Radio and the performance of government: broadcasting by the Czechoslovaks in exile in London, 1939-1945
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Prague
Charles University, Karolinum Press
2023
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| Ausgabe: | First edition |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | Rozhlasové vysílání stanice BBC a jeho využití pro potřeby československé politické reprezentace v Londýně jako důležitého politického a propagandistického nástroje během druhé světové války. Obsahuje bibliografii, bibliografické odkazy a rejstřík |
| Beschreibung: | 273 Seiten 21 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788024655215 |
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Contents 7 9 Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Introduction 10 20 24 Czechoslovakia: “The Child of Propaganda” Radio: The Ideal Medium for Exile Less Trouble than the Rest: The Czechoslovak Government within the British Propaganda Structure Scope and Sources 30 46 Chapter One : “Legal, loyal, and internationally recognised”: Legitimacy and the Performance of Government “In the name of the Czechoslovak Republic”: The Authority of Legality “We are the Masaryk nation": The Authority of Tradition “We are close together at heart”: The Authority of Charisma Exercising Authority: The odsun and “Rabble-rousing” from London 59 63 70 85 98 Chapter Two : Populating the “Free Republic”: Performing Nationhood over the Radio Radio as a Medium for Nation-Building “Faithful to the spirit of our history”: Reading the War into the National Narrative “Anything that is dear to their hearts”: The Mobilisation of Culture 108 113 119 131
Chapter Three: Idiots and Traitors? Addressing Slovakia from London “The admirable and loyal Czechoslovak nation” “Do not betray yourselves”: A Policy of Negative Propaganda “There is no free Slovakia": Political Arguments “The most blatant ingratitude”: The Slovak State and the USA “Your Catholic, Christian, and Slovak conscience compels you”: Religious Arguments Russians, Not Monsters: Tackling the Bolshevik Bogey Chapter Four: “We will manage our own affairs”: The Soviet Union and Broadcasting the Future of Czechoslovakia Neither Hell nor Paradise: 1940 to June 1941 “Our Brother Slavs”: June 1941 to 1943 When Propaganda Diverges from Policy: Mid-1943 Onwards “If it doesn’t work, it will not be our fault”: The Changing Representation of Poland and the Central European Confederation “Subcarpathian Ruthenia is Czechoslovak”: Broadcasting to a Lost Territory 151 161 171 171 176 179 186 196 198 201 208 208 218 Conclusions 247 Bibliography of Sources Index 253 264
Bibliography of Sources817 Archival Collections Ceskÿ rozhlas Archive (CRA), Prague BBC Wartime Broadcasts Collection [Working title] BBC Londÿn - Zpravodajstvi [LN Z] 1-52 Texts of Czechoslovak Government Programme, BBC, Aug 1940 - April 1945 BBC Written Archives Centre (WAC), Caversham E1/638 Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovak Service, Meetings, 1940-42 El/641/1 Czechoslovakia, Miscellaneous Correspondence A-M, 1936-52 E1/641/2 Czechoslovakia, Miscellaneous Correspondence N-Z, 1935-49 El/645 Czechoslovakia, Czech Programme Organiser, Mise. Papers, 1943-45 E1/1323 Czechoslovakia, Czech Editor’s Papers, 1943-45 E2/10 Allied Government Broadcasts: General, 1940-44 E2/15 Allied Governments, 1940-45 E2/184 European Intelligence Papers, European Audience Estimates, 1943-44 E2/185 European Intelligence Papers, Intelligence Reports, 1941-43 E2/192/1-6 European Intelligence Papers, Surveys of European Audiences, Enemy Occu pied Countries Other than France E2/209/1-4 European Service, Output Reports R13/163/1-5 London Transcription Service (General) The National Archives (TNA), Kew FO 371 /24610 Central, Czechoslovakia, 1941: Czechoslovak-Soviet Relations /24618 Central, Czechoslovakia, 1941: Broadcasts to Czechoslovakia /26380 Central, Czechoslovakia, 1941: Intelligence Reports /30835 Central, Czechoslovakia, Anglo-Czechoslovak Relations, 1942 sir This bibliography is composed according the English alphabet, irrespective of Czech diacritic marks (e.g., c) or alphabetic conventions (e.g., ch will be listed under c and not as a separate letter). 253
/34333 /34355 Central, Czechoslovakia, 1942, Proposed publication of a book by Dr. Benes in Czech Central, Czechoslovakia, 1943, Czechoslovak Government in London, activities of Central, Czechoslovakia, 1943, Czechoslovak broadcasts Central, Czechoslovakia, 1943, Future of Czechoslovakia FO 800 /879 Czechoslovakia: Secret Reports, 1943, Robert Bruce Lockhart FO 817 /26 Ruthenia, Efforts to restore to Czechoslovakia FO 898 /220 /429 /506 PWE, Czechoslovakia, General Correspondence, 1941-45 Leaflet Sub-Committee, PWE/Air Ministry, 1942-44 Magyar Leaflets, Hungarian, Czech Polish, 1942-45 /30852 /34329 FO 1093 /129 PWE Draft paper on Propaganda Czech National Archive [CNA], Chodov, Prague MV-L (Rozhlas, zpravodajstvi) MV-L Ministerstvo vnitra Londÿn 271 Referat pro Podkarpatskou Rus 114 LA Londynsky archiv AHR Archiv Huberta Ripky 2 25 Sbirka dokumentû (Ripka) Sbirka dokumentû 181 194 Slovensko Zpràvy z Podkarpatské Rusi Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archive (MZV), Cerninskÿ palâc, Prague Londÿnskÿ archiv (obycejnÿ) Osvêta: Fotografie, gramofonové desky 1939-45 LA (O) 254 Osvêta, Rozhlas 1939-45 LA (O) 353 Zamestnanci: Masaryk, Jan 1939-45 LA (O) 541 Londynsky archiv (dûvërnÿ) LA (D) 42 Osvêta - Rozhlas Londynsky archiv - Doplnky Doplnky LA 9 Osvêta - Studijni ùstav Londÿn 1942-44 Published Primary Sources Benes, Edvard. Sest let exilu a druhé svëtové vâlky: Èeci, projevy a dokumenty z r. 1938-1945. London: Czechoslovak, 1945. Clementis, Vladimir. Odkazy zLondÿna. Bratislava: Obroda, 1947. Drtina, Prokop. A nynipromluvî Pavel Svaty.: Londÿnské rozhlasové epistoly z let
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Index annexation of Bohemia and Moravia, see Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Austrian Service (BBC), 149 PWE, 32 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 14, 19, 122, 138-39, 187,191-92 authority of charisma, see personality of political leaders authority of legality, see legality and author ity of exiled governments authority of tradition, see mythmaking and the authority of tradition Balkans PWE, 32 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) autonomy and perception of, 32-34, 252 broadcasting by Allied governments-in-exile, 30-31 broadcasting in foreign languages, 31-32, 38-39 Slovak language, 154-55, 166-69 see also language centenary celebrations, 12 Czech(oslovak) Service, 12-13, 35-36, 52-53, 247-48, 250 Czechoslovak exiles, relationship with, 11, 12-20, 30-41 exile interference in programme making, 34-35 “free time” for Allied governments, 12-13, 34-41 264 Hlas svobodnérepubliky (Voice of the Free Republic), 12, 41-42 Hovory s domovem (Conversations with Home), 12, 37-39 international importance, 15-16, 247-48 London Transcription Service, 54-56 London—occupied Europe connection, 14-15 PWE, relationship with, 31-32 reputation, 12, 30-31, 33-34, 252 Slovak broadcasters and representatives, 154-55, 158-60 BBC wartime services, 16, 31-35, 38, 40, 42, 52-54 see also individual services BBC Handbook broadcasting by Allied governments-in-exile, 30-31 foreign language broadcasting, 39 Belgium PWE, 32 Веско, Jan, 158-60,183-84,186,194-95 Benes, Edvard Benes decrees, 102-3 broadcasts from London, 10-11, 45-46 claims to legal legitimacy, 64-65, 248-49 Czechoslovak National Committee, 47-48
exile in London, 10,14-15 recognition from British government, 65-70, 248-49 “German question”, 251
