English for writing research papers:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cham, Switzerland
Springer
[2023]
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| Ausgabe: | Third edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | English for academic research
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 338 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9783031310713 |
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| adam_text | Contents Part I 1 Writing Skills Planning and Preparation............................................................................ 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 2 Why should I publish? How do I know whether my research is worth publishing?............................................................................. Should I write the initial draft in my own language rather than writing it directly in English?..................................................... Which journal should I choose?.......................................................... How do I know what style and structure to use?.............................. What preparation do I need to do?...................................................... How can I create a template?.............................................................. Writing style: how do I keep the referees happy?............................ In what order should I write the various sections?............................ How can I highlight my key findings?............................................... How can I improve the chances of my paper not only being published, but also being read, understood and cited?.............................................................................................. I know that the recommendations in this book about writing simply and clearly will improve the readability of my paper, but my professor........................................................... Summary.............................................................................................. Word order and
sentence length................................................................. Basic word order in English: subject + verb + object + indirect object................................................................................... 2.2 Place the subject before the verb....................................................... 2.3 Keep the subject and verb close to each other.................................. 2.4 Avoid inserting parenthetical information between the subject and the verb......................................................................................... 2.5 Don’t separate the verb from its direct object.................................. 2.6 Put the direct object before the indirect object................................ 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 2.1 20 21 22 23 24 25 vii
X Contents 6.12 Show your paper to a non-expert and get them to underline your key findings................................................................... 106 6.13 Summary....................................................................................... 106 7 8 9 Discussing your limitations.................................................................. 7.1 What are my limitations? Should I mention them?........................ 7.2 Recognize the importance of ‘bad data’....................................... 7.3 How to avoid losing credibility...................................................... 7.4 Be constructive in how you present your limitations...................... 7.5 Clarify exactly what your limitations are........................................ 7.6 Anticipate alternative interpretations of your data.......................... 7.7 Refer to other authors who experienced similar problems............ 7.8 Tell the reader that with the current state-of-the-art this problem is not solvable................................................... 116 7.9 Explain why you did not study certain data.................................... 7.10 Don’t end your paper by talking about your limitations................ 7.11 Summary....................................................................................... 109 110 Ill 112 113 114 115 115 Readability.............................................................................................. 8.1 You are responsible for enabling your readers to understand what you have
written........................................................... 120 8.2 Basic rules of readability............................................................... 8.3 Place the various elements in your sentence in the most logical order possible: don’t force the reader to have to change their perspective..................................................... 121 8.4 Don’t force readers to hold a lot of preliminary information in their head before giving them the main information......... 122 8.5 Try to be as concrete as possible as soon as possible.................... 8.6 When drawing the reader’s attention to something use the least number of words possible................................. 124 8.7 State your aim before giving the reasons for it.............................. 8.8 Be as specific as possible................................................................ 8.9 Avoid creating strings of nouns that describe other nouns........... 8.10 Be careful how you use personal pronouns and avoid stereotyping........................................................................... 128 8.11 Summary....................................................................................... 119 Chatbots.................................................................................................. 9.1 What are the key things I need to know about chatbots?................ 9.2 What prompts (instructions) can I use to get a chatbot to fulfill my request?............................................................. 133 9.3 How can I see the changes that the bot has made? What can I
