Emotions in Yiddish ghetto diaries: encountering persecutors and questioning humanity
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London ; New York
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2023
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge studies in Second World War history
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| Beschreibung: | xiii, 164 Seiten |
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Contents Preface: Language and Sources Acknowledgments 1 Introduction: Reading Ghetto Diaries 2 The Cities and Their People 3 The Art of Cruelty viii x 1 20 48 4 Censure and Casting Out 82 The Deepening Darkness 116 5 6 Conclusion: Humanity, Expectation, Agency, and Morality Bibliography Index 143 150 159
Bibliography Diaries in the Archives The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC RG-68.112M From the Ghetto Fighter’s House Archive (Beit Lohamei Haghetaot) Leymonson-Engelstern, Ruth, 2119 Rudashevski, Yitzhak 1907-1 and 1907-2 Zelkowicz, Josef 1513 From The Emanuel Ringelblum Jewish Historical Institute (Zydowski Instytut Historycztiy, ZIH) RG-02.208M Pamietniki 302 Collection (Memoirs ofjews) Hiller, Jakub, 302/10 Hurwicz, Leon, 302/11-13 Korman, Leon, 302/112 Tobiasz, 302/15 Zelkowicz, Josef, 302/111 RG-15.079M The Underground Archives of the Warsaw Ghetto: Ringelblum Archives Auerbach, Rachel, 1/405 Gorny, Yechiel, 1/414, 11/246 Grzywacz, Nahum, 1/416 Huberband, Shimon, 1/420—422 Kon, Menachem Mendel, 11/249 Lewin, Abraham, 1/431, 11/251 NN. 1/475 NN, 1/483 NN, 1/494 NN. 1/497 Opoczynski, Peretz, 11/256 Ringelblum, Emanuel 1/445-453
Bibliography 151 Tytelman, Nehemia 1/463 Wasser, Hersh 1/467 YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York RG 223, Sutzkever-Kaczerginski Collection, Heller, Gabik. XXVI/616 Kruk, Herman. II/9 Rudashevski, Yitzhak, 11/10 RG 225 Hersh Wasser Collection Lewin, Abraham, 32.2, 32.4, 32.5, 32.6, 32.7 Wasser, Hersh, 32.1 RG 1452 Bono Wiener Papers Wiener, Bono RG 241 Nachman Zonabend Collection Zelkowicz, Josef Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, Israel Heller, Gabik, and Yitzhak Rudashevski, 033/669 Kruk, Herman, P10/163 Epstein, Lazar, 033/1563 Rolnik, Mahsa, JM/1199 and 033/669 “O.S.” Published Versions of Archival Diaries Ben-Sasson, Havi, and Lea Prais. “Twilight Days: Missing Pages from Avraham Lewin’s Warsaw Ghetto Diary, May-July 1942.” Yad Vashem Studies 33 (2005): 7-60. Gorny, Yechiel. “Daily Memoranda from the Warsaw Ghetto.” In To Live with Honor and Die until Honor!: Selected Documents from the Wtrsaw Ghetto Underground Archives "O.S.”, edited by Joseph Kermish, 94-101. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1986. Heller, Gabik. English translation, Nathan Cohen. “The Last Days of the Vilna Ghetto— Pages from a Diary.” Yad Vishem Studies 31 (2003): 15-9. Huberband, Shimon. Kiddush Hashem: Jewish Religious and Cultural Life in Poland During the Holocaust, edited by Jeffrey S. Gurock and Robert S. Hirt and translated by David E. Fishman. Hoboken, NJ: Ktav Pub. House; New York: Yeshiva University Press, 1987. Kermish, Joseph. “Daily Entries of Hersh Wasser.” Yad Vashem Studies 15 (1983): 201-82. Kon, Menachem Mendel. “Fragments of a Diary.” In To Live with Honor and Die with Honor!: Selected
Documents from the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives "O.S’, edited by Joseph Kermish, 80-6. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1986. Kruk, Herman. The Last Days of theJerusalem of Lithuania, edited by Benjamin Harshav and translated by Barbara Harshav. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002. ----------. Togbukhfun Vilnergeto, edited by Mordekhai Bernshtain. New York: YIVO, 1961. Lewin, Abraham. A Cup of Tears, edited by Antony Polonsky. Waukegan, IL: Fontana Press, 1990. ----------. Bieter far geshikhte, 5.4 (October-December 1952): 22-68; 7.1 (April 19, 1954): 42-99; 7.2-3 (1954): 210-40. Leymonson-Engelstern, Ruth. Farshribn in a Shayer. Tel Aviv: Ghetto Fighter’s House, 1973.
152 Bibliography Opoczynski, Peretz. “Warsaw Ghetto Chronicle—September 1942.” In To Live with Honor and Die until Honor!: Selected Documentsfrom the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives “O.S.’, edited by Joseph Kermish, 102-111. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1986. Prais, Lea. “An Unknown Chronicle: From the Literary Legacy of Rabbi Shimon Huberband, Warsaw Ghetto, May—June 1942.” Yad Hashem Studies, 38 (2010): 61-104. Ringelblum, Emanuel. Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum, edited and Translated by Jacob Sloan. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958. --------- . in Bieterfar Geschikhte, 1 (1948). --------- . Ksovim fun Geto. 2 vols. Tel Aviv: I.L. Peretz Publishing House, 1985. Rolnikaite, Masha. Ikh Muz Dertseyln. Moscow and Warsaw: Yidish Bukh, 1965. Rudashevski, Yitzhak. The Diary of the Vilna Ghetto, June 1941-April 1943, edited and translated by Percy Matenko. Tel Aviv: Ghetto Fighters’ House, 1973. Tytleman, Nehemia. “Notes.” In To Live with Honor and Die with Honor!: Selected Documents from the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives "O.S”, edited by Joseph Kermish, 73-8. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1986. Zelkowicz, Josef. In Those Terrible Days, edited by Michal Unger. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2003. Other Published Diaries Ben-Sasson, Havi. “Hell Has Risen to the Surface of the Earth: An Anonymous Woman’s Diary from the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.” Yad Vashem Studies 36, 2 (2008): 13-43. Berg, Mary. The Diary of Mary Berg: Growing Up in the Wtrsaw Ghetto, edited by S.L. Shneiderman. Oxford: Oneworld, 2006. Czerniakow, Adam. The Wtrsaw Diary ofAdam Czerniakow: Prelude to
Doom, edited by Raul Hilberg and translated by Stanislaw Staron. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee in association, 1999. Rosenfeld, Oskar. In the Beginning Was the Ghetto: Notebooksfrom Lodi, translated by Hanno Loewy. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2002. Sierakowiak, Dawid. The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Lodi Ghetto, edited by Alan Adelson and translated by Kamil Turowski. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Other Published Primary Sources Adelson, Alan, and Robert Lapides, eds. Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community under Siege. New York: Viking, 1989. Ringelblum, Emanuel. Last Writings Polish-Jewish Relations: January 1943-April 1944, edited by Joseph Kermish. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1994. Sutzkever, Abraham. Burnt Pearls: Ghetto Poems ofAbraham Sutzkever, translated by Seymour Mayne. Oakville, Ont.: Mosaic Press/Valley Editions, 1981. Other Unpublished Primary Sources RG 15.083M, Der Aelteste der Juden vom Litzmannstadt Getto. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. RG-26.046M “Jäger Report.” Selected Records the Lithuanian Central State Archives, Jäger Report, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. RG 15.079M Peretz Opoczynski, “Smuggling in the Warsaw Ghetto: Kozia Street” or “Der Shmugl in Wrshever Geto. Dos Koze-gesl,” 1/437, Underground Archives of the Warsaw Ghetto: Ringelblum Archives, USHMM, Washington, DC.
