'Pre-Islamic survivals' in Muslim Central Asia: Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet ethnography in world historical perspective
The book traces the conceptual lens of historical-cultural 'survivals' from the late 19th-century theories of E.B. Tylor, James Frazer, and others, in debate with monotheistic 'degenerationists' and Protestant anti-Catholic polemicists, back to its origins in Jewish, Christian an...
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| Zusammenfassung: | The book traces the conceptual lens of historical-cultural 'survivals' from the late 19th-century theories of E.B. Tylor, James Frazer, and others, in debate with monotheistic 'degenerationists' and Protestant anti-Catholic polemicists, back to its origins in Jewish, Christian and Muslim traditions as well as later more secularized forms in the German Enlightenment and Romanticist movements. These historical sources, particularly the 'dual faith' tradition of Russian Orthodoxy, significantly shaped both Tsarist and later Soviet ethnography of Muslim Central Asia, helping guide and justify their respective religious missionary, social-legal, political and other imperial agendas. They continue impacting post-Soviet historiography in complex and debated ways. Drawing from European, Central Asian, Middle Eastern and world history, the fields of ethnography and anthropology, as well as Christian and Islamic studies, the volume contributes to scholarship on 'syncretism' and 'conversion', definitions of Islam, history as identity and heritage, and more. It is situated within a broader global historical frame, addressing debates over 'pre-Islamic Survivals' among Turkish and Iranian as well as Egyptian, North African Berber, Black African and South Asian Muslim Peoples while critiquing the legacy of the Geertzian 'cultural turn' within Western post-colonialist scholarship in relation to diverging trends of historiography in the post-World War Two era. R. Charles Weller, Associate Professor of History (Career), Washington State University, and Senior Research Fellow, Department of Religion and Culture, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan |
| Beschreibung: | xix, 405 Seiten 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789811956966 |
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Contents 1 Introduction: Framing the Study Background and Context The Question of Kazakh Religious-Cultural History and Identity: An Illustrative Case Study Concluding Reflections and Overview of Chapters and Sections Part I 2 1 1 2 9 Historical Sources of Tsarist ‘Survivals’ Ethnography Religious-Cultural ‘Survivals’ in Euro-American and Euro-Slavic Christian and Secular Sources E.B. Tylor and Protestant Anti-Catholic Polemicists as Sourcesfor Soviet ‘Survivals’ Ethnography? Tylor and ‘Survivals’ Historiography in the NineteenthCentury: Monotheistic Degenerational versus Evolutionary Developmental Theories of Early Human History ‘Survivals’ Historiography in Seventeenth-Century German Enlightenment Sources Hebrew-Jewish and Christian Sources of‘Survivals’ Historiography ITineteenth-Century Romantic Nationalism and the Russian Orthodox Tradition of ‘Dual Faith’ Concluding Reflections 15 15 16 20 22 26 31 XV
Xvi CONTENTS 3 Middle Eastern and Central Asian Islamic Sources of ‘Survivals’ Ethnography 4 33 Qur’anic and Middle Eastern Islamic Sources Eleventh-Century Karakhanid and Other Turkic Sources Sixteenth-Century Central Asian Sources Western (Christian) Orientalist Scholarship Concluding Reflections 33 35 42 45 46 'Pre-Islamic Survivals’ Among the Kazakhs in Tsarist Russian and Kazakh Colonial Ethnography, 1770-1917 49 Early Tsarist Colonial Ethnographers of Kazakh Religious Identity, 1770-1860 The First Kazakh Colonial Ethnographer, Shokan Ualihanuhli (1863-1865) “Remnants” Historiography and ‘the Kazakh of Kazakhs,’ Abai, in the Later nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries The Terminological Shift to “Perezhitki” in Early TwentiethCentury Writings of Tsarist Russian Missionaries Part One Conclusion: Summary of Tsarist Historical Sources 50 55 59 61 63 Part II Historical Sources of Soviet ‘Survivals’ Ethnography 5 Sources and Aims of Soviet ‘Survivals’ Ethnography in Its Initial (Pre-World War Two) Phases 67 The Persistence of ‘Survivals’ Ethnography in Russian Orthodoxy ‘Survivals’ Ethnography in Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin Tylor, Frazer and Other Euro-American Sources of Influence Early Soviet ‘Survivals’ Ethnography of Kazakh and Central Asian Islamic History, 1920s-40s Concluding Reflections 6 Transformations in Soviet ‘Survivals’ Ethnography in the Post-World War Two Period Soviet “Theoretical and Practical Narrowness in Evaluating the Beliefs and Rituals of the Peoples of Central Asia”?: G.P. Snesarev’s Late-Coming Challenge Revisiting the Marxian-Engelsian
Framework 68 68 72 74 80 83 83 86
CONTENTS The Curious Absence of Concern for ‘Pre-Islamic Survivals’ in Soviet Anti-Islamic Propaganda Literature in the Pre-World War Two Period Snesarev and the Soviet Deployment of‘Pre-Islamic Survivals’for Renewed Anti-Religious Propaganda Efforts in the Post-World War Two Period Clarifying the Chronological Frame of Soviet ‘Survivals’ Ethnography The Importance of Kazakh Nomadic Steppe Culture in Snesarev’s Understanding and Deployment of‘Pre-Islamic Survivals’ A mong Other Central Asian Muslim Peoples Part Two Conclusion: Summary of Soviet Historical Sources xvii 88 94 98 101 102 Part III Historiographical Constructions of and Debates Over Kazakh Religious History and Identity in Soviet and Post-Soviet Kazakh Scholarship 7 The Framing of Kazakh Religious History and Identity in Post-World War Two Soviet Kazakh Publications Kakimzhanov, About the Reactionary Essence of the Religion of Islam (1953) Bisenov, The Origin of Islam and Its Class Significance (1955) Duisenbin, About the Religion of Islam and Its Current State (1961) K. Mashrapov Devotion to Islam—A Detrimental Survival (1962) Concluding Reflections 8 Religious-Cultural Revivalism as Historiographical Debate: Post-Soviet Kazakh Perspectives on Their Past Framing the Essential Issues Tengrist Historiography Islamic Approaches and Christian Interludes Concluding Reflections 107 108 113 121 124 125 129 131 132 140 157
xviii CONTENTS Part IV International Post-Soviet ‘Survivals’ Scholarship in Global Historical Perspective 9 Divergent Views on the Historical and Present Relation of Shamanism and Islam in International Post Colonialist Scholarship Sultanova, Zarcone and Hobart on Female Musical and Healing Traditions in Post-Soviet Studies of Shamanism and Sufism Deweese’s Critique of Turkish, French and Soviet Scholarship Revisiting the Evidence from Privratsky, Muslim Türkistan Historically Interactive and Transformational Understandings and Definitions of ‘Islam ’ and ‘Shamanism’ Concluding Reflections 10 Retrospect and Prospect: Situating PostSoviet “Survivals” Scholarship Within a World Historiographical Frame Post-Colonialist Agendas and the Historian’s Task Debates Over Terminology: Beyond ‘Syncretism’ and ‘PreIslamic’Constructs? Continuities and Discontinuities in Colonialist vs. Post Colonialist Historiography In Search of the Historical End Point of Conversion Distinguishing Historical Fact from Fiction: Description vs. Analysis vs. Thesis Historiographical Trends in the Post-World War Two Era ‘Survivals’ as Historical Heritage, ‘Remnants’ of Crosscultural Contact and Exchange ‘Religious Survivals’, ‘Dual Faith’ and “Integral” Religious Identities 163 164 166 168 173 \77 181 181 184 187 189 190 193 197 201