Benes decrees, 102-3 population transfers, 101-2 propaganda, use of, 19-20, 20-21 recognition from British government Benes’ claims to legal legitimacy, 64-65, 248-49 full recognition, 67-70 provisional recognition, 65-67 Soviet Union, relationship with, 248 Benes decrees, 102-3 Bilitskii, Mikhail, 234-35, 237, 240 Bohemia, see Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Bolshevism, démonisation of, 184,191-93, 202 Bormann, Martin, 182-83,184 British culture and self-perception, 11-12 British Broadcasts and Allied Governments (BBC Paper), 33-34 broadcasting by Allied governments-in-exile, 30-46 see also radio broadcasting broadcasting in foreign languages, 23-24 BBC broadcasting in foreign languages, 31-32, 38-39 Slovak language, 154-55,166-69 national languages and nationhood, 138-43 Soviet broadcasters, 155-56 Capek, Karel, 78,129-30,134 Ùaplovic, Jan, 155, 158-60, 170, 176-77, 183-84,194-95 Catholicism persecution by Catholics, 82-83,123 persecution of Catholics, 182-83 see also religious broadcasting censorship BBC wartime censorship, 16, 29, 33, 34-35 broadcasting to Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 224-25, 244 Czechoslovak broadcasters, 37-38, 56, 66, 224-25 Polish broadcasters, 36 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 132-34 Radiojournal (broadcaster), 23 Central European Confederation, 209-14, 245 Îeskÿ rozhlas (Czech radio station) archives, 12-13,16, 54-56, 251 Chamberlain, Neville, 12 Churchill, Winston Central European Confederation, 209-14 Curzon Line, support for, 216 Polish exiles, relationship with, 209-10, 216 Political Warfare Executive, 29-30 propaganda, use of, 12, 29-30
pro-Russian rhetoric, 201 Clementis, Vladimir, 174, 177-79, 181-82, 192,202-3,215 Communist era in Czechoslovakia (1948-89), 11, 48-49, 50-51, 207-8, 245-46 constraints on broadcast material, 23, 34-35, 43, 248 see also censorship cultural material “free republic” notion, relationship with, 147-50 propaganda, use as, 131-34 literature, 134-38 national languages, 138-43 music, 143-44 Protectorate propaganda, 144 representation of Germans as the “other”, 145-46 representation of Hungarians as the “other”, 146-47 custom and tradition, see authority of tradition Czech imperialism, 152-54 Czech League against Bolshevism (fieskâ ligaproti bolsevismu), 191-92 Czech national identity, 13-14, 57-58, 72, 105-6,122,126, 131,134-35,165-66 Czech National Revival, 14, 72, 111, 122-24,139-40, 202-3 Czech Service (BBC), 12-13, 35-36, 52-53, 56-57 see also Czechoslovak exiles in London; Czechoslovak government programme; radio broadcasting Czech-Slovak relations, 151-52 Czech-Slovak ideological challenges, 151-60,166-67, 175-76 government in exile, 153 negative propaganda, 170 205
negative propaganda (political argu ments), 171-76 negative propaganda (religious argu ments), 179-85 negative propaganda (Slovak-Soviet relations), 186-93 negative propaganda (Slovak-US relations), 176-79 “national question”, 161, 164-67 promises regarding post-war arrange ments, 169-70 Czechoslovak exiles in London, 12-13, 109-10 condemnation of, 82-83 Czech-Slovak ideological challenges, 151-60, 166-67, 175-76 Czechoslovak government-in-exile, 10-11, 17 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 202, 245-46 official status, 65 radio broadcasts, 59, 194 Slovak Republic, 151,160 unity and identity, 119, 160 recognition from British government Benes’ claims to legal legitimacy, 64-65 full recognition, 67-70 provisional recognition, 65-67 Czechoslovak government programme, 45-46, 251-52 anti-German broadcasting, 119-20, 123, 145-46 cultural content “free republic” notion, 147-50 literature, 134-38 music, 143-44 national languages, 138-43 propaganda, use as, 131-47 Protectorate propaganda, 144 representation of Germans as the “other”, 145-46 representation of Hungarians as the “other”, 146-47 “free republic”, 108,147-50 national identity, promotion of, 110-12, 119-20,123, 229 Poland, relationship with, 211, 213, 214-15, 216-18, 245-46 proximity and intimacy, 89-91 266 Soviet Union, relationship with, 197-98, 198-99, 205-6, 220, 245-46 Czechoslovak National Committee (Ôeskoslovenskÿ nàrodni vybor), 47-48, 64-65 Czechoslovak national identity, 13-14,20, 44, 49-50 Czechoslovak-Polish relations, 208-9 British promotion of, 212-13 Central European Confederation, 209-14 Polish-Soviet
relations, 214-15 Soviet intervention/influence, 208, 210, 213-18 strains and doubts, 212 Tesin/Cieszyn disputes, 210-11, 212 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 44-45, 48-49, 202, 245-46 alliance, 197-98, 201-8 ambivalence/objectivity, 197,198-201 annexation of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 44-45,198, 218-19, 244-45 government-in-exile propaganda, 219-20 increasing closeness, 245-46 post-WWII Communist takeover, 196-97 subjugation, 198, 208, 245-46 Czechoslovak-Polish relations, 208-18 Subcarpathian Ruthenia issue, 218-45 Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 218-30, 237-38, 242-45 national identity, 230-34, 236-38, 240-41 Russian/Ukrainian identity, 230-34, 236-37, 240-41 Denmark PWE, 32 Drtina, Prokop, 25—26, 65-67, 83, 84—85, 86-87, 104,136, 140-42, 144-45, 155, 191-92, 203-4, 231, 249-50 Dyk, Viktor, 137 Eastern Front, 204 Slovak involvement, 187-88 Elias, Alois, 141 exile politics, 15-17, 63-64, 88-89, 109-10, 209 First Czechoslovak Republic (1918-38), 11, 19-20, 48, 222-23
Czechoslovak national identity, creation of, 20,148-50,196, 252 Czech-Slovak relations, 19-20, 44, 50-51, 57-58,151-54, 158,160,161-64, 166-67,169,190,194, 247-48 exile interpretation of, 70-75, 251-52 ideological legitimacy, 46, 62-63, 65, 70-75, 79-82, 107 political propaganda, 20-22 population transfers, 104 radio broadcasts language, 23-24, 228 Radiojournal (broadcaster), 35-36 Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 222-23, 227-29, 238-39 see also Masaryk, Tomas Garrigue France, fall of, 25-26, 32-33, 47, 65-67, 78, 159, 248 “free republic” creation, 108 cultural material, relationship with, 147-50 foreign-language broadcasting, 108-9 imagined communities, 109-10 national perceptions, 110-11 reinterpretation of history, 111-13 unity and nation-building, 111-13 “free time” for Allied governments, 34, 36-37 Czechoslovak exiles, 35-41 exile interference in programme making, 34-35 Hlassvobodné republiky (Voice of the Free Republic), 12-13 Polish government, 35 freedom of the press First Czechoslovak Republic, 21-22 “German question”, 251 population transfers, 101-2 Benes decrees, 102-3 Sudeten German population, 101-3 Germany annexation of Bohemia and Moravia, 10, 15, 49-52 anti-German propaganda representation of Germans as the “other”, 145-46 Czechoslovakia, German invasion of, 10, 102-3, 153 France, German invasion of, 35 Munich Agreement, 11, 47-48, 51-52, 64, 153, 209-10, 217, 222-23 Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 240-43 Soviet Union, German invasion of, 183-84, 186, 189, 197-98, 201 Eastern Front, 187-88, 204 Goebbels, Josef, 137-38, 214 propaganda, 87-88 government-in-exile, 10-11,17,153
BBC, relationship with broadcasting by Allied governments-in-exile, 30-31 Czechoslovak exiles, 11,12-20, 30-41 “free time” for Allied governments, 12-13, 34-41 BBC Handbook, 30-31 Benes, Edvard Benes’ claims to legal legitimacy, 64-65 full recognition, 67-70 provisional recognition, 65-67 see also Benes, Edvard British Broadcasts and Allied Governments (BBC Paper), 33-34 broadcasting by Allied governments-in-exile, 30-31 commitment to a united Czechoslovakia, 193-94 “free time” for Allied governments, 34, 36-37 Czechoslovak exiles, 35-41 exile interference in programme mak ing, 34-35 Hlas svobodné republiky (Voice of the Free Republic), 12-13 Polish government, 35 legality and authority of exiled govern ments, 63-70 legitimacy of exiled governments, 60-70 exercising authority, 98-107 formation of national committees, 100-1 Masaryk, T. G., mythology of, 99-100 population transfers, 100-5 post-war settlement, 100-4 propaganda, use of, 106-7 negative propaganda, 170 political arguments, 171-76 religious arguments, 179-85 Slovak-Soviet relations, 186-93 Slovak-US relations, 176-79 207