learn from the list of changes generated?.................... 9.4 What good corrections do chatbots make?.................................... 9.5 What can’t GPT do? Is it a good idea to pre-edit my original text that I wrote in English?................................................... 138 117 117 118 121 123 125 125 127 129 131 133 134 136
Contents 9.6 What kinds of grammar mistakes does a bot currently fail to correct?............................................................................... 139 9.7 What kinds of errors will a bot probably never be able to correct?............................................................................... 140 9.8 What the most dangerous errors that chatbots make when revising a text in English?........................................... 141 9.9 What are the dangers of modifying the chatbot’s version? Is there a solution?................................................................. 142 9.10 What decisions do I need to make before rejecting a change made by GPT?....................................................................... 142 9.11 Will a chatbot negatively affect my writing style?.......................... 9.12 How can I assess whether the bot’s version is actually better than my original version?....................................................... 144 9.13 Using AI to generate a rebuttal letter and other types of email.... 9.14 When not to use a bot to generate / correct an email...................... 9.15 How easy is it to tell that a text has been generated by artificial intelligence?....................................................... 147 9.16 Is using a chatbot an act of plagiarism?.......................................... 9.17 Summary........................................................................................ 10 Automatic translation............................................................................ 10.1 How does this
chapter differ from the chapter on translation in the companion volume on Grammar, Usage and Style?.......... 10.2 Should I use machine translation? Which application?................ 10.3 Pre-editing: how to improve the chances of getting an accurate automatic translation........................................ 154 10.4 Grammar and vocabulary areas where MT may be more accurate than you.................................................. 156 10.5 Typical areas where automatic translators may make mistakes in English if your language is not a major language.......... 158 10.6 Areas where machine translation will not help you even if your language is a major language.................................. 160 10.7 The dangers of using machine translation.................................... 10.8 How can I combine my use of machine translation with a chatbot?............................................................................ 163 10.9 Will I still improve my level of English if I use machine translators and chatbots?.................................................... 164 10.10 Do NOT use an automatic translator to check your English........ 10.11 A note for EAP teachers.............................................................. 10.12 Summary...................................................................................... XI 143 145 146 148 149 151 152 153 162 166 166 167
Contents xii Part II 11 Sections of a Paper Titles............................................................................................................... 171 11.1 How important is my title?............................................................. 171 11.2 How can I generate a title?............................................................. 172 11.3 Should I try to include some verbs in my title?............................. 173 11.4 How will prepositions help to make my title clearer?................... 174 11.5 Are articles (a / an, the) necessary?............................................... 176 11.6 Will adjectives such as innovative and novel attract attention?. .. 177 11.7 What other criteria should I use to decide whether to include certain words or not?......................................... 178 11.8 How should I punctuate my title? What words should I capitalize?........................................................................ 179 11.9 How can I make my title shorter?............................................... 179 11.10 How can I make my title sound more dynamic?......................... 180 11.11 Can I use my title to make a claim?............................................. 181 11.12 Are questions in titles a good way to attract attention?............... 182 11.13 When is a two-part title a good idea?........................................... 182 11.14 How should I write a title for a conference?............................... 183 11.15 What is a running title?............................................................... 183 11.16
Is using an automatic spell check enough?................................. 185 11.17 Using a chatbot to generate or improve your title....................... 185 11.18 Summary: How can I assess the quality of my title?................... 187 How should I select my key words?........................................... What is a structured abstract?..................................................... What style should I use: personal or impersonal?....................... How should I begin my Abstract?............................................... How much background information should I give?..................... What tenses should I use?........................................................... Why and how should I be concise?............................................. What should I not mention in my Abstract?............................... How can I ensure that my Abstract has maximum impact?......... How can chatbots help me improve my Abstract?....................... Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Abstract?........... 189 190 191 192 193 194 196 197 200 201 203 204 204 204 205 13 Abstracts: Particular types....................................................................... 207 12 Abstracts: Standard types......................................................................... 12.1 What is an abstract? When should I write it?............................... 12.2 How important is the Abstract?................................................... 12.3 Where is the Abstract located? What are ‘highlights’ ?............... 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9
