Russia: great power, weakened state
"Russia inspires fear. For decades, American presidents viewed the Soviet Union as an "evil empire," and now, the Ukrainian crisis has added a new chapter to this narrative inherited from the Cold War. Russia's behavior is regarded with distrust and its "nuisance power"...
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| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London
Rowman & Littlefield
[2023]
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| Ausgabe: | Second edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Russia inspires fear. For decades, American presidents viewed the Soviet Union as an "evil empire," and now, the Ukrainian crisis has added a new chapter to this narrative inherited from the Cold War. Russia's behavior is regarded with distrust and its "nuisance power" arouses frustration. The country's image has not been so negative since the collapse of the Soviet Union. But at the same time--and this is a key point of this book--Russia is fearful, too. Thirty years after the end of the Soviet Union, multiple ghosts haunt the country, its elites, and its society, from concern over demographic and economic decline to worry about the country's vulnerability to external intervention, reviving the old notion of Russia as a "besieged fortress." Opened up practically overnight under President Boris Yeltsin, the country had to deal with a rapid and violent globalization. Faced with both a West that emerged victorious from the Cold War and a shockingly dynamic China, Russia constantly questions its identity and the notion that its fate is to bridge East and West. Vacillating between reformist aspirations and a fear of liberal society, which is often portrayed as amoral and perverse, the country, and certainly its leader Vladamir Putin, sometimes seems tempted to take refuge in a new isolation. This book is more than timely: no other book offers a comprehensive overview of Russia's fears and challenges that could help the American public to understand how the country deals with its own issues and how this influences Russia's foreign policy, including the ongoing war in Ukraine. This in-out aspect is critical to understand the country's international stance and therefore directly U.S. policy and security"-- |
| Beschreibung: | viii, 256 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781538174777 9781538174784 |
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| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Understanding Russia |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Russia |b great power, weakened state |c Marlene Laruelle (The George Washington University), Jean Radvanyi (National Institute for Oriental Languages and Cultures) |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Territorial Fatigue -- Russia's Multiple and Troubled Identities -- Russian Society -- The Political System -- The Economy -- Russia, From Eurasia to The Whole World, And Back? -- Russia and the World in a Time of War | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "Russia inspires fear. For decades, American presidents viewed the Soviet Union as an "evil empire," and now, the Ukrainian crisis has added a new chapter to this narrative inherited from the Cold War. Russia's behavior is regarded with distrust and its "nuisance power" arouses frustration. The country's image has not been so negative since the collapse of the Soviet Union. But at the same time--and this is a key point of this book--Russia is fearful, too. Thirty years after the end of the Soviet Union, multiple ghosts haunt the country, its elites, and its society, from concern over demographic and economic decline to worry about the country's vulnerability to external intervention, reviving the old notion of Russia as a "besieged fortress." Opened up practically overnight under President Boris Yeltsin, the country had to deal with a rapid and violent globalization. Faced with both a West that emerged victorious from the Cold War and a shockingly dynamic China, Russia constantly questions its identity and the notion that its fate is to bridge East and West. Vacillating between reformist aspirations and a fear of liberal society, which is often portrayed as amoral and perverse, the country, and certainly its leader Vladamir Putin, sometimes seems tempted to take refuge in a new isolation. This book is more than timely: no other book offers a comprehensive overview of Russia's fears and challenges that could help the American public to understand how the country deals with its own issues and how this influences Russia's foreign policy, including the ongoing war in Ukraine. This in-out aspect is critical to understand the country's international stance and therefore directly U.S. policy and security"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Figures, Maps, and Tables vii Introduction 1 1 : Territorial Fatigue: External Borders Challenged and Domestic Development Unbalanced 2: Russia’s Multiple and Troubled Identities: Diversity, Decline, and Migration 7 33 3: Russian Society: Fragmented but Resilient 4: The Political System: A Consensus Undermined by Fear and Repression 55 81 5: The Economy: From the Quest forSovereignty to War Economy 115 6: From Eurasia to the Whole World: The Double-Hedged Eagle Challenges Global Equilibriums 157 7: Russia and the World in a Time of War: Besieged Fortress and New Crusader 203 Conclusion 223 Selected Bibliography 229 Index 243 v
Index A2/AD. See Anti-Access/AreaDenial strategy ABM. See antiballistic missile treaty abortion, 73 Abramovich, Roman, 132 “accelerated development territories” (TOR), 136 adaptability, of Russian society, 58 Afghanistan, 174 Africa, 192, 193,193; Wagner Private Military Company in, 194 agribusiness, 127, 143 agriculture, 121, 143 AIDS epidemic, 48-49 air transportation network, 21 Akayev, Askar, 174 Aktau summit, 15-16 Albats, Yevgenia, 90 Alfeev, Hilarion, 211 Aliev, Heydar, 168 Alma-Ata Declaration, 7-8 Alternative Right, in US, 211 “amber zone,” in Kaliningrad, 136 American Evangelical Right, 211 Amnesty International, 191 Anti-Access/Area-Denial strategy (A2/AD), 166 antiballistic missile treaty (ABM), 164 Anti-Corruption Foundation, 99,139 antiglobalization movements, 208 APEC. See Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation approval rating, of Putin, 89, 97 Argumenty ifakty, 133 Arkaim, 71-72 Arktik-Sabetta 2 LNG terminal, 147-48 Armenia, 11-12, 206 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, 194, 196 “Asian pivot,” 158, 181, 196 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 181 al-Assad, Bashar, 157,189, 191, 214 assassinations, political, 91, 94, 98 autarky, 120, 148-49 authoritarianism, 4, 83 automotive industry, 124, 142, 144 aviation industry, 124-26, 142, 143-44 Avtotor, 28 Azerbaijan, 11-12, 15-16 Baker, James, 161, 162 Bakiyev, Kurmanbek, 214 Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC), 168, 191 Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum, 168 Ballistic Missile Defense, NATO, 166 Baltic states, 160, 164, 170, 198n27 243
244 Index banking sector, 127-28; sanctions effect on, 116, 140, 141^12 Bashkortostan, 38 Bastrykin, Alexander, 139 BBC, 160 Belarus, 179 Belgorod, 29 Belt and Road Initiative, 169 Berezovsky, Boris, 129, 152n33 Bering Strait, 16 Berlusconi, Silvio, 211-12 Beslan, 89 Biden, Joe, 12 billionaires, 59 Black Sea, 12, 29nll, 147, 201n69 Black Sea Economic Cooperation area (BSEC), 173 blasphemy, 69 blizhnee zarubezh ’e (“near abroad”). See “near abroad” Blue Stream underwater gas pipeline, 168, 191 “bobos” (bourgeois bohemians), 72 “border effect,” 24, 25 borders, 7-8, 14, 15-17, 19, 28 Bortnikov, Alexander, 112n49 bourgeois bohemians (“bobos”), 72 boycotts, 67 brain drain, 61, 103; of entrepreneurs, 149; US relation to, 162 Bretton Woods Agreements, 214 Brezhnev, Leonid, 46 Brezhnev era, 91-92 bribes, 138 BRICS group, 150, 183, 193, 195, 224; Contingent Reserve Arrangement of, 215; GDP of, 194; Global South relation to, 196 “brother Slavs,” 36 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 8, 161 BSEC. See Black Sea Economic Cooperation area BTC. See Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Bucha, Ukraine, 14 Bulgaria, 168-69 Bush, George H. W., 164 Bush, George W., 88, 164, 211; Putin relation to, 159 “Business Retreats and Sanctions Are Crippling the Russian Economy” (Yale University), 116-17 Butovo, 92 capital flight, 139 capitalism, 83 Carter, Jimmy, 8 Caspian Sea, 15-16 Catherine the Great, 13 Caucasus, 25-26, 27, 37, 167, 173; Muslim peoples in, 69-70; Turkey relation to, 11 ; xenophobia against, 43 Center for Strategic Research, 139-40 Central Asian Economic Community, 173 CFE. See Conventional Forces in Europe
treaty Chechnya, 28, 38, 84, 85, 98; Dagestan relation to, 86; Islam in, 94; Yeltsin relation to, 163 Chemezov, Sergey, 144 Cherkizovsky market, 45 Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 85 China, 9, 29n6, 147-48,183, 189; Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank relation to, 194, 196; automobile industry relation to, 144; borders of, 19; CIPS of, 142, 215; COMAC in, 126; Kazakhstan pipeline with, 169; repression in, 105; Russia relation to, 14, 15, 181, 184, 185, 187, 224-25; on UN Security Council, 214-15 Chinese Belt and Road Initiative, 22 Christianity, 5n4, 34, 68-69 Christian values, 210-11 Chukotka, 18, 132 churches, 5n4, 68, 71, 88 Churchill, Winston, 92 CIPS. See Cross-Border Interbank Payment System