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Index Aquilas Yisroel 21 Aktion (roundup) 72, 110, 126, 137; see also roundups Aleichem, Sholem 22 Aleynhilf see Jewish Self-Help Society Allies 99, 127 American Joint Distribution Committee 31 anger 1, 89, 116, 124, 126-8, 132-4; at Jewish ghetto administration 51, 58, 61-2, 66-7, 70-1, 91, 98, 108-10; and language 85; at Lithuanians 63; and persecutors 15 antisemitism 20, 23-4, 26, 40, 42, 56, 90 anxiety 2, 15, 86, 118-9, 122 Arad, Yitzhak 38 Arrow Cross 49 Auerbach, Rachel 10-3, 32 Auerswald, Heinz 56 Auschwitz 27-9 Australia 29 Austria 94, 135, 137 Austria-Hungary 20, 25 Autonomism 21 Azef, Yevno 96 Bartov, Omer 48 Bauer, Yehuda 143 Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer 24 Berg, Mary 12 Berkowitz, Michael 88 Berlin 10, 28 Besnier, Niko 82, 84 Bethke, Svenja 88 betrayal 1-2, 11; and Jewish persecutors 14, 51, 53, 66-7, 70, 96-7; and Jewish police 72-3 Bialik, Hayim Nahman 22 Bialystok ghetto 99 Biebow, Hans 26, 55-6 Bolsheviks 21, 23, 26 Buczacz 48 BundS, 21, 28-9, 38-9, 60 bystanders 49-50, 62-3, 83, 89, 103, 106, 111, 145; and Raul Hilberg 5, 49-50, 76 Central Historical Commission 7 Chelmno 27, 137 children 12, 27, 36, 86, 97-8, 101, 132, 137-8; and interwar period 23, 25; and smuggling 53, 69, 75; and Warsaw ghetto 30, 58, 64, 71, 94-5 Churchill, Winston 8 collaboration 37, 76, 82-4, 89, 96, 109, 147; and Raul Hilberg 50; and smuggling 53; see also Jewish police; Lithuanians; Ukrainians collaboration and Jews 16, 51-3, 56, 60-1, 76, 96-7, 105, 133; see also Jewish council; Jewish police; Meier Levas collaboration and Lithuanians 2, 110 communists 21, 27, 35, 39, 121, 148; and
antisemitism 23; and Yitzhak Rudashevski 39, 54, 124 community 5, 9, 15, 37, 51, 148; activists 10, 29; breakdown of 40, 48; destruc tion of 117, 136; and Emanuel Ringelblum 14, 83, 87, 96-7, 104, 118; and interwar antisemitism 24; and Jewish ghetto administration 67; and Jewish persecution 111; and Jews in Poland 57, 120; and Jews in Russia 25; and Lodz ghetto 137-8; and prewar antisemitism 21; and religiously observant 22; and self-help 105; of understanding 146; and Vilna ghetto 38, 59, 109, 126, 133; and Warsaw ghetto 84, 96, 118, 136; and Yiddish 11, 14; see also emotional community
160 Index Confino, Alon 117 Congress Kingdom of Poland 20 Congress of Vienna 25 Czechoslovakia 135, 137 Czerniakow, Adam 12, 30-1, 57-8, 147 dehumanization 14, 16, 85, 100, 105, 146 deportations 15, 55, 68-71, 86, 111, 116, 128, 149; of children 30, 58; and collaboration 27, 31; and diary of Emanuel Ringelblum 57-8, 98, 104, 108, 110; and ghettoization 30; and Jewish police 72, 98, 104, 108; and Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski 27; from Lodz ghetto 71, 136-7, 139; and Ukrainians 101; from Vilna ghetto 54; from Warsaw ghetto 33-4, 69, 71, 74, 131; see also Great Deportation diaries 48, 50-1, 76-7, 84-6, 89, 140, 147, 149; and agency 14, 82; and Emanuel Ringelblum 87-8, 99, 107; and emotions 15, 116-8, 122, 129, 131-2, 135; and German administrators 55, 60; and Herman Kruk 87-8, 99, 107; and ghetto guards 65-6, 69; and language 10-2; and Lodz ghetto 33, 52, 61-2, 137; and Oyneg Shabes 32; as sources 6, 8-9; and Vilna ghetto 37-9, 54, 60, 62—4, 72-4, 131; and Warsaw ghetto 34, 52-3, 56-7, 64, 72, 74; and women 13; in Yiddish 14, 28, 32, 34, 38, 144; and YIVO 29, 40 Duchy of Warsaw 20, 34 earwitness 8 Eastern Europe 9-11, 21-4, 32, 60, 93 Ehrlich, Josef 96 Einsatzgruppen 76, 125 emotional community 3, 5, 40, 117-8 emotions 6, 59, 64, 116-18, 128-29, 134, 138-40, 144; and diary of Herman Kruk 63, 108, 125-6; and diary of Lazar Epstein 123, 131; and diary of Yitzhak Rudashevski 2, 124, 132; and ghettos 2-4, 8, 13, 15; and morals 5, 83; and perpetrators 50-1, 63; and women 12 emotions, empathic reading of 3-4 emotions, history of 3-5 empathy 3, 9, 48; and Abraham Lewin 134, 136; and
ghetto diaries 4, 15, 50, 76, 84, 144 Engelking, Barbara 83, 87, 111 Enlightenment 6, 14, 144 Epstein, Lazar 7, 63, 73, 122-4, 131-2; and duration of diary 39; and guarding of ghetto 66; and Jewish administration 61; and Jewish police 70, 72 Estonia 37-9 ethnic Germans 26, 30, 37, 62, 65, 68-9, 75; see also Volksdeutsche eyewitness 8, 126 Fareynegte Partizaner Organizatsye: FPO 37, 132 fear 1-2, 48, 116, 118, 122-25, 127-9, 134-40, 148; and beating 68; and emotional history of ghettos 3; and ghettoization 119-20; and guarding 64-5; and language 7, 85; and Lithuanians 91, 109; and Lodz ghetto 75; and roundups 73; and Vilna ghetto 38 Final Solution 1, 4, 27, 74, 119 France 30, 49, 98 Frank, Hans 56; see also General Government Fried, Anatol 61-2, 146 Fürst, Israel 56-7, 146 Gancwajch, Abraham 53-4, 96, 105 Garbarini, Alexandra 6, 11-3 gender 12-3, 92 General Government 29—30, 56 Genewein, Walter 55, 62 Gens, Jacob 36-7, 54, 60-1, 99-100, 133, 146-7 German (language) 11-2, 28, 60 German police 15, 53, 64, 75, 144 Germany 7, 39, 89, 119, 121, 135; and France 30; and Lodz ghetto 137; and Lodz Jewry 25-6; and Soviet Union 35; and Volksdeutsche 30; see also ethnic Germans; Final Solution; Holocaust; Nazis; Nazi-occupied Europe; Prussia; World War II Gertler, David 27 Gestapo 52, 55, 63, 73, 85, 99; and Emanuel Ringelblum 32, 90, 96, 100 Goldberg, Amos 5, 88, 107 Gordon, Yehudah Leib 22 Gorny, Yechiel 34, 56—7, 64-5, 69, 71-2 Great Deportation 30-1, 68, 91, 101, 104, 136; and Abraham Lewin 7, 33, 71, 134; and Yechiel Gorny 34, 69; see also Warsaw ghetto Great Depression 26
Grossman, David 145 Grzywacz, Nahum 58, 72, 74 Güssen 29