propaganda, use of, 17-18 Benes’, 19-20, 20-21 legitimising government, 106-7 negative propaganda, 170-93 radio broadcasting, importance of, 24-25, 43-44, 45-46, 51-52, 59, 247-52 constraints on broadcast material, 247-48 countering Nazi propaganda, 25-26, 28-30 “free time” for Allied governments, 12-13, 34-41 morale and general public, 26-27 political propaganda, 24-27 proximity and intimacy, 27-28, 89-93 Slovakia negative propaganda from government in exile, 170-95 Hasek, Jaroslav, 135-36,139, 142 Heydrich, Reinhard, 105 appointment, 83-84, 86, 95, 103-4 assassination, 105 Lidice massacre, 105,149-50 Heydrichidda, 105,149-50 historical narratives importance for nation-building, 120-31 mythmaking and the authority of tradi tion, 120-31 reinterpretation of history, 111-13 see also mythmaking and the authority of tradition Hitler, Adolf, 96,172,176-77,193, 205 Hlas svobodne republiky (radio programme Voice ofthe Free Republic), 12, 41-42, 43, 97,107, 112,134,137, 142 Hlinka, Andrej, 174-76 Hlinka Guard, 174, 181 Hlinka Slovak People’s Party (fllinkova slovenskâ ludovà strana, HSLS), 148-49, 174 Hovory s domovem (radio programme Conversations with Home), 12, 37-39, 43, 45-46, 56, 65-66, 76-77, 174 Hron, Petr, see Clementis, Vladimir Hronek, Jiri, 37-38,166, 204 Hungary anti-Hungarian propaganda representation of Hungarians as the “other”, 146-47 268 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 14,19,122, 138-39,187,191-92 Subcarpathian Ruthenia Rusyn identity, 240 Hus, Jan, 73 see also Hussitism Hussitism, 73, 121-24, 126-27, 144, 179-80 imagined communities, 109-10 national perceptions, 110-11
reinterpretation of history, 111-13 unity and nation-building, 111-13 Italy radio broadcasts to, 32, 54 Jewish population persecution of, 73-74, 140-41 Slovakia, 180 Kirkpatrick, Ivone, 36-38 Körbel, Josef, 38-39, 82, 107, 112, 155-56, 166,192 language BBC Handbook foreign language broadcasting, 39 broadcasting in foreign languages, 23-24, 31-32 BBC broadcasting in foreign languag es, 31-32, 38-39,154-55, 166-69 “free republic” creation, 108-9 Slovak language, 154-55,166-69 mythmaking and the authority of tradition language of democracy, 74-75 language of fairness and liberalism, . 73-74 nation-building, 111—13 propaganda and national languages, 138-43 national languages and nationhood, 138-43 Soviet broadcasters, 155-56 legality and authority of exiled govern ments, 63-64 Benes’ claims to legal legitimacy, 64-65 full recognition by British government, 67-70 provisional recognition by British government, 65-67
legitimacy of exiled governments, 60-63 Benes’ claims to legal legitimacy, 64-65 full recognition by British government, 67-70 provisional recognition by British government, 65-67 exercising authority, 98-99 formation of national committees, 100-1 Masaryk, T. G., mythology of, 99-100 population transfers, 100-5 post-war settlement, 100-4 propaganda, use of, 106-7 Lichner, Jan, 156,158-60, 175-76, 176-77, 178, 180, 186 Lidice massacre, 105,149-50 literature nationhood, relationship with, 134-38 Lockhart, Robert Bruce, 29-30, 47, 61-69, 129, 224-26 London Benes broadcasts from London, 10-11, 45-46 exile in London, 10,14-15 London—occupied Europe connection, 14-15 refuge for European governments, 32-33 see also BBC; Czechoslovak exiles in London London Transcription Service (LTS), 54-56 Lublin Committee, see Polish Committee of National Liberation Machacek, Pavol, 156-57,168, 172, 174-75, 177, 180, 182-84 Masaryk, Jan broadcasting, 11, 16, 38,41-42, 55-56, 82-85,195-96, 248 anti-German stance, 103-4,146 authority of tradition and history, 127-30,134-36 charisma, 62, 86, 107 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 210-12, 217 Czech-Slovak relations, 159,167,172, 178 idealisation of First Republic, 71, 74, 80 intimacy of radio, 92-93, 95-98,107 language, importance of, 140,143, 156-57 Masaryk “legend” and legacy, 62-63, 77-78, 81-82, 95-98 Masaryk, Tomas Garrigue, 19 Czechoslovak national identity, creation of, 20 Masaryk “legend” and legacy, 62-63, 75-81, 95-98 Ministerstvo nàrodni obrany (MNO), see Ministry of National Defence Ministerstvo post a telegraju, see Ministry of Post and
Telegraphs Ministerstvo sociâlni péce (MSP), see Min istry of Social Welfare Ministerstvo zahranicnich vêci (MZV), see Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Foreign Affairs archives, 54, 56-57 BBC, relationship with, 38-42 Information Department, 38-39, 80-81, 232 nationality and language questions, 235 Office for Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 224 Radio Department, 81-82, 155, 157, 166 restructuring programming, 40-41 Third Section, 20-21 see also Korbel, Josef; Ripka, Hubert Ministry of Information (UK), 29, 32-33, 35-36, 39 Ministry of Post and Telegraphs, 23 Ministry of Social Welfare, 159 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, 198-99, 205 Moravec, Frantisek, 34, 47 Moravia, see Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Munich Agreement, 11, 47-48, 51-52, 64, 153, 209-10, 217, 222-23 Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 240-43 music nationhood and, 143-44 mythmaking and the authority of tradition collective constructions and historical myth-making, 120-31 Czech spirit and innate democracy, 123-24 evil of Germany, 124 heroism of exile, 82-85 idealisation of national traditions, 71-73 269
language of democracy, 74-75 language of fairness and liberalism, 73-74 Masaryk as “President Liberator”, 75-81 memory of First Republic, 81-82 political tradition and shared values, 70-71 religious broadcasting, 179-85 St. Wenceslas as a national symbol, 126-28 shared ancestry and communal life, 119-25 nation-building, 111-13 collective constructions and historical myth-making, 120-31 propaganda, use of, 131-34 literature, 134-38 national languages, 138-43 music, 143-44 Protectorate propaganda, 144 representation of Germans as the “other”, 145-46 representation of Hungarians as the “other”, 146-47 radio-broadcasting, role of, 113-14 national messaging, 116-19 unity and shared interests, 114-16 nation-state, validity of, 17 independent and united Czechoslovak nation, 19-20, 43-44 national committees, 99-100, 106 Czechoslovak National Committee, 47-48, 64-65 Transcarpathian Ukraine National Com mittee, 243-44 national identity, 14 collective constructions and historical myth-making, 120-22 “Czech spirit” and innate democracy, 123-25 united opposition to Germany, 124 cultural homogeneity, 117 Czech/Slovak divide, 118-19, 151-60 “national question”, 160-70 presentation of unity, 160-70 Czechoslovak national identity, creation of, 20, 44, 58, 112-13, 117-19 language, importance of, 141-42 nation-building, 115-16 radio-broadcasting, role of, 116 Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 227-29, 238-39 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 237-38 language, 229-31,232-33,234-35 pro-Soviet, 230-31, 237-38 Russian/Ukrainian identity, 230-34, 236-37,240-41 Rusyn identity, 240 Slavic identity, 236-37
terminology, 220-21, 229-31, 232-33, 234-36 “national question”, 161,164-67 nationalism, 14, 17 Nèmcovâ, Bozena, 134-35 Neruda, Jan, 136-37, 143, 191 Netherlands PWE, 32, 61 newspapers, 42 Îechoslovâk (Czechoslovak government newspaper in Britain), 136 First Czechoslovak Republic, 21-22 radio broadcasting compared, 109 Slovâk (newspaper of the HSLS), 168 Norway PWE, 32, 61 Operation Barbarossa, 183-84, 186, 245-46 Ornest, Ota, 42, 136-37,142 Pauliny-Toth, Jân, 157, 158-59,160, 167-68, 172, 192-93 performance, concept of, 13-14, 247-48 performance of authority, 10-11, 15-16, 43, 45, 61-62, 88-89, 250 performance of nationhood, 108-9, 128-29, 252 community and cohesion, 142-43 political speech as performance, 59-60 personality of political leaders Benes experience, 87-88 foresight, 86-87 charismatic authority, 85-98 Masaryk, Jan, 93-95 charisma, 62, 86, 107 intimacy of radio broadcasts, 93—98 mythology of father, 95-96 politics and political oratory, 88-89 proximity and intimacy of radio broad casting, 27-28, 89-93 Masaryk, Jan, 93-98 270
