Descartes and medicine: problems, responses and survival of a Cartesian discipline
"This volume provides a more exhaustive interpretation of René Descartes? medical views and its reception in the seventeenth century. Filling the gap in the recent scholarship, the contributions in the volume follow four axes: exegetical, textual, philosophical, and contextual. Authors in this...
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English Italian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Turnhout, Belgium
Brepols
[2023]
|
| Schriftenreihe: | The age of Descartes
volume 9 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This volume provides a more exhaustive interpretation of René Descartes? medical views and its reception in the seventeenth century. Filling the gap in the recent scholarship, the contributions in the volume follow four axes: exegetical, textual, philosophical, and contextual. Authors in this book deal with Descartes? physiology, anatomy, and therapy by reconstructing Cartesian texts, detailing possible medical and philosophical sources, discussing medical collaborations and oppositions, and exploring obscurities and failures in Descartes' medicine. In laying bare the more promising issues of Cartesian programme and discussing the reception and opposition in the seventeenth century, the volume also uncovers the limitations within his interpretation, ultimately revealing a more nuanced application of his methodology to a field of natural philosophy. While medical studies play a not secondary role in Descartes' entire work, the volume aims to discuss in detail the importance of medicine as a suitable field to understand Cartesian philosophy from a significant perspective in seventeenth-century Europe." |
| Beschreibung: | 484 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9782503594613 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV049362521 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20231018 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 231012s2023 a||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9782503594613 |c hbk |9 978-2-503-59461-3 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1376886372 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV049362521 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng |a ita | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Descartes and medicine |b problems, responses and survival of a Cartesian discipline |c edited by Fabrizio Baldassarri |
| 264 | 1 | |a Turnhout, Belgium |b Brepols |c [2023] | |
| 300 | |a 484 Seiten |b Illustrationen | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a The age of Descartes |v volume 9 | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "This volume provides a more exhaustive interpretation of René Descartes? medical views and its reception in the seventeenth century. Filling the gap in the recent scholarship, the contributions in the volume follow four axes: exegetical, textual, philosophical, and contextual. Authors in this book deal with Descartes? physiology, anatomy, and therapy by reconstructing Cartesian texts, detailing possible medical and philosophical sources, discussing medical collaborations and oppositions, and exploring obscurities and failures in Descartes' medicine. In laying bare the more promising issues of Cartesian programme and discussing the reception and opposition in the seventeenth century, the volume also uncovers the limitations within his interpretation, ultimately revealing a more nuanced application of his methodology to a field of natural philosophy. While medical studies play a not secondary role in Descartes' entire work, the volume aims to discuss in detail the importance of medicine as a suitable field to understand Cartesian philosophy from a significant perspective in seventeenth-century Europe." | |
| 546 | |a Beiträge überwiegend englisch, teilweise italienisch | ||
| 600 | 1 | 7 | |a Descartes, René |d 1596-1650 |0 (DE-588)118524844 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1650-1700 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Cartesianismus |0 (DE-588)4147364-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Medizin |0 (DE-588)4038243-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Europa |0 (DE-588)4015701-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Descartes, René |d 1596-1650 |0 (DE-588)118524844 |D p |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Medizin |0 (DE-588)4038243-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Europa |0 (DE-588)4015701-5 |D g |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Medizin |0 (DE-588)4038243-6 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 2 | |a Cartesianismus |0 (DE-588)4147364-4 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 3 | |a Geschichte 1650-1700 |A z |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Baldassarri, Fabrizio |0 (DE-588)1231373733 |4 edt | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-2-503-59462-0 |
| 830 | 0 | |a The age of Descartes |v volume 9 |w (DE-604)BV044698166 |9 9 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034622660&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 940 | 1 | |q BSB_NED_20231018 | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034622660 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 001.09 |e 22/bsb |f 09032 |g 44 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 610.9 |e 22/bsb |f 09032 |g 44 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804185903495643136 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents Acknowledgments 5 List of illustrations 11 List of contributors 13 Descartes’s Abbreviations 19 Introduction Lights Shadows in Descartes’s Medicine Fabrizio Baldassarri 21 Parti Descartes’s Medical Philosophy Sources and Texts, Dissections and Reflections Descartes’s Cartesian Medicine Past, Present, and Future Gideon Manning Epigenesis and Generative Power in Descartes’ Late Scholastic Sources Simone Guidi Ambroise Paré and René Descartes on Sensation in Amputated Limbs Jil Muller Anatomical Debates on Hearts and Brains and Philosophical Issues from Descartes’ Writing ofL Hotnme to its Posthumous Publications Annie Bitbol-Hespériès 43 59 81 99 The Medical Context of Descartes’s Dioptrique Tawrin Baker 121 AMedicine in the Shadows The Bio-Medical Manuscripts and a Compendium Descartes Never Published Fabrizio Baldassarri 141