CONTENTS xix Conclusion: ASummary of the Main Points of the Study 205 Appendices 211 Notes 243 Bibliography: Primary Sources 347 Index 385
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348 BIBLIOGRAPHY: PRIMARY SOURCES al-Kashgari, Mahmud. Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Dtwän Luyat at-Turk). Edited and translated by Robert Dankoff, in collaboration with James Kelly. 3 Volumes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. Augustine, Saint. “Feast of the Nativity: Sermon 196” and “New Year’s Day: Sermon 198.” In The Fathers of the Church: A New Translation: Saint Augustine: Sermons on the Liturgical Seasons. Translated by Sister M.S. Muldowney, 45-59. New York: Fathers of the Church, Inc., 1959. Blackstone, William. Commentaries on the Laws of England. Book the Second [Volume 2]. Third Edition. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, MDCCLXVIII [1768]. Cunow, Heinrich. Ursprung der Religion und des Gottesglaubens [Origin of Religion and the Faith of God], Buchhandlung Vorwärts, 1919. d’Ohsson, Ignatius Mouradgea. Tableau Général De L’empire Othoman: L’état Actuel De L’empire Othoman [General Table of the Ottoman Empire: The Current State of the Ottoman Empire], Paris, lmp. de monsieur [Firmin Didot], 1787-1820. Dughlat, Mirza Muhammad Haidar. Tarikh-i-Rashidi: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia. Translated by E. Denison Ross. Edited by N. Elias. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, Ltd., 1895. Engels, Friedrich. “Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie.” In Karl Marx/Friedrich Engels - Werke, 283-291. Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1975. Ferdowsi, Abul-Qasem. Shahnameh [Book of Shahs] (Critical Edition). Edited by Eugene A. Bertels, Abdolhossein Noushin, et al. Moscow: Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, 1960-71. Goldziher,
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филос. Наук, КазГУ им. С. Μ. Кирова. Алма-Ата: [Б. и.], 1970. Abramzon) Абрамзон, С.Μ. К характеристике шаманства в старом быту киргизов [Он the Characterization of Shamanism in the Ancient Kirghiz Homeland], Москва: КСИЭ, 1958: Вып. 30. С. 143-150. ------- . Киргизы и их этногенетические и
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Index A Abbasid Muslims, 115 Abdakimuhli, Abdizhapar, 136, 139 ablution, 228 About the Reactionary Essence of the Religion of Islam (Kakimzhanov), 95,108-1 13 About the Religion of Islam and Its Current Standing (Duiscnbin), 182 About the Religion of Islam and Its Current State (Duisenbin), 121-124 Abu-ali ibn-Sina (Avicenna), 117 Adams, John, 17 Adji, Murat, 138, 144 al-Afghani, Jamal ad-Din, 93 agrarian magic, 79 agricultural religions, 76 Ahmed, S., 12 Aknazarov, Husaiin Zeinetdinuhlii, 100 Alash Orda, 115,116 Al-Bulagh al-Mubin, 35 Alexander I, 63, 235 Alexander II, 56, 215, 216, 235 Alexander III, 212,215,235 Ali, Hazem Hussein Abbas, 34 Almaty, 143 Altai national independence struggle, 146 altar rituals, 201 Altinsarin, Ibirai, 112, 118 Alymov, S.S., 12, 96 Amanturlin, Shinbergen Bekpanovich, 99 Amirgazin, Serik T., 137-140, 149 Amon, 110 ancestors, cult of, 146 ancestral shamanic religion, 108 ancestral spirits/gods, 40, 42, 60, 78, 79, 124, 147, 151, 152 ancestral veneration, 148 Ancient Khorezm, 77 Anderson, David G., 96 Andijan Uprising, 216, 231 Andreev, M.S., 62, 63, 74, 89, 94 Anichkov, E.V., 30 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 R. Weller, Pre-Islamic Survivals’ in Muslim Central Asia, Islam and Global Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5697-3 385
386 INDEX animism, 79, 124 animistic (or polytheistic) religion, 108 Anisimov, A.F., 73 anti-Islamic agenda in his ‘pre-Islamic survivals’ ethnography, 94 anti-Islamic polemical versus an animistic/shamanistic-oriented missionary, 216 anti-Islamic resistance thesis, 38 anti-Muslim persecution, 219 anti-religious activists, 170 anti-religious propagandists, 123 apostasy, 42, 44 Arab Christians, Middle Eastern, 39 Arabic (and Persian) Islamic terms, 40 Arabic script, 90, 215 Arabs, 114 and Bedouin tribes, 76 conquering Central Asia, 115 emergence of Islam among, 110 feudal-clan society, 92 heathenism, 46 pagan, 45 tribal gods, pre-Islamic, 110 tribes, polytheism worship by, 132 Art Leete, 175 aruakhs. See ancestral spirits/gods Aruaq, 40 Arzyutov, Dmitry V., 96 Asfendiarov, Sanzhar Zhafarovich, 75, 90,91 Astrakhan Tatars, 224 Atash, B.M., 176 Ataturk, Kemal, 166 atheism, 98,123 Atheist (journal), 75 atheistic education, 100 atheistic propaganda, 124 Atooni, Behrooz, 179 Atooni, Behzad, 179 Atwood, Christopher, 58 Auezov, Mukhtar, 145 Auczov, Murat, 145 Auczova, Zifa-Alua, 75 Avicenna, 117 Azbukin, Μ., 30 Azerbaijani, 41 Aziz, Soumia, 179 В Baal, 22 Babadzhanov, Mukhaminad-Salikh, 9 Baer, Marc David, 185 Bagci, Atilla, 166 Baickc, Manarbck, 143-146 Bairenova, Nagima, 153-154, 202 Balasaghuni, Yusuf, 36, 38,41, 168, 207 Banzarov, Dorzhi, 58 baqsi figures, 58, 170 baqsy (shaman), 62 Barbol, Aziret, 147 Barthold, V.V., 50 Bashkir Rebellion, 232 The Bashkir rebellion in 1735-1737др, 232 Bashkir Rebellion in 1735-37 (Chernavsky), 220 Bashkirs, 50, 51, 89, 218, 227, 229, 237
Basilov, Vladimir Nikolaevich, 165 Basmachi band, 120 Basmachi Rebellion, 94 Battle of Talas (or Atlah), 115, 189 Bazur (magician), 37 Bedouin nomadic tribes, 76, 90-92 Before Boas: The Genesis of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German Enlightenment (Vermeulen), 20 Begaliev, Gali, 90 Begiev, Musa, 93
INDEX Bekmukhanova, E.B., 100 beliefs, 137 Kirgiz, 59 pagan, 30, 59, 62, 80, 226 shamanistic, 59 Bentley, J.H., 12 Berber practices, 81 Berger, S., 12 Bering Straits, 51 Berke khan, 133 al-Beruni, 117 Beyond Syncretism and Colonial Legacies in the Study of Relißion, 12 bias against understandings of “Islam”, 191 Sunni, 191 Bible Societies, 28 Bioßrapbical Dictionary (Khalidi), 191 Bisenov, Kh., 113-121 Black Christianity, 172 Black Islam, 172 Blackstone, William, 18 Blagovidov, F., 233 Blanes, Ruy, 186 Blessed Wisdom (Balasaghuni), 37-39 “Bloody Sunday”, 235 Boas, Friedrich, 73 Bobrovnikov, Vladimir, 12, 98 Bogayevsky, B.L., 73 Bogoraz, V.S., 73 Bolsheviks, 136 Book of Korkut Ata (or Dede Korkut), 41 Boxer Uprising, 216 Brand, Joseph, Reverend, 15,17 Brezhnev, Leonid, 170,174 Buddhism/Buddhists, 3, 58, 201 Central Asian, 154 influence on Shamanism, 173 Bukeihanuhli, Bukenbay, 49 387 Bukei Horde, 59 Bukharan identity, 7, 42, 54, 225, 227,229 Bukhari, Baha’uddin Naqshband, 189 Bulgakov, Makarii, 30 Bulutai, Murtaza, 133, 136, 139 on Western Christian threat to post-Soviet Islamic revival, 140-143,144-148 scholars and historiographical inter pretations, 140-143 burial practices, Kazakh, 50 Burkhanism, 145 Buryats, 231 C Calvin, John, 25 Campbell, Elena, 64, 234 Canaanite peoples, 22 Capitalism (Marx), 117 Caristia, 24 Castagne, J., 171 Catherine II, Queen, 111, 115, 133, 183,189 establishment and promotion of Muslim institutions, 122 religious policies towards Kazakhs, 51 Catherine the Great, debate over poli cies of, 211-239 before and after Catherine’s policies, historical