12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 I have never written an Abstract before. I don’t know where to start. Could I chatbot help me?........................... 208 13.2 Social and behavioral sciences. How should I structure my abstract? How much background information?............ 209 13.1
X111 Contents 13 3 13 4 13 5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 I am a historian. We don’t necessarily get ‘results’ or follow a specific methodology. What should I do?........................ 210 1am writing an abstract for a presentation at a conference. What do I need to be aware of?.......................................... 212 How do I write an abstract for a work in progress that will be presented at a conference?.............................. 213 What is an Extended Abstract?.................................................... What is a video abstract? How can I make one?.......................... My aim is to have my paper published in Nature. Is a Nature abstract different from abstracts in other journals?............ 215 I know I need to end my Abstract with a view of the big picture. How can I use a chatbot to suggest to me what the implications of my research are?............................................................ 216 How do journal editors and conference review committees assess the abstracts that they receive?................................ 218 Summary..................................................................................... 214 214 219 14 Introduction............................................................................................ 221 14.1 What is an Introduction?............................................................. 222 14.2 How should I structure it? How long should it be?...................... 222 14.3 How does an Introduction differ from an Abstract?...................... 223 14.4 How should I begin my
Introduction?........................................... 225 14.5 How should I structure the rest of the Introduction?..................... 227 14.6 What tenses should I use?............................................................ 230 14.7 How long should the paragraphs be?............................................. 232 14.8 How should I outline the structure of the restof my paper?.......... 233 14.9 My research area is not a ‘hard’ science. Are there any other ways of beginning an introduction?.............................. 234 14.10 Can a chatbot help me to write my Introduction?........................ 235 14.11 Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Introduction? .... 236 15 Writing a Review of the Literature...................................................... 15.1 I need to write a Review Paper. How should I structure my Abstract? What are my aims and conclusions?...................... 15.2 How should I structure my review of the literature in my Introduction to my paper?.................................................. 15.3 How should I begin my literature review? How can I structure it to show the progress through the years?......................... 240 15.4 What is the clearest way to refer to other authors? Should I focus on the authors or their ideas?................................ 15.5 How can I talk about the limitations of previous work and the novelty of my work in a constructive and diplomatic way?.......................................................... 243 15.6 How can I reduce the amount I write when reporting the
literature?...................................................................... 244 237 238 239 241
Contents xiv 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 16 In my review I need mention what other authors have written. How should I do this?........................................................ 245 How can I quote directly from other papers?................................ How can I use a hot to help me paraphrase?................................ How to quote from another paper by paraphrasing...................... Paraphrasing: a simple example.................................................... Paraphrasing: how it can help you write correct English.............. What are some more quick tips for writing a review paper?........ How should I conclude a Review Paper?...................................... Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Literature Review?.................................................... 252 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 Methods.................................................................................................. 255 16.1 What is a Method’s section?......................................................... 256 16.2 Are there any ways that a chatbot could help me with my Methods section?................................................. 257 16.3 How should I structure the Methods?.......................................... 258 16.4 What style: should I use the active or passive? What tenses should I use?..................................................................... 259 16.5 How should I begin the Methods?................................................ 261 16.6 My methods use a standard / previous procedure. Do I need