Index 245 CIS. See Commonwealth of corruption, 99, 133, 138, 139-40; of Independent States governors, 89; oligarchs relation City Prosperity Index, of to, 60; passports relation to, 41-42; UN-Habitat, 62 taxes relation to, 132, 137 civic identity, 35, 36-37 Corruption Perceptions Index, of civil aviation, 125-26 Transparency International, 138 “civilization,” 107 Cossacks, 37 “clash of civilizations” theory, 34 Council of Europe, 162 Clinton, Bill, 168, 172 Council of Muftis, 44 Clinton, Hillary, 2 counterrevolutionary ideology, 106 Collective Security Treaty Organization COVID-19 pandemic, 49, 49, (CSTO), 171, 187 100, 116, 140 color revolutions, 97, 161, 174— CPRF. See Communist Party of the 75,208,214 Russian Federation Commercial Aircraft Corporation of Crimea, 115; annexation of, 2, 7, 8, 9, China (COMAC), 126 12, 17-18, 47, 97-98, 107-8, 178; “compatriot” relation to, 39 Committee on the Family, Women, and crisis, economic, 1990s, 120-21, 122 Children, of Duma, 93 commodity prices, 122-23 Cross-Border Interbank Payment Common Economic Space, 179 System (CIPS), 142,215 Commonwealth of Independent States cryptocurrencies, 149 CSTO. See Collective Security Treaty (CIS), 9, 15, 159, 172-73, 176, Organization 178-79; Georgia relation to, 170, 178, 199n32; migration from, 41; cultural values, 66-67, 72-73; conservative turn relation to, 97; the NATO compared to, 10; sovereignty West effect on, 76 relation to, 171; US relation to, 11, 161; Yeltsin relation to, 163, 170 culture, 91, 206 culture war, 219 communication routes, trade policies relation to, 11 de Custine
(Marquis), 2 Communist Party of the Russian dacha (vacation home), 60, 65 Federation (CPRF), 82 Dagestan, 26, 43-44, 86 “compatriot” (sootechestvennik), dal'nee zarubezh ’e (“far abroad”), 9-10 38-39, 207 death penalty, 75 Congress of the Union of Industrialists defense budget, 205 and Entrepreneurs of Russia democracy, 83,217; sovereign, 91, 207 (RSPP), 138 conservative values, 96-97, 210-12, 216 demographic challenges, 45-46, 50 depopulation, 46; in Russian Far East, conspiracy theories, 105,175 18-19,19, 20-21; in Russian public constitutional reform, 100 consumer goods, 124 opinion, 18, 47 depressed regions, 65-66 Contingent Reserve Arrangement, of destitution, 57 BRICS, 215 Conventional Forces in Europe treaty divorce, 73 DNR. See People’s Republic of Donetsk (CFE), 164,166 Donbas region, Ukraine, 1, 35, 102, 115
246 Index Dubrovka Theater, 88 Dukhobors, 71 Duma, 16, 89, 93; fake information law of, 102-3; mobilization law of, 103 DUM RF. See Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Russian Federation Durov, Pavel, 61 Dutch disease, 117-18, 126 EASA. See European Union Aviation Safety Agency Ease of Doing Business Index, of World Bank, 139 “Eastern Partnership” in EU, 177-78 economy, Russian, 4, 57, 85, 103, 137, 141; corruption effect on, 139—40; crisis in, 120-21, 122; disparity in, 22, 23, 23, 24, 25; ethnic minorities relation to, 25-26; labor migration relation to, 41, 42; modernization of, 134-35; nationalism in, 68; oligarchs relation to, 59-60; Putin relation to, 115, 119-20, 129; sanctions effect on, 115-17, 127, 142, 146, 148-49; sovereignty relation to, 134 Edinaia Rossiia (United Russia), 89 EEC. See Eurasian Economic Community EEU. See Eurasian Economic Union elite, Russian, 1, 12, 99, 104; corruption relation to, 138; imperialism relation to, 8, 34; sanctions against, 101-2; the West relation to, 4, 82, 159 embargoes, 28, 142, 148 embezzlement, 83-84 energy infrastructure, 175 entrepreneurs, brain drain of, 149 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 147, 191, 192 Estonia, 16 ethnic diversity, 33 ethnic groups, 34, 37-38, 51nll; public policies for, 35; Putin relation to, 38 ethnic identity, 35 ethnic imperialism, 12 ethnic languages, 37 ethnic minorities, Russian, 9,25-26 ethnic neighborhoods, 41 ethnic riots, 44 ethnolinguistic identity, 34 EU. See European Union Eurasia, 106-7 Eurasian Economic Community (EEC), 179 Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), 41, 42, 179-80 Euromaidan
demonstrations, 36, 97 European lifestyle, 76 European Right, 211-12 European Union (EU), 11, 118, 161, 185, 226-27; “Eastern Partnership” in, 177-78; Euroregions of, 173; TRACECAof, 167 European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), 125 European Values Survey, 72 Europe-Caucasus-Asia Transport Corridor (TRACECA), 167 Euroregions, 173 Evenett, Simon J., 144 Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More (Yurchak), 81 exports, 126, 146-47, 168-69; of grain, 143; taxes on, 131 extractive industries, 121, 123 ExxonMobil, 130 fake information, 102-3 Far East, Russian, 27, 183-84; depopulation in, 18-19,19, 20-21 fascism, 105, 107-8 FDI. See foreign direct investment federalism, 88-89 federal ’nyi okrug (superdistricts), 88-89 federal output, of Russia, 22, 23, 24, 25 Federation Council, 88 fertility rates, 46, 47, 50, 57 Fiat, 124 FIFA World Cup (2018), 208 financial institutions, international, 129
Index Finno-Ugric populations, 36 First Chechen War, 43 FOM. See Public Opinion Foundation Food Security Doctrine, 143 Forbes (magazine), 59, 132 foreign brands, 67, 140 foreign capital, 118, 119 foreign companies, 144, 145—46 foreign direct investment (FDI), 124, 127 foreign policy, 10-11, 158, 159, 196, 223, 224; Christian values in, 211; Global South in, 181; marketing techniques in, 206-7; “near abroad” in, 169-70; Putin on, 157; Syria in, 189; of US, 227; the West perspective of, 203-4; of Yeltsin, 163 foreign trade, 118, 126 forest fires, 95 Francis (Pope), 211 free economic zone, 25, 28, 136. See also economy, Russian FSB, 100-101, 112n49 Fukuyama, Francis, 219 Fundamentals of Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics, 93-94 G7, BRICS compared to, 196 Gaddafi, Muammar, 165 Gaddy, Clifford, 132, 149 Gaidar, Yegor, 34 “gas wars,” 175 Gazprom, 130, 169, 176 GDP, 117, 121, 150; of BRICS, 194; in Moscow, 23, 23, 62. See also economy, Russian General Assembly, UN, 214, 223 gentrification, in Moscow, 62 Georgia, 38-39, 171,173; CIS relation to, 170, 178,199n32; NATO relation to, 176-77; Rose Revolution in, 174 Germany, 168, 208, 225 Gini coefficient, 58 globalization, 2, 4, 67, 208 global market, 121 247 Global South, 1, 3, 216-18, 219, 223, 225; BRICS relation to, 196; in foreign policy, 181; Sputnik in, 209 Global Zero movement, 165 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 15, 82, 120, 160-61, 181; CFE relation to, 164; privatization under, 57-58; Yeltsin relation to, 83 governors, corruption of, 89 grain production, exports of, 143 Grand Mosque, in Moscow, 63, 70 Gravier, Jean-François, 20
“Great Game,” 147, 167, 198n25 Great Patriotic War, 72, 85, 100, 107 great-power identity, 105 gross capital formation, 135 Gryzlov, Boris, 89, 92 GUAM, 163, 173 Guriev, Sergey, 61, 134 Gusinsky, Vladimir, 129, 152n33 The Hague International Criminal Court, 196, 223-24 Hanson, Philip, 136 He Is Not Dimon to You (film), 99 Helsinki Group, 103 High Committee on Refugees, UN, 35 higher education institutions, 96 Higher School of Economics, 50 Hitler, Adolf, 2 homosexuality, 74 housing, privatization of, 63 Hungary, 216-17 Huntington, Samuel, 34 “hybrid war,” 210 hydrocarbons, 118, 130,175; export of, 146-47. See also natural gas hypercentralization, 24, 26, 28-29 Ickes, Barry, 132, 149 Identitarian Christianism, 69 identity, 38, 105; civic, 35, 36-37; national, 33, 34, 35, 39-40, 69, 85, 107 ideology, of Putinism, 104, 105-7,108
248 Index IKEA Russia, 138 imperialism, 8, 9, 12, 34, 217 importozameshenie (“substitution” strategy), 143 imports, 127 income inequality, 58-59 India, 147, 181, 183,224 industrial cooperation agreements, 205-6 industrial output, 118 industrial sector, FDI in, 127 industry, 20, 123, 127, 128; aviation, 124-26, 142, 143-44; light, 121, 183 INF. See Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty information technology (IT), 61-62, 208-9 information war, 208-10 infrastructure, 21, 27, 135, 137; energy, 175; transportation, 22 Institute for Contemporary Development (INSOR), 93 Institute for Democracy and Cooperation, 207 Institute of Economic Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences, 150 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF), 166-67 internationalism, of the West, 213 internet services, 96, 215-16 interstate economic committee, 171 Investigation Committee, 139 Islam, 38, 70, 94, 98. See also Muslim peoples Islamic Republic of Ichkeria. See Chechnya Islamophobia, 44 Israel, 217 IT. See information technology Ivanov, Sergey, 99 Japan, 16, 46, 67, 183 Jinping, Xi, 105, 184 joint military exercise, with China, 185 judiciary, 139-40 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 98 Kagansky, Vladimir, 21 Kalibr cruise-missile attacks, 157 Kaliningrad, 25, 28, 136, 164 Kamchatka Peninsula, depopulation in, 19 Kara-Murza, Vladimir, 103 Karelia, 27, 44 Kasyanov, Mikhail, 131 Kazakhstan, 15-16,42, 168, 169, 224 Kazan, Tatarstan, 65, 84 Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 85 Khashoggi, Jamal, 190-91 Kherson, Ukraine, 17 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 130 Khrushchev, Nikita, 19-20 Kirienko, Sergei, 98-99 kleptocracy, 119 Kommersant Vlast
(publication), 26 Komsomolsk-on-Amur, 125 Kondopoga, ethnic riots in, 44 Kovachuk, Yuri, 100 Kozyrev, Andrei, 9 Krasnodar, 23 Kravchuk, Leonid, 170, 199n32 Kudrin, Alexei, 98, 131, 139 Kuril Islands, 16 Kursk (submarine), 88 Kyiv, Ukraine, 8, 13, 97 labor migration, 40,41, 42, 43^14 language, Russian, 206 Latvia, 16 Lavrov, Sergey, 14 law enforcement, 41, 42 Lebed, Alexander, 86 LegitRuss survey, 74, 75 Lesin, Mikhail, 98 Letters from Russia (de Custine), 2 Levada Center, 55, 56, 74, 75 LGBTQ+ rights, 74, 97 liberalism, 129; of Yeltsin, 105, 119, 134 light industry, 121, 183 Die Linke, in Germany, 208 liquefied natural gas (LNG), 146, 184
249 Index Lithuania, 28 Litvinenko, Alexander, 91 LNG. See liquefied natural gas LNR. See People’s Republic of Luhansk loans-for-shares system, 127-28 Lukashenko, Alexander, 179 Luzhkov, Yuri, 45, 86, 99 Magadan, depopulation in, 18, 19 Magnitsky, Sergei, 138, 165 Magnitsky Act (2012), 165 male mortality, 48, 50 Manege Square, 44 manufacturing industry, 121, 126, 127 market economy, nomenkiattira in, 83 marketing techniques, 206-7 market-oriented careers, 57 Markov, Sergei, 208 martial law, in Belgorod, 29 maternity allowance, 58-59 McDonald’s, 67 media, 89, 128, 130, 216; RussoUkrainian war in, 203 Medinsky, Vladimir, 97 Medvedev, Dmitri, 14, 92, 99, 165, 183, 194; modernization of, 93, 134; Skolkovo Innovation Center launched by, 61, 136 Medvedev, Svetlana, 93 Meloni, Giorgia, 212 Memorial, 96, 101 “men in uniform” (siloviki'), 90 Michel, Casey, 226 middle class, 60-61, 62, 94-95 Middle East, 189, 190, 190 Migranian, Andranik, 9 migrants, 50, 70, 95, 180; labor, 40, 41, 42, 43-44; national identity relation to, 39-40 military, of Russia, 205 military doctrine, of Russia, 165 military-industrial complex, 65, 116, 125; Putin relation to, 88, 205; in US, 225 military service, mandatory, 103 “millennium manifesto,” of Putin, 87 “millionaire cities” (millioniki), 63 millioniki (“millionaire cities”), 63 Milov, Vladimir, 95 Minchenko, Evgeny, 90 mineral products, sanctions of, 146 mining industry, 142 Ministry of Defense, of Russia, 112n49 Ministry of Regional Development, of Russia, 26-27 Minsk Agreements, 34 mnogonatsional ’nyi narod (“multinational people of Russia”), 37