Petrushchak, Ivan, 232, 234-35, 236-40 Poland and Polish exiles BBC wartime censorship, 36 Churchill, relationship with, 209-10, 216 Czechoslovak-Polish relations, 208-9 British promotion of, 212-13 Central European Confederation, 209-14 Polish-Soviet relations, 214-15 Soviet intervention/influence, 208, 210, 213-18 strains and doubts, 212 Tèsin/Cieszyn disputes, 210-11, 212 “free time” for Allied governments, 35 governments in exile Central European Confederation, proposals for, 209-14 Czechoslovak-Polish relations, 208-18 Polish-Soviet relations, 214-18 radio broadcasting, 36-37 Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia ^arodowego, PKWN), 215-16 Polish-Soviet relations, 214-18 political authority authority of charisma, 85-98 see also personality of political leaders authority of legality, 63-70 see also legality and authority of exiled governments authority of tradition, 70-85 see also authority of tradition Political Warfare Executive (PWE), 29-30, 31 BBC, relationship with, 31-32 popular support for exiled governments, 60-62 population transfers, 100-1 German Czechs, 99, 101-2, 250 Benes decrees, 102-3 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 103-6 propaganda, concept of, 17-18 BBC autonomy and perception of auton omy, 32-34 exile interference in programme mak ing, 34-35 Benes’ use of, 19-20, 20-21 Bolshevism, démonisation of, 186-93, 202 contextual positioning, 19-20 cultural material as, 131-34 literature, 134-38 music, 143-44 national languages, 138-43 Protectorate propaganda, 144 representation of Germans as the “other”, 145-46 representation
of Hungarians as the “other”, 146-47 Czechoslovak commitment to, 20-24 independent and united Czechoslovak nation, 19-20 legitimising government, 106-7 negative connotations, 18-19 negative propaganda in Slovakia, 170 political arguments, 171-76 religious arguments, 179-85 Slovak-Soviet relations, 186-93 Slovak-US relations, 176-79 Political Warfare Executive, 29-30 BBC, relationship with, 31-32 radio broadcasting countering Nazi propaganda, 25-26, 28-30 morale and general public, 26-27 political propaganda, 24-27 proximity and intimacy, 27-28, 89-93 Slovakia, aimed at, 151-60 negative propaganda, 170 Third Section, 20-21 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 10, 15, 49-52 assassination of Heydrich, 105 cultural material as propaganda, 144 Heydrich, 105 appointment, 83-84, 86, 95,103-4 assassination, 105 oppression and population transfers, 103-6 radio broadcasting addressing Czechs and Slovaks separate ly, 155-56 audiences, 153-54 broadcasting in foreign languages, 23-24, 31-32, 38-39 Slovak language, 154-55,166-69 see also language exiles, importance to, 24-25, 43-44, 45-46, 51-52, 59 271
countering Nazi propaganda, 25-26, 28-30 “free time” for Allied governments, 12-13, 34-41 morale and general public, 26-27 political propaganda, 24-27 proximity and intimacy, 27-28, 89-93 expansion of, 28 First Czechoslovak Republic, 22-24, 153 Polish exiles, 36-37 religious broadcasting, 179-85 wartime importance, 24-28 see also Czechoslovak government programme religious broadcasting, 179-85 anti-Communism, 183-84 Ripka, Hubert, 38-39, 41, 46, 75, 81, 107,155-58, 164,170, 191, 207, 210-12, 224-27, 231-33, 236, 241-42, 246, 252 St. Wenceslas national symbol, 126-28 Second Czechoslovak Republic (Oct 1938 to Mar 1939), 10 Slav unity, concept of Slovak National Uprising, 192-93 Slovak-Soviet relations, 186-91, 202-4, 207-8 Slovakia, 186-87 Slavik, Juraj, 158-60, 168, 172,173-74, 180-81,193-94, 210-11 Slovak-Czech relations, see Czech-Slovak relations Slovak identity and statehood, 44, 151-52 negative propaganda from government in exile, 170 political arguments, 171-76 religious arguments, 179-85 Slovak-Soviet relations, 186-93 Slovak-US relations, 176-79 Slovak National Council (Slooenskà nàrodnà rada, SNR), 153,164-65 Slovak National Revival, 190, 202-3 Slovak National Uprising (1944), 50-51, 164-65 Slav unity, 192-93 Slovak-Soviet relations, 186 Czechoslovak-Soviet treaty, 190-92 Slovak-language broadcasting, 189-90 unity of Slavs, 186-91, 202-4, 207-8 272 Slovak-US relations, 176-79 Slovakia, 49-50 declaration of independence, 10, 110-11 declaration of war on US, 172,176-78 negative propaganda from government in exile, 170 political arguments, 171-76 religious arguments,
179-85 Slovak-Soviet relations, 186-93 Slovak-US relations, 176-79 political arguments against independent Slovakia, 171-72 radio-broadcasting criticisms of Slovak broadcasting, 156-58 failure of government-in-exile to unite, 194-95 Slovak language, 156-57,166-69 unity of Slavs Slovak-Soviet relations, 186-91, 202-4, 207-8 Srâmek, Jan, 69-70, 84, 225, 232, 249 Sova, Antonin, 137 Soviet Union, 44-45 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 44-45, 48-49, 202, 245-46 alliance, 197-98, 201-8 ambivalence/objectivity, 197, 198-201 Czechoslovak-Polish relations, 208-18 post-WWII Communist takeover, 196-97 Subcarpathian Ruthenia issue, 218-45 subjugation, 198, 208-46 German invasion, 201 Polish-Soviet relations, 214-18 radio-broadcasting, 155-56 threat to Christianity, 183-85 see also Czechoslovak-Soviet relations Stalin, Josef, 184-85,186, 197 Stefanik, Milan Rastislav, 130, 173—74, 175-76, 191 Strânsky, Jaroslav, 42, 74-75, 80,141, 162-65,167, 184-85,199-201, 249 Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 44, 48-49 annexation by Hungary, 198 annexation by Soviet Union, 44-45,198, 218-19, 244-45 government-in-exile propaganda, 219-20
autonomy, 223, 240-41 British attitude to, 224-25 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 237-38, 242-43 First Republic ideologies, 238-39 government-in-exile broadcasts to changing attitude to, 224-25, 227 lack of interest, 223-24, 226-27 motivations, 223-26 propaganda, 219-20 joint Czechoslovak and Subcarpathian Ruthenian state, 238-41 Munich Agreement, 240-43 national identity, 227-29, 238-39 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 237-38 language, 229-31, 232-33, 234-35 pro-Soviet, 230-31, 237-38 Russian/Ukrainian identity, 230-34, 236-37, 240-41 Rusyn identity, 240 Slavic identity, 236-37 terminology, 220-21, 229-31, 232-33, 234-36 recognition of pre-Munich borders, 240-43 regional history and background, 221-22 autonomy, 223 incorporation into Czechoslovakia, 222-23, 240-41 terminology and language, 220-21, 229-31, 232-33, 234-35 Sudeten German population “German question”, 101-3 population transfers, 101-2 Benes decrees, 102-3 Svatÿ, Pavel, see Drtina, Prokop Tesin/Cieszyn disputes, 52, 208-9, 210-11, 212,217 Third Section (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MZV), 20-21 Tigrid, Pavel, 42, 123,136-37 Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow, 184-85 Tiso, Jozef, 164,176,178-79,180,182 Transcarpathian Ukraine National Com mittee, 243-44 Tsibere, Pavel, 223-24, 226, 230-31, 232-35, 238-39 Tuka, Vojtech, 176,180 United States propaganda, references in, 176-77 opposition to Slovak state, 178—79 Slovakia, relationship with, 176-79 Slovak emigration to, 176-77 Slovakian declaration of war, 172, 176-78 Ustfedni vedeni odboje domdciho (Central Leadership of the Home Resistance), 79-80,102-3 Vaio, Jozef,
157,166,170, 179, 189 Viboch, Pavol, 157,159 Vojenska beseda (radio programme-Military Talk), 42 Weber, Max, 62 authority of charisma, 85-98 see also personality of political leaders authority of legality, 63-70 see also legality and authority of exiled governments authority of tradition, 70-85 see also mythmaking and the authority of tradition 273 |
| adam_txt |