to describe the methods in detail?...................... 262 16.7 Should I describe everything in chronological order?.................. 263 16.8 How many actions / steps can I refer to in a single sentence?.... 263 16.9 How can I reduce the number of words but avoid my Methods appearing like a series of lists?...................... 265 16.10 What potential errors of grammar and syntax do I need to be careful of?.................................................................. 265 16.11 What other points should I include in the Methods? How should I end the Methods?........................................ 268 16.12 Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Methods section?...................................................... 268 17 Results..................................................................................................... 271 17.1 What is a Results section?............................................................ 272 17.2 How should I structure the Results?............................................ 273 17.3 How should I begin the Results?.................................................. 274 17.4 What tenses and style should I use when reporting my Results?........................................................................ 275 17.5 Should I report any negative results?............................................ 275 17.6 How can I show my readers the value of my data, rather than just telling them?........................................................ 276 17.7 How should I comment on my tables and figures?...................... 277 17.8 What
more do I need to know about commenting on tables? .... 278 17.9 How can I use a chatbot to help me write the Results section?... 279 17.10 What about legends and captions?................................................ 281
Contents 17 11 My research was based on various surveys and interviews. How should I report quotations from the people we interviewed?............................................................................ 17.12 Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Results section?.. 18 Discussion................................................................................................ 18.1 What is a Discussion?................................................................... 18.2 How should I structure the Discussion?......................................... 18.3 Active or passive? What kind of writing style should I use?........ 18.4 How should I begin the Discussion?............................................ 18.5 Why and how should I compare my work with that of others?. .. 18.6 How can I give my interpretation of my data while taking into account other possible interpretations that I do not agree with?.................................................................................... 293 18.7 How can I use seems and appears to admit that I have not investigated all possible cases?.................................... 18.8 What about the literature that does not support my findings - should I mention it?...................................... 294 18.9 How can I show the pitfalls of other works in the literature? .... 18.10 Should I discuss the limitations of my research?......................... 18.11 How can I be more concise?....................................................... 18.12 How can I use a chatbot to help me with my Discussion?........... 18.13 What are
the dangers of using a chatbot to help me write my Discussion?.................................................................................. 18.14 How long should the paragraphs be?........................................... 18.15 How should I end the Discussion if I have a Conclusions section?........................................................................................ 18.16 How should I end the Discussion if I do not have a Conclusions section?........................................ 18.17 Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Discussion?........ 19 Conclusions............................................................................................ 19.1 What is the purpose of the Conclusions section?.......................... 19.2 What tenses should I use?............................................................ 19.3 I have no idea how to write a Conclusions section. Is there a quick way that a chatbot could help me?...................... 19.4 How should I structure the Conclusions?.................................... 19.5 How can I differentiate my Conclusions from my Abstract?........ 19.6 How can I differentiate my Conclusions from my Introduction and from the last paragraph of my Discussion?........................................................................ 19.7 How can I increase the impact of the first sentence of my Conclusions?............................................................ 311 19.8 I don’t have any clear Conclusions, what can I do? Should I mention my limitations?..................................... 312 19.9 How can I
end my Conclusions?.................................................. XV 282 283 285 286 287 288 289 290 293 294 295 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 303 304 305 306 308 308 310 313
19.10 To be honest, I don’t really know what the implications of my research are or what possible avenues for future research there are. How could a chatbot help me?.............. 314 19.11 How should I write the Acknowledgements? ................................ 19.12 Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Conclusions? .... 20 The Final Check.................................................................................... 20.1 How good is my paper?............................................................... 20.2 Use AI to check your paper, then print it out............................... 20.3 Check your paper for readability................................................. 20.4 Always have the referee in mind................................................. 20.5 What to do if your paper is subject to a ‘blind’ review............... 20.6 Be careful with cut and pastes..................................................... 20.7 Make sure everything is consistent............................................. 20.8 Check that your English is suitably formal................................. 20.9 Don’t underestimate the importance of spelling mistakes........... 20.10 Write a good letter / email to accompany your manuscript......... 20.11 Keep an open mind and deal with rejections in a positive way... 20.12 Take the editor’s and reviewers’ comments seriously................. 20.13 A final word from the author: Let’s put a bit of fun into scientific writing!....................................................... 328 20.14 Summary of this