mobilization, 102, 103, 140 modernization, 22, 27, 62, 93, 119-20; in depressed regions, 66; of economy, 134-35; of Russian military, 205; Skolkovo Innovation Center for, 136 Moldova, 29nl 1 monogorod (one-industry towns), 20 monogorody (single industry cities), 65, 132 Monroe Doctrine, 9, 10 Montreux Convention, 201n69 moral values, 73-74 Mordashov, Alexey, 61 Morris, Jeremy, 55-56 Moscow, 24, 45, 92; GDP in, 23, 23, 62; Grand Mosque in, 63, 70 Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, 96-97 Moscow Patriarchate, 82, 93-94, 162, 211,221n28 Moskvy, Ekho, 152n33 multilateral organization, 172 “multinational people of Russia” (mnogonatsional ’nyi narod), 37 Munich Security Conference, 176 Murmansk region, 27 Muslim peoples, 36, 44, 51nll, 69; migration of, 41, 70 Nabucco project, 168
250 Nagorno-Karabakh region, Azerbaijan, 11-12 Narochnitskaya, Nataliya, 8 Nashi (“Ours”), 45,91 national identity, 33, 85; Great Patriotic War in, 107; Identitarian Christianism in, 69; migration relation to, 39-40; in the West, 34, 35 nationalism, 68, 98 nationalists, Russian, 44, 95, 97; Putin relation to, 45; on Russification, 37-38 national security, 149 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization natural gas, 176-, exports of, 168-69; liquefied, 146, 184 naturalization, 50 Navalny, Alexey, 75, 100-101; Anti corruption Foundation of, 99, 139; in anti-Putin protests, 95 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 179 “near abroad” (blizhnee zarubezh ’e), 9-11, 106, 107, 207; inforeign policy, 169-70; state identity in, 38 Nefedova, Tatiana, 143 Neighborhood Policy, EU, 161 Nemtsov, Boris, 98, 139 neo-imperialism, 180-81 neoliberalism, 4, 49; in Russian society, 72-73; statism mixed with, 134; technocrats for, 99-100 neo-Nazis, 44, 108 neo-paganism, 71-72 New Age communities, 71-72 “new Left,” 95-96 New Start Treaty (START III), 165 Nine-Dash Line maritime claims, of China, 9 Nitze, Paul, 161 nomenklatura. See elite, Russian non-black-soil areas, depopulation in, 19-20 noncompetitive businesses, 133 Index Nordstream 2 Pipeline, 147 Nord Stream undersea pipeline, 168 Nornickel, 61 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1, 12, 163, 180, 205; Ballistic Missile Defense of, 166; Baltic states accession to, 164; CIS compared to, 10; Georgia relation to, 176-77; Partnership for Peace of, 161, 162; Poland membership in, 160; Putin relation to, 13; Sweden in, 212 Northern Sea Route, 22 North
Korea, 226 Norway, 15 nostalgia, for Soviet Union, 73, 74-75, 91, 105-6 Novatek, 147, 184 Novgorod oblast, depopulation in, 20 Novoe vremia (newspaper), 90 NSC-68, 161 nuclear arsenals, 165, 172 Obama, Barack, 157, 165, 211 “obliged patronage,” 132 oil, 123, 130, 147; BTC pipeline for, 168; export of, 126; OPEC relation to, 190; taxes on, 131, 133 Old Believer communities, 71 oligarchs, 128-29, 175, 176; economy relation to, 59-60; media controlled by, 89; “obliged patronage” of, 132; public opinion of, 130; sanctions effect on, 59, 60, 149; Yeltsin relation to, 85-86 Olympics, in Sochi, 27, 67-68, 136, 207-8 one-industry towns (monogorod), 20 “On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians” (Putin), 12 OPEC. See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries opiate use, 48 Orange Revolution, in Ukraine, 36, 91, 174, 176
Index Orbân, Viktor, 216-17 Order on National Goals and Strategic Objectives, 135 Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe (OSCE), 162 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 190 Orthodox Christianity, 34, 68-69 OSCE. See Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe osobyi put ’ (“unique path”), 107 Otechestvo Party, 87 “Ours” (Nashi), 45,91 output, 122 Ozero cooperative, 90-91 Panis and the French Desert (Gravier), 20 Paris Club, 122 PARNAS. See Russian People’s Party Partnership for Peace, of NATO, 161, 162 “party of war,” 102 passports, 37-38, 51n7; “compatriot” relation to, 38-39, 207; corruption relation to, 41-42 patents, 61 paternalism, 59 “patriotic centrism,” 87 patriotism, 85, 91; in political ideology, 105; in schools, 103 Patrushev, Nikolai, 99 Pavlovsky, Gleb, 206 Peace Mission, 185 Le Pen, Marine, 211 People’s Republic of Donetsk (DNR), 13 People’s Republic of Luhansk (LNR), 13 perestroika, 57 Peskov, Dmitri, 103 Peter the Great, 8, 13, 86 251 pipelines, 168-69, 184; Blue Stream underwater gas, 191; Nordstream 2, 147; Power of Siberia 2, 185 Pisani, Niccolb, 144 Poland, 27, 160 “Politburo 2.0,” 90 “political technologists,” 206 Politkovskaya, Anna, 91 population increase, 47, 48, 64 porcelain factory, in St. Petersburg, 129,152n20 poverty, 59, 82 Power of Siberia 2, 185 “power vertical,” 28, 90, 101 Pratt Whitney, 125 presence abroad, of Russia, 182 presidential terms, 100 Prigozhin, Yevgeny, 102 Primakov, Yevgeny, 86, 158 Primorie region, 25 Primorskii krai, depopulation in, 19 privatization, 57-58, 83, 119, 127; of
agriculture, 121; of housing, 63; oligarchs relation to, 59-60; state investment relation to, 136 Prokhorov, Mikhail, 95 propaganda, 116, 204, 210 protectionism, 124 Protestant churches, 68 protests, 96; anti-corruption, 99; anti Putin, 94-95; repression of, 103 Pskov oblast, depopulation in, 20 public health, 47, 48^19, 49 public opinion, 55, 73-75, 88, 104, 160, 210; on annexation of Crimea, 8, 97-98; on depopulation, 18, 47; in Global South, 217-18; of migration, 43-44; oligarchs in, 60, 130; of Putin, 99; in the West, 207 Public Opinion Foundation (FOM), 69 public policies: for ethnic groups, 35; of Putinism, 104 Pussy Riot affair, 69, 96-97 Putin, Vladimir, 1, 3-4, 18, 26, 102, 227; approval rating of, 89, 97;
252 Baltic states relation to, 198n27; BBC interview with, 160; Belarus relation to, 179; border disputes resolved by, 14; Bush, G. W., relation to, 159; in China, 184; Christian values relation to, 211; conservative turn of, 97; COVID-19 effect on, 100; on Crimea, 17; on cultural values, 76; on demographic challenges, 46; divorce of, 73; economy relation to, 115, 119-20, 129; Erdogan relation to, 192; ethnic groups relation to, 38; on foreign policy, 157; The Hague International Criminal Court arrest warrant for, 196; Hitler compared to, 2; military industrial complex relation to, 88, 205; “millennium manifesto” of, 87; on “multinational people of Russia,” 37; Munich Security Conference speech of, 176; NATO relation to, 13; “obliged patronage” under, 132; oligarchs relation to, 59, 149; Ozero cooperative relation to, 90-91; Peter the Great compared to, 8; protests of, 94-95; public opinion of, 99; RSPP meeting with, 138; Russia, Inc. relation to, 131; in Russian Geography Society, 21-22; Russian nationalism relation to, 45; Sechin relation to, 130; Snowden relation to, 165—66; soft power of, 207; state violence of, 81; Stone interview with, 209; “substitution” strategy of, 143; taxes relation to, 133-34; Ukraine relation to, 12, 177; US relation to, 164; vertical power of, 28; the West relation to, 104 Putinism, 103; ideology of, 104, 105-7, 108 qualified labor force, 60-61 raw materials extractive sectors, 118, 123, 131 Index realpolitik, 213 regional airports, 21 religious practice, 68-69, 70, 71, 88. See also Islam relokanty (“resettlers”), 103 rent, 131, 149
repression, 103, 104, 105 “resettlers” {relokanty), 103 resilience, 227; of Russian economy, 116, 117, 148; in Russian society, 55-56, 98; in wartime, 55 RIANovosti, 14 road network, 133, 138 ROCOR. See Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia Rogozin, Dmitri, 14 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 92 RosAid, 207 Rose Revolution, in Georgia, 174 Rosneft, 130 Rosoboronexport, 125 Rossian civic identity, 36-37 Rossian doctrine, 35 Rossiiskaia gazeta (newspaper), 85 Rossotrudnichestvo International Cooperation Agency, 207 Rosstat, 49, 50 RSFSR. See Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic RSPP. See Congress of the Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Russia RT. See Russia Today Runet, 96 Rus, 13 Russia. See specific topics Russia, Inc., 90, 131 Russiagate, 2, 210 Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Economic Forecasting of, 150 Russian Army, 4, 102, 223-24; North Caucasian republics in, 26; in Syria, 205 Russian Central Bank, 116 “Russian disease,” 149
Index Russian Foreign Policy Concept, 106-7 Russian Geography Society, 21-22 Russian National Guard, 98, 112n49 Russian National Security Strategy, 97 Russian Orthodox Church, 5n4, 68, 71, 88. See also Moscow Patriarchate Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR), 211,221n28 Russian People’s Party (PARNAS), 95 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 14, 33 Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs’ Import Substitution Coordination Council, 143 Russia Today (RT), 98, 209 Russification, 34, 37-38 Russo-Ukrainian War. See specific topics Rutskoy, Alexander, 85 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 17, 174, 177 Sabetta LNG plant, 148 Sahkalin 1 project, 147-48 Sakhalin-2 oils and gas field, 130 Sakwa, Richard, 213 Salisbury poisoning affair, 208 bin Salman, Mohammed, 190-91 Salvini, Matteo, 211-12 Samara oblast, Togliatta, 124 Samur River, 16 sanctions, 28, 98, 138,145, 223, 225; automotive industry affected by, 124; aviation industry affected by, 144; banking sector affected by, 116, 140, 141-42; economy affected by, 115-17, 127, 142, 146, 148-49; by Japan, 183; of mineral products, 146; oligarchs affected by, 59, 60, 132, 149; against Russian elite, 101-2; Russian society affected by, 55; sovereignty relation to, 142-43; technological progress affected by, 61 schools: Islam in, 38; patriotism in, 103 253 SCO. See Shanghai Cooperation Organization secessionist movements, 163 Sechin, Igor, 93, 130 Second Chechen War, 87 Security Council, UN, 165, 214-15 self-sufficiency, 117 September 11,2001 attacks, 164 Serbia, 217 Serdyukov, Anatoly, 99 Sergeitsev, Timofei, 14