context, 214-217 Dobrosmyslov's underlying method ology and reliability, 236-239 essential points of agreement-disa greement, 217-234 Orenburg Scientific Archival Commission, 211-214 Tsarist state agendas for Kazakh Islam, 234-236 Catholics, 15,16,184
388 INDEX cattle breeding magic, 79 Caucasian Muslims, 62, 237 Central Asia: Contextsfor Understanding (Montgomery), 8 Central Asia in World History (Golden), 36 Central Asian emirates, 227, 229 Central Asian Khanates, 225 Central Asian sources, 42-45 Central Asian traditions, 10, 33, 36, 186,207 Chagatai rulers, 42 Chcrcmis, 40 Chcrnavsky, G., 218 Chernavsky, N.M., 228, 239 Chcrnavsky-Dobrosmyslov debate, 211-239 on nature of Islam and its impact upon Kazakhs, 230-234 on Russian religious nationalism, 234-236 China, 216 Christianity, 3, 27 and interpretations of Islam within Kazakh history, 141-157 Central Asian, 154 dogmas of, 116 Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries (McMullen), 24 chronological frame of Soviet ‘surviv als’ ethnography, 98-101 Chukchi people, 73 Chulkov, Mikhail Dmitrievich, 28 Church Bulletin, 233 Church of the East, 144 co-existence, 132, 144, 153, 197, 199 Collection of Laws about the Kirgiz People (Kraft), 218, 222 collective memory, 146, 190 collectivization campaigns, 148 colonialist vs. post-colonialist histori ography, 187-189 Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Diwan Lughât al-Turk) (Kashgari), 36, 41 Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, 37 Confucianism, 137,201 conversions. See religious conversions Cooke Taylor, William, 20 Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults (CARC), 96 Council of Tours, 24 Crews, Robert D., 9 Crimea, Russia’s annexation of, 224 Crimean War, 56 crosscultural contact and exchange, 197-200 Cross-Cultural Encounters in Modern World History, 1453-Present, 12 crosscultural “influence” and pre-
Islamic survivals, 76 cult, 146, 174 indigenous religious, 192 of ancestors, 79, 146 of hearth, 79 of spirits, 79 pre-Islamic, 85 The Cult of the Ongons in Siberia: Remnants [Перрееежитки] of Totemism in the Ideology of the Siberian Peoples, 73 cultural anthropology, 7 cultural-civilizational superiority', 169 Cunow, Heinrich, 72 The Current State Of The Ottoman Empire (d’Ohsson), 53 customs, 21, 23, 24, 27, 29, 45, 46, 51, 54, 59-61, 74, 76, 79, 81, 97, 108, 112, 114, 116, 120, 123,132, 137,138, 140, 165, 180, 188, 201. See also rituals
INDEX D Daily Travel Notes.in the KirghizKaisakh Steppe, in 1771, SO Dalton, John, 17 Dankofl’, Robert, 36 Dannhauer, Johannes Konrad, 184 Davidann, J.T., 12 death, mystical, 174 debates over terminology, prc-islamic constructs, 184-187 demonology, 171 Descartes, Rene, 17 Description of the Kirgiz-Kaisak Hordes and Steppes (lAtvshin), 100 A Description of Kirghiz-Kaisak, or Kirghiz-Kazakhstani Hordes and Steppes (Levshin), 52 Devotion to Islam-A Detrimental Survival (Mashrapov), 124 DeWeese, Devin, 2-7, 12, 15, 22, 25, 35, 84, 96, 98 argument against Soviet interpreters, 174-176 critique of Turkish, French 8c Soviet Scholarship, 166-168 Shamanization in Central Asia, 165 terms used for religious-cultural traditions, 186 disbelief in Islamic faith, 112 Divaev, A.A., 63, 171 Dobrosmyslov, A.I. authority in modern scholarship, 236-239 westernizing liberal enlightenment, 234-236 The Doctrine of Survivals: A Chapter in the History of Scientific Method in the Study ofMan (Hodgen), 12, 18 Donnelly, Alton S., 236 dual-faith paradigm, 51, 53, 58, 201-203 389 and Soviet ‘survivals’ historiography, 26-31 post-Soviet “survivals” scholarship, 201-203 Valikhanov on, 55-59 d’Ohsson, Ignatius Mouradgca, 53 Dughlat, Mirza Muhammad Haidar, 42,191-192 Duiscnbin, Zh., 121-124, 182 Dukhovskoi, S.M., 216, 234 Duncan, George, 26 Dvoryans, 136 E Egyptian Pyramids, 34 Eirenikon Catholicum (Erbermann), 184 Eliade, Mircea, 6,109, 173 Elizabeth I, Empress, 218, 223 Emon, Anver, 198 emshi, 169 Engels, Freidrich, 69, 95, 110, 114 on world religions, 86-88 Soviet ‘Survivals’ Ethnography, 68-71
Enlightenment interpreters, 172 Enlightenment progressivist approach, 55 Erasmus, 184 Erbermann, Veit, 184 Esim, Garifolla, 131, 140, 141, 150, 151 Essays on Primitive Islam (Tolstov), 79 The Essence of Mind: Reflections on Politics and Culture (Esim), 131 ethnic animosity, 118 Ethnographic Essay (Semenov), 63 Ethnographic Materials (Divaev), 63 Euro-American ethnographers, 97
390 INDEX Euro-American sources of influence on Soviet ethnographers, 72-73 Euro-American ‘survivals’ historiogra phy, Russian influence on, 26, 51. See also Soviet ‘survivals’ histori ography anil Tylor European Protestants, 144 Euro-Slavic ethnographers, 26, 97. See also Soviet ‘survivals’ historiogra phy and Tylor evangelization, 216 Everyday Islam in Post-Soviet Central Asia, 7 evil spirit (jinni), 190 For Prophet and Tsar: Islam and Empire in Russia and Central Asia, 9 Frank, Allen J., 6, 92, 177,237 Franklin, Benjamin, 17 Frantsov, G.P., 73 Frazer, James, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75, 77 French scholarship, Deweese’s critique of, 166-168 From Belonging to Belief: Modern Secularisms and the Construction ofReligion in Kyrgyzstan (McBricn), 8 From the Realm of Kirgiz Beliefs (essay), 59 funeral customs, 81 F faqih (religious scholar), 37 Farhadian, C.E., 12 fasts, 121, 228 Fedotov, George P., 68 Feener, R. Michael, 33 female musical healing traditions, 164-165 Ferghana, 115 Festivals and Superstitions Rituals of the Russian Common People (Snegirev), 29 fetishism, 124 Fetishism and the Problem of the Origin ofReligion (Frantsov), 73 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 69 Filotas, Bernadette, 24 Firdousi, 37, 207 fire rituals, 178 fire rituals/worship, 59 Fisher, Johann Eberhard, 52 Fodio, Usman dan, 35 Following the Tracks ofAncient Khorezmian Civilization, 81 Foltz, Richard, 4 Formichi, Chiara, 172 G Gabitov, Tursin Hafiz, 3, 135, 139, 141,151-153,202 Gal’kovskii, N., 30 Geertz, Clifford, 6,11,98, 195, 238 German enlightenment sources, 20-22 Gilbert, Μ.J., 12 Golden Horde, 6, 35, 133,156
Golden, Peter B., 36, 38, 40, 192 Goldziher, Ignaz, 35, 46, 75, 81 Golubinskii, E.E., 30 Gonbad manuscript, 41 Great Patriotic War, 81, 123 Greco-Byzantine culture, 76 Greek Orthodoxy, 174 Grekov, B., 68 H hagiography, Russian Orthodox, 27 Hâjib, Yusuf Khâss, 36 Hajji, Otemish, 6, 35 Hakim(s) (‘Elite’ scholar), 296
INDEX Haifa Lifetime in Turkestan: Essays on the Life of the Native Peoples (Lyoshkin), 63 Hamadani, Yusuf, 43 Hanbali legal tradition, 34 Han Yti, 251 Harrison, W.H., 12, 186 Hamzin, A.N., 49, 59, 100 Hansa belief, 35 healing practices, shamanic, 168, 171 Hebrew Bible, 22, 76 Hebrew-Jewish and Christian Sources of ‘Survivals’ Historiography, 22-26 Hebrew religion, 116 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 28 Hinduism, 40, 43, 200 Hirsch, Francine, 12 Historical Herald, 233 Historical Prerequisites for the Islamization of the Ancient Turks (Nurtazina and Khasanaeva), 150 'Hie History of Christianity in Kazakhstan and Central Asia, 143 History of Humanity project, 11, 12, 196 History of Kazakhstan, 155, 176, 190 History of Religious Ideas (Eliade), 109 History of Russia (Vernadsky), 31 History of Russia from the Earliest Times (Solov’ev), 30 History of Spirituality in the East (Smirnov), 30 An History of the Corruptions of Christianity (Priestley), 17 History of the Moghuls of Central Asia (Dughlat), 42,191 History of the Russian Church (Golubinskii), 30 History of the Russian Church (Nikol'skii), 68 391 Hobart, Angela, 165, 167, 179 Hodgen, Margaret, 12, 18, 22 Homer, 17 How the Religion of Islam was Founded (Begaliev), 90, 91 Humayun, 191 I ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad, 34 ibn Muslim, Qutaybah, 189 Ibn Rushd, 198 ibn Ruzbihan Isfahani, Fazl Allah, 42, 44,111,112, 189,191-192 Ibn Taimiyah, 34 Ibn Tufayl, 198 Ibragimov, G., 90, 93, 95 Ibragimov, Sh., 217 Iconology: Papal Idolatry: Or, Modern Romanism: A Development of Ancient Paganism (Duncan), 26 idolatry, 45, 51^52, 146 idol worship,