Index Haidt, Jonathan 83 Haskalah see Jewish Enlightenment Hastdim 22, 28, 93 Hebrew 10, 12-3, 21-5, 30, 117; and Abraham Lewin 7, 33; and Chaim Kaplan 107; and Emanuel Ringelblum 110 Heller, Gabik 39 Heller, Zelig 52-3, 96 Hering, August 54, 60 Hess, Rudolf 129 Hilberg, Raul 5, 49-50, 76 Hiller, Jakub 28, 58 Himmler, Heinrich 85, 100 Hingst, Hans 59-60 Hitler, Adolf 85, 94-5, 100-1, 136, 143-4 Holocaust 32, 48-9, 57, 109, 118, 121, 143; and behaviors 5, 76, 103, 106; and diaries 6, 8-9, 11-2, 87-8, 116; and diarists 4, 15, 20, 22, 50, 82; ghettos 2-3, 16, 27, 111, 140, 144, 147; and Jewish history 94, 96; and Jewish police 73, 95, 106; and language 7, 10, 12, 24, 117 Holocaust historiography 14, 144 Holocaust history 3, 9, 11, 76 Holocaust literature 3 Holocaust studies 125 Holocaust survivors 7 Holocaust testimony 3, 28 Holocaust writing 7 Huberband, Shimon 33, 52, 62 humanity 41, 82, 87, 94, 99, 140, 143, 149; and diarists’ conceptions of 11, 14-5, 103, 148; and diarists’reclaiming of 101; and German perpetrators 84, 103-4, 145-6; and Jewish ghetto administration 71, 76, 103; and prewar beliefs 5, 123 Hungary 49 hunger 15, 38, 48, 106, 131, 148; and Lodz ghetto 27, 127; and Primo Levi 7; and Warsaw ghetto 31, 57, 127 Hurwicz, Leon 28 Israel 12, 24, 33, 60, 145 Italy 8, 121 Jewish councils 5, 37-8, 49, 51-2, 88, 96-7, 144, 149; and Emanuel Ringelblum 57, 92, 104; and Herman Kruk 60-1, 92-3, 95; and Lazar Epstein 39; and Lodz ghetto 28, 58; as perpetrators 55, 85; and roundups 72; and Vilna ghetto 36-7, 72, 95; and Warsaw ghetto 30-1, 56—7, 59 161 Jewish Enlightenment 22,
93 Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) 31, 56 Jewish guards 65, 68, 110, 120 Jewish Historical Commission 28 Jewish intelligentsia 21-2 Jewish police 5, 13, 84-5, 93, 97, 106, 109-10, 144; and Emanuel Ringelblum 90-1, 95, 98,104-5, 107-8; and guarding 64; and Lodz ghetto 27, 127; as privileged 51; and Raul Hilberg 49; and roundups 69-75, 101, 133, 138; and Vilna ghetto 36-7, 54, 61, 131-3; and Warsaw ghetto 31, 52, 146 Jewish schools 22-3, 25, 30 Jewish Self-Help Society (Aleynhilf) 31, 33, 105 Judenrat see Jewish councils Jukubowitz, Esther 29 Kaczerginski, Shmerke 38 Kalmanovich, Zelig 12, 37 Kaplan, Chaim 12, 107 Kaplan, Yisrael 7 khaper/khapuiie 6, 97, 102 Kohn, Moritz 52-3, 96 Kohut, Thomas 4, 48 Kon, Menachem Mendel 33, 72, 101 Korczak, Janusz 12 Korman, Leon 29 Kovner, Abba 37 Kovno 35 Kovno ghetto 7 Kruk, Herman 8, 75, 86-7, 91-5, 97-100, 102—3, 105—9, 125-6; and background 38; death of 38; and Emanuel Ringelblum 14, 116-7; and German administrator Franz Murer 59, 66-8; and Jacob Gens 54, 60-1; and Jewish police 54, 67, 69-70, 110, 133; and move to Vilna ghetto 121-3; and perpetrators 14, 84; and robbing 63; and roundups 73, 88; and Vilna ghetto archive 37; and Yiddishist Grosser Library 38-9 Latvia 7, 37 Lejkin, Jakub 31 Leningrad 39 Levas, Meier 66-8, 94 Levi, Primo 7 Lewin, Abraham 56, 74-5, 86, 117, 137, 143, 148; and Great Deportation 7, 71, 134—6; and guarding of ghetto 64; and Jewish collaboration 52; and Jewish police 69-70; and language 7; and Oyneg Shabes 32-4
162 Index Leymonson, Ruth 39, 86 Lichtenbaum, Marek 30 Lithuania 7, 9, 12, 91; and antisemitism 23-4; and Jewish life in 10, 20, 22-4, 62, 95; and Russia 34-5; Soviet 124; and World War I 35 Lithuanians 5, 37, 85-6, 125-6, 132; and diarists’ perceptions of 40, 66, 74, 76, 90-2, 108-9, 111, 117, 144-5; and Germany 35, 102, 124; and guarding of Vilna ghetto 64, 69, 102; and interwar antisemitism 23; and Jewish police 54, 69; and robbing 63; and roundups 73, 102; and Russia 35, 102, 124; and smuggling 36 Lithuanians and collaboration 1-2, 15, 62-3, 70, 76, 91, 102-3, 132 loaded language 85, 88, 90, 146 Lodz 9, 13, 20, 23-37, 52, 71, 86, 105 Lodz ghetto 9, 26-7, 37, 40, 53, 68, 121; administration of 55-6, 58-9; and “Archives of the Eldest of the Jews” 28; and deportations from 71, 136-7; and creation of 118; and diarists of 7-8, 12-3, 52, 68-9, 75, 100, 127, 138-9, 147-8; and food supply 31; and guarding of 64; and Jewish council 58, 72; and Jewish police 58, 70, 72; and language 6-7; liquidation of 32; and roundups 70-1, 73; and robbing 61-2; and Warsaw Ghetto 52, 54, 56, 61, 119-21, 123; see also Bono Wiener; Josef Zelkowicz; Oskar Rosenfeld; Dawid Sierakowiak Lublin 91, 135 Madagascar 30 Mauthausen 29 Mitnagdim 22 morality 5, 14, 88-9, 143, 147, 149 Moykher-Sforim, Mendele 22 Munich 7 Murer, Franz 59-61, 63, 66-8, 70, 94, 105, 133 Nazi-occupied Europe 2, 149 Nazis 56, 64, 76, 89, 117, 140; and anti-communism 121; and anti-Jewish policy 3, 48; as “beast” 13, 99, 135, 145; and crimes of 61, 129; and Deputy for Jewish Affairs Hans Murer 66; and emotions 3; and ghetto diarists
9, 149; and ghettoization 30, 55, 93, 124, 127; and propaganda 100; and Rudolf Hess 129; and Warsaw Ghetto 30-1, 98, 102, 125, 134; see also Final Solution; Germany; Holocaust New York 29, 39 Operation Barbarossa 121 Opoczynski, Peretz 33-4, 53, 64, 68, 74 Orthodox Judaism 21, 33, 93 Oszmiana 72-3, 101, 106, 109, 133 Oyneg Shabes 10, 32-4 Palestine 21, 24 Peretz, I. L. 22 perpetrators 82, 87, 96-7, 100-1, 106, 147 Person, Katarzyna 51 Pilsudski, Josef 24 pogroms 21-3, 89, 136 Poland 9, 20, 27, 29, 38, 57, 120-1; and antisemitism 23-4, 40; and ghetto diaries 2, 12; and ghettoization 30, 118, 124; and Holocaust 12, 49; invasion of 26, 32, 38; and occupation of 56; and police 15, 30, 62; and prewar Jewish life in 10, 20, 22-5, 34; and Vilna 34; and World War I 29, 35; see also Lodz; Lodz ghetto; Warsaw; Warsaw ghetto Poalei Zion and Left 21, 32, 34; and Right 21, 33 Polish (language) 6, 10-3, 24-5, 28, 38, 40, 117 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 20, 25 Polonsky, Antony 21 Ponar 36, 63, 102, 131; and complicity of Lithuanians 76, 97, 102; and massacre ofVilna Jews 35, 37, 73, 75, 122, 126-7, 131; and death of Yitzhak Rudashevski 39; and Vilna ghetto roundups 72, 106 Prussia 20, 25, 34 Radom 57 Red Army 38 resentment 58, 82 resistance 27, 82, 101, 104, 147; and Jewish administrators 52, 58; and Lodz ghetto 52; and Vilna ghetto 36-7, 131-2; and Warsaw ghetto 31, 37 Riga ghetto 7 Ringelblum, Emanuel 14, 56, 83-5, 87-101, 103-11, 116, 123; and ghetto guarding 65; and ghettoization 118-21; and Jewish collaboration 53-4; and Jewish council 57-8; as leader ofjewish Self-Help Society
(Aleynhilfi 31, 33; and prewar background of 32, 84; and
