the forefield of fortified point No. 3. On the left in the background is the village of Chlum, photo by Μ. Bulat. Figure No. 56: The result of geophysical measurement at the fortified point No. 3, authors: P. Milo, T. Tencer.
286 Summary Figure No. 57: A square grid laid out in the area of fortified point No. 3 and the spatial distribution of all finds of metal objects from all stages of the detector survey. Figure No. 58: Spatial distribution of objects from 1866 in the area of fortified point No. 3. Figure No. 59: Spatial distribution of selected finds dating from 1866 at the fortified point No. 3.1. line of fortification trenches for riflemen; 2. line of fortification trenches for artillery; 3. distribution of ammunition of the Austrian and Prussian Armies, which was destroyed by later activity on field roads; 4. field road leading from the artillery fortification to the Chlum Máslojedy road; 5. unpaved road leading to field plots; 6. distribution of friction primers for Austrian cannons in places of field fortifications. A. Deformed lead projectiles of the Austrian and Prussian Armies collected on defunct field roads; B. drawing of a friction primer for Austrian cannons; C. finds of friction primers for Austrian cannons in the area of fortified point No. 3. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové; В. graphic after Müeller 1864. Figure No. 60: A view of the road leading from Máslojedy to Chlum, on the horizon is the church on Chlum and field fortifications were established in the area to the left of it. Photo: Ernst Siegfried Mittler 1896. Figure No. 61: Example reconstruction of the appearance of a field fortification for artillery in the area of fortified point No. 3 based on results of non-destructive survey and written sources, visualisation by Μ. Sýkora. 1. ditch; 2. rampart;
3. loophole; 4. sunken space for ammunition; 5. firing position of a cannon. Plate No. 1 : Illustration of the training ofAustrian infantrymen for combat with the enemy, source: Abrichtungs-Reglement fur die kaiserlich-königlichen Zuk-Truppen. Aus der kaiserlich-königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien 1862, edited. Plate No. 2: Buttons used by the Austrian infantry in 1866. Source: graphics after Vorschrift 18SS·. 1, 6; private collection: 2, 3,4, 5, 7. Plate No. 3: The equipment of an Austrian ordinary infantryman. 1. Garrison cap; 2. garrison cap for officers; 3. emblem of the Imperial Eagle and cockade on the infantry shako; 4. shako; 5. protective cover for the shako;
Testimony of a war landscape 287 6. neckerchief; 7. spade fixed to the backpack; 8. shirt; 9. pants; 10. braces; 11. white coat; 12. trousers; 13. work coat; 14. pickaxe fixed to the backpack; 15. fastening belt for tools and its position on the backpack; 16. thermal food container fixed to the backpack; 17. cloak; 18. food bowl; 19. spats; 20. shoes. Plate No. 4: Shako of the Austrian Army and its fragments from the battlefields of 1866.1-3. Cockades; 4-9. emblems of the Imperial Eagle some with fragments of a linen cover or felt from the shako; 10. infantry shako of the Austrian Army; 11. chin strap with buckle; 12. fragment of a chin strap with buckle; 13. buckle from a chin strap with leather fragments; 14-17. types ofloops and buckles for the chin strap of a shako; 18. buckle for fastening the chin strap; 19-20. buckles for fastening the chin strap with leather fragments. Storage: Krkonoše Piedmont Museum in Trutnov: 2; Regional Museum Náchod: 3, 8,9,13,16-20; Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 4, 6, 7, 10; Private collection: 1, 5, 11, 12, 14, 15. Origin of the finds: detector survey of the battlefield: 3,18, 16; war grave find: 8, 9, 13, 17,19,20; retrieved from the ossuary at Chlum: 7; battlefield find without context: 1,4, 5,6,12,14,15; battlefield find with context: 2. Plate No. 5: Selected personal items of soldiers according to historical and archaeological sources. 1. Diary with a bullet hole; 2. letter of a Prussian officer; 3. writing utensils; 4. part of a pipe made in Banská Bystrica; 5a: tobacco pouch; 5b: ration tobacco pack; 6. round tin box with
double bottom for leather care; 7. tin box; 8-9. fragments of tin boxes; 10. textile hygiene items: towel, handkerchiefs and other pieces of fabric; 11. linen pouch for uniform maintenance items; 12. a piece of soap; 13. mirror in a wooden frame; 14. an example of possible appearance of a sewing kit; 15. polishing board and board with wound up threads; 16. razor; 17.bandages; 18. glass flask; 19. comb; 20.rosary; 21. gunlock cleaning brush; 22. uniform cleaning brush; 23. glass bottle with relief decoration; 24. leather wallet; 25. prayer book; 26-28. wallets. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 1,3,7,16,17,24,25,26,28; Regional Museum Náchod: 5a, 5b, 18,22,23; Museum of Božena Němcová in Česká Skalice: 2, 8,27; Krkonoše Piedmont Museum in Trutnov: 4,9; Ringridermuseet Sonderborg, Denmark: 14. Origin of the finds: replica: 10-13,19,21; war grave find: 2, 8, 24, 27; retrieved from the ossuary at Chlum: 26; battlefield find with context: 4, 5a, 5b, 9,16; private collection: 6.