8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Fermentation as ‘Heat-Rarefaction’ and Animal Spirits in Descartes’ Medical Philosophy Carmen Schmechel What Descartes’s Embryology Tells Us about his Dualism Lynda Gaudemard From the Animal Instinct to the Mind’s Acknowledgement of the (In) Commoda in Descartes Clément Raymond Madness and Dream in Descartes’s First Meditation Jan Forsman Malattie e metafisica La prova patologica Franco A. Meschini 161 185 203 215 229 Part 2 Reception And Opposition Cartesian Medicine and Cartesianism Mercurius Cosmopolita alias Andreas of Habernfeld The Hermetic Response to Descartes Erik-Jan Bos 263 The Rules ofAnatomy: On the Empiricisms of Descartes and Harvey Benjamin Goldberg 285 The Lost Dictata of Henricus Regius Andrea Strazzoni 315 A British Response to The Passions of the Soul Daniel Samuel 345 Jacques Rohault on Medicine Mihnea Dobre 361 On Cartesian Embryology A Debate on Monsters at the Вourdelot Academy Elena Rapetti 377 The Cartesian Physiology ofJohann Jakob Waldschmidt Nabeel Hamid 393
TABLE OF CONTENTS Cartesianism between Northern Europe, Germany, and the Medici Court 411 Charting a New Map Stefano Gulizia “Se fusse meno cartesiano lo stimarei molto” Anti-Cartesian Motifs in Itähän Medicine Maria Conforti 437 Embodied Difference and the Cartesian Soul Pierre-Sylvain Régis and the Pineal Gland Problem Aaron Spink 4SI Beyond Mechanical Life Biological Processes in the Seventeenth Century Laurynas Adomaitis 467 9
|
| adam_txt |
Table of Contents Acknowledgments 5 List of illustrations 11 List of contributors 13 Descartes’s Abbreviations 19 Introduction Lights Shadows in Descartes’s Medicine Fabrizio Baldassarri 21 Parti Descartes’s Medical Philosophy Sources and Texts, Dissections and Reflections Descartes’s Cartesian Medicine Past, Present, and Future Gideon Manning Epigenesis and Generative Power in Descartes’ Late Scholastic Sources Simone Guidi Ambroise Paré and René Descartes on Sensation in Amputated Limbs Jil Muller Anatomical Debates on Hearts and Brains and Philosophical Issues from Descartes’ Writing ofL'Hotnme to its Posthumous Publications Annie Bitbol-Hespériès 43 59 81 99 The Medical Context of Descartes’s Dioptrique Tawrin Baker 121 AMedicine in the Shadows The Bio-Medical Manuscripts and a Compendium Descartes Never Published Fabrizio Baldassarri 141
8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Fermentation as ‘Heat-Rarefaction’ and Animal Spirits in Descartes’ Medical Philosophy Carmen Schmechel What Descartes’s Embryology Tells Us about his Dualism Lynda Gaudemard From the Animal Instinct to the Mind’s Acknowledgement of the (In) Commoda in Descartes Clément Raymond Madness and Dream in Descartes’s First Meditation Jan Forsman Malattie e metafisica La prova patologica Franco A. Meschini 161 185 203 215 229 Part 2 Reception And Opposition Cartesian Medicine and Cartesianism Mercurius Cosmopolita alias Andreas of Habernfeld The Hermetic Response to Descartes Erik-Jan Bos 263 The Rules ofAnatomy: On the Empiricisms of Descartes and Harvey Benjamin Goldberg 285 The Lost Dictata of Henricus Regius Andrea Strazzoni 315 A British Response to The Passions of the Soul Daniel Samuel 345 Jacques Rohault on Medicine Mihnea Dobre 361 On Cartesian Embryology A Debate on Monsters at the Вourdelot Academy Elena Rapetti 377 The Cartesian Physiology ofJohann Jakob Waldschmidt Nabeel Hamid 393
TABLE OF CONTENTS Cartesianism between Northern Europe, Germany, and the Medici Court 411 Charting a New Map Stefano Gulizia “Se fusse meno cartesiano lo stimarei molto” Anti-Cartesian Motifs in Itähän Medicine Maria Conforti 437 Embodied Difference and the Cartesian Soul Pierre-Sylvain Régis and the Pineal Gland Problem Aaron Spink 4SI Beyond Mechanical Life Biological Processes in the Seventeenth Century Laurynas Adomaitis 467 9 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Baldassarri, Fabrizio |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | f b fb |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1231373733 |
| author_facet | Baldassarri, Fabrizio |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049362521 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1376886372 (DE-599)BVBBV049362521 |
| era | Geschichte 1650-1700 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1650-1700 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>03258nam a2200517 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV049362521</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20231018 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">231012s2023 a||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9782503594613</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-2-503-59461-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1376886372</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV049362521</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield><subfield code="a">ita</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Descartes and medicine</subfield><subfield code="b">problems, responses and survival of a Cartesian discipline</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by Fabrizio Baldassarri</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Turnhout, Belgium</subfield><subfield code="b">Brepols</subfield><subfield code="c">[2023]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">484 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">The age of Descartes</subfield><subfield code="v">volume 9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"This volume provides a more exhaustive interpretation of René Descartes? medical views and its reception in the seventeenth century. Filling the gap in the recent scholarship, the contributions in the volume follow four axes: exegetical, textual, philosophical, and contextual. Authors in this book deal with Descartes? physiology, anatomy, and therapy by reconstructing Cartesian texts, detailing possible medical and philosophical sources, discussing medical collaborations and oppositions, and exploring obscurities and failures in Descartes' medicine. In laying bare the more promising issues of Cartesian programme and discussing the reception and opposition in the seventeenth century, the volume also uncovers the limitations within his interpretation, ultimately revealing a more nuanced application of his methodology to a field of natural philosophy. While medical studies play a not secondary role in Descartes' entire work, the volume aims to discuss in detail the importance of medicine as a suitable field to understand Cartesian philosophy from a significant perspective in seventeenth-century Europe."