Contents 7 9 Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Introduction 10 20 24 Czechoslovakia: “The Child of Propaganda” Radio: The Ideal Medium for Exile Less Trouble than the Rest: The Czechoslovak Government within the British Propaganda Structure Scope and Sources 30 46 Chapter One : “Legal, loyal, and internationally recognised”: Legitimacy and the Performance of Government “In the name of the Czechoslovak Republic”: The Authority of Legality “We are the Masaryk nation": The Authority of Tradition “We are close together at heart”: The Authority of Charisma Exercising Authority: The odsun and “Rabble-rousing” from London 59 63 70 85 98 Chapter Two : Populating the “Free Republic”: Performing Nationhood over the Radio Radio as a Medium for Nation-Building “Faithful to the spirit of our history”: Reading the War into the National Narrative “Anything that is dear to their hearts”: The Mobilisation of Culture 108 113 119 131
Chapter Three: Idiots and Traitors? Addressing Slovakia from London “The admirable and loyal Czechoslovak nation” “Do not betray yourselves”: A Policy of Negative Propaganda “There is no free Slovakia": Political Arguments “The most blatant ingratitude”: The Slovak State and the USA “Your Catholic, Christian, and Slovak conscience compels you”: Religious Arguments Russians, Not Monsters: Tackling the Bolshevik Bogey Chapter Four: “We will manage our own affairs”: The Soviet Union and Broadcasting the Future of Czechoslovakia Neither Hell nor Paradise: 1940 to June 1941 “Our Brother Slavs”: June 1941 to 1943 When Propaganda Diverges from Policy: Mid-1943 Onwards “If it doesn’t work, it will not be our fault”: The Changing Representation of Poland and the Central European Confederation “Subcarpathian Ruthenia is Czechoslovak”: Broadcasting to a Lost Territory 151 161 171 171 176 179 186 196 198 201 208 208 218 Conclusions 247 Bibliography of Sources Index 253 264
Bibliography of Sources817 Archival Collections Ceskÿ rozhlas Archive (CRA), Prague BBC Wartime Broadcasts Collection [Working title] BBC Londÿn - Zpravodajstvi [LN Z] 1-52 Texts of Czechoslovak Government Programme, BBC, Aug 1940 - April 1945 BBC Written Archives Centre (WAC), Caversham E1/638 Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovak Service, Meetings, 1940-42 El/641/1 Czechoslovakia, Miscellaneous Correspondence A-M, 1936-52 E1/641/2 Czechoslovakia, Miscellaneous Correspondence N-Z, 1935-49 El/645 Czechoslovakia, Czech Programme Organiser, Mise. Papers, 1943-45 E1/1323 Czechoslovakia, Czech Editor’s Papers, 1943-45 E2/10 Allied Government Broadcasts: General, 1940-44 E2/15 Allied Governments, 1940-45 E2/184 European Intelligence Papers, European Audience Estimates, 1943-44 E2/185 European Intelligence Papers, Intelligence Reports, 1941-43 E2/192/1-6 European Intelligence Papers, Surveys of European Audiences, Enemy Occu pied Countries Other than France E2/209/1-4 European Service, Output Reports R13/163/1-5 London Transcription Service (General) The National Archives (TNA), Kew FO 371 /24610 Central, Czechoslovakia, 1941: Czechoslovak-Soviet Relations /24618 Central, Czechoslovakia, 1941: Broadcasts to Czechoslovakia /26380 Central, Czechoslovakia, 1941: Intelligence Reports /30835 Central, Czechoslovakia, Anglo-Czechoslovak Relations, 1942 sir This bibliography is composed according the English alphabet, irrespective of Czech diacritic marks (e.g., c) or alphabetic conventions (e.g., ch will be listed under c and not as a separate letter). 253
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Index annexation of Bohemia and Moravia, see Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Austrian Service (BBC), 149 PWE, 32 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 14, 19, 122, 138-39, 187,191-92 authority of charisma, see personality of political leaders authority of legality, see legality and author ity of exiled governments authority of tradition, see mythmaking and the authority of tradition Balkans PWE, 32 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) autonomy and perception of, 32-34, 252 broadcasting by Allied governments-in-exile, 30-31 broadcasting in foreign languages, 31-32, 38-39 Slovak language, 154-55, 166-69 see also language centenary celebrations, 12 Czech(oslovak) Service, 12-13, 35-36, 52-53, 247-48, 250 Czechoslovak exiles, relationship with, 11, 12-20, 30-41 exile interference in programme making, 34-35 “free time” for Allied governments, 12-13, 34-41 264 Hlas svobodnérepubliky (Voice of the Free Republic), 12, 41-42 Hovory s domovem (Conversations with Home), 12, 37-39 international importance, 15-16, 247-48 London Transcription Service, 54-56 London—occupied Europe connection, 14-15 PWE, relationship with, 31-32 reputation, 12, 30-31, 33-34, 252 Slovak broadcasters and representatives, 154-55, 158-60 BBC wartime services, 16, 31-35, 38, 40, 42, 52-54 see also individual services BBC Handbook broadcasting by Allied governments-in-exile, 30-31 foreign language broadcasting, 39 Belgium PWE, 32 Веско, Jan, 158-60,183-84,186,194-95 Benes, Edvard Benes decrees, 102-3 broadcasts from London, 10-11, 45-46 claims to legal legitimacy, 64-65, 248-49 Czechoslovak National Committee, 47-48
exile in London, 10,14-15 recognition from British government, 65-70, 248-49 “German question”, 251
Benes decrees, 102-3 population transfers, 101-2 propaganda, use of, 19-20, 20-21 recognition from British government Benes’ claims to legal legitimacy, 64-65, 248-49 full recognition, 67-70 provisional recognition, 65-67 Soviet Union, relationship with, 248 Benes decrees, 102-3 Bilitskii, Mikhail, 234-35, 237, 240 Bohemia, see Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Bolshevism, démonisation of, 184,191-93, 202 Bormann, Martin, 182-83,184 British culture and self-perception, 11-12 British Broadcasts and Allied Governments (BBC Paper), 33-34 broadcasting by Allied governments-in-exile, 30-46 see also radio broadcasting broadcasting in foreign languages, 23-24 BBC broadcasting in foreign languages, 31-32, 38-39 Slovak language, 154-55,166-69 national languages and nationhood, 138-43 Soviet broadcasters, 155-56 Capek, Karel, 78,129-30,134 Ùaplovic, Jan, 155, 158-60, 170, 176-77, 183-84,194-95 Catholicism persecution by Catholics, 82-83,123 persecution of Catholics, 182-83 see also religious broadcasting censorship BBC wartime censorship, 16, 29, 33, 34-35 broadcasting to Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 224-25, 244 Czechoslovak broadcasters, 37-38, 56, 66, 224-25 Polish broadcasters, 36 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 132-34 Radiojournal (broadcaster), 23 Central European Confederation, 209-14, 245 Îeskÿ rozhlas (Czech radio station) archives, 12-13,16, 54-56, 251 Chamberlain, Neville, 12 Churchill, Winston Central European Confederation, 209-14 Curzon Line, support for, 216 Polish exiles, relationship with, 209-10, 216 Political Warfare Executive, 29-30 propaganda, use of, 12, 29-30
pro-Russian rhetoric, 201 Clementis, Vladimir, 174, 177-79, 181-82, 192,202-3,215 Communist era in Czechoslovakia (1948-89), 11, 48-49, 50-51, 207-8, 245-46 constraints on broadcast material, 23, 34-35, 43, 248 see also censorship cultural material “free republic” notion, relationship with, 147-50 propaganda, use as, 131-34 literature, 134-38 national languages, 138-43 music, 143-44 Protectorate propaganda, 144 representation of Germans as the “other”, 145-46 representation of Hungarians as the “other”, 146-47 custom and tradition, see authority of tradition Czech imperialism, 152-54 Czech League against Bolshevism (fieskâ ligaproti bolsevismu), 191-92 Czech national identity, 13-14, 57-58, 72, 105-6,122,126, 131,134-35,165-66 Czech National Revival, 14, 72, 111, 122-24,139-40, 202-3 Czech Service (BBC), 12-13, 35-36, 52-53, 56-57 see also Czechoslovak exiles in London; Czechoslovak government programme; radio broadcasting Czech-Slovak relations, 151-52 Czech-Slovak ideological challenges, 151-60,166-67, 175-76 government in exile, 153 negative propaganda, 170 205