chapter............................................................. 20.15 Summary of the entire book: 10 key concepts............................. 315 315 317 318 320 321 322 322 323 323 324 325 326 326 327 329 330 Additional information.................................................................................. 331 Index................................................................................................................ 337
nglish for Writing Research Papers Publishing your research in an international journal is key to your success in academia. This guide draws on over 1000 manuscripts and reviewers reports revealing why papers written by non-native researchers may be rejected due to poor English. With easy-to-follow rules and tips, you will learn how to: • prepare and structure a manuscript • increase readability and reduce the number of mistakes you make in English by writing concisely, with no redundancy and no ambiguity • write a title and an abstract that will attract attention and be read • write the sections of a paper (Introduction, Methods, etc) • choose the correct tenses and style • satisfy the requirements of editors and reviewers This edition has two completely new chapters covering machine translation and using AI tools (e.g. chatbots, paraphrasers, editing tools) to improve and correct the English of a text. Other titles in this series: • Grammar, Usage and Style • Grammar, Vocabulary, and Writing Exercises (three volumes) • loo Tips to Avoid Mistakes in Academic Writing and Presenting • English for Presentations at International Conferences • English for Academic Correspondence • English for Academic CVs, Resumes, and Online Profiles • English for Academic Research: A Guide for Teachers
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Contents Part I 1 Writing Skills Planning and Preparation. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 2 Why should I publish? How do I know whether my research is worth publishing?. Should I write the initial draft in my own language rather than writing it directly in English?. Which journal should I choose?. How do I know what style and structure to use?. What preparation do I need to do?. How can I create a template?. Writing style: how do I keep the referees happy?. In what order should I write the various sections?. How can I highlight my key findings?. How can I improve the chances of my paper not only being published, but also being read, understood and cited?. I know that the recommendations in this book about writing simply and clearly will improve the readability of my paper, but my professor. Summary. Word order and
sentence length. Basic word order in English: subject + verb + object + indirect object. 2.2 Place the subject before the verb. 2.3 Keep the subject and verb close to each other. 2.4 Avoid inserting parenthetical information between the subject and the verb. 2.5 Don’t separate the verb from its direct object. 2.6 Put the direct object before the indirect object. 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 2.1 20 21 22 23 24 25 vii
X Contents 6.12 Show your paper to a non-expert and get them to underline your key findings. 106 6.13 Summary. 106 7 8 9 Discussing your limitations. 7.1 What are my limitations? Should I mention them?. 7.2 Recognize the importance of ‘bad data’. 7.3 How to avoid losing credibility. 7.4 Be constructive in how you present your limitations. 7.5 Clarify exactly what your limitations are. 7.6 Anticipate alternative interpretations of your data. 7.7 Refer to other authors who experienced similar problems. 7.8 Tell the reader that with the current state-of-the-art this problem is not solvable. 116 7.9 Explain why you did not study certain data. 7.10 Don’t end your paper by talking about your limitations. 7.11 Summary. 109 110 Ill 112 113 114 115 115 Readability. 8.1 You are responsible for enabling your readers to understand what you have
written. 120 8.2 Basic rules of readability. 8.3 Place the various elements in your sentence in the most logical order possible: don’t force the reader to have to change their perspective. 121 8.4 Don’t force readers to hold a lot of preliminary information in their head before giving them the main information. 122 8.5 Try to be as concrete as possible as soon as possible. 8.6 When drawing the reader’s attention to something use the least number of words possible. 124 8.7 State your aim before giving the reasons for it. 8.8 Be as specific as possible. 8.9 Avoid creating strings of nouns that describe other nouns. 8.10 Be careful how you use personal pronouns and avoid stereotyping. 128 8.11 Summary. 119 Chatbots. 9.1 What are the key things I need to know about chatbots?. 9.2 What prompts (instructions) can I use to get a chatbot to fulfill my request?. 133 9.3 How can I see the changes that the bot has made? What can I
learn from the list of changes generated?. 9.4 What good corrections do chatbots make?. 9.5 What can’t GPT do? Is it a good idea to pre-edit my original text that I wrote in English?. 138 117 117 118 121 123 125 125 127 129 131 133 134 136
Contents 9.6 What kinds of grammar mistakes does a bot currently fail to correct?. 139 9.7 What kinds of errors will a bot probably never be able to correct?. 140 9.8 What the most dangerous errors that chatbots make when revising a text in English?. 141 9.9 What are the dangers of modifying the chatbot’s version? Is there a solution?. 142 9.10 What decisions do I need to make before rejecting a change made by GPT?. 142 9.11 Will a chatbot negatively affect my writing style?. 9.12 How can I assess whether the bot’s version is actually better than my original version?. 144 9.13 Using AI to generate a rebuttal letter and other types of email. 9.14 When not to use a bot to generate / correct an email. 9.15 How easy is it to tell that a text has been generated by artificial intelligence?. 147 9.16 Is using a chatbot an act of plagiarism?. 9.17 Summary. 10 Automatic translation. 10.1 How does this