288 Summary Plate No. 6 : Articles ofdaily use for infantrymen ofthe Austrian Army. 1. Glass canteen model 1863; 2-3. tin canteens; 4. wooden barrel for storing liquids; 5. wooden canteen; 6. thermal food container; 7. food bowl; 8. water can; 9. possible appearance of a tin mug; 10. spoon; 11. knife; 12. knife; 13. fork; 14. fork; 15. fork; 16. knife; 17. knife. Storage: Museum of Božena Němcová in Česká Skalice: 10, И, 13, 15; Regional Museum Náchod: 16; Museum ofEast Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 12,14,17,10; Società Solferino e San Martino: 4; private collection: 8,9. Plate No. 7: Buttons from the battlefield at Náchod and their real and prescribed form. 1. Buttons ofthe AustrianJaeger Battalions No. 14,17 and 25; 2. button of the Austrian Jaeger Battalion No. 17; 3. button of the Austrian Jaeger Battalion No. 25; 4. button of the Austrian Jaeger Battalion No. 14; 5-6. standard form of buttons of the Austrian Jaeger Battalions; 7. button ofthe Austrian Jaeger Battalion No. 17; 8-10. buttons of the Austrian Jaeger Battalions No. 14, 17 and 25. Origin and storage of the finds: detector prospecting (Regional Museum Náchod): 1-4; graphics after Vorschrift 1855: 5,6; private collection: 7-10. Plate No. 8: Found items of the Austrian field artillery. 1-8. Prescribed form of field artillery buttons; 2-7. real form of the field artillery buttons found; 9. prescribed form of friction primers; 10-15. condition of the found friction primers and their fragments from the battlefields. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 15; Regional Museum Náchod: 5,10-14.