57, 112, 146 Igelstrom, Ο.I., 51 Il’minskii, N.I., 49, 215, 217, 234 Ilyasov, S., 81 Imam, 230 Impious Women (Smirnov), 30 In Praise of Mixed Religion: The Syncretism Solution in a Multifaith World (Harrison), 12, 186 Inayet, Alimcan, 167 inclusivist interdependent humanitarianist historiography, 197-200 Indians, 237 indigenous cultural resistance move ment, 146 indigenous peoples, 195 Inner Asian shamanship, 168 integral culture, 177 integral religious identities, 201-203 interreligious interaction, 36
392 INDEX Introduction to the History of Religion (Frazer), 72 An Investigation into the History of Church Life (Smirnov), 30 Ioannovna, Anna, Empress, 51,218, 219 Iranian peoples, 46, 74, 165, 173, 180,187, 192 Iranian religion, 116 Iraqi, Shams-ud-Din, 42, 43 Islam and Asia, 172 “Islam and Nomadic Economy” (Asfcndiarov), 75 Islamic approaches towards reli gious-cultural revivalism, 140-157 Islamic ascendancy, 35 An Islamic Biographical Dictionary of the Eastern Kazakh Steppe, 1770-1912 (Frank), 6 Islamic confession and ritual prayers, 165 Islamic identity, pure, 169 Islamic loyalty', 156 Islamic preaching among Kazakhs, 122 Islamic Rationalist Views of Divine and Natural Law, 1671-1721, 198 Islamic-related influences, 43 Islamic shrines, Javanese, 34 Islamic societies to the Nineteenth Century, 4 Islamic sources Middle Eastern, 33-35 Qur’anic, 33-35 Islam, Soviet assaults on, 90, 127, 150,171 Islamization, 41, 61,155-157,189, 190,237-239 Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde (Deweese), 2, 5, 35,166 Islam zhanye Ortagasyrlyk Turkiler IIslam and the Turks of the Middle Ages] (Kartabacva), 155 Ivan IV, 221 J Jadid ideas of reform, 118 Jadidists, 93 Jefferson, Thomas, 17, 198 Jefferson-Tatum, Elana, 12, 186 Jenkinson, Anthony, 51 Jensen, J.S., 12 jinn, 171 John of Damascus, 45, 70 Joshua, 23 Journal of Islamic Studies, 7 Journal of the Ministry of National Education, 233 Judaism, 3, 200 Jungars, 222 К Ka’aba, 45 Kakimzhanov, A., 95, 101 Kalmyks, 51, 231 Kandaur Tatars, 224 Karakhanid sources, 35-42 Karakhanid Turks, 38,41, 176 Kara-Kirgiz religion, 59
Karamanuhli, Kurmangazi, 132-134, 139,140 Karras, Ruth Mazo, 24 Kartabaeva, Erke Tamabekkyzy, 155, 202 Kartaeva, Tattygul, 154,173, 202 Kashgari, Mahmud, 36, 41,207 Kashmir religious groups in, 42^13 Sun-worshipers of, 44
INDEX Kasimov, Kenesari, 118 Kaufman, K.P. von, 234 Kavelin, K.D., 29, 57, 73 Kazakh colonial ethnographer, first, 55-59 Kazakh Culture and Islam (Nurtazina), 148 Kazakh customary law, 54, 215 Kazakh nomads, 51, 101-102, 148 Kazakh religious identity, 2-9, 44-45 Kazakh religious identity, histori ographical interpretations of, 129-157 essential issues, 131 Islamic approaches and Christian interludes, 140-157 Tengrist historiography, 132-140 Kazakh religious practice, 42 Kazakh(s), 295 Kazakh semantic domain, 40 Kazakhstan, 296 Kazakhstan: Religions and Society in the History of Central Eurasia, 9 Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 121 Kazakh Steppe, 52 culture and ‘pre-Islamic survivals’, 101-102 destruction of Shamanism in, 177 ‘holy war’ against ‘the unbelievers’ on,118 spreading of Russian culture on, 118 spread of Islam on, 122, 133, 139 trade networks in, 43, 221, 224 Kazak religion, 39 The Kazakh World: An Ethnocultural Exegesis (Seidimbek), 134 Kazan Tatars, 221, 223 Kazan Theological Academy, 30, 52, 233 Keller, Shoshana, 88 Kemalists, 93 Kemper, Michael, 87, 92 393 Kerei clans, 143 Kerei tribe, 145 kcrcmet (керрееемест, ‘amazing,’ ‘miraculous’), 40 Khalid, Adeeb, 4, 175, 190 Khalidi, Qurban-Ali, 191 Khan, Abul Khair, 218, 222 Khan, Kasim, 44 Khan, Nuraly, 218, 222 Khan, Ozbek, 6, 35 Khan, Satuq Bughra, 36 Khan, Uzbek, 155, 189 Khasanacva, N.D., 150 Khiva, 225, 227, 229 Khivans, 54 khojas, 123 Khorezm Al-Beruni, 115 Khorezm oasis, 85 Khoroshkhin, A.P., 62 Khrushchev, Nikita, 99 Khudai, 190 Khusraw, Nasir, 37 Kiev Rus (Likhachev and Grekov), 68 Kirgiz-Kaisak people, 218, 224
Kirgiz peoples, 57, 59, 79 Kirgiz Peoples of the Bukei Horde (Haruzin), 100 Kisliakov, N.A., 80 Knorozov, lu.V., 75, 78, 81, 85 kok tangiri (‘the sky god’), 108,112 Koran. See Qur’an Korkut, 166 kozha families, 134 Kraft, I.I., 218 Krasinski, Valerian, Count, 26 Kubrawi Sufi, 43 Kunanbaev, Abai, 112 Kunanbaiuhli, Abai, 59-61, 86,118, 189, 190, 192 Kunanbaiuhli, Abai (Ibrahim, 18451904), 296
394 INDEX ‘kurban ait’ (that is, ‘the feast of sacri fice’), 121 Kutadßu Biliß (Blessed Wisdom or Knowledßc), 36 Kyrgyz, 1, 7,\53, 62, 89, 231 L Lake Issyk-kul, 57 Lamaism, 173 Lamas, 58 land confiscation, 142 languages Central Asian, 54 Kazakh, 54, 134 Russian, 39 Turkic, 39 Volga Finnic, 40 Lapidus, Ira Μ., 4 Latin Christianity, 24 Latin script, 90 Lectures on the Science ofLanßuaße (Müller), 57 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 17 Lenin, V.L, 68-71, 95 Leningrad conference, 98 Leopold, A.M., 12 Levshin, A.I., 9, 29, 49, 52, 100, 190, 217, 228,236 Russian colonialist context, 53-54 Russian Orthodox ‘dual faith’ para digm, 53 Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien, 72, 73, 77 Lewis, Abram Herbert, 26 Life of the Russian People (Tereshchenko), 29 Likhachev, D.S., 68 linguistic etymologies, 58 Locke, John, 198 Lomonosov, Mikhail V., 29 Louw, Maria E., 7 Lubichankovsii, 212 Lunacharsky, Anatoly V., 72 Lyoshkin, N.S., 63 Μ MacKcnzic, David, 236 MacMullcn, Ramsay, 24 Madison, James, 198 madrasas, establishment of, 220 magical ideologies, 79, 174 Mahometan rituals, 45 al-Maksidi, 137 Malov, Evfimii A., 9, 51-53, 217, 219, 220,234 Mami, Hamamoto, 219 Manichcanism, 3, 191 Manuylova, L.N., 73 Marduk, 110 Mari of Siberia, 39, 40 marriage customs, Kazakh, 61 Martius, 18, 20 Marx, Karl, 95 Soviet ‘Survivals’ Ethnography, 68-71 view of the major world religions, 86 Marxian-Engelsian views on pre-Islamic survivals, 187 Mashrapov, K., 124 Materials on the Ethnoßraphy of the Iranian Tribes of Central Asia, 63 mausoleums, building, 123 McBrien, Julie, 8 Medina, 148 Meiji Restoration, 201 Mesopotamian influences
on Shamanism, 173 Methods ofAnti-relißious Propaßanda amonß Muslims (pamphlet), 88 Meyer, A., 217 Middleton, Conyers, 15, 16 migrations in ancient history, 51
INDEX Mikhailovsky, V.M., 73 Militant Atheism, 98 Milton, John, 17 Miniyanova, Aelita, 220 Mir (Shayk) Shams-ud-Din Iraqi, 42 Mirzalicv, Kadir, 133 missionaries Christian, 143 Muslim, 139 missionaries, Christian. See Russian Orthodox missionaries Moghuls and Kazakhs, political alli ance, 44 Mohammad, prophet, 34, 81, 87, 92, 116, 132, 142, 148, 150 Mohammedanism, 51, 225 Mohammedans, 51 Momîn, Samirc, 166 Mongol court, 53 Mongol Empire, 75 Mongolian shamanism, 58 Mongol tribes, 152 monotheism, 18 Monotheistic Degenerational versus Evolutionary Developmental Theories of Early Human History, 16-20 monotheistic degenerationist, 193 monotheistic traditions, 114 Montgomery, David, 8 Mosaic and Sharia Law in American National History and Identity (Weller), 198 Moses, 169 mosques building of, 52, 219, 221 destruction of, 142 mosque-based sermons, 158 Mu’ayyad mosque, 35 Tatar-dominated, 192 mourning customs, 81 Mu’ayyad mosque, 35 395 Muftiyat, 158 Mughal courts in India, 191 mullahs, Tatar, 113, 134,237 Müller, Friedrich Max, 57, 58 Muslim missionaries, 139 The Muslim Question and Russian Imperial Governance, 234 Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 17801910 (Frank), 6, 92 Muslim-Soviet assault, 171 Muslim Studies (Goldziher), 46, 75 Muslim Türkistan: Kazak Relißion and Collective Memory (Privratsky), 6, 58, 168-173, 185 Muslim versus Christian identity, 25 N Naiman clans, 143 Nalivkin, M.V., 62 Nalivkin, V.P., 62 Naqshbandi tariqa, 189 Nation(hood), national, 296 nationalist historiography, 14,