chapter differ from the chapter on translation in the companion volume on Grammar, Usage and Style?. 10.2 Should I use machine translation? Which application?. 10.3 Pre-editing: how to improve the chances of getting an accurate automatic translation. 154 10.4 Grammar and vocabulary areas where MT may be more accurate than you. 156 10.5 Typical areas where automatic translators may make mistakes in English if your language is not a major language. 158 10.6 Areas where machine translation will not help you even if your language is a major language. 160 10.7 The dangers of using machine translation. 10.8 How can I combine my use of machine translation with a chatbot?. 163 10.9 Will I still improve my level of English if I use machine translators and chatbots?. 164 10.10 Do NOT use an automatic translator to check your English. 10.11 A note for EAP teachers. 10.12 Summary. XI 143 145 146 148 149 151 152 153 162 166 166 167
Contents xii Part II 11 Sections of a Paper Titles. 171 11.1 How important is my title?. 171 11.2 How can I generate a title?. 172 11.3 Should I try to include some verbs in my title?. 173 11.4 How will prepositions help to make my title clearer?. 174 11.5 Are articles (a / an, the) necessary?. 176 11.6 Will adjectives such as innovative and novel attract attention?. . 177 11.7 What other criteria should I use to decide whether to include certain words or not?. 178 11.8 How should I punctuate my title? What words should I capitalize?. 179 11.9 How can I make my title shorter?. 179 11.10 How can I make my title sound more dynamic?. 180 11.11 Can I use my title to make a claim?. 181 11.12 Are questions in titles a good way to attract attention?. 182 11.13 When is a two-part title a good idea?. 182 11.14 How should I write a title for a conference?. 183 11.15 What is a running title?. 183 11.16
Is using an automatic spell check enough?. 185 11.17 Using a chatbot to generate or improve your title. 185 11.18 Summary: How can I assess the quality of my title?. 187 How should I select my key words?. What is a structured abstract?. What style should I use: personal or impersonal?. How should I begin my Abstract?. How much background information should I give?. What tenses should I use?. Why and how should I be concise?. What should I not mention in my Abstract?. How can I ensure that my Abstract has maximum impact?. How can chatbots help me improve my Abstract?. Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Abstract?. 189 190 191 192 193 194 196 197 200 201 203 204 204 204 205 13 Abstracts: Particular types. 207 12 Abstracts: Standard types. 12.1 What is an abstract? When should I write it?. 12.2 How important is the Abstract?. 12.3 Where is the Abstract located? What are ‘highlights’ ?. 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9
12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 I have never written an Abstract before. I don’t know where to start. Could I chatbot help me?. 208 13.2 Social and behavioral sciences. How should I structure my abstract? How much background information?. 209 13.1
X111 Contents 13 3 13 4 13 5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 I am a historian. We don’t necessarily get ‘results’ or follow a specific methodology. What should I do?. 210 1am writing an abstract for a presentation at a conference. What do I need to be aware of?. 212 How do I write an abstract for a work in progress that will be presented at a conference?. 213 What is an Extended Abstract?. What is a video abstract? How can I make one?. My aim is to have my paper published in Nature. Is a Nature abstract different from abstracts in other journals?. 215 I know I need to end my Abstract with a view of the big picture. How can I use a chatbot to suggest to me what the implications of my research are?. 216 How do journal editors and conference review committees assess the abstracts that they receive?. 218 Summary. 214 214 219 14 Introduction. 221 14.1 What is an Introduction?. 222 14.2 How should I structure it? How long should it be?. 222 14.3 How does an Introduction differ from an Abstract?. 223 14.4 How should I begin my
Introduction?. 225 14.5 How should I structure the rest of the Introduction?. 227 14.6 What tenses should I use?. 230 14.7 How long should the paragraphs be?. 232 14.8 How should I outline the structure of the restof my paper?. 233 14.9 My research area is not a ‘hard’ science. Are there any other ways of beginning an introduction?. 234 14.10 Can a chatbot help me to write my Introduction?. 235 14.11 Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Introduction? . 236 15 Writing a Review of the Literature. 15.1 I need to write a Review Paper. How should I structure my Abstract? What are my aims and conclusions?. 15.2 How should I structure my review of the literature in my Introduction to my paper?. 15.3 How should I begin my literature review? How can I structure it to show the progress through the years?. 240 15.4 What is the clearest way to refer to other authors? Should I focus on the authors or their ideas?. 15.5 How can I talk about the limitations of previous work and the novelty of my work in a constructive and diplomatic way?. 243 15.6 How can I reduce the amount I write when reporting the
literature?. 244 237 238 239 241
Contents xiv 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 16 In my review I need mention what other authors have written. How should I do this?. 245 How can I quote directly from other papers?. How can I use a hot to help me paraphrase?. How to quote from another paper by paraphrasing. Paraphrasing: a simple example. Paraphrasing: how it can help you write correct English. What are some more quick tips for writing a review paper?. How should I conclude a Review Paper?. Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Literature Review?. 252 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 Methods. 255 16.1 What is a Method’s section?. 256 16.2 Are there any ways that a chatbot could help me with my Methods section?. 257 16.3 How should I structure the Methods?. 258 16.4 What style: should I use the active or passive? What tenses should I use?. 259 16.5 How should I begin the Methods?. 261 16.6 My methods use a standard / previous procedure. Do I need