Origin ofthe finds: 2. Jaroměř; 7. Horní Dolce; 3. Rodov; 4. Lochenice-Trotina; 5.Václavice; 10-14. Vysokov, 15. prospecting at the fortified point No. 3 near Chlum. Plate No. 9: Method of documentation of percussion caps and examined characteristics ofimprints ofpercussion locks. A: Deformation of a percussion cap with lateral extension ofthe wings : 1. imprint ofthe opening ofa percussion piston; 2. imprint ofthe rim ofthe mouth of a percussion piston; 3. documented surface of the cap in cross-section. B: Deformation of a percussion cap with a hollow from the piston: 1. imprint of the opening of the percussion piston; 2. imprint of the rim of the percussion cock; 3. documented surface of the cap in cross-section. Plate No. 10: An example of shape features followed up when analysing the assemblage ofpercussion caps. A: Comparison of imprints of the piston and cock of the percussion lock of one weapon on a pair of differently
Testimony of a war landscape 289 preserved percussion caps; B: comparison of imprints of the piston of the percussion lock of one weapon on a pair of differently preserved percussion caps - using a comparison of the surface of the caps in cross-section; C: comparison of imprints of the piston and cock of the percussion lock of one weapon on a pair of differently preserved percussion caps. Plate No. 11 : The appearance of cartridges, bullets and weapon tools used during archaeological experiments. 1. ball screw; 2. cleaning jag; 3. compression projectile; 4. cartridge with a bullet; 5. parts of a cartridge. Plate No. 12: Results ofexperimental shooting into the ground. 1. Compression projectile after hitting the ground; 2. deformation of a compression projectile in the form of deflection of the impact surface; 3-4. details of damage on the deformed side of a compression projectile at the point ofimpact; 5. deformation of a compression projectile in the form of deflection of the impact surface; 6. deformation of an expansion projectile after hitting the ground. Plate No. 13: Results of experimental shooting at fired bricks. 1-2. Bricks destroyed by the impact of lead bullets; 3-5. parts of a compression projectile after hitting a fired brick; 4. deformed compression projectile after hitting a fired brick. Plate No. 14: Results of experimental shooting at a wooden building element. 1. Traces of a compression bullet hitting a wooden beam; 2. traces of a compression bullet hitting a wooden beam from the side; 3. penetration of an expansion projectile through a wooden beam; 4-5.
penetration and traces of a compression bullet hitting a wooden beam from the side. Plate No. 15: Results of experimental shooting, projectiles after shooting at a wooden beam. 1. Burst compression bullet after penetrating a part of the beam; 2. deformation of a compression bullet that penetrated the beam from the side; 3. deformation of an expansion bullet that penetrated a wooden beam. PlateNo. 16: Results of experimental shooting at dry round logs. 1.Penetration of a compression bullet through a dry spruce log; 2. the shape of the hole after penetration of a compression bullet into a dry spruce log; 3. deformation of a compression bullet after penetrating a dry spruce log; 4. deformation of an expansion bullet after hitting a dry spruce log; 5. penetration of an expansion projectile into a dry spruce log. Plate No. 17: Results of experimental shooting at dry round logs. 1-2. The form of impact hole and lateral penetration of a compression bullet through
290 Summary a dry log; 3-4. comparison of the way of penetration of an expansion (top) and a compression (bottom) projectile through a dry spruce log; 5-6. comparison of the deformation of a compression (left) and an expansion (right) bullet after penetrating through a dry spruce log. Plate No. 18: Results of experimental shooting at a grown tree. Plate No. 19: Results of experimental shooting at a grown tree. The form of penetration and deformations of compression bullets after hitting a grown spruce stem. Plate No. 20: Results of experimental shooting at a pig carcass (head). 1-2. The form of penetration of an expansion bullet through a pig carcass; 3. noticeable deformation of an expansion projectile after penetrating the pig carcass, pieces of bone are stuck in the lead. Plate No. 21: Results of experimental shooting at a pig carcass (knee). 1-3. The form of penetration of a compression bullet through the pig carcass, wool cloth and linen; 4-5. dirt and pieces of lead drawn into the wound by a compression bullet; 6-8. the form of deformation and parts of a compression bullet that penetrated the tissue and bone of the pig carcass. Plate No. 22: Deformed projectiles ofweapons of the Austrian Army from battlefields in East Bohemia. 1. The form of deformations of projectiles that apparently hit the ground on the battlefield; 2. the form of deformation of a bullet that hit a very hard obstacle on the battlefield; 3. deformed compression bullet that penetrated a grown tree; 4-5,7. deformed proj ectiles that penetrated hard and gravelly soil; 6. projectile that penetrated a
soft obstacle on the battlefield; 8. compression projectile that hit a Prussian Army epaulet button during its flight path. The projectiles come from a private collection, Náchod region. Plate No. 23: Ammunition of the Austrian field artillery. 1. Four-pounder artillery grenade; 2. sectioned four-pounder artillery grenade; 3. sectioned four-pounder artillery grenade; 4. sectioned four-pounder incendiary grenade; 5. sectioned grapeshot; 6. four-pounder grapeshot; 7. view of a four-pounder artillery grenade without a zinc case with cast-iron lugs; 8. four-pounder shrapnel shell; 9. sectioned four-pounder shrapnel shell; 10. incendiary rotary rocket; 11. lighting rotary rocket; 12. grenade rotary rocket; 13-14. grapeshot rotary rockets.