208 Native Americans, 21 The Natural History of Society in the Barbarian and Civilized State (Taylor), 20 nature and ancient practices, 62 Nauryz (or, Nowruz), Persian New Year, 178 Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 147 Neplyuev, I., 218, 222 Nestor, Saint, 27, 55 Nestorian Christianity, 3, 126 Nicholas I, 235 Nicholas II, 212, 215, 216, 231,235 Nikol’skii, N.M., 68
396 INDEX Nikol’sky, V.K., 72, 73, 77 Nöldeke, Theodor, 46, 70, 81 nomads, 89, 115 Bedouin tribes, 76, 92 Central Asian Muslim, 43, 116 culture of, 101-102, 147-149, 156 Eurasian nomadic economico-cultural type of people, 152 Kazakh, 51, 89, 92, 101-102, 147 steppe, 42, 138, 147, 152 Turkic, 136, 149, 151 worship of the God of Heaven, 144 non-Muslim faith traditions, suppres sion of, 57 North and East Tartarye (Witsen), 20 Novikov, A.I., 73 Nurbakshi order, 43 Nurbakshi Sufi teachings, 42 Nurtazina, Nazira, 133, 140, 148151,191,202 and Ethnography at the Imperial University ofKazan, 232 Orenburg Eparchy, 216 Orenburg. List, 220, 232 Orenburg Scientific Archival Commission, 211-214 Orhan, Yilmaz, 166 The Origin of Islam and Its Class Significance (Biscnov), 113-121 The Origin of Religion and Faith of God (Cunow), 72 Origin of Species (Darwin), 58 Osmolovskii, Iosif (Efim) Yakovlevich, 54-55 Ostrotimov, N.P., 62, 234 Otirar, 123 Ottoman Turkish Empire, 119 The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion, 12, 185 Ozbek khan, 133 О P Oghuz-Kagan (ruler), 41 Oghuz Turks of Central Asia, 41, 189 Old Russian History (Lomonosov), 29 Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre Modern Times, 12 Oleshchik, F., 90 Omirzakov, Toktasin, 133 On the Origin of Civilization (Whately), 20 On the Path to a Culture ofPeace, 153 On the Reactionary Role of the Followers of Islam (Oleshchik), 90 oral tradition, 123 Orenburg Diocese, 233 The Orenburg Diocese in the Past and Present in the Proceedings of the Society ofHistory, Archaeology pagan beliefs, 30, 59, 62, 80, 226 pagan
customs, 27 pagan error, 51 pagan faith traditions, 36, 62 pagan idolatry, remnants of, 21, 33 paganism, Russian, 27 Paganism and Christianity, 100-425 CE: A Sourcebook, 24 Paganism and Old Rus (Anichkov), 30 Paganism in Ancient Rus (Rybakov), 68 Paganism Surviving in Christianity (Lewis), 26 pagan practices, remnants of, 22, 35, 51 Pagan Survivals in Mohammedan Civilisation: Lectures on the traces ofpagan beliefs, customs, folklore,
INDEX practices and rituals surviving in the popular religion and maßic of Islamic peoples (Westermarck), 11,80 Ραβαη Survivals, Superstitions, and Popular Cultures in Early Medieval Pastoral Literature (Filotas), 24 Paine, Thomas, 198 Pallas, P.S., 50, 51 'Ibc Past as History: National Identity and Historical Consciousness in Modern Europe, 12 Ibc Past of Kazakhstan in the Eastern Sources and Materials (Haruzin), 100 patriarchal-tribal relations, 114 Patriotic War of the USSR, 120 Peoples of the World, 96, 97 pcrczhiktki survival paradigm, 61-62 persecutions and religious fait, 121 anti-Muslim, 219 by Tsarist government, 122 Shia, 42 Persians, 76, 165, 237 Peshchereva, E.M., 75 Peter the Great, 20, 51,221,235 Philoloßical Notes (magazine), 57 Philosophy, philosophical, 295 pietistic enlightenment tradition, 51 Plutarch, 184 Pobedonostsev, K.P., 234 Pococke, Edward, 52 Pocockio, Edvardo, 52 Poiarkov, F., 49, 59 Pokrovsky, A.M., 73, 233 Politics, political, 295 Polobtsov, A.A., 63, 74 Polovcians, 17 Pomeshchiks, 136 Popery and Paßanism (Middleton), 17 397 Popular Relißion in Russia: ‘Double Belief’ and the Makinß of an Academic Myth (Rock), 12, 27, 55 post-colonialist historiography, 187-189,200 post-colonialist scholarship. See Shamanism and Islam, historical relation of post-Mongol (and post-Crusade) revivals, 35 post-Soviet approaches to Islam, 8 post-Soviet Kazakh intellectuals and scholars, 129, 140. See also Kazakh religious identity, historio graphical interpretations of post-Soviet “survivals” scholarship, 174. See also Soviet scholarship beyond ‘syncretism’ and
'pre-islamic' constructs, 184-197 continuities discontinuities in colonialist vs. post-colonialist historiography, 187-188 dual faith, 201-204 historical end point of conversion, 189-193 historiographical trends in the post world war two era, 193-197 inclusivist interdependent humanitarianist’ historiography, 197-200 integral religious identities, 201-205 post-colonialist agendas histori an’s task, 186-189 religious survivals, 201-205 post-world war two era, historiograph ical trends in, 193-197 Potapov, L.P., 75 Practicinß Islam: Knowledße, Experience, and Social Navißation in Kyrßyzstan (Montgomery), 8 prayers, 228
398 INDEX pre-islamic Arabian tribal gods, 110 pre-Islamic Arab religious-cultural practices, 34 pre-islamic constructs, debates over terminology, 184-187 pre-islamic cults, 85 pre-islamic ‘pagan’ practices, 56 pre-islamic relics, 84 pre-islamic remains, 34 pre-islamic survivals, 44 in Soviet anti-Islamic propaganda literature, 88-93 Soviet deployment and, 94-99 Western interpretations of, 45—46 Priestley, Joseph, 17 Primitive Culture (Tylor), 16, 17, 19, 26, 68, 72 Primitive Religion in the Light of Ethnography, 73 Privratksy, Bruce G., 6, 39, 41, 58, 98, 165, 168, 182 providing evidence on Kazakh sha mans’ rituals and healings, 174 views on Historical Present Relation of Shamanism 8c Islam, 168-173 Proceedings of the Orenburg Scientific Archival Commission, 213, 233 propaganda, Soviet anti-Islamic atheistic, 124 in the Post-World War Two Period, 94-99 literature, 88-93 A Prophetic Trajectory (Blanes), 186 Protestants, 172 Anti-Catholic Polemicists and Tylor, 15-16 anti-Catholic polemics, 16 European, 144 polemics, 15 Reformation, 25 publications. See Soviet Kazakh publications Pugachev Uprising, 224 Q Qadimists, 93 Qipcaq religion, 192 Qoja informants, 169, 170 Qur’an, 76, 91,93, 117, 132, 136, 230 distribution among Kazakhs, 133 religious-cultural ‘survivals’ in the, 34 Qur’anic Islamic sources, 33-35 Qur’anic Sura, 43 Quraysh tribe, 110 R racial-civilizational superiority, 169 Radlov, V.V., 49 Rambo, L.R., 12 al-Razi, 38 Reason, Revelation and Law in Islamic and Western Theory and History (Emon), 198 Reasons for the Emergence of Islam (Asfendiarov), 75, 76, 90, 91 The
Reflection ofBeliefs on Turkish Cinema: Shamanism, Sky-god, Animism, Naturism, Totemism, in terms of Islamic Beliefs (Velioglu), 166 religio-cultural tradition, 36 The Religion ofIslam and Its Reactionary Essence (Aknazorov), 100 The Religion ofIslam and the Truth ofLife by Husaiin Zeinetdinuhlii Aknazarov, 100