services sector, FDI in, 127 Sevastopol, port of, 12, 172 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 28, 84 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 187, 188, 189, 201n65 Sharia law, in Chechnya, 38 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 16, 162, 173, 199n32; Rose Revolution relation to, 174 Shoigu, Sergei, 21, 191, 205 Shushkevich, Stanislaw, 199n32 Siberia, 20, 37, 183; Muslim peoples in, 70 Silk Road Strategy Act (1999), 173 siloviki (“men in uniform”), 90 single industry cities (monogorody), 65, 132 el-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 192 Sistema bystrykh platezhei (SPB), 215 skinhead groups, 44-45 Skolkovo Innovation Center, 61, 136 Skrypal, Sergey, 158 Snowden, Edward, 165-66, 215 Sobchak, Anatoly, 90 Sobyanin, Sergey, 29, 45, 95 Sochi, Olympics in, 27, 67-68, 136, 207-8 social media, 94-95 society, Russian, 62, 82, 86; adaptability of, 58; churches relation to, 68; neoliberalism in, 72-73; resilience in, 55-56, 98; September 2022 mobilization, 102; the West effect on, 75-76
254 soft power, 204, 207-8, 212, 216, 218 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 12-13 Sonnenfeld, Jeffrey A., 146 sootechestvennik (“compatriot”), 38-39, 207 SORT. See Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty South Stream natural gas pipeline, 168-69 “sovereign democracy” (suverennaia demokratiid), 91, 207 sovereignty, 120; CIS relation to, 171; economy relation to, 134; hydrocarbons relation to, 130; sanctions relation to, 142-43 Soviet Union, 2, 33, 40, 81, 82, 117; borders of, 7-8; Brezhnev era in, 91; economy of, 120; nostalgia for, 73 , 74-75, 91, 105-6; Russians in former, 40; Tsarist Russia relation to, 151nl0 space sector, 131 SPB, Seel Sistema bystrykh platezhei “special development zones,” 27 “special military operation,” 13-14, 17, 102-3, 108, 140 Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Russian Federation (DUM RF), 70 Sputnik (news agency), 209 SSJ100. See Superjet 100 SSR. See Union of Sovereign Republics stagflation, 117 Stalin, Josef, 29nll, 92 Stalingrad, 92 START II. See Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty START III. See New Start Treaty state identity, in “near abroad,” 38 state investment, privatization relation to, 136 state violence, 81 statism, neoliberalism mixed with, 134 Stendhal, 2 Stone, Oliver, 209 Index St. Petersburg, 62, 129, 152n20 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II), 164 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT), 165 strategic sectors, 135 subsidies, 132-33 “substitution” strategy (importozameshenie), 143 suicide rates, social trauma effect on, 57 Sukhoi Superjet NEW, 125 superdistricts (federal 'nyi okrug), 88-89 Superjet 100(SSJ100), 125 Supreme
Soviet, Yeltsin confrontation with, 81, 83 Surkov, Vladislav, 91 survival values, 217 suverennaia demokratila (“sovereign democracy”), 91, 207 Sverdlovsk, Yekaterinburg, 65 Sweden, 212 SWIFT financial transactions network, 116, 140, 141-42 Syria, 157, 189, 190, 191; Israel relation to, 217; Russian Army in, 205 Tabata, Shinichiro, 132 TACIS. See Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States Taiwan, 185 Tajikistan, 40 Tatarstan, 28-29, 37, 38; Kazan, 65, 84 taxes, 131; corruption relation to, 132, 137; Putin relation to, 133-34 “tax optimization,” 128-29 Tbilisi, 17 Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS), 161 technocrats, 99-100 technological progress, sanctions effect on, 61 technology parks, 136 Telegram, 102
Index Third Rome, 5n4 Tian, Steven, 146 Tikhonova, Katerina, 143 Tishkov, Valery, 35 Tkachev, Alexander, 139 TNK-BP, 130 Togliatta, Samara, VAZ/Volga factory, 124 Tolstoy, Piotr, 14 TOR. See “accelerated development territories” “toxic” credits, 137 TRACEA. See Europe-Caucasus-Asia Transport Corridor trading partners, 186 Trans-Pacific Partnership, 194 Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index of, 138 transportation infrastructure, modernization of, 22 transportation networks, 167 Trans-Siberian Railway, 16, 169 trauma, social, 57, 59 Trump, Donald, 211 Trutnev, Yuri, 93 Tsarist period, 4, 151nl0, 198n25 Tulip Revolution, 174 Turkey, 147, 191-92, 217; Blue Stream underwater gas pipeline relation to, 168; BSEC relation to, 173; Caucasus relation to, 11 Turkish Straits, 201n69 Turkmenistan, 168, 169 TurkStream, 169 Tuva, 8 Tyutchev, Fyodor, 7, 9 UAC. See Unified Aircraft Corporation UAVs. See unmanned aerial vehicles Ukraine. See specific topics Uldaltsov, Sergey, 96 UNCLOS. See United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UN General Assembly Resolution 68/262, 185 255 UN-Habitat, City Prosperity Index of, 62 Unified Aircraft Corporation (UAC), 125, 126,131 Union of Right Forces, 86 Union of Sovereign Republics (SSR), 179 “unique path” (psobyiput’), 107 United Nations (UN), 145; General Assembly of, 214, 223; General Assembly Resolution 68/262 of, 185; High Committee on Refugees, 35; hydrocarbons used by, 146; Security Council of, 165,214-15 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 29n6 United Russia (Edinaia Rossiia), 89, 93, 95 United
States (US), 2, 75, 96, 177, 225-26; Afghanistan relation to, 174; Alternative Right in, 211; brain drain relation to, 162; CIS relation to, 11, 161; Global South relation to, 217-18; GUAM relation to, 163, 173; nuclear arsenal of, 165; Putin relation to, 164; Russia relation to, 159, 166-67, 174-75,209,210,214, 227; sanctions by, 138, 144; on UN Security Council, 215 unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 165 Ural Mountains, depopulation in, 20 US. See United States vacation home (dacha), 60, 65 Valdai Club, 207, 210 Varangians, 13 VAZ/Volga factory, 124 Vertov, Dziga, 7 violence, 44-45, 81 Vladivostok, 19, 65 vnutrennyi passport, 51n7 voenkory (“war correspondents”), 102 Volga-Urals regions, 69-70 Volgograd, 92 Volodin, Viacheslav, 103
Index 256 WTO. See World Trade Organization Voloshin, Alexander, 91 VTsIOM, 86 Wagner Private Military Company, 102, 191, 194 Walçsa, Lech, 160, 226 Waller, Julian, 102 “war correspondents” (yoenkory), 102 war crimes, 223-24 “war on terror,” 88 “Washington Consensus,” 214 weapons, 126, 142 welfare policies, 100 the West, 1,74, 150,219, 226; conspiracy theories about, 105; democracy relation to, 217; foreign policy perspectives in, 203-4; globalization relation to, 67; ideology against, 108; information war with, 208-10; internationalism of, 213; LGBTQ+ rights in, 97; liberalism of, 129; national identity in, 34, 35; public opinion in, 207; Putin relation to, 104; Russian elite relation to, 4, 82, 159; Russian society affected by, 75-76; Russia relation to, 2-3, 5, 158, 180-81, 223-24; sanctions by, 115-16,145; Ukraine relation to, 4, 101, 217; Yeltsin relation to, 83, 159 Westernization, 67, 82 World Bank, Ease of Doing Business Index of, 139 World Congress of Families, 211 “The World Economy No Longer Needs Russia” (Sonnenfeld and Tian), 146 World Health Organization, 48 World Trade Organization (WTO), 119, 132 World War I, 1 World War II, 3, 92, 100. See also Great Patriotic War xenophobia, 43-44, 45, 66,180 Xinjiang, China, 187 Yabloko, 86, 89 Yadrintsev, Nikolai, 26 Yakunin, Vladimir, 99 Yale University, 116-17, 143, 145-46 Yanukovich, Viktor, 17, 178, 179 Yashin, Ilya, 103 Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk, 65 “yellow peril,” 183 Yeltsin, Boris, 2-3, 82, 84, 120, 151 nil, 199n32; Alma-Ata Declaration relation to, 7-8; CIS relation to, 163, 170; economy affected by, 127; on
“far abroad,” 10; foreign policy of, 163; liberalism of, 105, 119, 134; Migranian relation to, 9; Minsk Agreements signed by, 34; Moscow Patriarchate relation to, 162; oligarchs relation to, 85-86, 128; “political technologists” relation to, 206; SSR relation to, 179; START II relation to, 164; Supreme Soviet confrontation with, 81, 83; the West relation to, 83, 159 Yermolin, Anatoly, 90 Young Guard, 45 Yugoslav Wars, 206 Yukos, 130 Yurchak, Alexei, 81 Yushchenko, Viktor, 174 Zelenskyy, Volodymyr, 17, 101, 214 Zolotov, Viktor, 98 Zubarevich, Nataliya, 62 Zygar, Mikhail, 100 Bayerische I Staatsbibliothek ! München |
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Contents Figures, Maps, and Tables vii Introduction 1 1 : Territorial Fatigue: External Borders Challenged and Domestic Development Unbalanced 2: Russia’s Multiple and Troubled Identities: Diversity, Decline, and Migration 7 33 3: Russian Society: Fragmented but Resilient 4: The Political System: A Consensus Undermined by Fear and Repression 55 81 5: The Economy: From the Quest forSovereignty to War Economy 115 6: From Eurasia to the Whole World: The Double-Hedged Eagle Challenges Global Equilibriums 157 7: Russia and the World in a Time of War: Besieged Fortress and New Crusader 203 Conclusion 223 Selected Bibliography 229 Index 243 v
Index A2/AD. See Anti-Access/AreaDenial strategy ABM. See antiballistic missile treaty abortion, 73 Abramovich, Roman, 132 “accelerated development territories” (TOR), 136 adaptability, of Russian society, 58 Afghanistan, 174 Africa, 192, 193,193; Wagner Private Military Company in, 194 agribusiness, 127, 143 agriculture, 121, 143 AIDS epidemic, 48-49 air transportation network, 21 Akayev, Askar, 174 Aktau summit, 15-16 Albats, Yevgenia, 90 Alfeev, Hilarion, 211 Aliev, Heydar, 168 Alma-Ata Declaration, 7-8 Alternative Right, in US, 211 “amber zone,” in Kaliningrad, 136 American Evangelical Right, 211 Amnesty International, 191 Anti-Access/Area-Denial strategy (A2/AD), 166 antiballistic missile treaty (ABM), 164 Anti-Corruption Foundation, 99,139 antiglobalization movements, 208 APEC. See Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation approval rating, of Putin, 89, 97 Argumenty ifakty, 133 Arkaim, 71-72 Arktik-Sabetta 2 LNG terminal, 147-48 Armenia, 11-12, 206 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, 194, 196 “Asian pivot,” 158, 181, 196 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 181 al-Assad, Bashar, 157,189, 191, 214 assassinations, political, 91, 94, 98 autarky, 120, 148-49 authoritarianism, 4, 83 automotive industry, 124, 142, 144 aviation industry, 124-26, 142, 143-44 Avtotor, 28 Azerbaijan, 11-12, 15-16 Baker, James, 161, 162 Bakiyev, Kurmanbek, 214 Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC), 168, 191 Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum, 168 Ballistic Missile Defense, NATO, 166 Baltic states, 160, 164, 170, 198n27 243