Index politics of 32, 117; and robbing 62; and smuggling 53, 69; and use of euphe misms in diary 6; see also Oyneg Shabes; Warsaw Ghetto Rolnikaite, Masha 39 Roseman, Mark 62, 99, 104 Rosenfeld, Oskar 12 Rosenwein, Barbara 3 Roskies, David 9 roundups 34-6, 68, 101-2; and Jewish police 52, 69-72; and Lodz ghetto 70, 72-3; in Oszmiana 73, 133; and Ponar 106; and Ukrainians 72; and Vilna ghetto 72, 86, 97; in Warsaw ghetto 52, 70-2, 74-5, 97; see also Aktion Rudashevski, Yitzhak 1-2, 38-9, 66-8, 108-9, 116, 122-6; and administration of Vilna ghetto 59, 61; and Jewish police 67, 72-3, 132-3; and Lithuanians 63, 102; and politics of 38, 54; and robbing 63 Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim 26-8, 30, 36, 58-9, 147; see also Jewish councils; Lodz ghetto rumors 6, 8, 75, 99, 117, 127, 129-31; and deportations 135, 137-8 Russia 6, 20-3, 25-6, 29, 34-6, 96-7, 102, 136 Russian (language) 10-1, 22, 24-5, 92 Russian Revolution 21, 23, 26 Sejm (Polish parliament) 21 Shandler, Jeffrey 11 Shavel ghetto 7 Shem Tov, Ba’al 22 Shmeruk, Chone 10 Sierakowiak, Dawid 12, 105-6, 148 slave labor 66, 90 smuggling 27, 51, 55, 65-7, 96; and diary of Emanuel Ringelblum 53-4, 69, 90-1; and ghetto guarding 64; and Warsaw ghetto 31, 36, 53-4, 75 Sobibor 37 socialism 21, 51-2, 96, 146; and Emanuel Ringelblum 87, 97, 111; and Herman Kruk 38, 60, 97, 107; and Lodz 26, 29 Soviet Union 23, 30, 35, 38, 121, 124, 136 SS 15, 35, 68, 85, 94, 99, 101, 104 Sutzkever Abraham 38 Szerynski, Jozef 146 Szymaniak Karolina 10 trauma 6, 111, 116-7, 128, 131, 136 Treaty of Non-Aggression 35 Treaty of Versailles 23 163 Treblinka 31,
33, 108, 110 Trunk, Isaiah 68 Tsar Alexander II 20-2 Tsar Alexander III 21 typology (of behaviors) 50 Tytelman, Nehemia 129 Ukraine 22-3, 131 Ukrainians 85, 108, 117, 144-5; as collaborators 72, 90, 101-3, 111; as guards 90; and roundups 70, 72, 74, 104 United States 12, 29 victims 2-4, 7, 48, 83 Vilna 39, 86, 95, 103, 123-7, 131-3, 136; and Anatol Fried 92, 146; and antisemitism 23; and ghetto diarists in Lodz and Warsaw 9, 62-4, 66, 69, 75-6, 90, 109, 118; and ghettoization 26, 70, 118, 121; and Herman Kruk 8, 87, 91, 99-100, 102; and Holocaust 121; and language 24-5; and Lazar Epstein 7, 66; and Lithuanian collabo rators 2, 64, 73, 76, 86, 102-3; and Ponar 35, 75; and prewar history 20, 24-5, 34-5; and Soviet Union 35, 121; and World War I 35; and Yitzhak Rudashevski 38-9, 54, 73, 102, 108-9; and YIVO 10, 23; and Zelig Kalmanovich 12; see also collaboration and Lithuanians; Lithuanians; Vilna ghetto; YIVO Vilna Gaon 22, 95 Vilna ghetto 6, 13, 25, 40, 118, 133; and Anatol Fried 92; archive 37-8, 87; development of 54, 70, 121-2, 131; and diary of Herman Kruk 8, 87, 91-2, 95, 99-100, 102, 106, 121-2; and diary of Lazar Epstein 7, 39, 66, 122; and diary of Masha Rolnikaite 39; and diary of Ruth Leymonson 39, 86; and diary of Yitzhak Rudashevski 1-2, 39, 54, 63, 102, 108, 122-3; and diary of Zelig Kalmanovich 12; duration of 37; and German administration of 59, 64, 69, 73, 92, 99; and guards 66, 69; and Jacob Gens 36, 60, 99; and Jewish council 36, 72-3, 95, 97; and Jewish police 54, 64, 69, 72, 84, 97, 101, 108-9, 133; and killings 75; and liquidation of 37, 86; and
Lithuanians 63-4, 76, 90-1, 102; and living conditions 36, 38; and local Poles 62-3, 90; and resistance 36; see also
164 Index 69-71, 84, 91, 101, 146; living conditions 36; and local Poles 26, 53, 62, 65, 69, 90, 103, 111; and Oytieg Shabes 10, 32-3; and robbing 61-2; and roundups 70-2, 74, 101; and smuggling 36, 53, 75; and Treblinka 31, 33, 110; and Ukrainians 72, 74, 90, 101-2; and women 12 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 12, 32-3 Warsaw University 32 Warthegau 26 Wasser, Bluma 32-3 Wasser, Hersh 8, 32-3, 64, 68-9, 74, 128-9, 131 Wiener, Bono 8, 29, 52, 55, 68, 127 Weissenberg, Yitshak Meir 148 women 27, 54, 101; and antisemitism 23; and beating 69; as diarists 12-3, 39; and ghetto guarding 73; and roundups 71; and Vilna ghetto 60, 66, 124, 131-2; and Warsaw ghetto 120 World War I 22-3, 25-6, 28-9, 35, 98-9 World War II 32, 87, 107, 121, 143, 146; and ghettos 3, 9; and Josef Zelkowicz 28; and language 7, 10, 25; and Lodz 26; and outbreak of 24, 99; and prewar Jewish life 20, 22, 24—6; and Vilna 35; and Warsaw 29, 32; and World War I 98-9; see also Final Solution; Holocaust Anatol Fried; Herman Kruk; Lazar Epstein; Ponar Volksdeutsche 30, 72 see ethnic Germans Voloshin, Sarah 39 Warsaw 9, 75, 89, 101, 103, 130; and diary of Abraham Lewin 7, 32, 134, 148; and diary ofEmanuel Ringelblum 32, 109-10, 118-20, 123; and diary of Hersh Wasser 8, 32-3, 128-9, 131; and diary of Menachem Mendel Kon 33; and ethnic Germans 30, 69; and German occupation 26, 35, 38, 125; and ghettoization 30, 120, 122-3; and Great Deportation 7, 33, 68, 134-6; and Israel Fürst 146; and Jewish police 146; Jewish Quarter 56; and Jews of 26, 30, 59; and language of diarists 10, 12-3; and Peretz Opoczynski 33; and prewar history
20, 29, 34; and prewar Jewish life in 20, 23-6; and World War I 35; and Yiddishist Grosser Library 38; and YIVO 33; see also Warsaw ghetto; Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Warsaw ghetto 13, 31, 40, 99, 123, 125, 129, 148; and anonymous diarists 12, 34, 118, 120-1; and diary of Abraham Lewin 7, 32, 52, 64, 69, 86, 134-6; and diary of Adam Czerniakow 12, 30; and diary of Chaim Kaplan 12, 107; and diary ofEmanuel Ringelblum 32, 87, 89-91, 94, 109-10, 118-20; and diary of Hersh Wasser 8, 32-3, 68, 74, 128-9; and diary ofjanusz Korczak 12; and diary of Menachem Mendel Kon 33, 101; and diary of Peretz Opoczynski 33—4, 74; and diary of Rachel Auerbach 10, 12; and diary of Shimon Huberband 33; and disease 31; and duration of 37; establishment of 30, 118, 127; and food supply 31; and German administrators 56; and Great Deportation 7, 30-1, 33, 68, 103, 134-5; and guarding 64; and hunger 31, 127; and Jewish council 30, 52, 56-9, 72, 97; and Jewish police 52, 54, Yiddish culture 23, 34 Yiddish diarists/diaries 13, 28, 32, 34, 38-9 Yiddish (language) 6-7, 10-5, 21-2, 24-5, 30, 34, 38, 40 Yiddish press 10, 22 Yiddishism 11 Yiddishist Grosser Library 38 YIVO 10, 23, 29, 32-3, 40, 87 Zelkowicz, Josef 7-8, 28, 58-9, 71, 75, 116, 136-9 Zionism 21, 24, 33, 107 Zionist Revisionist Party 60, 66 Zonabend, Nachman 28 Zubatov, Sergei Vasilyevich 96 Bayerisch© Stsatsbibllotgk München ? |
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Contents Preface: Language and Sources Acknowledgments 1 Introduction: Reading Ghetto Diaries 2 The Cities and Their People 3 The Art of Cruelty viii x 1 20 48 4 Censure and Casting Out 82 The Deepening Darkness 116 5 6 Conclusion: Humanity, Expectation, Agency, and Morality Bibliography Index 143 150 159