INDEX The Religion of Islam: Instrument of Imperialism (Ibragimov), 90, 93 The Religion of the Fathers (Bulutai), 140,147,150 Religions ofthe Silk Road (Foltz), 4 Religionswissenschaft, 5 religions allegiances, 43 Religious Beliefs of the Peoples of the USSR: a collection of ethnographic materials, 77 religions connotations, 184 religions conversions, 52, 142 and Dobrosmyslov’s authority in modern scholarship, 236-239 forced, 25 historical end point of, 189-190 Russian Orthodoxy and Kazakhs’ conversion, 56 theoretical constructs of, 184 religious-cultural influence, 58 religious-cultural revivalism. See Kazakh religious identity, historio graphical interpretations of religious fanaticism, 123 religious freedom, 121 The Religious History of Central Asia from the Earliest Times to the Present Day (Thrower), 4 religious indictment, 44 religious influences, 43 religiously-driven historiographies, 200 religious-political authority, 231 religious survivals, 74, 201-206. See also post-Soviet “survivals” scholarship; Soviet ‘survivals’ ethnography and Tsarist Russian missionaries, 61-62 in the Qur’an, 34 religious toleration, 111, 183, 215 religious vocabulary, 168 399 remnants historiography, 33, 59-62. See also pagan idolatry, remnants of Remnants ОссОтаатки) of Pagan Customs among Natives (essay), 62 Remnants of the Past as a General Sociological Category, 96 Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization (Tylor), 17, 18 Reynolds, John Myrdhin, 251 Ritual and Belief in Morocco, 81 rituals, 50, 60-61, 83. See also Sncsarcv, G.P., evaluating
beliefs and rituals of the Peoples of Central Asia altar, 201 fire, 178 Mahometan, 45 shaman’s ritual death and resurrec tion, 173 Sufi,167 Tengrism, 140 Rock, Stella, 12, 27, 28, 30, 55, 68, 97 al-Rodhan, Nayef R.F., 198 The Role of the Arab-Islamic World in the Rise of the West: Implications for Contemporary Trans-Cultural Relations (al-Rodhan), 198 Roman Catholicism, 144 Roman feast of Caristia, 24 Romanticist interpreters, 172 Romantic nationalism, 26-31 Rostam (Persian hero), 37 Rudakov, B.N., 233 runic (Orkhonic Turkic) script, 134 Rus, 55 Russian (language, culture, history), 296
400 INDEX Russian Bible Society, 28 Russian Christians, 52 Russian churches and Kazakh religion, 52 Russian citizenship, 225-226, 231 The Russian Conquest of Bashkiria, 1552-1740 (Donnelly), 236 Russian Geographical Society, 53-55 Russian Orthodox Christianity, forced conversion to, 25 Russian Orthodox missionaries, 98, 144 and Tsarist ethnographers, 61-62 survival paradigm, 61-62 Russian Orthodox tradition of dual Eiith, 26-31 Russian Orthodoxy, 174 and Kazakhs’ conversion, 56 Soviet ‘survivals’ ethnography in, 68 Russian Philological Bulletin, 30 The Russian Religious Mind (Fedotov), 68 The Russians in Central Asia (Valikhanov), 56, 57 Russo-Japanese War, 235 Rybakov, B.A., 68 Rybakov, S.G., 233 Rychkov, N.P., 49-52 S Sabaoth, 110 sacred scriptures, 47 SADUM, 96 saint veneration, 123 Sairam, 123 Salem witch trials, 25 Saltanaul Tatars, 224 Samarkand region, people of, 74 Sanctuary of Jumart, 85 Sarts, 62 Schoeberlein, John, 12, 96, 98 scholars and historiographical interpre tations, 140-156 Baieke, Manarbek, 143-145 Baitenova, Nagima, 153-154 Bulutai, Murtaza, 140-148 Gabitov, Tursin Hafiz, 151-155 Kartabacva, Erke Tamabckkvzy, 155-159 Kartacva, Tattygul, 155 Nurtazina, Nazira, 148-151 Zatov, Kairat, 153-154 Schwartz, Wilhelm, 58 Science, scientific, 296 Scientific Atheism, 98 Scythian-Saka peoples, 78 Secularization theory, 109 Sedclnikov, A.N., 61 Seidimbck, Akscleu, 134, 139, 142, 149 self-consciousness, 156 self-identification, 156 Seljuk tribes, 36 Seljuk Turks, 189 Semei region, 191 Semenov, A.A., 63 Sener, Cemal, 166 sermons and teachings, 30, 158 Shabestari,
Mahmoud, 38 Shah Ismail, 42 Shahnameh (Firdausi), 38 Shaitan (Shaytan), 191 shaman, 38 Shamanic myths and rituals, 109 Shamanism, 3, 36, 120 coexistence with Islam, 53 in Kazakh steppe, destruction of, 177 Islam’s theological rejection of, 169 Mongolian, 58 rituals in, 4 Siberian, 73, 175 Tolstov on, 78
INDEX understandings definitions of, 173-177 Shamanism and Islam, historical rela tion of, 164-177 Deweese’s Critique of Turkish, French Soviet Scholarship, 166-168 Hobart, Angela, 156 ‘Islam’ and ‘Shamanism’, under standings and definitions, 173-177 Privratsky, Muslim Turkistan, evi dence from, 168-175 Sultanova, Razia, 164-177 Zarcone, Thierry, 165 Shamanism and Islam: Sufism, Healing Rituals and Spirits in the Muslim World (Sultanova), 165 Shamanism: The Religion of the Turks before Islam (Sencr), 165 Shamil, 118 Shammasi, 42 Shamun, Prophet, 85 Sharia laws, 230 Sharifian, Mahdi, 179 Shia persecutions, 42 Shinto, 201 Shishov, A., 63 Siberia, 165 Siberian history (Fisher), 52 Siberian shamanism, 73, 175 Silk Road merchants, 43, 154 Silk Road pluralist view, 159 Skvortsov-Stepanov, Ivan, 72 Sky Tengri, 152 Slavic peoples, 27 Slavophile, 215, 234 Smirnov, S.I., 30 Snegirev, J.Μ., 29 Snesarev, G.P., 62, 74, 75, 77, 80 evaluating beliefs and rituals of the Peoples of Central Asia, 83-85 401 methodological sophistication of Soviet ‘Survivals’ ethnography, 98 on importance of Kazakh nomadic Steppe culture, 101-102 Society for the Restoration of Orthodoxy in the Caucasus, 62 Sokoto Caliphate, 35 Solov’ev, Sergei Μ., 30, 57 Soros, George, 145 sources. See Soviet ‘survivals’ ethnography Soviet anti-Islamic propaganda litera ture, 88-93 Soviet Constitution, 121 Soviet encroachment, 172 Soviet ethnographers, 15 misinterpretation of Sufi rituals, 167 Soviet Ethnography (journal), 77 Soviet Kazakh publications, 107-124 About the Reactionary Essence of the Religion of Islam
(Kakimzhanov), 108-113 About the Religion of Islam and Its Current State (Duisenbin), 121-124 Devotion to Islam-A Detrimental Surww/(Mashrapov), 124 The Origin of Islam and Its Class Significance (Bisenov), 113-121 Soviet scholarship Deweese’s critique of, 166-168 on Shamanism, 174-175 Soviet scholarship, Deweese’s critique of. See post-Soviet “survivals” scholarship Soviet ‘survivals’ ethnography, 61, 6781. See also Tsarist Russian and Kazakh Colonial Ethnography, 1770-1917
402 INDEX in Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin, 68-71 in Russian Orthodoxy, 68 of Kazakh and Central Asian Islamic history, 1920s-40s, 74-80 Tylor, Frazer and Other EnroAmerican sources of influence, 72-73 Soviet ‘survivals’ ethnography, trans formations in, 83-102 chronological frame of Soviet ‘sur vivals’ ethnography, 98-101 concern for 'pre-Islamic survivals, 88-93 G.P. Sncsarcv’s late-coming chal lenge, 83-86 importance of Kazakh nomadic Steppe culture, 101-102 Revisiting the Marxian-Engelsian framework, 86-88 Snesarev and the Soviet deployment of‘pre-Islamic survivals’, 94-98 Soviet ‘survivals’ historiography and Tylor and Protestant Anti-Catholic Polemicists, 15-16 Hebrew-Jewish and Christian Sources of ‘Survivals’ Historiography, 22-36 Nineteenth-Century Romantic Nationalism and the Russian Orthodox Tradition of‘Dual Faith’, 26-31 ‘Survivals’ Historiography in Seventeenth-Century German Enlightenment Sources, 20-22 Spanish Catholic Christianity, forced conversion to, 25 Spanish Inquisition, 25, 172 Specimen historiae Arabum (Pocockio), 52 Speransky Reforms, 53 spirituality, 138, 140, 156, 228 St. Augustine, 23 Stalin, Joseph, 68-71, 70, 95, 96, 121,148 Sternberg, L.Y., 12, 73 Stolypin reforms, 117 The Struggle of Christianity with Pagan Survivals in Old Rus (Gal'kovskii), 30 The Study of Relipion, 137 Sufi customs, 180 Sufi influences, 43 Sufi pits, 152 Sufi rituals, 167 Sufi saints, 113 Sufism, 138,164-165, 176 Sultan-Galiev, Mirsaid (cf. Mirza), 88-90 Sultangalieva, Gulmira, 224 Sultanova, Razia, 164-177, 185 Sunni Muslims, 230 Sunni ‘ulema, 191 Sun-worshipers, 42,