244 Index banking sector, 127-28; sanctions effect on, 116, 140, 141^12 Bashkortostan, 38 Bastrykin, Alexander, 139 BBC, 160 Belarus, 179 Belgorod, 29 Belt and Road Initiative, 169 Berezovsky, Boris, 129, 152n33 Bering Strait, 16 Berlusconi, Silvio, 211-12 Beslan, 89 Biden, Joe, 12 billionaires, 59 Black Sea, 12, 29nll, 147, 201n69 Black Sea Economic Cooperation area (BSEC), 173 blasphemy, 69 blizhnee zarubezh ’e (“near abroad”). See “near abroad” Blue Stream underwater gas pipeline, 168, 191 “bobos” (bourgeois bohemians), 72 “border effect,” 24, 25 borders, 7-8, 14, 15-17, 19, 28 Bortnikov, Alexander, 112n49 bourgeois bohemians (“bobos”), 72 boycotts, 67 brain drain, 61, 103; of entrepreneurs, 149; US relation to, 162 Bretton Woods Agreements, 214 Brezhnev, Leonid, 46 Brezhnev era, 91-92 bribes, 138 BRICS group, 150, 183, 193, 195, 224; Contingent Reserve Arrangement of, 215; GDP of, 194; Global South relation to, 196 “brother Slavs,” 36 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 8, 161 BSEC. See Black Sea Economic Cooperation area BTC. See Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Bucha, Ukraine, 14 Bulgaria, 168-69 Bush, George H. W., 164 Bush, George W., 88, 164, 211; Putin relation to, 159 “Business Retreats and Sanctions Are Crippling the Russian Economy” (Yale University), 116-17 Butovo, 92 capital flight, 139 capitalism, 83 Carter, Jimmy, 8 Caspian Sea, 15-16 Catherine the Great, 13 Caucasus, 25-26, 27, 37, 167, 173; Muslim peoples in, 69-70; Turkey relation to, 11 ; xenophobia against, 43 Center for Strategic Research, 139-40 Central Asian Economic Community, 173 CFE. See Conventional Forces in Europe
treaty Chechnya, 28, 38, 84, 85, 98; Dagestan relation to, 86; Islam in, 94; Yeltsin relation to, 163 Chemezov, Sergey, 144 Cherkizovsky market, 45 Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 85 China, 9, 29n6, 147-48,183, 189; Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank relation to, 194, 196; automobile industry relation to, 144; borders of, 19; CIPS of, 142, 215; COMAC in, 126; Kazakhstan pipeline with, 169; repression in, 105; Russia relation to, 14, 15, 181, 184, 185, 187, 224-25; on UN Security Council, 214-15 Chinese Belt and Road Initiative, 22 Christianity, 5n4, 34, 68-69 Christian values, 210-11 Chukotka, 18, 132 churches, 5n4, 68, 71, 88 Churchill, Winston, 92 CIPS. See Cross-Border Interbank Payment System
Index 245 CIS. See Commonwealth of corruption, 99, 133, 138, 139-40; of Independent States governors, 89; oligarchs relation City Prosperity Index, of to, 60; passports relation to, 41-42; UN-Habitat, 62 taxes relation to, 132, 137 civic identity, 35, 36-37 Corruption Perceptions Index, of civil aviation, 125-26 Transparency International, 138 “civilization,” 107 Cossacks, 37 “clash of civilizations” theory, 34 Council of Europe, 162 Clinton, Bill, 168, 172 Council of Muftis, 44 Clinton, Hillary, 2 counterrevolutionary ideology, 106 Collective Security Treaty Organization COVID-19 pandemic, 49, 49, (CSTO), 171, 187 100, 116, 140 color revolutions, 97, 161, 174— CPRF. See Communist Party of the 75,208,214 Russian Federation Commercial Aircraft Corporation of Crimea, 115; annexation of, 2, 7, 8, 9, China (COMAC), 126 12, 17-18, 47, 97-98, 107-8, 178; “compatriot” relation to, 39 Committee on the Family, Women, and crisis, economic, 1990s, 120-21, 122 Children, of Duma, 93 commodity prices, 122-23 Cross-Border Interbank Payment Common Economic Space, 179 System (CIPS), 142,215 Commonwealth of Independent States cryptocurrencies, 149 CSTO. See Collective Security Treaty (CIS), 9, 15, 159, 172-73, 176, Organization 178-79; Georgia relation to, 170, 178, 199n32; migration from, 41; cultural values, 66-67, 72-73; conservative turn relation to, 97; the NATO compared to, 10; sovereignty West effect on, 76 relation to, 171; US relation to, 11, 161; Yeltsin relation to, 163, 170 culture, 91, 206 culture war, 219 communication routes, trade policies relation to, 11 de Custine
(Marquis), 2 Communist Party of the Russian dacha (vacation home), 60, 65 Federation (CPRF), 82 Dagestan, 26, 43-44, 86 “compatriot” (sootechestvennik), dal'nee zarubezh ’e (“far abroad”), 9-10 38-39, 207 death penalty, 75 Congress of the Union of Industrialists defense budget, 205 and Entrepreneurs of Russia democracy, 83,217; sovereign, 91, 207 (RSPP), 138 conservative values, 96-97, 210-12, 216 demographic challenges, 45-46, 50 depopulation, 46; in Russian Far East, conspiracy theories, 105,175 18-19,19, 20-21; in Russian public constitutional reform, 100 consumer goods, 124 opinion, 18, 47 depressed regions, 65-66 Contingent Reserve Arrangement, of destitution, 57 BRICS, 215 Conventional Forces in Europe treaty divorce, 73 DNR. See People’s Republic of Donetsk (CFE), 164,166 Donbas region, Ukraine, 1, 35, 102, 115
246 Index Dubrovka Theater, 88 Dukhobors, 71 Duma, 16, 89, 93; fake information law of, 102-3; mobilization law of, 103 DUM RF. See Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Russian Federation Durov, Pavel, 61 Dutch disease, 117-18, 126 EASA. See European Union Aviation Safety Agency Ease of Doing Business Index, of World Bank, 139 “Eastern Partnership” in EU, 177-78 economy, Russian, 4, 57, 85, 103, 137, 141; corruption effect on, 139—40; crisis in, 120-21, 122; disparity in, 22, 23, 23, 24, 25; ethnic minorities relation to, 25-26; labor migration relation to, 41, 42; modernization of, 134-35; nationalism in, 68; oligarchs relation to, 59-60; Putin relation to, 115, 119-20, 129; sanctions effect on, 115-17, 127, 142, 146, 148-49; sovereignty relation to, 134 Edinaia Rossiia (United Russia), 89 EEC. See Eurasian Economic Community EEU. See Eurasian Economic Union elite, Russian, 1, 12, 99, 104; corruption relation to, 138; imperialism relation to, 8, 34; sanctions against, 101-2; the West relation to, 4, 82, 159 embargoes, 28, 142, 148 embezzlement, 83-84 energy infrastructure, 175 entrepreneurs, brain drain of, 149 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 147, 191, 192 Estonia, 16 ethnic diversity, 33 ethnic groups, 34, 37-38, 51nll; public policies for, 35; Putin relation to, 38 ethnic identity, 35 ethnic imperialism, 12 ethnic languages, 37 ethnic minorities, Russian, 9,25-26 ethnic neighborhoods, 41 ethnic riots, 44 ethnolinguistic identity, 34 EU. See European Union Eurasia, 106-7 Eurasian Economic Community (EEC), 179 Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), 41, 42, 179-80 Euromaidan
demonstrations, 36, 97 European lifestyle, 76 European Right, 211-12 European Union (EU), 11, 118, 161, 185, 226-27; “Eastern Partnership” in, 177-78; Euroregions of, 173; TRACECAof, 167 European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), 125 European Values Survey, 72 Europe-Caucasus-Asia Transport Corridor (TRACECA), 167 Euroregions, 173 Evenett, Simon J., 144 Everything Was Forever, Until It Was No More (Yurchak), 81 exports, 126, 146-47, 168-69; of grain, 143; taxes on, 131 extractive industries, 121, 123 ExxonMobil, 130 fake information, 102-3 Far East, Russian, 27, 183-84; depopulation in, 18-19,19, 20-21 fascism, 105, 107-8 FDI. See foreign direct investment federalism, 88-89 federal ’nyi okrug (superdistricts), 88-89 federal output, of Russia, 22, 23, 24, 25 Federation Council, 88 fertility rates, 46, 47, 50, 57 Fiat, 124 FIFA World Cup (2018), 208 financial institutions, international, 129
Index Finno-Ugric populations, 36 First Chechen War, 43 FOM. See Public Opinion Foundation Food Security Doctrine, 143 Forbes (magazine), 59, 132 foreign brands, 67, 140 foreign capital, 118, 119 foreign companies, 144, 145—46 foreign direct investment (FDI), 124, 127 foreign policy, 10-11, 158, 159, 196, 223, 224; Christian values in, 211; Global South in, 181; marketing techniques in, 206-7; “near abroad” in, 169-70; Putin on, 157; Syria in, 189; of US, 227; the West perspective of, 203-4; of Yeltsin, 163 foreign trade, 118, 126 forest fires, 95 Francis (Pope), 211 free economic zone, 25, 28, 136. See also economy, Russian FSB, 100-101, 112n49 Fukuyama, Francis, 219 Fundamentals of Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics, 93-94 G7, BRICS compared to, 196 Gaddafi, Muammar, 165 Gaddy, Clifford, 132, 149 Gaidar, Yegor, 34 “gas wars,” 175 Gazprom, 130, 169, 176 GDP, 117, 121, 150; of BRICS, 194; in Moscow, 23, 23, 62. See also economy, Russian General Assembly, UN, 214, 223 gentrification, in Moscow, 62 Georgia, 38-39, 171,173; CIS relation to, 170, 178,199n32; NATO relation to, 176-77; Rose Revolution in, 174 Germany, 168, 208, 225 Gini coefficient, 58 globalization, 2, 4, 67, 208 global market, 121 247 Global South, 1, 3, 216-18, 219, 223, 225; BRICS relation to, 196; in foreign policy, 181; Sputnik in, 209 Global Zero movement, 165 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 15, 82, 120, 160-61, 181; CFE relation to, 164; privatization under, 57-58; Yeltsin relation to, 83 governors, corruption of, 89 grain production, exports of, 143 Grand Mosque, in Moscow, 63, 70 Gravier, Jean-François, 20
“Great Game,” 147, 167, 198n25 Great Patriotic War, 72, 85, 100, 107 great-power identity, 105 gross capital formation, 135 Gryzlov, Boris, 89, 92 GUAM, 163, 173 Guriev, Sergey, 61, 134 Gusinsky, Vladimir, 129, 152n33 The Hague International Criminal Court, 196, 223-24 Hanson, Philip, 136 He Is Not Dimon to You (film), 99 Helsinki Group, 103 High Committee on Refugees, UN, 35 higher education institutions, 96 Higher School of Economics, 50 Hitler, Adolf, 2 homosexuality, 74 housing, privatization of, 63 Hungary, 216-17 Huntington, Samuel, 34 “hybrid war,” 210 hydrocarbons, 118, 130,175; export of, 146-47. See also natural gas hypercentralization, 24, 26, 28-29 Ickes, Barry, 132, 149 Identitarian Christianism, 69 identity, 38, 105; civic, 35, 36-37; national, 33, 34, 35, 39-40, 69, 85, 107 ideology, of Putinism, 104, 105-7,108