Bibliography Diaries in the Archives The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC RG-68.112M From the Ghetto Fighter’s House Archive (Beit Lohamei Haghetaot) Leymonson-Engelstern, Ruth, 2119 Rudashevski, Yitzhak 1907-1 and 1907-2 Zelkowicz, Josef 1513 From The Emanuel Ringelblum Jewish Historical Institute (Zydowski Instytut Historycztiy, ZIH) RG-02.208M Pamietniki 302 Collection (Memoirs ofjews) Hiller, Jakub, 302/10 Hurwicz, Leon, 302/11-13 Korman, Leon, 302/112 Tobiasz, 302/15 Zelkowicz, Josef, 302/111 RG-15.079M The Underground Archives of the Warsaw Ghetto: Ringelblum Archives Auerbach, Rachel, 1/405 Gorny, Yechiel, 1/414, 11/246 Grzywacz, Nahum, 1/416 Huberband, Shimon, 1/420—422 Kon, Menachem Mendel, 11/249 Lewin, Abraham, 1/431, 11/251 NN. 1/475 NN, 1/483 NN, 1/494 NN. 1/497 Opoczynski, Peretz, 11/256 Ringelblum, Emanuel 1/445-453
Bibliography 151 Tytelman, Nehemia 1/463 Wasser, Hersh 1/467 YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York RG 223, Sutzkever-Kaczerginski Collection, Heller, Gabik. XXVI/616 Kruk, Herman. II/9 Rudashevski, Yitzhak, 11/10 RG 225 Hersh Wasser Collection Lewin, Abraham, 32.2, 32.4, 32.5, 32.6, 32.7 Wasser, Hersh, 32.1 RG 1452 Bono Wiener Papers Wiener, Bono RG 241 Nachman Zonabend Collection Zelkowicz, Josef Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, Israel Heller, Gabik, and Yitzhak Rudashevski, 033/669 Kruk, Herman, P10/163 Epstein, Lazar, 033/1563 Rolnik, Mahsa, JM/1199 and 033/669 “O.S.” Published Versions of Archival Diaries Ben-Sasson, Havi, and Lea Prais. “Twilight Days: Missing Pages from Avraham Lewin’s Warsaw Ghetto Diary, May-July 1942.” Yad Vashem Studies 33 (2005): 7-60. Gorny, Yechiel. “Daily Memoranda from the Warsaw Ghetto.” In To Live with Honor and Die until Honor!: Selected Documents from the Wtrsaw Ghetto Underground Archives "O.S.”, edited by Joseph Kermish, 94-101. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1986. Heller, Gabik. English translation, Nathan Cohen. “The Last Days of the Vilna Ghetto— Pages from a Diary.” Yad Vishem Studies 31 (2003): 15-9. Huberband, Shimon. Kiddush Hashem: Jewish Religious and Cultural Life in Poland During the Holocaust, edited by Jeffrey S. Gurock and Robert S. Hirt and translated by David E. Fishman. Hoboken, NJ: Ktav Pub. House; New York: Yeshiva University Press, 1987. Kermish, Joseph. “Daily Entries of Hersh Wasser.” Yad Vashem Studies 15 (1983): 201-82. Kon, Menachem Mendel. “Fragments of a Diary.” In To Live with Honor and Die with Honor!: Selected
Documents from the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives "O.S’, edited by Joseph Kermish, 80-6. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1986. Kruk, Herman. The Last Days of theJerusalem of Lithuania, edited by Benjamin Harshav and translated by Barbara Harshav. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002. ----------. Togbukhfun Vilnergeto, edited by Mordekhai Bernshtain. New York: YIVO, 1961. Lewin, Abraham. A Cup of Tears, edited by Antony Polonsky. Waukegan, IL: Fontana Press, 1990. ----------. Bieter far geshikhte, 5.4 (October-December 1952): 22-68; 7.1 (April 19, 1954): 42-99; 7.2-3 (1954): 210-40. Leymonson-Engelstern, Ruth. Farshribn in a Shayer. Tel Aviv: Ghetto Fighter’s House, 1973.
152 Bibliography Opoczynski, Peretz. “Warsaw Ghetto Chronicle—September 1942.” In To Live with Honor and Die until Honor!: Selected Documentsfrom the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives “O.S.’, edited by Joseph Kermish, 102-111. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1986. Prais, Lea. “An Unknown Chronicle: From the Literary Legacy of Rabbi Shimon Huberband, Warsaw Ghetto, May—June 1942.” Yad Hashem Studies, 38 (2010): 61-104. Ringelblum, Emanuel. Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum, edited and Translated by Jacob Sloan. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958. --------- . in Bieterfar Geschikhte, 1 (1948). --------- . Ksovim fun Geto. 2 vols. Tel Aviv: I.L. Peretz Publishing House, 1985. Rolnikaite, Masha. Ikh Muz Dertseyln. Moscow and Warsaw: Yidish Bukh, 1965. Rudashevski, Yitzhak. The Diary of the Vilna Ghetto, June 1941-April 1943, edited and translated by Percy Matenko. Tel Aviv: Ghetto Fighters’ House, 1973. Tytleman, Nehemia. “Notes.” In To Live with Honor and Die with Honor!: Selected Documents from the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives "O.S”, edited by Joseph Kermish, 73-8. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1986. Zelkowicz, Josef. In Those Terrible Days, edited by Michal Unger. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2003. Other Published Diaries Ben-Sasson, Havi. “Hell Has Risen to the Surface of the Earth: An Anonymous Woman’s Diary from the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.” Yad Vashem Studies 36, 2 (2008): 13-43. Berg, Mary. The Diary of Mary Berg: Growing Up in the Wtrsaw Ghetto, edited by S.L. Shneiderman. Oxford: Oneworld, 2006. Czerniakow, Adam. The Wtrsaw Diary ofAdam Czerniakow: Prelude to
Doom, edited by Raul Hilberg and translated by Stanislaw Staron. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee in association, 1999. Rosenfeld, Oskar. In the Beginning Was the Ghetto: Notebooksfrom Lodi, translated by Hanno Loewy. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2002. Sierakowiak, Dawid. The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Lodi Ghetto, edited by Alan Adelson and translated by Kamil Turowski. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Other Published Primary Sources Adelson, Alan, and Robert Lapides, eds. Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community under Siege. New York: Viking, 1989. Ringelblum, Emanuel. Last Writings Polish-Jewish Relations: January 1943-April 1944, edited by Joseph Kermish. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1994. Sutzkever, Abraham. Burnt Pearls: Ghetto Poems ofAbraham Sutzkever, translated by Seymour Mayne. Oakville, Ont.: Mosaic Press/Valley Editions, 1981. Other Unpublished Primary Sources RG 15.083M, Der Aelteste der Juden vom Litzmannstadt Getto. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. RG-26.046M “Jäger Report.” Selected Records the Lithuanian Central State Archives, Jäger Report, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. RG 15.079M Peretz Opoczynski, “Smuggling in the Warsaw Ghetto: Kozia Street” or “Der Shmugl in Wrshever Geto. Dos Koze-gesl,” 1/437, Underground Archives of the Warsaw Ghetto: Ringelblum Archives, USHMM, Washington, DC.