negative propaganda (political argu ments), 171-76 negative propaganda (religious argu ments), 179-85 negative propaganda (Slovak-Soviet relations), 186-93 negative propaganda (Slovak-US relations), 176-79 “national question”, 161, 164-67 promises regarding post-war arrange ments, 169-70 Czechoslovak exiles in London, 12-13, 109-10 condemnation of, 82-83 Czech-Slovak ideological challenges, 151-60, 166-67, 175-76 Czechoslovak government-in-exile, 10-11, 17 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 202, 245-46 official status, 65 radio broadcasts, 59, 194 Slovak Republic, 151,160 unity and identity, 119, 160 recognition from British government Benes’ claims to legal legitimacy, 64-65 full recognition, 67-70 provisional recognition, 65-67 Czechoslovak government programme, 45-46, 251-52 anti-German broadcasting, 119-20, 123, 145-46 cultural content “free republic” notion, 147-50 literature, 134-38 music, 143-44 national languages, 138-43 propaganda, use as, 131-47 Protectorate propaganda, 144 representation of Germans as the “other”, 145-46 representation of Hungarians as the “other”, 146-47 “free republic”, 108,147-50 national identity, promotion of, 110-12, 119-20,123, 229 Poland, relationship with, 211, 213, 214-15, 216-18, 245-46 proximity and intimacy, 89-91 266 Soviet Union, relationship with, 197-98, 198-99, 205-6, 220, 245-46 Czechoslovak National Committee (Ôeskoslovenskÿ nàrodni vybor), 47-48, 64-65 Czechoslovak national identity, 13-14,20, 44, 49-50 Czechoslovak-Polish relations, 208-9 British promotion of, 212-13 Central European Confederation, 209-14 Polish-Soviet
relations, 214-15 Soviet intervention/influence, 208, 210, 213-18 strains and doubts, 212 Tesin/Cieszyn disputes, 210-11, 212 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 44-45, 48-49, 202, 245-46 alliance, 197-98, 201-8 ambivalence/objectivity, 197,198-201 annexation of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 44-45,198, 218-19, 244-45 government-in-exile propaganda, 219-20 increasing closeness, 245-46 post-WWII Communist takeover, 196-97 subjugation, 198, 208, 245-46 Czechoslovak-Polish relations, 208-18 Subcarpathian Ruthenia issue, 218-45 Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 218-30, 237-38, 242-45 national identity, 230-34, 236-38, 240-41 Russian/Ukrainian identity, 230-34, 236-37, 240-41 Denmark PWE, 32 Drtina, Prokop, 25—26, 65-67, 83, 84—85, 86-87, 104,136, 140-42, 144-45, 155, 191-92, 203-4, 231, 249-50 Dyk, Viktor, 137 Eastern Front, 204 Slovak involvement, 187-88 Elias, Alois, 141 exile politics, 15-17, 63-64, 88-89, 109-10, 209 First Czechoslovak Republic (1918-38), 11, 19-20, 48, 222-23
Czechoslovak national identity, creation of, 20,148-50,196, 252 Czech-Slovak relations, 19-20, 44, 50-51, 57-58,151-54, 158,160,161-64, 166-67,169,190,194, 247-48 exile interpretation of, 70-75, 251-52 ideological legitimacy, 46, 62-63, 65, 70-75, 79-82, 107 political propaganda, 20-22 population transfers, 104 radio broadcasts language, 23-24, 228 Radiojournal (broadcaster), 35-36 Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 222-23, 227-29, 238-39 see also Masaryk, Tomas Garrigue France, fall of, 25-26, 32-33, 47, 65-67, 78, 159, 248 “free republic” creation, 108 cultural material, relationship with, 147-50 foreign-language broadcasting, 108-9 imagined communities, 109-10 national perceptions, 110-11 reinterpretation of history, 111-13 unity and nation-building, 111-13 “free time” for Allied governments, 34, 36-37 Czechoslovak exiles, 35-41 exile interference in programme making, 34-35 Hlassvobodné republiky (Voice of the Free Republic), 12-13 Polish government, 35 freedom of the press First Czechoslovak Republic, 21-22 “German question”, 251 population transfers, 101-2 Benes decrees, 102-3 Sudeten German population, 101-3 Germany annexation of Bohemia and Moravia, 10, 15, 49-52 anti-German propaganda representation of Germans as the “other”, 145-46 Czechoslovakia, German invasion of, 10, 102-3, 153 France, German invasion of, 35 Munich Agreement, 11, 47-48, 51-52, 64, 153, 209-10, 217, 222-23 Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 240-43 Soviet Union, German invasion of, 183-84, 186, 189, 197-98, 201 Eastern Front, 187-88, 204 Goebbels, Josef, 137-38, 214 propaganda, 87-88 government-in-exile, 10-11,17,153
BBC, relationship with broadcasting by Allied governments-in-exile, 30-31 Czechoslovak exiles, 11,12-20, 30-41 “free time” for Allied governments, 12-13, 34-41 BBC Handbook, 30-31 Benes, Edvard Benes’ claims to legal legitimacy, 64-65 full recognition, 67-70 provisional recognition, 65-67 see also Benes, Edvard British Broadcasts and Allied Governments (BBC Paper), 33-34 broadcasting by Allied governments-in-exile, 30-31 commitment to a united Czechoslovakia, 193-94 “free time” for Allied governments, 34, 36-37 Czechoslovak exiles, 35-41 exile interference in programme mak ing, 34-35 Hlas svobodné republiky (Voice of the Free Republic), 12-13 Polish government, 35 legality and authority of exiled govern ments, 63-70 legitimacy of exiled governments, 60-70 exercising authority, 98-107 formation of national committees, 100-1 Masaryk, T. G., mythology of, 99-100 population transfers, 100-5 post-war settlement, 100-4 propaganda, use of, 106-7 negative propaganda, 170 political arguments, 171-76 religious arguments, 179-85 Slovak-Soviet relations, 186-93 Slovak-US relations, 176-79 207
propaganda, use of, 17-18 Benes’, 19-20, 20-21 legitimising government, 106-7 negative propaganda, 170-93 radio broadcasting, importance of, 24-25, 43-44, 45-46, 51-52, 59, 247-52 constraints on broadcast material, 247-48 countering Nazi propaganda, 25-26, 28-30 “free time” for Allied governments, 12-13, 34-41 morale and general public, 26-27 political propaganda, 24-27 proximity and intimacy, 27-28, 89-93 Slovakia negative propaganda from government in exile, 170-95 Hasek, Jaroslav, 135-36,139, 142 Heydrich, Reinhard, 105 appointment, 83-84, 86, 95, 103-4 assassination, 105 Lidice massacre, 105,149-50 Heydrichidda, 105,149-50 historical narratives importance for nation-building, 120-31 mythmaking and the authority of tradi tion, 120-31 reinterpretation of history, 111-13 see also mythmaking and the authority of tradition Hitler, Adolf, 96,172,176-77,193, 205 Hlas svobodne republiky (radio programme Voice ofthe Free Republic), 12, 41-42, 43, 97,107, 112,134,137, 142 Hlinka, Andrej, 174-76 Hlinka Guard, 174, 181 Hlinka Slovak People’s Party (fllinkova slovenskâ ludovà strana, HSLS), 148-49, 174 Hovory s domovem (radio programme Conversations with Home), 12, 37-39, 43, 45-46, 56, 65-66, 76-77, 174 Hron, Petr, see Clementis, Vladimir Hronek, Jiri, 37-38,166, 204 Hungary anti-Hungarian propaganda representation of Hungarians as the “other”, 146-47 268 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 14,19,122, 138-39,187,191-92 Subcarpathian Ruthenia Rusyn identity, 240 Hus, Jan, 73 see also Hussitism Hussitism, 73, 121-24, 126-27, 144, 179-80 imagined communities, 109-10 national perceptions, 110-11
reinterpretation of history, 111-13 unity and nation-building, 111-13 Italy radio broadcasts to, 32, 54 Jewish population persecution of, 73-74, 140-41 Slovakia, 180 Kirkpatrick, Ivone, 36-38 Körbel, Josef, 38-39, 82, 107, 112, 155-56, 166,192 language BBC Handbook foreign language broadcasting, 39 broadcasting in foreign languages, 23-24, 31-32 BBC broadcasting in foreign languag es, 31-32, 38-39,154-55, 166-69 “free republic” creation, 108-9 Slovak language, 154-55,166-69 mythmaking and the authority of tradition language of democracy, 74-75 language of fairness and liberalism, . 73-74 nation-building, 111—13 propaganda and national languages, 138-43 national languages and nationhood, 138-43 Soviet broadcasters, 155-56 legality and authority of exiled govern ments, 63-64 Benes’ claims to legal legitimacy, 64-65 full recognition by British government, 67-70 provisional recognition by British government, 65-67