248 Index IKEA Russia, 138 imperialism, 8, 9, 12, 34, 217 importozameshenie (“substitution” strategy), 143 imports, 127 income inequality, 58-59 India, 147, 181, 183,224 industrial cooperation agreements, 205-6 industrial output, 118 industrial sector, FDI in, 127 industry, 20, 123, 127, 128; aviation, 124-26, 142, 143-44; light, 121, 183 INF. See Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty information technology (IT), 61-62, 208-9 information war, 208-10 infrastructure, 21, 27, 135, 137; energy, 175; transportation, 22 Institute for Contemporary Development (INSOR), 93 Institute for Democracy and Cooperation, 207 Institute of Economic Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences, 150 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF), 166-67 internationalism, of the West, 213 internet services, 96, 215-16 interstate economic committee, 171 Investigation Committee, 139 Islam, 38, 70, 94, 98. See also Muslim peoples Islamic Republic of Ichkeria. See Chechnya Islamophobia, 44 Israel, 217 IT. See information technology Ivanov, Sergey, 99 Japan, 16, 46, 67, 183 Jinping, Xi, 105, 184 joint military exercise, with China, 185 judiciary, 139-40 Kadyrov, Ramzan, 98 Kagansky, Vladimir, 21 Kalibr cruise-missile attacks, 157 Kaliningrad, 25, 28, 136, 164 Kamchatka Peninsula, depopulation in, 19 Kara-Murza, Vladimir, 103 Karelia, 27, 44 Kasyanov, Mikhail, 131 Kazakhstan, 15-16,42, 168, 169, 224 Kazan, Tatarstan, 65, 84 Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 85 Khashoggi, Jamal, 190-91 Kherson, Ukraine, 17 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 130 Khrushchev, Nikita, 19-20 Kirienko, Sergei, 98-99 kleptocracy, 119 Kommersant Vlast
(publication), 26 Komsomolsk-on-Amur, 125 Kondopoga, ethnic riots in, 44 Kovachuk, Yuri, 100 Kozyrev, Andrei, 9 Krasnodar, 23 Kravchuk, Leonid, 170, 199n32 Kudrin, Alexei, 98, 131, 139 Kuril Islands, 16 Kursk (submarine), 88 Kyiv, Ukraine, 8, 13, 97 labor migration, 40,41, 42, 43^14 language, Russian, 206 Latvia, 16 Lavrov, Sergey, 14 law enforcement, 41, 42 Lebed, Alexander, 86 LegitRuss survey, 74, 75 Lesin, Mikhail, 98 Letters from Russia (de Custine), 2 Levada Center, 55, 56, 74, 75 LGBTQ+ rights, 74, 97 liberalism, 129; of Yeltsin, 105, 119, 134 light industry, 121, 183 Die Linke, in Germany, 208 liquefied natural gas (LNG), 146, 184
249 Index Lithuania, 28 Litvinenko, Alexander, 91 LNG. See liquefied natural gas LNR. See People’s Republic of Luhansk loans-for-shares system, 127-28 Lukashenko, Alexander, 179 Luzhkov, Yuri, 45, 86, 99 Magadan, depopulation in, 18, 19 Magnitsky, Sergei, 138, 165 Magnitsky Act (2012), 165 male mortality, 48, 50 Manege Square, 44 manufacturing industry, 121, 126, 127 market economy, nomenkiattira in, 83 marketing techniques, 206-7 market-oriented careers, 57 Markov, Sergei, 208 martial law, in Belgorod, 29 maternity allowance, 58-59 McDonald’s, 67 media, 89, 128, 130, 216; RussoUkrainian war in, 203 Medinsky, Vladimir, 97 Medvedev, Dmitri, 14, 92, 99, 165, 183, 194; modernization of, 93, 134; Skolkovo Innovation Center launched by, 61, 136 Medvedev, Svetlana, 93 Meloni, Giorgia, 212 Memorial, 96, 101 “men in uniform” (siloviki'), 90 Michel, Casey, 226 middle class, 60-61, 62, 94-95 Middle East, 189, 190, 190 Migranian, Andranik, 9 migrants, 50, 70, 95, 180; labor, 40, 41, 42, 43-44; national identity relation to, 39-40 military, of Russia, 205 military doctrine, of Russia, 165 military-industrial complex, 65, 116, 125; Putin relation to, 88, 205; in US, 225 military service, mandatory, 103 “millennium manifesto,” of Putin, 87 “millionaire cities” (millioniki), 63 millioniki (“millionaire cities”), 63 Milov, Vladimir, 95 Minchenko, Evgeny, 90 mineral products, sanctions of, 146 mining industry, 142 Ministry of Defense, of Russia, 112n49 Ministry of Regional Development, of Russia, 26-27 Minsk Agreements, 34 mnogonatsional ’nyi narod (“multinational people of Russia”), 37
mobilization, 102, 103, 140 modernization, 22, 27, 62, 93, 119-20; in depressed regions, 66; of economy, 134-35; of Russian military, 205; Skolkovo Innovation Center for, 136 Moldova, 29nl 1 monogorod (one-industry towns), 20 monogorody (single industry cities), 65, 132 Monroe Doctrine, 9, 10 Montreux Convention, 201n69 moral values, 73-74 Mordashov, Alexey, 61 Morris, Jeremy, 55-56 Moscow, 24, 45, 92; GDP in, 23, 23, 62; Grand Mosque in, 63, 70 Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, 96-97 Moscow Patriarchate, 82, 93-94, 162, 211,221n28 Moskvy, Ekho, 152n33 multilateral organization, 172 “multinational people of Russia” (mnogonatsional ’nyi narod), 37 Munich Security Conference, 176 Murmansk region, 27 Muslim peoples, 36, 44, 51nll, 69; migration of, 41, 70 Nabucco project, 168
250 Nagorno-Karabakh region, Azerbaijan, 11-12 Narochnitskaya, Nataliya, 8 Nashi (“Ours”), 45,91 national identity, 33, 85; Great Patriotic War in, 107; Identitarian Christianism in, 69; migration relation to, 39-40; in the West, 34, 35 nationalism, 68, 98 nationalists, Russian, 44, 95, 97; Putin relation to, 45; on Russification, 37-38 national security, 149 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization natural gas, 176-, exports of, 168-69; liquefied, 146, 184 naturalization, 50 Navalny, Alexey, 75, 100-101; Anti corruption Foundation of, 99, 139; in anti-Putin protests, 95 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 179 “near abroad” (blizhnee zarubezh ’e), 9-11, 106, 107, 207; inforeign policy, 169-70; state identity in, 38 Nefedova, Tatiana, 143 Neighborhood Policy, EU, 161 Nemtsov, Boris, 98, 139 neo-imperialism, 180-81 neoliberalism, 4, 49; in Russian society, 72-73; statism mixed with, 134; technocrats for, 99-100 neo-Nazis, 44, 108 neo-paganism, 71-72 New Age communities, 71-72 “new Left,” 95-96 New Start Treaty (START III), 165 Nine-Dash Line maritime claims, of China, 9 Nitze, Paul, 161 nomenklatura. See elite, Russian non-black-soil areas, depopulation in, 19-20 noncompetitive businesses, 133 Index Nordstream 2 Pipeline, 147 Nord Stream undersea pipeline, 168 Nornickel, 61 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1, 12, 163, 180, 205; Ballistic Missile Defense of, 166; Baltic states accession to, 164; CIS compared to, 10; Georgia relation to, 176-77; Partnership for Peace of, 161, 162; Poland membership in, 160; Putin relation to, 13; Sweden in, 212 Northern Sea Route, 22 North
Korea, 226 Norway, 15 nostalgia, for Soviet Union, 73, 74-75, 91, 105-6 Novatek, 147, 184 Novgorod oblast, depopulation in, 20 Novoe vremia (newspaper), 90 NSC-68, 161 nuclear arsenals, 165, 172 Obama, Barack, 157, 165, 211 “obliged patronage,” 132 oil, 123, 130, 147; BTC pipeline for, 168; export of, 126; OPEC relation to, 190; taxes on, 131, 133 Old Believer communities, 71 oligarchs, 128-29, 175, 176; economy relation to, 59-60; media controlled by, 89; “obliged patronage” of, 132; public opinion of, 130; sanctions effect on, 59, 60, 149; Yeltsin relation to, 85-86 Olympics, in Sochi, 27, 67-68, 136, 207-8 one-industry towns (monogorod), 20 “On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians” (Putin), 12 OPEC. See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries opiate use, 48 Orange Revolution, in Ukraine, 36, 91, 174, 176
Index Orbân, Viktor, 216-17 Order on National Goals and Strategic Objectives, 135 Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe (OSCE), 162 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 190 Orthodox Christianity, 34, 68-69 OSCE. See Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe osobyi put ’ (“unique path”), 107 Otechestvo Party, 87 “Ours” (Nashi), 45,91 output, 122 Ozero cooperative, 90-91 Panis and the French Desert (Gravier), 20 Paris Club, 122 PARNAS. See Russian People’s Party Partnership for Peace, of NATO, 161, 162 “party of war,” 102 passports, 37-38, 51n7; “compatriot” relation to, 38-39, 207; corruption relation to, 41-42 patents, 61 paternalism, 59 “patriotic centrism,” 87 patriotism, 85, 91; in political ideology, 105; in schools, 103 Patrushev, Nikolai, 99 Pavlovsky, Gleb, 206 Peace Mission, 185 Le Pen, Marine, 211 People’s Republic of Donetsk (DNR), 13 People’s Republic of Luhansk (LNR), 13 perestroika, 57 Peskov, Dmitri, 103 Peter the Great, 8, 13, 86 251 pipelines, 168-69, 184; Blue Stream underwater gas, 191; Nordstream 2, 147; Power of Siberia 2, 185 Pisani, Niccolb, 144 Poland, 27, 160 “Politburo 2.0,” 90 “political technologists,” 206 Politkovskaya, Anna, 91 population increase, 47, 48, 64 porcelain factory, in St. Petersburg, 129,152n20 poverty, 59, 82 Power of Siberia 2, 185 “power vertical,” 28, 90, 101 Pratt Whitney, 125 presence abroad, of Russia, 182 presidential terms, 100 Prigozhin, Yevgeny, 102 Primakov, Yevgeny, 86, 158 Primorie region, 25 Primorskii krai, depopulation in, 19 privatization, 57-58, 83, 119, 127; of
agriculture, 121; of housing, 63; oligarchs relation to, 59-60; state investment relation to, 136 Prokhorov, Mikhail, 95 propaganda, 116, 204, 210 protectionism, 124 Protestant churches, 68 protests, 96; anti-corruption, 99; anti Putin, 94-95; repression of, 103 Pskov oblast, depopulation in, 20 public health, 47, 48^19, 49 public opinion, 55, 73-75, 88, 104, 160, 210; on annexation of Crimea, 8, 97-98; on depopulation, 18, 47; in Global South, 217-18; of migration, 43-44; oligarchs in, 60, 130; of Putin, 99; in the West, 207 Public Opinion Foundation (FOM), 69 public policies: for ethnic groups, 35; of Putinism, 104 Pussy Riot affair, 69, 96-97 Putin, Vladimir, 1, 3-4, 18, 26, 102, 227; approval rating of, 89, 97;
252 Baltic states relation to, 198n27; BBC interview with, 160; Belarus relation to, 179; border disputes resolved by, 14; Bush, G. W., relation to, 159; in China, 184; Christian values relation to, 211; conservative turn of, 97; COVID-19 effect on, 100; on Crimea, 17; on cultural values, 76; on demographic challenges, 46; divorce of, 73; economy relation to, 115, 119-20, 129; Erdogan relation to, 192; ethnic groups relation to, 38; on foreign policy, 157; The Hague International Criminal Court arrest warrant for, 196; Hitler compared to, 2; military industrial complex relation to, 88, 205; “millennium manifesto” of, 87; on “multinational people of Russia,” 37; Munich Security Conference speech of, 176; NATO relation to, 13; “obliged patronage” under, 132; oligarchs relation to, 59, 149; Ozero cooperative relation to, 90-91; Peter the Great compared to, 8; protests of, 94-95; public opinion of, 99; RSPP meeting with, 138; Russia, Inc. relation to, 131; in Russian Geography Society, 21-22; Russian nationalism relation to, 45; Sechin relation to, 130; Snowden relation to, 165—66; soft power of, 207; state violence of, 81; Stone interview with, 209; “substitution” strategy of, 143; taxes relation to, 133-34; Ukraine relation to, 12, 177; US relation to, 164; vertical power of, 28; the West relation to, 104 Putinism, 103; ideology of, 104, 105-7, 108 qualified labor force, 60-61 raw materials extractive sectors, 118, 123, 131 Index realpolitik, 213 regional airports, 21 religious practice, 68-69, 70, 71, 88. See also Islam relokanty (“resettlers”), 103 rent, 131, 149