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Index Aquilas Yisroel 21 Aktion (roundup) 72, 110, 126, 137; see also roundups Aleichem, Sholem 22 Aleynhilf see Jewish Self-Help Society Allies 99, 127 American Joint Distribution Committee 31 anger 1, 89, 116, 124, 126-8, 132-4; at Jewish ghetto administration 51, 58, 61-2, 66-7, 70-1, 91, 98, 108-10; and language 85; at Lithuanians 63; and persecutors 15 antisemitism 20, 23-4, 26, 40, 42, 56, 90 anxiety 2, 15, 86, 118-9, 122 Arad, Yitzhak 38 Arrow Cross 49 Auerbach, Rachel 10-3, 32 Auerswald, Heinz 56 Auschwitz 27-9 Australia 29 Austria 94, 135, 137 Austria-Hungary 20, 25 Autonomism 21 Azef, Yevno 96 Bartov, Omer 48 Bauer, Yehuda 143 Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer 24 Berg, Mary 12 Berkowitz, Michael 88 Berlin 10, 28 Besnier, Niko 82, 84 Bethke, Svenja 88 betrayal 1-2, 11; and Jewish persecutors 14, 51, 53, 66-7, 70, 96-7; and Jewish police 72-3 Bialik, Hayim Nahman 22 Bialystok ghetto 99 Biebow, Hans 26, 55-6 Bolsheviks 21, 23, 26 Buczacz 48 BundS, 21, 28-9, 38-9, 60 bystanders 49-50, 62-3, 83, 89, 103, 106, 111, 145; and Raul Hilberg 5, 49-50, 76 Central Historical Commission 7 Chelmno 27, 137 children 12, 27, 36, 86, 97-8, 101, 132, 137-8; and interwar period 23, 25; and smuggling 53, 69, 75; and Warsaw ghetto 30, 58, 64, 71, 94-5 Churchill, Winston 8 collaboration 37, 76, 82-4, 89, 96, 109, 147; and Raul Hilberg 50; and smuggling 53; see also Jewish police; Lithuanians; Ukrainians collaboration and Jews 16, 51-3, 56, 60-1, 76, 96-7, 105, 133; see also Jewish council; Jewish police; Meier Levas collaboration and Lithuanians 2, 110 communists 21, 27, 35, 39, 121, 148; and
antisemitism 23; and Yitzhak Rudashevski 39, 54, 124 community 5, 9, 15, 37, 51, 148; activists 10, 29; breakdown of 40, 48; destruc tion of 117, 136; and Emanuel Ringelblum 14, 83, 87, 96-7, 104, 118; and interwar antisemitism 24; and Jewish ghetto administration 67; and Jewish persecution 111; and Jews in Poland 57, 120; and Jews in Russia 25; and Lodz ghetto 137-8; and prewar antisemitism 21; and religiously observant 22; and self-help 105; of understanding 146; and Vilna ghetto 38, 59, 109, 126, 133; and Warsaw ghetto 84, 96, 118, 136; and Yiddish 11, 14; see also emotional community
160 Index Confino, Alon 117 Congress Kingdom of Poland 20 Congress of Vienna 25 Czechoslovakia 135, 137 Czerniakow, Adam 12, 30-1, 57-8, 147 dehumanization 14, 16, 85, 100, 105, 146 deportations 15, 55, 68-71, 86, 111, 116, 128, 149; of children 30, 58; and collaboration 27, 31; and diary of Emanuel Ringelblum 57-8, 98, 104, 108, 110; and ghettoization 30; and Jewish police 72, 98, 104, 108; and Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski 27; from Lodz ghetto 71, 136-7, 139; and Ukrainians 101; from Vilna ghetto 54; from Warsaw ghetto 33-4, 69, 71, 74, 131; see also Great Deportation diaries 48, 50-1, 76-7, 84-6, 89, 140, 147, 149; and agency 14, 82; and Emanuel Ringelblum 87-8, 99, 107; and emotions 15, 116-8, 122, 129, 131-2, 135; and German administrators 55, 60; and Herman Kruk 87-8, 99, 107; and ghetto guards 65-6, 69; and language 10-2; and Lodz ghetto 33, 52, 61-2, 137; and Oyneg Shabes 32; as sources 6, 8-9; and Vilna ghetto 37-9, 54, 60, 62—4, 72-4, 131; and Warsaw ghetto 34, 52-3, 56-7, 64, 72, 74; and women 13; in Yiddish 14, 28, 32, 34, 38, 144; and YIVO 29, 40 Duchy of Warsaw 20, 34 earwitness 8 Eastern Europe 9-11, 21-4, 32, 60, 93 Ehrlich, Josef 96 Einsatzgruppen 76, 125 emotional community 3, 5, 40, 117-8 emotions 6, 59, 64, 116-18, 128-29, 134, 138-40, 144; and diary of Herman Kruk 63, 108, 125-6; and diary of Lazar Epstein 123, 131; and diary of Yitzhak Rudashevski 2, 124, 132; and ghettos 2-4, 8, 13, 15; and morals 5, 83; and perpetrators 50-1, 63; and women 12 emotions, empathic reading of 3-4 emotions, history of 3-5 empathy 3, 9, 48; and Abraham Lewin 134, 136; and
ghetto diaries 4, 15, 50, 76, 84, 144 Engelking, Barbara 83, 87, 111 Enlightenment 6, 14, 144 Epstein, Lazar 7, 63, 73, 122-4, 131-2; and duration of diary 39; and guarding of ghetto 66; and Jewish administration 61; and Jewish police 70, 72 Estonia 37-9 ethnic Germans 26, 30, 37, 62, 65, 68-9, 75; see also Volksdeutsche eyewitness 8, 126 Fareynegte Partizaner Organizatsye: FPO 37, 132 fear 1-2, 48, 116, 118, 122-25, 127-9, 134-40, 148; and beating 68; and emotional history of ghettos 3; and ghettoization 119-20; and guarding 64-5; and language 7, 85; and Lithuanians 91, 109; and Lodz ghetto 75; and roundups 73; and Vilna ghetto 38 Final Solution 1, 4, 27, 74, 119 France 30, 49, 98 Frank, Hans 56; see also General Government Fried, Anatol 61-2, 146 Fürst, Israel 56-7, 146 Gancwajch, Abraham 53-4, 96, 105 Garbarini, Alexandra 6, 11-3 gender 12-3, 92 General Government 29—30, 56 Genewein, Walter 55, 62 Gens, Jacob 36-7, 54, 60-1, 99-100, 133, 146-7 German (language) 11-2, 28, 60 German police 15, 53, 64, 75, 144 Germany 7, 39, 89, 119, 121, 135; and France 30; and Lodz ghetto 137; and Lodz Jewry 25-6; and Soviet Union 35; and Volksdeutsche 30; see also ethnic Germans; Final Solution; Holocaust; Nazis; Nazi-occupied Europe; Prussia; World War II Gertler, David 27 Gestapo 52, 55, 63, 73, 85, 99; and Emanuel Ringelblum 32, 90, 96, 100 Goldberg, Amos 5, 88, 107 Gordon, Yehudah Leib 22 Gorny, Yechiel 34, 56—7, 64-5, 69, 71-2 Great Deportation 30-1, 68, 91, 101, 104, 136; and Abraham Lewin 7, 33, 71, 134; and Yechiel Gorny 34, 69; see also Warsaw ghetto Great Depression 26
Grossman, David 145 Grzywacz, Nahum 58, 72, 74 Güssen 29
Index Haidt, Jonathan 83 Haskalah see Jewish Enlightenment Hastdim 22, 28, 93 Hebrew 10, 12-3, 21-5, 30, 117; and Abraham Lewin 7, 33; and Chaim Kaplan 107; and Emanuel Ringelblum 110 Heller, Gabik 39 Heller, Zelig 52-3, 96 Hering, August 54, 60 Hess, Rudolf 129 Hilberg, Raul 5, 49-50, 76 Hiller, Jakub 28, 58 Himmler, Heinrich 85, 100 Hingst, Hans 59-60 Hitler, Adolf 85, 94-5, 100-1, 136, 143-4 Holocaust 32, 48-9, 57, 109, 118, 121, 143; and behaviors 5, 76, 103, 106; and diaries 6, 8-9, 11-2, 87-8, 116; and diarists 4, 15, 20, 22, 50, 82; ghettos 2-3, 16, 27, 111, 140, 144, 147; and Jewish history 94, 96; and Jewish police 73, 95, 106; and language 7, 10, 12, 24, 117 Holocaust historiography 14, 144 Holocaust history 3, 9, 11, 76 Holocaust literature 3 Holocaust studies 125 Holocaust survivors 7 Holocaust testimony 3, 28 Holocaust writing 7 Huberband, Shimon 33, 52, 62 humanity 41, 82, 87, 94, 99, 140, 143, 149; and diarists’ conceptions of 11, 14-5, 103, 148; and diarists’reclaiming of 101; and German perpetrators 84, 103-4, 145-6; and Jewish ghetto administration 71, 76, 103; and prewar beliefs 5, 123 Hungary 49 hunger 15, 38, 48, 106, 131, 148; and Lodz ghetto 27, 127; and Primo Levi 7; and Warsaw ghetto 31, 57, 127 Hurwicz, Leon 28 Israel 12, 24, 33, 60, 145 Italy 8, 121 Jewish councils 5, 37-8, 49, 51-2, 88, 96-7, 144, 149; and Emanuel Ringelblum 57, 92, 104; and Herman Kruk 60-1, 92-3, 95; and Lazar Epstein 39; and Lodz ghetto 28, 58; as perpetrators 55, 85; and roundups 72; and Vilna ghetto 36-7, 72, 95; and Warsaw ghetto 30-1, 56—7, 59 161 Jewish Enlightenment 22,