Testimony of a war landscape 291 Plate No. 24: Austrian artillery ammunition from the battlefields of 1866, grenades. 1. Fragment of the fuze plug of an artillery grenade; 2. hollow cylinder of an artillery grenade fuze; 3. inertia shutter; 4. hollow fuze plug of an artillery grenade; 5. fuze plug with screw collar and brass case; 6. sectioned head of an artillery grenade; 7. brass case of a fuze with the ignition tube; 8. fragments of brass casings of grenade fuzes; 9. fragments of a four-pounder grenade; 10. four-pounder grenade; 11. four-pounder grenade without casing, mistakenly exploded in two on the battlefield; 12. fragment of the head of a four-pounder grenade; 13. half of the head of a four-pounder grenade, marked space for the ignition tube and fuze plug; 14. reconstruction of the head of a four-pounder grenade based on the found half; 15. fragments of an eight-pounder grenade with visible protrusions; 16. fragments of the casing of a four-pounder grenade; 17. separated bottom of a four-pounder grenade; 18. head of a four-pounder grenade with wood fragments stuck in it during the explosion, condition at discovery. Storage: Regional Museum Náchod: 1-3, 8-10, 12-18; Arsenal Vienna: 6; private collection: 4-5, 7,11. Plate No. 25: Austrian artillery ammunition from the battlefields of 1866, shrapnel shells. 1. Sectioned time fuze of a shrapnel shell; 2. time fuze; 3. lead shrapnel charge 0 13 mm; 4. reconstruction of the shape of a fourpounder shrapnel shell based on the fragments found; 5. screw plug of the shrapnel filling hole; 6. fragments of a four-pounder
shrapnel shell; 7. fourpounder shrapnel shell without casing. Storage: Regional Museum Náchod: 2-6; graphics after Atlas zu Feld-Artillerrien., Wien 1871:1; private collector: 7. Plate No. 26: Prussian artillery ammunition from the battlefields of 1866, grenades and shrapnel shells. 1. Sectioned four-pounder grenade; 2. sectioned head with a contact fuze and centrifugal shutter 3. fuze plug; 4. four-pounder grenade with and without a lead casing; 5. four-pounder grenade and its fragments; 6. head of a four-pounder grenade; 7. pieces of the lead casing; 8. fragments of twelve-pounder eccentric spherical grenade Μ. 1847; 9. reconstruction of the shape of a twelve-pounder eccentric spherical grenade Μ. 1847; 10. twelve-pounder spherical shrapnel shell; 11. sectioned spherical grenade with a wooden fuze; 12. twelve-pounder spherical shrapnel shell. Storage: Regional Museum Náchod: 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9; graphics after Dolleczek J 887:2,10,11; Museum ofEast Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 1,12; Bayerisches Armeemuseum: 4.