legitimacy of exiled governments, 60-63 Benes’ claims to legal legitimacy, 64-65 full recognition by British government, 67-70 provisional recognition by British government, 65-67 exercising authority, 98-99 formation of national committees, 100-1 Masaryk, T. G., mythology of, 99-100 population transfers, 100-5 post-war settlement, 100-4 propaganda, use of, 106-7 Lichner, Jan, 156,158-60, 175-76, 176-77, 178, 180, 186 Lidice massacre, 105,149-50 literature nationhood, relationship with, 134-38 Lockhart, Robert Bruce, 29-30, 47, 61-69, 129, 224-26 London Benes broadcasts from London, 10-11, 45-46 exile in London, 10,14-15 London—occupied Europe connection, 14-15 refuge for European governments, 32-33 see also BBC; Czechoslovak exiles in London London Transcription Service (LTS), 54-56 Lublin Committee, see Polish Committee of National Liberation Machacek, Pavol, 156-57,168, 172, 174-75, 177, 180, 182-84 Masaryk, Jan broadcasting, 11, 16, 38,41-42, 55-56, 82-85,195-96, 248 anti-German stance, 103-4,146 authority of tradition and history, 127-30,134-36 charisma, 62, 86, 107 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 210-12, 217 Czech-Slovak relations, 159,167,172, 178 idealisation of First Republic, 71, 74, 80 intimacy of radio, 92-93, 95-98,107 language, importance of, 140,143, 156-57 Masaryk “legend” and legacy, 62-63, 77-78, 81-82, 95-98 Masaryk, Tomas Garrigue, 19 Czechoslovak national identity, creation of, 20 Masaryk “legend” and legacy, 62-63, 75-81, 95-98 Ministerstvo nàrodni obrany (MNO), see Ministry of National Defence Ministerstvo post a telegraju, see Ministry of Post and
Telegraphs Ministerstvo sociâlni péce (MSP), see Min istry of Social Welfare Ministerstvo zahranicnich vêci (MZV), see Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Foreign Affairs archives, 54, 56-57 BBC, relationship with, 38-42 Information Department, 38-39, 80-81, 232 nationality and language questions, 235 Office for Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 224 Radio Department, 81-82, 155, 157, 166 restructuring programming, 40-41 Third Section, 20-21 see also Korbel, Josef; Ripka, Hubert Ministry of Information (UK), 29, 32-33, 35-36, 39 Ministry of Post and Telegraphs, 23 Ministry of Social Welfare, 159 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, 198-99, 205 Moravec, Frantisek, 34, 47 Moravia, see Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Munich Agreement, 11, 47-48, 51-52, 64, 153, 209-10, 217, 222-23 Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 240-43 music nationhood and, 143-44 mythmaking and the authority of tradition collective constructions and historical myth-making, 120-31 Czech spirit and innate democracy, 123-24 evil of Germany, 124 heroism of exile, 82-85 idealisation of national traditions, 71-73 269
language of democracy, 74-75 language of fairness and liberalism, 73-74 Masaryk as “President Liberator”, 75-81 memory of First Republic, 81-82 political tradition and shared values, 70-71 religious broadcasting, 179-85 St. Wenceslas as a national symbol, 126-28 shared ancestry and communal life, 119-25 nation-building, 111-13 collective constructions and historical myth-making, 120-31 propaganda, use of, 131-34 literature, 134-38 national languages, 138-43 music, 143-44 Protectorate propaganda, 144 representation of Germans as the “other”, 145-46 representation of Hungarians as the “other”, 146-47 radio-broadcasting, role of, 113-14 national messaging, 116-19 unity and shared interests, 114-16 nation-state, validity of, 17 independent and united Czechoslovak nation, 19-20, 43-44 national committees, 99-100, 106 Czechoslovak National Committee, 47-48, 64-65 Transcarpathian Ukraine National Com mittee, 243-44 national identity, 14 collective constructions and historical myth-making, 120-22 “Czech spirit” and innate democracy, 123-25 united opposition to Germany, 124 cultural homogeneity, 117 Czech/Slovak divide, 118-19, 151-60 “national question”, 160-70 presentation of unity, 160-70 Czechoslovak national identity, creation of, 20, 44, 58, 112-13, 117-19 language, importance of, 141-42 nation-building, 115-16 radio-broadcasting, role of, 116 Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 227-29, 238-39 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 237-38 language, 229-31,232-33,234-35 pro-Soviet, 230-31, 237-38 Russian/Ukrainian identity, 230-34, 236-37,240-41 Rusyn identity, 240 Slavic identity, 236-37
terminology, 220-21, 229-31, 232-33, 234-36 “national question”, 161,164-67 nationalism, 14, 17 Nèmcovâ, Bozena, 134-35 Neruda, Jan, 136-37, 143, 191 Netherlands PWE, 32, 61 newspapers, 42 Îechoslovâk (Czechoslovak government newspaper in Britain), 136 First Czechoslovak Republic, 21-22 radio broadcasting compared, 109 Slovâk (newspaper of the HSLS), 168 Norway PWE, 32, 61 Operation Barbarossa, 183-84, 186, 245-46 Ornest, Ota, 42, 136-37,142 Pauliny-Toth, Jân, 157, 158-59,160, 167-68, 172, 192-93 performance, concept of, 13-14, 247-48 performance of authority, 10-11, 15-16, 43, 45, 61-62, 88-89, 250 performance of nationhood, 108-9, 128-29, 252 community and cohesion, 142-43 political speech as performance, 59-60 personality of political leaders Benes experience, 87-88 foresight, 86-87 charismatic authority, 85-98 Masaryk, Jan, 93-95 charisma, 62, 86, 107 intimacy of radio broadcasts, 93—98 mythology of father, 95-96 politics and political oratory, 88-89 proximity and intimacy of radio broad casting, 27-28, 89-93 Masaryk, Jan, 93-98 270
Petrushchak, Ivan, 232, 234-35, 236-40 Poland and Polish exiles BBC wartime censorship, 36 Churchill, relationship with, 209-10, 216 Czechoslovak-Polish relations, 208-9 British promotion of, 212-13 Central European Confederation, 209-14 Polish-Soviet relations, 214-15 Soviet intervention/influence, 208, 210, 213-18 strains and doubts, 212 Tèsin/Cieszyn disputes, 210-11, 212 “free time” for Allied governments, 35 governments in exile Central European Confederation, proposals for, 209-14 Czechoslovak-Polish relations, 208-18 Polish-Soviet relations, 214-18 radio broadcasting, 36-37 Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia ^arodowego, PKWN), 215-16 Polish-Soviet relations, 214-18 political authority authority of charisma, 85-98 see also personality of political leaders authority of legality, 63-70 see also legality and authority of exiled governments authority of tradition, 70-85 see also authority of tradition Political Warfare Executive (PWE), 29-30, 31 BBC, relationship with, 31-32 popular support for exiled governments, 60-62 population transfers, 100-1 German Czechs, 99, 101-2, 250 Benes decrees, 102-3 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 103-6 propaganda, concept of, 17-18 BBC autonomy and perception of auton omy, 32-34 exile interference in programme mak ing, 34-35 Benes’ use of, 19-20, 20-21 Bolshevism, démonisation of, 186-93, 202 contextual positioning, 19-20 cultural material as, 131-34 literature, 134-38 music, 143-44 national languages, 138-43 Protectorate propaganda, 144 representation of Germans as the “other”, 145-46 representation