112, 189, 191 “Survival Strategies: Reflections on the Notion of Religious ‘Survivals’ in Soviet Ethnographic Studies of Muslim Religious Life in Central Asia”, 15 Survivals [Перрееежитки ] ofAnimism among the Plain Tadjiks, 81 Survivals [Перрееежитки] of Totemism among the Peoples of Siberia, 71 Survivals [РееРликты] ofPre-Islamic Beliefs and Rituals among the Khorezm Uzbeks (Snesarev), 62 The Survivals ofAnimism, Shamanism, and Islam and Atheistic Work against Them (Amanturlin), 99 Survivals ofShamanism among the Kirgiz (Ilyasov), 81 syncretism, 22, 70, 78 as a construct, 184-187
INDEX debates over terminology, 184-187 of Islam, 138 Syncretism in Religion, 12 Syr region, Kazakhs of, 155 T T’ang Chinese forces, 115 tafriq, 34 Tajiks, 63, 74-75, 79 The Tale of Bygone Tears (Nestor), 27 Tängri (the “Celestial God”), 39, 41, 108,109, 112 Tanjarov, M.E., 176 Taraz, 123 Tasar, Eren, 80 Tashkent Turks, 115 Tatar (Kutlu Muhammet) Tevkelev, 218 Tatars, 4, 21,50,237 forced conversions of, 25 from Orenburg, 218 merchants and spread of Islam, 111 mullahs, 113, 134, 226 Muslim identity, 21 Tauasaruhli, Kazibek bek, 143 täwip, 169, 171 Taylor, Edward, 29 Tengri, 39 Tengrism, 3, 36, 44, 120 Tengrism and Islam, historical rela tion, 145, 151. See also Bulutai, Murtaza; Esim, Garifolla; Nurtazina, Nazira Tengrist historiography, 42, 132-140 Tengrist modes, 41 Tengrist-Shamanist orientation of the Kazakh ancestors, 154 Tereshchenko, A.V., 29 Tevkelev, Aleksei, 51 Thrower, James, 4, 69, 72, 77, 96 Tihomirov, I.A., 233 403 Timur, Chagataid Togluk, 156 Tokarev, Sergei A., 73 Tolstov, S.P., 63, 77-80, 84 totemism, 79, 81, 124 Toynbee, 149 Traces [ССлееды ] of Primitive Communism among Mountain Tajiks (Kisliakov), 80 transformations. See religious conversions Treatise on Relics (Calvin), 25 Trediakovsky, Vasily, 28 Troitskaya, A.L., 75, 80 The Truth About Burkhanism (Bulutai), 145 Tsarist ethnographers, Russian Orthodox missionaries and, 61-62 Tsarist government, 51 support for Islamic preaching, 122 Tsarist Orthodox, 22 Tsarist Russian and Kazakh Colonial Ethnography, 1770-1917, 49-63, 74. See also Soviet ‘survivals’ ethnography Kunanbaiuhli, Abai, 59-61 of Kazakh
religious identity, 17701860, 50-54 survival paradigm, 61-63 Valihanov, Chokan (1863-65), 55-59 The Turgai Region: A Historical Stttdy (Dobrosmyslov), 229 Turkestan National Liberation Struggle, 93 Turkic Chuvash kiremet/keremet, 40 Turkic movements, 93, 120 Turkic Muslim Mughals of India, 43 Turkic nationalism, 112 Turkic peoples, 35, 38, 51, 79,140, 144,152, 156,237 Turkic sources, 35-42
404 INDEX Turkish scholarship, Deweese’s cri tique of, 166-168 Türkistan, 123 Türkistan National Liberation Struggle, 94 Turk khaganate, 138 Turko-Mongols, 109 Turko-Persian Muslim, 40 Tylor and Soviet ‘survivals’ historiog raphy, 46 and Protestant Anti-Catholic Polemicists, 15-16 Hebrew-Jewish and Christian sources, 22-26 monotheistic degcncrational versus evolutionary developmental theories of early human history, 16-20 Nineteenth-Century Romantic Nationalism and the Russian Orthodox Tradition of‘Dual Faith’, 26-31 ‘survivals’ historiography, 20-22 Tylor, Edward Burnett, 16, 57, 70, 72, 77, 180 and Soviet ‘survivals’ ethnography, 72-73 U Ualihanuhli, 55. See also Valikhanov, Chokan Uighurs, 237 Ulug-Turluk, 41 Umayyad Caliphate, 189 UNESCO, 11,12, 196 Unification ofKazakhstan to Russia (Bekmukhanova), 100 Unique Aspects of the Spread of Islam in Kazakhstan, 101 Unitarianism, 17 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 198 Usmanov, Mirkasyim A., 6 Uyghurs Shamanic “residues” among, 166 Uzbeks, 4, 7, 74, 237 V Valikhanov, Chokan, 9,49, 52, 55, 58, 61,92,93, 111, 112, 116, 117, 170, 190,202,217, 228,236 interpretations of Kazakh religious history and identity, 55-59 on conversion of Kazakhs to Russian Orthodoxy, 55-58 on dual-faith paradigm, 55-59 persecution by Tsarist government, 122 Vasilenko, V.O., 73 Velioglu, Özgür, 166 Veniukov, Mikhail, 56 Vermeulen, Han F., 20 Vernadsky, George, 31 Vladimir the Great, 27 vocabulary Arabic and Persian, 40 Islamic, 41, 133, 168 Volga Finnic languages, 40 Volga Finnic people, 40 Volga-Ural Muslims, 111 defections of, 216
forced conversion of, 25 Voltaire, 224 W Wahabi-influenced schools, 35 wedding rituals, Kazakh, 50 Westermarck, Edvard, 11, 80 Western (Christian) Orientalist Scholarship, 45-46 Western imperialism, 120 Western interpretations of 'pre-Islamic pagan survivals’, 45—46
INDEX Western Protestant (and limited Catholic) missionary, 142 Western-Russian Enlightenment, 169 Whately, Richard, 18, 20 И7мг Is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic, 12 What is Islamic Studies? European and North American Approaches to a Contested Field, 12 White Christians, 172 White, Joseph, 45, 52, 70 William of Rubruck, 52 witchcraft, 79 With An Introductory Dissertation On the Miraculous Images, as Well as Other Superstitions, of the Roman Catholic and Russo-Greek Churches (Calvin), 26 Witsen, Nicolaas, 20-22, 51-52 Witte, S. Iu., 234 Wood, P., 12 world religions, 138-139, 188 World War II, 99 worship of the pious sanctuaries, 79 405 Y Yadrintsev, N.M., 231 Yahweh, Jew, 110 Yakobiy, Ivan Varfolomeyevich, 223 Yasawi, Qoja Akhmet, 44, 138, 146, 151,189 Yasawi Sufi order, 151 Yastrebov, Matvei N., 29, 52, 53 Young Turks, 93 Z Zal (magician), 37 Zarcone, Thierry, 165, 167, 179 Zatov, Kairat, 152-153, 202 Zeitgeist, 58 Zcland, N.L., 49, 59 Zelenin, D.K., 72 Zolotarev, A., 72 Zoroastrianism, 3, 36, 108, 120, 137, 191 Bayerische ) Staatsbibliothek | München |
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| author | Weller, R. Charles 1963- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133068838 |
| author_facet | Weller, R. Charles 1963- |
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| author_sort | Weller, R. Charles 1963- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049341857 |
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| era_facet | Geschichte |
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| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04942nam a2200709 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV049341857</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20240119 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">230926s2023 b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789811956966</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-981-19-5696-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1418698993</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV049341857</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Weller, R. Charles</subfield><subfield code="d">1963-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)133068838</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">'Pre-Islamic survivals' in Muslim Central Asia</subfield><subfield code="b">Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet ethnography in world historical perspective</subfield><subfield code="c">R. Charles Weller</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Singapore</subfield><subfield code="b">Palgrave Macmillan</subfield><subfield code="c">[2023]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xix, 405 