repression, 103, 104, 105 “resettlers” {relokanty), 103 resilience, 227; of Russian economy, 116, 117, 148; in Russian society, 55-56, 98; in wartime, 55 RIANovosti, 14 road network, 133, 138 ROCOR. See Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia Rogozin, Dmitri, 14 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 92 RosAid, 207 Rose Revolution, in Georgia, 174 Rosneft, 130 Rosoboronexport, 125 Rossian civic identity, 36-37 Rossian doctrine, 35 Rossiiskaia gazeta (newspaper), 85 Rossotrudnichestvo International Cooperation Agency, 207 Rosstat, 49, 50 RSFSR. See Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic RSPP. See Congress of the Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Russia RT. See Russia Today Runet, 96 Rus, 13 Russia. See specific topics Russia, Inc., 90, 131 Russiagate, 2, 210 Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Economic Forecasting of, 150 Russian Army, 4, 102, 223-24; North Caucasian republics in, 26; in Syria, 205 Russian Central Bank, 116 “Russian disease,” 149
Index Russian Foreign Policy Concept, 106-7 Russian Geography Society, 21-22 Russian National Guard, 98, 112n49 Russian National Security Strategy, 97 Russian Orthodox Church, 5n4, 68, 71, 88. See also Moscow Patriarchate Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR), 211,221n28 Russian People’s Party (PARNAS), 95 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 14, 33 Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs’ Import Substitution Coordination Council, 143 Russia Today (RT), 98, 209 Russification, 34, 37-38 Russo-Ukrainian War. See specific topics Rutskoy, Alexander, 85 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 17, 174, 177 Sabetta LNG plant, 148 Sahkalin 1 project, 147-48 Sakhalin-2 oils and gas field, 130 Sakwa, Richard, 213 Salisbury poisoning affair, 208 bin Salman, Mohammed, 190-91 Salvini, Matteo, 211-12 Samara oblast, Togliatta, 124 Samur River, 16 sanctions, 28, 98, 138,145, 223, 225; automotive industry affected by, 124; aviation industry affected by, 144; banking sector affected by, 116, 140, 141-42; economy affected by, 115-17, 127, 142, 146, 148-49; by Japan, 183; of mineral products, 146; oligarchs affected by, 59, 60, 132, 149; against Russian elite, 101-2; Russian society affected by, 55; sovereignty relation to, 142-43; technological progress affected by, 61 schools: Islam in, 38; patriotism in, 103 253 SCO. See Shanghai Cooperation Organization secessionist movements, 163 Sechin, Igor, 93, 130 Second Chechen War, 87 Security Council, UN, 165, 214-15 self-sufficiency, 117 September 11,2001 attacks, 164 Serbia, 217 Serdyukov, Anatoly, 99 Sergeitsev, Timofei, 14
services sector, FDI in, 127 Sevastopol, port of, 12, 172 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 28, 84 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 187, 188, 189, 201n65 Sharia law, in Chechnya, 38 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 16, 162, 173, 199n32; Rose Revolution relation to, 174 Shoigu, Sergei, 21, 191, 205 Shushkevich, Stanislaw, 199n32 Siberia, 20, 37, 183; Muslim peoples in, 70 Silk Road Strategy Act (1999), 173 siloviki (“men in uniform”), 90 single industry cities (monogorody), 65, 132 el-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 192 Sistema bystrykh platezhei (SPB), 215 skinhead groups, 44-45 Skolkovo Innovation Center, 61, 136 Skrypal, Sergey, 158 Snowden, Edward, 165-66, 215 Sobchak, Anatoly, 90 Sobyanin, Sergey, 29, 45, 95 Sochi, Olympics in, 27, 67-68, 136, 207-8 social media, 94-95 society, Russian, 62, 82, 86; adaptability of, 58; churches relation to, 68; neoliberalism in, 72-73; resilience in, 55-56, 98; September 2022 mobilization, 102; the West effect on, 75-76
254 soft power, 204, 207-8, 212, 216, 218 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 12-13 Sonnenfeld, Jeffrey A., 146 sootechestvennik (“compatriot”), 38-39, 207 SORT. See Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty South Stream natural gas pipeline, 168-69 “sovereign democracy” (suverennaia demokratiid), 91, 207 sovereignty, 120; CIS relation to, 171; economy relation to, 134; hydrocarbons relation to, 130; sanctions relation to, 142-43 Soviet Union, 2, 33, 40, 81, 82, 117; borders of, 7-8; Brezhnev era in, 91; economy of, 120; nostalgia for, 73 , 74-75, 91, 105-6; Russians in former, 40; Tsarist Russia relation to, 151nl0 space sector, 131 SPB, Seel Sistema bystrykh platezhei “special development zones,” 27 “special military operation,” 13-14, 17, 102-3, 108, 140 Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Russian Federation (DUM RF), 70 Sputnik (news agency), 209 SSJ100. See Superjet 100 SSR. See Union of Sovereign Republics stagflation, 117 Stalin, Josef, 29nll, 92 Stalingrad, 92 START II. See Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty START III. See New Start Treaty state identity, in “near abroad,” 38 state investment, privatization relation to, 136 state violence, 81 statism, neoliberalism mixed with, 134 Stendhal, 2 Stone, Oliver, 209 Index St. Petersburg, 62, 129, 152n20 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II), 164 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT), 165 strategic sectors, 135 subsidies, 132-33 “substitution” strategy (importozameshenie), 143 suicide rates, social trauma effect on, 57 Sukhoi Superjet NEW, 125 superdistricts (federal 'nyi okrug), 88-89 Superjet 100(SSJ100), 125 Supreme
Soviet, Yeltsin confrontation with, 81, 83 Surkov, Vladislav, 91 survival values, 217 suverennaia demokratila (“sovereign democracy”), 91, 207 Sverdlovsk, Yekaterinburg, 65 Sweden, 212 SWIFT financial transactions network, 116, 140, 141-42 Syria, 157, 189, 190, 191; Israel relation to, 217; Russian Army in, 205 Tabata, Shinichiro, 132 TACIS. See Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States Taiwan, 185 Tajikistan, 40 Tatarstan, 28-29, 37, 38; Kazan, 65, 84 taxes, 131; corruption relation to, 132, 137; Putin relation to, 133-34 “tax optimization,” 128-29 Tbilisi, 17 Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS), 161 technocrats, 99-100 technological progress, sanctions effect on, 61 technology parks, 136 Telegram, 102
Index Third Rome, 5n4 Tian, Steven, 146 Tikhonova, Katerina, 143 Tishkov, Valery, 35 Tkachev, Alexander, 139 TNK-BP, 130 Togliatta, Samara, VAZ/Volga factory, 124 Tolstoy, Piotr, 14 TOR. See “accelerated development territories” “toxic” credits, 137 TRACEA. See Europe-Caucasus-Asia Transport Corridor trading partners, 186 Trans-Pacific Partnership, 194 Transparency International, Corruption Perceptions Index of, 138 transportation infrastructure, modernization of, 22 transportation networks, 167 Trans-Siberian Railway, 16, 169 trauma, social, 57, 59 Trump, Donald, 211 Trutnev, Yuri, 93 Tsarist period, 4, 151nl0, 198n25 Tulip Revolution, 174 Turkey, 147, 191-92, 217; Blue Stream underwater gas pipeline relation to, 168; BSEC relation to, 173; Caucasus relation to, 11 Turkish Straits, 201n69 Turkmenistan, 168, 169 TurkStream, 169 Tuva, 8 Tyutchev, Fyodor, 7, 9 UAC. See Unified Aircraft Corporation UAVs. See unmanned aerial vehicles Ukraine. See specific topics Uldaltsov, Sergey, 96 UNCLOS. See United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UN General Assembly Resolution 68/262, 185 255 UN-Habitat, City Prosperity Index of, 62 Unified Aircraft Corporation (UAC), 125, 126,131 Union of Right Forces, 86 Union of Sovereign Republics (SSR), 179 “unique path” (psobyiput’), 107 United Nations (UN), 145; General Assembly of, 214, 223; General Assembly Resolution 68/262 of, 185; High Committee on Refugees, 35; hydrocarbons used by, 146; Security Council of, 165,214-15 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 29n6 United Russia (Edinaia Rossiia), 89, 93, 95 United
States (US), 2, 75, 96, 177, 225-26; Afghanistan relation to, 174; Alternative Right in, 211; brain drain relation to, 162; CIS relation to, 11, 161; Global South relation to, 217-18; GUAM relation to, 163, 173; nuclear arsenal of, 165; Putin relation to, 164; Russia relation to, 159, 166-67, 174-75,209,210,214, 227; sanctions by, 138, 144; on UN Security Council, 215 unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 165 Ural Mountains, depopulation in, 20 US. See United States vacation home (dacha), 60, 65 Valdai Club, 207, 210 Varangians, 13 VAZ/Volga factory, 124 Vertov, Dziga, 7 violence, 44-45, 81 Vladivostok, 19, 65 vnutrennyi passport, 51n7 voenkory (“war correspondents”), 102 Volga-Urals regions, 69-70 Volgograd, 92 Volodin, Viacheslav, 103
Index 256 WTO. See World Trade Organization Voloshin, Alexander, 91 VTsIOM, 86 Wagner Private Military Company, 102, 191, 194 Walçsa, Lech, 160, 226 Waller, Julian, 102 “war correspondents” (yoenkory), 102 war crimes, 223-24 “war on terror,” 88 “Washington Consensus,” 214 weapons, 126, 142 welfare policies, 100 the West, 1,74, 150,219, 226; conspiracy theories about, 105; democracy relation to, 217; foreign policy perspectives in, 203-4; globalization relation to, 67; ideology against, 108; information war with, 208-10; internationalism of, 213; LGBTQ+ rights in, 97; liberalism of, 129; national identity in, 34, 35; public opinion in, 207; Putin relation to, 104; Russian elite relation to, 4, 82, 159; Russian society affected by, 75-76; Russia relation to, 2-3, 5, 158, 180-81, 223-24; sanctions by, 115-16,145; Ukraine relation to, 4, 101, 217; Yeltsin relation to, 83, 159 Westernization, 67, 82 World Bank, Ease of Doing Business Index of, 139 World Congress of Families, 211 “The World Economy No Longer Needs Russia” (Sonnenfeld and Tian), 146 World Health Organization, 48 World Trade Organization (WTO), 119, 132 World War I, 1 World War II, 3, 92, 100. See also Great Patriotic War xenophobia, 43-44, 45, 66,180 Xinjiang, China, 187 Yabloko, 86, 89 Yadrintsev, Nikolai, 26 Yakunin, Vladimir, 99 Yale University, 116-17, 143, 145-46 Yanukovich, Viktor, 17, 178, 179 Yashin, Ilya, 103 Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk, 65 “yellow peril,” 183 Yeltsin, Boris, 2-3, 82, 84, 120, 151 nil, 199n32; Alma-Ata Declaration relation to, 7-8; CIS relation to, 163, 170; economy affected by, 127; on