to describe the methods in detail?. 262 16.7 Should I describe everything in chronological order?. 263 16.8 How many actions / steps can I refer to in a single sentence?. 263 16.9 How can I reduce the number of words but avoid my Methods appearing like a series of lists?. 265 16.10 What potential errors of grammar and syntax do I need to be careful of?. 265 16.11 What other points should I include in the Methods? How should I end the Methods?. 268 16.12 Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Methods section?. 268 17 Results. 271 17.1 What is a Results section?. 272 17.2 How should I structure the Results?. 273 17.3 How should I begin the Results?. 274 17.4 What tenses and style should I use when reporting my Results?. 275 17.5 Should I report any negative results?. 275 17.6 How can I show my readers the value of my data, rather than just telling them?. 276 17.7 How should I comment on my tables and figures?. 277 17.8 What
more do I need to know about commenting on tables? . 278 17.9 How can I use a chatbot to help me write the Results section?. 279 17.10 What about legends and captions?. 281
Contents 17 11 My research was based on various surveys and interviews. How should I report quotations from the people we interviewed?. 17.12 Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Results section?. 18 Discussion. 18.1 What is a Discussion?. 18.2 How should I structure the Discussion?. 18.3 Active or passive? What kind of writing style should I use?. 18.4 How should I begin the Discussion?. 18.5 Why and how should I compare my work with that of others?. . 18.6 How can I give my interpretation of my data while taking into account other possible interpretations that I do not agree with?. 293 18.7 How can I use seems and appears to admit that I have not investigated all possible cases?. 18.8 What about the literature that does not support my findings - should I mention it?. 294 18.9 How can I show the pitfalls of other works in the literature? . 18.10 Should I discuss the limitations of my research?. 18.11 How can I be more concise?. 18.12 How can I use a chatbot to help me with my Discussion?. 18.13 What are
the dangers of using a chatbot to help me write my Discussion?. 18.14 How long should the paragraphs be?. 18.15 How should I end the Discussion if I have a Conclusions section?. 18.16 How should I end the Discussion if I do not have a Conclusions section?. 18.17 Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Discussion?. 19 Conclusions. 19.1 What is the purpose of the Conclusions section?. 19.2 What tenses should I use?. 19.3 I have no idea how to write a Conclusions section. Is there a quick way that a chatbot could help me?. 19.4 How should I structure the Conclusions?. 19.5 How can I differentiate my Conclusions from my Abstract?. 19.6 How can I differentiate my Conclusions from my Introduction and from the last paragraph of my Discussion?. 19.7 How can I increase the impact of the first sentence of my Conclusions?. 311 19.8 I don’t have any clear Conclusions, what can I do? Should I mention my limitations?. 312 19.9 How can I
end my Conclusions?. XV 282 283 285 286 287 288 289 290 293 294 295 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 303 304 305 306 308 308 310 313
19.10 To be honest, I don’t really know what the implications of my research are or what possible avenues for future research there are. How could a chatbot help me?. 314 19.11 How should I write the Acknowledgements? . 19.12 Summary: How can I assess the quality of my Conclusions? . 20 The Final Check. 20.1 How good is my paper?. 20.2 Use AI to check your paper, then print it out. 20.3 Check your paper for readability. 20.4 Always have the referee in mind. 20.5 What to do if your paper is subject to a ‘blind’ review. 20.6 Be careful with cut and pastes. 20.7 Make sure everything is consistent. 20.8 Check that your English is suitably formal. 20.9 Don’t underestimate the importance of spelling mistakes. 20.10 Write a good letter / email to accompany your manuscript. 20.11 Keep an open mind and deal with rejections in a positive way. 20.12 Take the editor’s and reviewers’ comments seriously. 20.13 A final word from the author: Let’s put a bit of fun into scientific writing!. 328 20.14 Summary of this
chapter. 20.15 Summary of the entire book: 10 key concepts. 315 315 317 318 320 321 322 322 323 323 324 325 326 326 327 329 330 Additional information. 331 Index. 337
nglish for Writing Research Papers Publishing your research in an international journal is key to your success in academia. This guide draws on over 1000 manuscripts and reviewers' reports revealing why papers written by non-native researchers may be rejected due to poor English. With easy-to-follow rules and tips, you will learn how to: • prepare and structure a manuscript • increase readability and reduce the number of mistakes you make in English by writing concisely, with no redundancy and no ambiguity • write a title and an abstract that will attract attention and be read • write the sections of a paper (Introduction, Methods, etc) • choose the correct tenses and style • satisfy the requirements of editors and reviewers This edition has two completely new chapters covering machine translation and using AI tools (e.g. chatbots, paraphrasers, editing tools) to improve and correct the English of a text. Other titles in this series: • Grammar, Usage and Style • Grammar, Vocabulary, and Writing Exercises (three volumes) • loo Tips to Avoid Mistakes in Academic Writing and Presenting • English for Presentations at International Conferences • English for Academic Correspondence • English for Academic CVs, Resumes, and Online Profiles • English for Academic Research: A Guide for Teachers |
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| discipline_str_mv | Allgemeines Anglistik / Amerikanistik Mathematik Medizin |
| edition | Third edition |
| format | Book |
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Inhaltsverzeichnis
THWS Schweinfurt Zentralbibliothek Lesesaal
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2000 HD 232 W215 E5 (3) |
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| Exemplar 1 | ausleihbar Verfügbar Bestellen |