292 Summary Plate No. 27: Prussian artillery ammunition from the battlefield at Hradec Králové. 1. Contact fuze of a grenade; 2-3. strikers of grenade fuzes; 4. screw collar with the striker plug of a grenade fuze; 5. fragment of the head of a four-pounder grenade with a marked space for the contact fuze; 6. fragments of individual parts of a grenade contact fuze; 7. fragment of the lead casing of a grenade with a letter; 8. fragment of a four-pounder grenade; 9-10. parts of the lead casing of a four-pounder grenade with marked dimensions of the ribs; 11. fragment of a four-pounder grenade, middle part; 12-16. fragments of a lead grenade casing; 17. fragment of a four-pounder grenade, middle part; 18. bottom of a four-pounder grenade; 19. reconstruction of the appearance of a Prussian four-pounder grenade based on parts of the body and head; 20. fragment of the casing of a four-pounder grenade, the area under the head with a measured dimension; 21. fragment of a four-pounder grenade, the area under the head; 22. part of the lead case of a four-pounder grenade with marked dimensions of the ribs. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové. Locations: Stěžery-Kukleny: 8, 17, 19, 21; Svobodné Dvory: 1,9, Lochenice (Trotina): 2-7,10-16,18,20,22. Plate No. 28: Tools for the Austrian Μ. 1854 Lorenz rifles. 1. Folding combination tool; 2. Y-shaped combination tool including nipple wrench, spring punch and screwdriver head; 3-5. mainspring vice and its manufacturing variants; 6-7. replacement percussion piston. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 1, 3, 7;
Regional Museum Náchod: 4, 5, 6; private collection: 2. Plate No. 29: Tools for the Austrian Μ. 1854 Lorenz rifles. 1. Ball screw for Jaeger rifles; 2. sectioned ball screw; 3. sectioned ball screw for infantry rifles; 4-6. ball screw for infantry rifles; 7,16-17: double worm and spiked cleaning jags forJaeger rifles; 8. gun cleaning tool ofthe Saxon Army; 9-12. cleaning jags for infantry rifles; 13-15. cleaning jags forJaeger rifles. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové: 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 17; Regional Museum Náchod: 15. Drawings and graphics after Plönnies 1864. Plate No. 30: Discarded projectiles of the Austrian Army and interpretation of the method of their removal from rifles at the site near Trotina. 1. Projectiles deformed by loading with a ramrod; 2. traces ofrepeated drilling into a bullet; 3. traces of repeated and unsuccessful drilling into a bullet; 4-5. distinct deformations caused by drilling into bullets; 6. a bullet pierced through; 7. other weapon maintenance tools used by the Austrian Army; 8. interpretation
Testimony of a war landscape 293 of the tools used to remove bullets from rifles based on the marks left on the projectiles. Storage: Museum of East Bohemia in Hradec Králové; Società Solferino e san Martino Museum, Italy: 7. Plate No. 31: Discarded ammunition for Austrian weapons, Trotina. 1. Shallow ball screw marks; 2. deep ball screw marks; 3. cleaning jag marks; 4. deep traces of a combination tool; 5. combined traces of a hollow tool; 6. deep traces of a hollow tool. Plate No. 32: Objects used in the experiment, which followed up the method of removing an Austrian projectile from the Lorenz rifle and the procedure of loading and removing the projectile. Plate No. 33: Results of the experiment. Traces of loading and removal of bullets from the Lorenz rifle. Numbers according to the experiment ID. |
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| author | Holas, Matouš 1992- |
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| author_sort | Holas, Matouš 1992- |
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| bvnumber | BV049375602 |
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| geographic | Ostböhmisches Gebiet (DE-588)4075731-6 gnd Hradec Králové (DE-588)1106410947 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ostböhmisches Gebiet Hradec Králové |
| id | DE-604.BV049375602 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:55:43Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-19T09:01:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)16102066-5 |
| isbn | 9788074656019 8074656012 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034635471 |
| oclc_num | 1418689943 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 297 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Tabellen 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240123 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Pavel Mervart |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Archeologické studie Univerzity Hradec Králové |
| series2 | Archeologické studie Univerzity Hradec Králové |