</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="546" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Beiträge überwiegend englisch, teilweise italienisch</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="600" ind1="1" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Descartes, René</subfield><subfield code="d">1596-1650</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)118524844</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1650-1700</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Cartesianismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4147364-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Medizin</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4038243-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Europa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4015701-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Descartes, René</subfield><subfield code="d">1596-1650</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)118524844</subfield><subfield code="D">p</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Medizin</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4038243-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Europa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4015701-5</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Medizin</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4038243-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Cartesianismus</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4147364-4</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1650-1700</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Baldassarri, Fabrizio</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1231373733</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-2-503-59462-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The age of Descartes</subfield><subfield code="v">volume 9</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV044698166</subfield><subfield code="9">9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034622660&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">BSB_NED_20231018</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034622660</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">001.09</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09032</subfield><subfield code="g">44</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">610.9</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09032</subfield><subfield code="g">44</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV049362521 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:52:24Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T10:02:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9782503594613 |
| language | English Italian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034622660 |
| oclc_num | 1376886372 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 484 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20231018 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Brepols |
| record_format | marc |
| series | The age of Descartes |
| series2 | The age of Descartes |
| spelling | Descartes and medicine problems, responses and survival of a Cartesian discipline edited by Fabrizio Baldassarri Turnhout, Belgium Brepols [2023] 484 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The age of Descartes volume 9 "This volume provides a more exhaustive interpretation of René Descartes? medical views and its reception in the seventeenth century. Filling the gap in the recent scholarship, the contributions in the volume follow four axes: exegetical, textual, philosophical, and contextual. Authors in this book deal with Descartes? physiology, anatomy, and therapy by reconstructing Cartesian texts, detailing possible medical and philosophical sources, discussing medical collaborations and oppositions, and exploring obscurities and failures in Descartes' medicine. In laying bare the more promising issues of Cartesian programme and discussing the reception and opposition in the seventeenth century, the volume also uncovers the limitations within his interpretation, ultimately revealing a more nuanced application of his methodology to a field of natural philosophy. While medical studies play a not secondary role in Descartes' entire work, the volume aims to discuss in detail the importance of medicine as a suitable field to understand Cartesian philosophy from a significant perspective in seventeenth-century Europe." Beiträge überwiegend englisch, teilweise italienisch Descartes, René 1596-1650 (DE-588)118524844 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1650-1700 gnd rswk-swf Cartesianismus (DE-588)4147364-4 gnd rswk-swf Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Descartes, René 1596-1650 (DE-588)118524844 p Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 s DE-604 Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Cartesianismus (DE-588)4147364-4 s Geschichte 1650-1700 z Baldassarri, Fabrizio (DE-588)1231373733 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-2-503-59462-0 The age of Descartes volume 9 (DE-604)BV044698166 9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034622660&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Descartes and medicine problems, responses and survival of a Cartesian discipline The age of Descartes Descartes, René 1596-1650 (DE-588)118524844 gnd Cartesianismus (DE-588)4147364-4 gnd Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118524844 (DE-588)4147364-4 (DE-588)4038243-6 (DE-588)4015701-5 |
| title | Descartes and medicine problems, responses and survival of a Cartesian discipline |
| title_auth | Descartes and medicine problems, responses and survival of a Cartesian discipline |
| title_exact_search | Descartes and medicine problems, responses and survival of a Cartesian discipline |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Descartes and medicine problems, responses and survival of a Cartesian discipline |
| title_full | Descartes and medicine problems, responses and survival of a Cartesian discipline edited by Fabrizio Baldassarri |
| title_fullStr | Descartes and medicine problems, responses and survival of a Cartesian discipline edited by Fabrizio Baldassarri |
| title_full_unstemmed | Descartes and medicine problems, responses and survival of a Cartesian discipline edited by Fabrizio Baldassarri |
| title_short | Descartes and medicine |
| title_sort | descartes and medicine problems responses and survival of a cartesian discipline |
| title_sub | problems, responses and survival of a Cartesian discipline |
| topic | Descartes, René 1596-1650 (DE-588)118524844 gnd Cartesianismus (DE-588)4147364-4 gnd Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Descartes, René 1596-1650 Cartesianismus Medizin Europa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034622660&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV044698166 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT baldassarrifabrizio descartesandmedicineproblemsresponsesandsurvivalofacartesiandiscipline |