“far abroad,” 10; foreign policy of, 163; liberalism of, 105, 119, 134; Migranian relation to, 9; Minsk Agreements signed by, 34; Moscow Patriarchate relation to, 162; oligarchs relation to, 85-86, 128; “political technologists” relation to, 206; SSR relation to, 179; START II relation to, 164; Supreme Soviet confrontation with, 81, 83; the West relation to, 83, 159 Yermolin, Anatoly, 90 Young Guard, 45 Yugoslav Wars, 206 Yukos, 130 Yurchak, Alexei, 81 Yushchenko, Viktor, 174 Zelenskyy, Volodymyr, 17, 101, 214 Zolotov, Viktor, 98 Zubarevich, Nataliya, 62 Zygar, Mikhail, 100 Bayerische I Staatsbibliothek ! München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Laruelle, Marlène 1972- Radvanyi, Jean 1949- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133464083 (DE-588)14146125X |
| author_facet | Laruelle, Marlène 1972- Radvanyi, Jean 1949- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Laruelle, Marlène 1972- |
| author_variant | m l ml j r jr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049339130 |
| classification_rvk | MG 85030 MG 85020 ML 6600 |
| contents | Territorial Fatigue -- Russia's Multiple and Troubled Identities -- Russian Society -- The Political System -- The Economy -- Russia, From Eurasia to The Whole World, And Back? -- Russia and the World in a Time of War |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1414543383 (DE-599)BVBBV049339130 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| edition | Second edition |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV049339130</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20241015</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">230922s2023 a||| b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781538174777</subfield><subfield code="c">pbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-5381-7477-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781538174784</subfield><subfield code="c">hbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-5381-7478-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1414543383</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV049339130</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-521</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MG 85030</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)122868:12037</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MG 85020</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)122868:12036</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ML 6600</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)123202:13116</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Laruelle, Marlène</subfield><subfield code="d">1972-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)133464083</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="240" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Understanding Russia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Russia</subfield><subfield code="b">great power, weakened state</subfield><subfield code="c">Marlene Laruelle (The George Washington University), Jean Radvanyi (National Institute for Oriental Languages and Cultures)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Second edition</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="259" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London</subfield><subfield code="b">Rowman & Littlefield</subfield><subfield code="c">[2023]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">viii, 256 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten</subfield><subfield code="c">23 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Territorial Fatigue -- Russia's Multiple and Troubled Identities -- Russian Society -- The Political System -- The Economy -- Russia, From Eurasia to The Whole World, And Back? -- Russia and the World in a Time of War</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"Russia inspires fear. 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| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV049339130 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:46:36Z |
| indexdate | 2024-10-15T18:00:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781538174777 9781538174784 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034599756 |
| oclc_num | 1414543383 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-521 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-521 DE-12 |
| physical | viii, 256 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 23 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20231220 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Rowman & Littlefield |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Laruelle, Marlène 1972- Verfasser (DE-588)133464083 aut Understanding Russia Russia great power, weakened state Marlene Laruelle (The George Washington University), Jean Radvanyi (National Institute for Oriental Languages and Cultures) Second edition 2 Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Rowman & Littlefield [2023] © 2023 viii, 256 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Territorial Fatigue -- Russia's Multiple and Troubled Identities -- Russian Society -- The Political System -- The Economy -- Russia, From Eurasia to The Whole World, And Back? -- Russia and the World in a Time of War "Russia inspires fear. For decades, American presidents viewed the Soviet Union as an "evil empire," and now, the Ukrainian crisis has added a new chapter to this narrative inherited from the Cold War. Russia's behavior is regarded with distrust and its "nuisance power" arouses frustration. The country's image has not been so negative since the collapse of the Soviet Union. But at the same time--and this is a key point of this book--Russia is fearful, too. Thirty years after the end of the Soviet Union, multiple ghosts haunt the country, its elites, and its society, from concern over demographic and economic decline to worry about the country's vulnerability to external intervention, reviving the old notion of Russia as a "besieged fortress." Opened up practically overnight under President Boris Yeltsin, the country had to deal with a rapid and violent globalization. Faced with both a West that emerged victorious from the Cold War and a shockingly dynamic China, Russia constantly questions its identity and the notion that its fate is to bridge East and West. Vacillating between reformist aspirations and a fear of liberal society, which is often portrayed as amoral and perverse, the country, and certainly its leader Vladamir Putin, sometimes seems tempted to take refuge in a new isolation. This book is more than timely: no other book offers a comprehensive overview of Russia's fears and challenges that could help the American public to understand how the country deals with its own issues and how this influences Russia's foreign policy, including the ongoing war in Ukraine. This in-out aspect is critical to understand the country's international stance and therefore directly U.S. policy and security"-- Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Selbstbild (DE-588)4077349-8 gnd rswk-swf Politische Identität (DE-588)4129611-4 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations Russia (Federation) / Economic conditions / 1991- Diplomatic relations Economic history Politics and government Russia (Federation) Since 1991 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Selbstbild (DE-588)4077349-8 s Politische Identität (DE-588)4129611-4 s Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s DE-604 Radvanyi, Jean 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)14146125X aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5381-7479-1 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034599756&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034599756&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Laruelle, Marlène 1972- Radvanyi, Jean 1949- Russia great power, weakened state Territorial Fatigue -- Russia's Multiple and Troubled Identities -- Russian Society -- The Political System -- The Economy -- Russia, From Eurasia to The Whole World, And Back? -- Russia and the World in a Time of War Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Selbstbild (DE-588)4077349-8 gnd Politische Identität (DE-588)4129611-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4077349-8 (DE-588)4129611-4 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Russia great power, weakened state |
| title_alt | Understanding Russia |
| title_auth | Russia great power, weakened state |
| title_exact_search | Russia great power, weakened state |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russia great power, weakened state |
| title_full | Russia great power, weakened state Marlene Laruelle (The George Washington University), Jean Radvanyi (National Institute for Oriental Languages and Cultures) |
| title_fullStr | Russia great power, weakened state Marlene Laruelle (The George Washington University), Jean Radvanyi (National Institute for Oriental Languages and Cultures) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia great power, weakened state Marlene Laruelle (The George Washington University), Jean Radvanyi (National Institute for Oriental Languages and Cultures) |
| title_short | Russia |
| title_sort | russia great power weakened state |
| title_sub | great power, weakened state |
| topic | Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Selbstbild (DE-588)4077349-8 gnd Politische Identität (DE-588)4129611-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Außenpolitik Selbstbild Politische Identität Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034599756&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034599756&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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