| spelling | Holas, Matouš 1992- Verfasser (DE-588)1189442698 aut Svědectví válečné krajiny výsledky interdisciplinárního výzkumu východočeských bojišť z prusko-rakouské války roku 1866 = Testimony of a war landscape : the results if interdisciplinary research on battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in East Bohemia Matouš Holas Testimony of a war landscape Červený Kostelec Pavel Mervart 2023 297 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Tabellen 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Archeologické studie Univerzity Hradec Králové svazek 7 Kniha vychází z autorovy dizertační práce, kterou úspěšně obhájil na Katedře archeologie Filozofické fakulty Univerzity Hradec Králové v roce 2022. Literaturverzeichnis Seite [245]-253 Englische Zusammenfassung Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Deutscher Krieg von 1866 (DE-588)4011795-9 gnd rswk-swf Schlacht bei Königgrätz (DE-588)4164378-1 gnd rswk-swf Ostböhmisches Gebiet (DE-588)4075731-6 gnd rswk-swf Hradec Králové (DE-588)1106410947 gnd rswk-swf Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Excavations (Archaeology) / Czech Republic Military archaeology / Czech Republic Excavations (Archaeology) Military archaeology Czech Republic / Východočeský kraj 1866 Ostböhmisches Gebiet (DE-588)4075731-6 g Hradec Králové (DE-588)1106410947 g Schlacht bei Königgrätz (DE-588)4164378-1 s Deutscher Krieg von 1866 (DE-588)4011795-9 s Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s DE-604 Univerzita Hradec Králové Filozofická fakulta (DE-588)16102066-5 isb Archeologické studie Univerzity Hradec Králové svazek 7 (DE-604)BV035962437 7 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034635471&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034635471&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034635471&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Holas, Matouš 1992- Svědectví válečné krajiny výsledky interdisciplinárního výzkumu východočeských bojišť z prusko-rakouské války roku 1866 = Testimony of a war landscape : the results if interdisciplinary research on battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in East Bohemia Archeologické studie Univerzity Hradec Králové Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Deutscher Krieg von 1866 (DE-588)4011795-9 gnd Schlacht bei Königgrätz (DE-588)4164378-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4011795-9 (DE-588)4164378-1 (DE-588)4075731-6 (DE-588)1106410947 |
| title | Svědectví válečné krajiny výsledky interdisciplinárního výzkumu východočeských bojišť z prusko-rakouské války roku 1866 = Testimony of a war landscape : the results if interdisciplinary research on battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in East Bohemia |
| title_alt | Testimony of a war landscape |
| title_auth | Svědectví válečné krajiny výsledky interdisciplinárního výzkumu východočeských bojišť z prusko-rakouské války roku 1866 = Testimony of a war landscape : the results if interdisciplinary research on battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in East Bohemia |
| title_exact_search | Svědectví válečné krajiny výsledky interdisciplinárního výzkumu východočeských bojišť z prusko-rakouské války roku 1866 = Testimony of a war landscape : the results if interdisciplinary research on battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in East Bohemia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Svědectví válečné krajiny výsledky interdisciplinárního výzkumu východočeských bojišť z prusko-rakouské války roku 1866 = Testimony of a war landscape : the results if interdisciplinary research on battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in East Bohemia |
| title_full | Svědectví válečné krajiny výsledky interdisciplinárního výzkumu východočeských bojišť z prusko-rakouské války roku 1866 = Testimony of a war landscape : the results if interdisciplinary research on battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in East Bohemia Matouš Holas |
| title_fullStr | Svědectví válečné krajiny výsledky interdisciplinárního výzkumu východočeských bojišť z prusko-rakouské války roku 1866 = Testimony of a war landscape : the results if interdisciplinary research on battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in East Bohemia Matouš Holas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Svědectví válečné krajiny výsledky interdisciplinárního výzkumu východočeských bojišť z prusko-rakouské války roku 1866 = Testimony of a war landscape : the results if interdisciplinary research on battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in East Bohemia Matouš Holas |
| title_short | Svědectví válečné krajiny |
| title_sort | svedectvi valecne krajiny vysledky interdisciplinarniho vyzkumu vychodoceskych bojist z prusko rakouske valky roku 1866 testimony of a war landscape the results if interdisciplinary research on battlefields of the austro prussian war of 1866 in east bohemia |
| title_sub | výsledky interdisciplinárního výzkumu východočeských bojišť z prusko-rakouské války roku 1866 = Testimony of a war landscape : the results if interdisciplinary research on battlefields of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 in East Bohemia |
| topic | Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Deutscher Krieg von 1866 (DE-588)4011795-9 gnd Schlacht bei Königgrätz (DE-588)4164378-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archäologie Ausgrabung Deutscher Krieg von 1866 Schlacht bei Königgrätz Ostböhmisches Gebiet Hradec Králové |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034635471&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034635471&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034635471&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035962437 |
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