93 Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB) 31, 56 Jewish guards 65, 68, 110, 120 Jewish Historical Commission 28 Jewish intelligentsia 21-2 Jewish police 5, 13, 84-5, 93, 97, 106, 109-10, 144; and Emanuel Ringelblum 90-1, 95, 98,104-5, 107-8; and guarding 64; and Lodz ghetto 27, 127; as privileged 51; and Raul Hilberg 49; and roundups 69-75, 101, 133, 138; and Vilna ghetto 36-7, 54, 61, 131-3; and Warsaw ghetto 31, 52, 146 Jewish schools 22-3, 25, 30 Jewish Self-Help Society (Aleynhilf) 31, 33, 105 Judenrat see Jewish councils Jukubowitz, Esther 29 Kaczerginski, Shmerke 38 Kalmanovich, Zelig 12, 37 Kaplan, Chaim 12, 107 Kaplan, Yisrael 7 khaper/khapuiie 6, 97, 102 Kohn, Moritz 52-3, 96 Kohut, Thomas 4, 48 Kon, Menachem Mendel 33, 72, 101 Korczak, Janusz 12 Korman, Leon 29 Kovner, Abba 37 Kovno 35 Kovno ghetto 7 Kruk, Herman 8, 75, 86-7, 91-5, 97-100, 102—3, 105—9, 125-6; and background 38; death of 38; and Emanuel Ringelblum 14, 116-7; and German administrator Franz Murer 59, 66-8; and Jacob Gens 54, 60-1; and Jewish police 54, 67, 69-70, 110, 133; and move to Vilna ghetto 121-3; and perpetrators 14, 84; and robbing 63; and roundups 73, 88; and Vilna ghetto archive 37; and Yiddishist Grosser Library 38-9 Latvia 7, 37 Lejkin, Jakub 31 Leningrad 39 Levas, Meier 66-8, 94 Levi, Primo 7 Lewin, Abraham 56, 74-5, 86, 117, 137, 143, 148; and Great Deportation 7, 71, 134—6; and guarding of ghetto 64; and Jewish collaboration 52; and Jewish police 69-70; and language 7; and Oyneg Shabes 32-4
162 Index Leymonson, Ruth 39, 86 Lichtenbaum, Marek 30 Lithuania 7, 9, 12, 91; and antisemitism 23-4; and Jewish life in 10, 20, 22-4, 62, 95; and Russia 34-5; Soviet 124; and World War I 35 Lithuanians 5, 37, 85-6, 125-6, 132; and diarists’ perceptions of 40, 66, 74, 76, 90-2, 108-9, 111, 117, 144-5; and Germany 35, 102, 124; and guarding of Vilna ghetto 64, 69, 102; and interwar antisemitism 23; and Jewish police 54, 69; and robbing 63; and roundups 73, 102; and Russia 35, 102, 124; and smuggling 36 Lithuanians and collaboration 1-2, 15, 62-3, 70, 76, 91, 102-3, 132 loaded language 85, 88, 90, 146 Lodz 9, 13, 20, 23-37, 52, 71, 86, 105 Lodz ghetto 9, 26-7, 37, 40, 53, 68, 121; administration of 55-6, 58-9; and “Archives of the Eldest of the Jews” 28; and deportations from 71, 136-7; and creation of 118; and diarists of 7-8, 12-3, 52, 68-9, 75, 100, 127, 138-9, 147-8; and food supply 31; and guarding of 64; and Jewish council 58, 72; and Jewish police 58, 70, 72; and language 6-7; liquidation of 32; and roundups 70-1, 73; and robbing 61-2; and Warsaw Ghetto 52, 54, 56, 61, 119-21, 123; see also Bono Wiener; Josef Zelkowicz; Oskar Rosenfeld; Dawid Sierakowiak Lublin 91, 135 Madagascar 30 Mauthausen 29 Mitnagdim 22 morality 5, 14, 88-9, 143, 147, 149 Moykher-Sforim, Mendele 22 Munich 7 Murer, Franz 59-61, 63, 66-8, 70, 94, 105, 133 Nazi-occupied Europe 2, 149 Nazis 56, 64, 76, 89, 117, 140; and anti-communism 121; and anti-Jewish policy 3, 48; as “beast” 13, 99, 135, 145; and crimes of 61, 129; and Deputy for Jewish Affairs Hans Murer 66; and emotions 3; and ghetto diarists
9, 149; and ghettoization 30, 55, 93, 124, 127; and propaganda 100; and Rudolf Hess 129; and Warsaw Ghetto 30-1, 98, 102, 125, 134; see also Final Solution; Germany; Holocaust New York 29, 39 Operation Barbarossa 121 Opoczynski, Peretz 33-4, 53, 64, 68, 74 Orthodox Judaism 21, 33, 93 Oszmiana 72-3, 101, 106, 109, 133 Oyneg Shabes 10, 32-4 Palestine 21, 24 Peretz, I. L. 22 perpetrators 82, 87, 96-7, 100-1, 106, 147 Person, Katarzyna 51 Pilsudski, Josef 24 pogroms 21-3, 89, 136 Poland 9, 20, 27, 29, 38, 57, 120-1; and antisemitism 23-4, 40; and ghetto diaries 2, 12; and ghettoization 30, 118, 124; and Holocaust 12, 49; invasion of 26, 32, 38; and occupation of 56; and police 15, 30, 62; and prewar Jewish life in 10, 20, 22-5, 34; and Vilna 34; and World War I 29, 35; see also Lodz; Lodz ghetto; Warsaw; Warsaw ghetto Poalei Zion and Left 21, 32, 34; and Right 21, 33 Polish (language) 6, 10-3, 24-5, 28, 38, 40, 117 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 20, 25 Polonsky, Antony 21 Ponar 36, 63, 102, 131; and complicity of Lithuanians 76, 97, 102; and massacre ofVilna Jews 35, 37, 73, 75, 122, 126-7, 131; and death of Yitzhak Rudashevski 39; and Vilna ghetto roundups 72, 106 Prussia 20, 25, 34 Radom 57 Red Army 38 resentment 58, 82 resistance 27, 82, 101, 104, 147; and Jewish administrators 52, 58; and Lodz ghetto 52; and Vilna ghetto 36-7, 131-2; and Warsaw ghetto 31, 37 Riga ghetto 7 Ringelblum, Emanuel 14, 56, 83-5, 87-101, 103-11, 116, 123; and ghetto guarding 65; and ghettoization 118-21; and Jewish collaboration 53-4; and Jewish council 57-8; as leader ofjewish Self-Help Society
(Aleynhilfi 31, 33; and prewar background of 32, 84; and
Index politics of 32, 117; and robbing 62; and smuggling 53, 69; and use of euphe misms in diary 6; see also Oyneg Shabes; Warsaw Ghetto Rolnikaite, Masha 39 Roseman, Mark 62, 99, 104 Rosenfeld, Oskar 12 Rosenwein, Barbara 3 Roskies, David 9 roundups 34-6, 68, 101-2; and Jewish police 52, 69-72; and Lodz ghetto 70, 72-3; in Oszmiana 73, 133; and Ponar 106; and Ukrainians 72; and Vilna ghetto 72, 86, 97; in Warsaw ghetto 52, 70-2, 74-5, 97; see also Aktion Rudashevski, Yitzhak 1-2, 38-9, 66-8, 108-9, 116, 122-6; and administration of Vilna ghetto 59, 61; and Jewish police 67, 72-3, 132-3; and Lithuanians 63, 102; and politics of 38, 54; and robbing 63 Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim 26-8, 30, 36, 58-9, 147; see also Jewish councils; Lodz ghetto rumors 6, 8, 75, 99, 117, 127, 129-31; and deportations 135, 137-8 Russia 6, 20-3, 25-6, 29, 34-6, 96-7, 102, 136 Russian (language) 10-1, 22, 24-5, 92 Russian Revolution 21, 23, 26 Sejm (Polish parliament) 21 Shandler, Jeffrey 11 Shavel ghetto 7 Shem Tov, Ba’al 22 Shmeruk, Chone 10 Sierakowiak, Dawid 12, 105-6, 148 slave labor 66, 90 smuggling 27, 51, 55, 65-7, 96; and diary of Emanuel Ringelblum 53-4, 69, 90-1; and ghetto guarding 64; and Warsaw ghetto 31, 36, 53-4, 75 Sobibor 37 socialism 21, 51-2, 96, 146; and Emanuel Ringelblum 87, 97, 111; and Herman Kruk 38, 60, 97, 107; and Lodz 26, 29 Soviet Union 23, 30, 35, 38, 121, 124, 136 SS 15, 35, 68, 85, 94, 99, 101, 104 Sutzkever Abraham 38 Szerynski, Jozef 146 Szymaniak Karolina 10 trauma 6, 111, 116-7, 128, 131, 136 Treaty of Non-Aggression 35 Treaty of Versailles 23 163 Treblinka 31,
33, 108, 110 Trunk, Isaiah 68 Tsar Alexander II 20-2 Tsar Alexander III 21 typology (of behaviors) 50 Tytelman, Nehemia 129 Ukraine 22-3, 131 Ukrainians 85, 108, 117, 144-5; as collaborators 72, 90, 101-3, 111; as guards 90; and roundups 70, 72, 74, 104 United States 12, 29 victims 2-4, 7, 48, 83 Vilna 39, 86, 95, 103, 123-7, 131-3, 136; and Anatol Fried 92, 146; and antisemitism 23; and ghetto diarists in Lodz and Warsaw 9, 62-4, 66, 69, 75-6, 90, 109, 118; and ghettoization 26, 70, 118, 121; and Herman Kruk 8, 87, 91, 99-100, 102; and Holocaust 121; and language 24-5; and Lazar Epstein 7, 66; and Lithuanian collabo rators 2, 64, 73, 76, 86, 102-3; and Ponar 35, 75; and prewar history 20, 24-5, 34-5; and Soviet Union 35, 121; and World War I 35; and Yitzhak Rudashevski 38-9, 54, 73, 102, 108-9; and YIVO 10, 23; and Zelig Kalmanovich 12; see also collaboration and Lithuanians; Lithuanians; Vilna ghetto; YIVO Vilna Gaon 22, 95 Vilna ghetto 6, 13, 25, 40, 118, 133; and Anatol Fried 92; archive 37-8, 87; development of 54, 70, 121-2, 131; and diary of Herman Kruk 8, 87, 91-2, 95, 99-100, 102, 106, 121-2; and diary of Lazar Epstein 7, 39, 66, 122; and diary of Masha Rolnikaite 39; and diary of Ruth Leymonson 39, 86; and diary of Yitzhak Rudashevski 1-2, 39, 54, 63, 102, 108, 122-3; and diary of Zelig Kalmanovich 12; duration of 37; and German administration of 59, 64, 69, 73, 92, 99; and guards 66, 69; and Jacob Gens 36, 60, 99; and Jewish council 36, 72-3, 95, 97; and Jewish police 54, 64, 69, 72, 84, 97, 101, 108-9, 133; and killings 75; and liquidation of 37, 86; and