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="c">21 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Islam and global studies</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">The book traces the conceptual lens of historical-cultural 'survivals' from the late 19th-century theories of E.B. Tylor, James Frazer, and others, in debate with monotheistic 'degenerationists' and Protestant anti-Catholic polemicists, back to its origins in Jewish, Christian and Muslim traditions as well as later more secularized forms in the German Enlightenment and Romanticist movements. These historical sources, particularly the 'dual faith' tradition of Russian Orthodoxy, significantly shaped both Tsarist and later Soviet ethnography of Muslim Central Asia, helping guide and justify their respective religious missionary, social-legal, political and other imperial agendas. They continue impacting post-Soviet historiography in complex and debated ways. Drawing from European, Central Asian, Middle Eastern and world history, the fields of ethnography and anthropology, as well as Christian and Islamic studies, the volume contributes to scholarship on 'syncretism' and 'conversion', definitions of Islam, history as identity and heritage, and more. 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| geographic_facet | Mittelasien |
| id | DE-604.BV049341857 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:47:13Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T10:02:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789811956966 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034602413 |
| oclc_num | 1418698993 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xix, 405 Seiten 21 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240119 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Palgrave Macmillan |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Islam and global studies |
| spelling | Weller, R. Charles 1963- Verfasser (DE-588)133068838 aut 'Pre-Islamic survivals' in Muslim Central Asia Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet ethnography in world historical perspective R. Charles Weller Singapore Palgrave Macmillan [2023] © 2023 xix, 405 Seiten 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Islam and global studies The book traces the conceptual lens of historical-cultural 'survivals' from the late 19th-century theories of E.B. Tylor, James Frazer, and others, in debate with monotheistic 'degenerationists' and Protestant anti-Catholic polemicists, back to its origins in Jewish, Christian and Muslim traditions as well as later more secularized forms in the German Enlightenment and Romanticist movements. These historical sources, particularly the 'dual faith' tradition of Russian Orthodoxy, significantly shaped both Tsarist and later Soviet ethnography of Muslim Central Asia, helping guide and justify their respective religious missionary, social-legal, political and other imperial agendas. They continue impacting post-Soviet historiography in complex and debated ways. Drawing from European, Central Asian, Middle Eastern and world history, the fields of ethnography and anthropology, as well as Christian and Islamic studies, the volume contributes to scholarship on 'syncretism' and 'conversion', definitions of Islam, history as identity and heritage, and more. It is situated within a broader global historical frame, addressing debates over 'pre-Islamic Survivals' among Turkish and Iranian as well as Egyptian, North African Berber, Black African and South Asian Muslim Peoples while critiquing the legacy of the Geertzian 'cultural turn' within Western post-colonialist scholarship in relation to diverging trends of historiography in the post-World War Two era. R. Charles Weller, Associate Professor of History (Career), Washington State University, and Senior Research Fellow, Department of Religion and Culture, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd rswk-swf Religiöse Identität (DE-588)4354651-1 gnd rswk-swf Ethnologie (DE-588)4078931-7 gnd rswk-swf Mittelasien (DE-588)4039661-7 gnd rswk-swf Ethnology / Asia, Central / Historiography Religion and culture / Asia, Central Russia / Relations / Asia, Central Asia, Central / Relations / Russia Asia, Central / Civilization / Russian influences Asia, Central / Civilization / Islamic influences Civilization / Islamic influences Civilization / Russian influences Ethnology / Historiography International relations Religion and culture Central Asia Russia Mittelasien (DE-588)4039661-7 g Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 s Religiöse Identität (DE-588)4354651-1 s Ethnologie (DE-588)4078931-7 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9789811956973 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034602413&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034602413&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034602413&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Weller, R. Charles 1963- 'Pre-Islamic survivals' in Muslim Central Asia Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet ethnography in world historical perspective Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd Religiöse Identität (DE-588)4354651-1 gnd Ethnologie (DE-588)4078931-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4049396-9 (DE-588)4354651-1 (DE-588)4078931-7 (DE-588)4039661-7 |
| title | 'Pre-Islamic survivals' in Muslim Central Asia Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet ethnography in world historical perspective |
| title_auth | 'Pre-Islamic survivals' in Muslim Central Asia Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet ethnography in world historical perspective |
| title_exact_search | 'Pre-Islamic survivals' in Muslim Central Asia Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet ethnography in world historical perspective |
| title_exact_search_txtP | 'Pre-Islamic survivals' in Muslim Central Asia Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet ethnography in world historical perspective |
| title_full | 'Pre-Islamic survivals' in Muslim Central Asia Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet ethnography in world historical perspective R. Charles Weller |
| title_fullStr | 'Pre-Islamic survivals' in Muslim Central Asia Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet ethnography in world historical perspective R. Charles Weller |
| title_full_unstemmed | 'Pre-Islamic survivals' in Muslim Central Asia Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet ethnography in world historical perspective R. Charles Weller |
| title_short | 'Pre-Islamic survivals' in Muslim Central Asia |
| title_sort | pre islamic survivals in muslim central asia tsarist soviet and post soviet ethnography in world historical perspective |
| title_sub | Tsarist, Soviet and post-Soviet ethnography in world historical perspective |
| topic | Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd Religiöse Identität (DE-588)4354651-1 gnd Ethnologie (DE-588)4078931-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Religion Religiöse Identität Ethnologie Mittelasien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034602413&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034602413&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034602413&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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