Lithuanians 63-4, 76, 90-1, 102; and living conditions 36, 38; and local Poles 62-3, 90; and resistance 36; see also
164 Index 69-71, 84, 91, 101, 146; living conditions 36; and local Poles 26, 53, 62, 65, 69, 90, 103, 111; and Oytieg Shabes 10, 32-3; and robbing 61-2; and roundups 70-2, 74, 101; and smuggling 36, 53, 75; and Treblinka 31, 33, 110; and Ukrainians 72, 74, 90, 101-2; and women 12 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 12, 32-3 Warsaw University 32 Warthegau 26 Wasser, Bluma 32-3 Wasser, Hersh 8, 32-3, 64, 68-9, 74, 128-9, 131 Wiener, Bono 8, 29, 52, 55, 68, 127 Weissenberg, Yitshak Meir 148 women 27, 54, 101; and antisemitism 23; and beating 69; as diarists 12-3, 39; and ghetto guarding 73; and roundups 71; and Vilna ghetto 60, 66, 124, 131-2; and Warsaw ghetto 120 World War I 22-3, 25-6, 28-9, 35, 98-9 World War II 32, 87, 107, 121, 143, 146; and ghettos 3, 9; and Josef Zelkowicz 28; and language 7, 10, 25; and Lodz 26; and outbreak of 24, 99; and prewar Jewish life 20, 22, 24—6; and Vilna 35; and Warsaw 29, 32; and World War I 98-9; see also Final Solution; Holocaust Anatol Fried; Herman Kruk; Lazar Epstein; Ponar Volksdeutsche 30, 72 see ethnic Germans Voloshin, Sarah 39 Warsaw 9, 75, 89, 101, 103, 130; and diary of Abraham Lewin 7, 32, 134, 148; and diary ofEmanuel Ringelblum 32, 109-10, 118-20, 123; and diary of Hersh Wasser 8, 32-3, 128-9, 131; and diary of Menachem Mendel Kon 33; and ethnic Germans 30, 69; and German occupation 26, 35, 38, 125; and ghettoization 30, 120, 122-3; and Great Deportation 7, 33, 68, 134-6; and Israel Fürst 146; and Jewish police 146; Jewish Quarter 56; and Jews of 26, 30, 59; and language of diarists 10, 12-3; and Peretz Opoczynski 33; and prewar history
20, 29, 34; and prewar Jewish life in 20, 23-6; and World War I 35; and Yiddishist Grosser Library 38; and YIVO 33; see also Warsaw ghetto; Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Warsaw ghetto 13, 31, 40, 99, 123, 125, 129, 148; and anonymous diarists 12, 34, 118, 120-1; and diary of Abraham Lewin 7, 32, 52, 64, 69, 86, 134-6; and diary of Adam Czerniakow 12, 30; and diary of Chaim Kaplan 12, 107; and diary ofEmanuel Ringelblum 32, 87, 89-91, 94, 109-10, 118-20; and diary of Hersh Wasser 8, 32-3, 68, 74, 128-9; and diary ofjanusz Korczak 12; and diary of Menachem Mendel Kon 33, 101; and diary of Peretz Opoczynski 33—4, 74; and diary of Rachel Auerbach 10, 12; and diary of Shimon Huberband 33; and disease 31; and duration of 37; establishment of 30, 118, 127; and food supply 31; and German administrators 56; and Great Deportation 7, 30-1, 33, 68, 103, 134-5; and guarding 64; and hunger 31, 127; and Jewish council 30, 52, 56-9, 72, 97; and Jewish police 52, 54, Yiddish culture 23, 34 Yiddish diarists/diaries 13, 28, 32, 34, 38-9 Yiddish (language) 6-7, 10-5, 21-2, 24-5, 30, 34, 38, 40 Yiddish press 10, 22 Yiddishism 11 Yiddishist Grosser Library 38 YIVO 10, 23, 29, 32-3, 40, 87 Zelkowicz, Josef 7-8, 28, 58-9, 71, 75, 116, 136-9 Zionism 21, 24, 33, 107 Zionist Revisionist Party 60, 66 Zonabend, Nachman 28 Zubatov, Sergei Vasilyevich 96 Bayerisch© Stsatsbibllotgk München ? |
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| geographic | Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 gnd Warschau (DE-588)4079048-4 gnd Lodz (DE-588)4074299-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Vilnius Warschau Lodz |
| id | DE-604.BV049365217 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:53:02Z |
| indexdate | 2025-03-14T13:01:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032440187 103244018X 9781032440194 1032440198 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034625303 |
| oclc_num | 1374409270 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 |
| physical | xiii, 164 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240124 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge studies in Second World War history |
| spelling | Simon, Amy 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)1295556839 aut Emotions in Yiddish ghetto diaries encountering persecutors and questioning humanity Amy Simon London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2023 xiii, 164 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge studies in Second World War history Geschichte 1939-1944 gnd rswk-swf Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd rswk-swf Jiddisch (DE-588)4028614-9 gnd rswk-swf Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd rswk-swf Tagebuch (DE-588)4058900-6 gnd rswk-swf Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 gnd rswk-swf Warschau (DE-588)4079048-4 gnd rswk-swf Lodz (DE-588)4074299-4 gnd rswk-swf Holocaust victims / Poland / Diaries War diaries / Poland Jewish ghettos / Poland Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Poland / Personal narratives World War, 1939-1945 / Poland / Personal narratives Warschau (DE-588)4079048-4 g Lodz (DE-588)4074299-4 g Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 g Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 s Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 s Jiddisch (DE-588)4028614-9 s Tagebuch (DE-588)4058900-6 s Geschichte 1939-1944 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-032-44019-4 erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-36998-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034625303&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034625303&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034625303&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Simon, Amy 1956- Emotions in Yiddish ghetto diaries encountering persecutors and questioning humanity Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd Jiddisch (DE-588)4028614-9 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd Tagebuch (DE-588)4058900-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4157319-5 (DE-588)4028614-9 (DE-588)4028814-6 (DE-588)4058900-6 (DE-588)5057560-0 (DE-588)4079048-4 (DE-588)4074299-4 |
| title | Emotions in Yiddish ghetto diaries encountering persecutors and questioning humanity |
| title_auth | Emotions in Yiddish ghetto diaries encountering persecutors and questioning humanity |
| title_exact_search | Emotions in Yiddish ghetto diaries encountering persecutors and questioning humanity |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Emotions in Yiddish ghetto diaries encountering persecutors and questioning humanity |
| title_full | Emotions in Yiddish ghetto diaries encountering persecutors and questioning humanity Amy Simon |
| title_fullStr | Emotions in Yiddish ghetto diaries encountering persecutors and questioning humanity Amy Simon |
| title_full_unstemmed | Emotions in Yiddish ghetto diaries encountering persecutors and questioning humanity Amy Simon |
| title_short | Emotions in Yiddish ghetto diaries |
| title_sort | emotions in yiddish ghetto diaries encountering persecutors and questioning humanity |
| title_sub | encountering persecutors and questioning humanity |
| topic | Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd Jiddisch (DE-588)4028614-9 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd Tagebuch (DE-588)4058900-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Getto Jiddisch Judenverfolgung Tagebuch Vilnius Warschau Lodz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034625303&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034625303&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034625303&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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