of Hungarians as the “other”, 146-47 Czechoslovak commitment to, 20-24 independent and united Czechoslovak nation, 19-20 legitimising government, 106-7 negative connotations, 18-19 negative propaganda in Slovakia, 170 political arguments, 171-76 religious arguments, 179-85 Slovak-Soviet relations, 186-93 Slovak-US relations, 176-79 Political Warfare Executive, 29-30 BBC, relationship with, 31-32 radio broadcasting countering Nazi propaganda, 25-26, 28-30 morale and general public, 26-27 political propaganda, 24-27 proximity and intimacy, 27-28, 89-93 Slovakia, aimed at, 151-60 negative propaganda, 170 Third Section, 20-21 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 10, 15, 49-52 assassination of Heydrich, 105 cultural material as propaganda, 144 Heydrich, 105 appointment, 83-84, 86, 95,103-4 assassination, 105 oppression and population transfers, 103-6 radio broadcasting addressing Czechs and Slovaks separate ly, 155-56 audiences, 153-54 broadcasting in foreign languages, 23-24, 31-32, 38-39 Slovak language, 154-55,166-69 see also language exiles, importance to, 24-25, 43-44, 45-46, 51-52, 59 271
countering Nazi propaganda, 25-26, 28-30 “free time” for Allied governments, 12-13, 34-41 morale and general public, 26-27 political propaganda, 24-27 proximity and intimacy, 27-28, 89-93 expansion of, 28 First Czechoslovak Republic, 22-24, 153 Polish exiles, 36-37 religious broadcasting, 179-85 wartime importance, 24-28 see also Czechoslovak government programme religious broadcasting, 179-85 anti-Communism, 183-84 Ripka, Hubert, 38-39, 41, 46, 75, 81, 107,155-58, 164,170, 191, 207, 210-12, 224-27, 231-33, 236, 241-42, 246, 252 St. Wenceslas national symbol, 126-28 Second Czechoslovak Republic (Oct 1938 to Mar 1939), 10 Slav unity, concept of Slovak National Uprising, 192-93 Slovak-Soviet relations, 186-91, 202-4, 207-8 Slovakia, 186-87 Slavik, Juraj, 158-60, 168, 172,173-74, 180-81,193-94, 210-11 Slovak-Czech relations, see Czech-Slovak relations Slovak identity and statehood, 44, 151-52 negative propaganda from government in exile, 170 political arguments, 171-76 religious arguments, 179-85 Slovak-Soviet relations, 186-93 Slovak-US relations, 176-79 Slovak National Council (Slooenskà nàrodnà rada, SNR), 153,164-65 Slovak National Revival, 190, 202-3 Slovak National Uprising (1944), 50-51, 164-65 Slav unity, 192-93 Slovak-Soviet relations, 186 Czechoslovak-Soviet treaty, 190-92 Slovak-language broadcasting, 189-90 unity of Slavs, 186-91, 202-4, 207-8 272 Slovak-US relations, 176-79 Slovakia, 49-50 declaration of independence, 10, 110-11 declaration of war on US, 172,176-78 negative propaganda from government in exile, 170 political arguments, 171-76 religious arguments,
179-85 Slovak-Soviet relations, 186-93 Slovak-US relations, 176-79 political arguments against independent Slovakia, 171-72 radio-broadcasting criticisms of Slovak broadcasting, 156-58 failure of government-in-exile to unite, 194-95 Slovak language, 156-57,166-69 unity of Slavs Slovak-Soviet relations, 186-91, 202-4, 207-8 Srâmek, Jan, 69-70, 84, 225, 232, 249 Sova, Antonin, 137 Soviet Union, 44-45 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 44-45, 48-49, 202, 245-46 alliance, 197-98, 201-8 ambivalence/objectivity, 197, 198-201 Czechoslovak-Polish relations, 208-18 post-WWII Communist takeover, 196-97 Subcarpathian Ruthenia issue, 218-45 subjugation, 198, 208-46 German invasion, 201 Polish-Soviet relations, 214-18 radio-broadcasting, 155-56 threat to Christianity, 183-85 see also Czechoslovak-Soviet relations Stalin, Josef, 184-85,186, 197 Stefanik, Milan Rastislav, 130, 173—74, 175-76, 191 Strânsky, Jaroslav, 42, 74-75, 80,141, 162-65,167, 184-85,199-201, 249 Subcarpathian Ruthenia, 44, 48-49 annexation by Hungary, 198 annexation by Soviet Union, 44-45,198, 218-19, 244-45 government-in-exile propaganda, 219-20
autonomy, 223, 240-41 British attitude to, 224-25 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 237-38, 242-43 First Republic ideologies, 238-39 government-in-exile broadcasts to changing attitude to, 224-25, 227 lack of interest, 223-24, 226-27 motivations, 223-26 propaganda, 219-20 joint Czechoslovak and Subcarpathian Ruthenian state, 238-41 Munich Agreement, 240-43 national identity, 227-29, 238-39 Czechoslovak-Soviet relations, 237-38 language, 229-31, 232-33, 234-35 pro-Soviet, 230-31, 237-38 Russian/Ukrainian identity, 230-34, 236-37, 240-41 Rusyn identity, 240 Slavic identity, 236-37 terminology, 220-21, 229-31, 232-33, 234-36 recognition of pre-Munich borders, 240-43 regional history and background, 221-22 autonomy, 223 incorporation into Czechoslovakia, 222-23, 240-41 terminology and language, 220-21, 229-31, 232-33, 234-35 Sudeten German population “German question”, 101-3 population transfers, 101-2 Benes decrees, 102-3 Svatÿ, Pavel, see Drtina, Prokop Tesin/Cieszyn disputes, 52, 208-9, 210-11, 212,217 Third Section (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MZV), 20-21 Tigrid, Pavel, 42, 123,136-37 Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow, 184-85 Tiso, Jozef, 164,176,178-79,180,182 Transcarpathian Ukraine National Com mittee, 243-44 Tsibere, Pavel, 223-24, 226, 230-31, 232-35, 238-39 Tuka, Vojtech, 176,180 United States propaganda, references in, 176-77 opposition to Slovak state, 178—79 Slovakia, relationship with, 176-79 Slovak emigration to, 176-77 Slovakian declaration of war, 172, 176-78 Ustfedni vedeni odboje domdciho (Central Leadership of the Home Resistance), 79-80,102-3 Vaio, Jozef,
157,166,170, 179, 189 Viboch, Pavol, 157,159 Vojenska beseda (radio programme-Military Talk), 42 Weber, Max, 62 authority of charisma, 85-98 see also personality of political leaders authority of legality, 63-70 see also legality and authority of exiled governments authority of tradition, 70-85 see also mythmaking and the authority of tradition 273 |
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| author | Harrison, Erica |
| author_facet | Harrison, Erica |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Harrison, Erica |
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| bvnumber | BV049338963 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1418700865 (DE-599)BVBBV049338963 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | First edition |
| era | 1939-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | 1939-1945 |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Harrison, Erica Verfasser aut Radio and the performance of government broadcasting by the Czechoslovaks in exile in London, 1939-1945 Erica Harrison First edition Prague Charles University, Karolinum Press 2023 273 Seiten 21 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Rozhlasové vysílání stanice BBC a jeho využití pro potřeby československé politické reprezentace v Londýně jako důležitého politického a propagandistického nástroje během druhé světové války. Obsahuje bibliografii, bibliografické odkazy a rejstřík Text englisch 1939-1945 gnd rswk-swf Exilregierung (DE-588)4532209-0 gnd rswk-swf Rundfunk (DE-588)4050963-1 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Exilregierung (DE-588)4532209-0 s Rundfunk (DE-588)4050963-1 s 1939-1945 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-80-246-5522-2 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034599591&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034599591&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034599591&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Harrison, Erica Radio and the performance of government broadcasting by the Czechoslovaks in exile in London, 1939-1945 Exilregierung (DE-588)4532209-0 gnd Rundfunk (DE-588)4050963-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4532209-0 (DE-588)4050963-1 (DE-588)4078435-6 |
| title | Radio and the performance of government broadcasting by the Czechoslovaks in exile in London, 1939-1945 |
| title_auth | Radio and the performance of government broadcasting by the Czechoslovaks in exile in London, 1939-1945 |
| title_exact_search | Radio and the performance of government broadcasting by the Czechoslovaks in exile in London, 1939-1945 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Radio and the performance of government broadcasting by the Czechoslovaks in exile in London, 1939-1945 |
| title_full | Radio and the performance of government broadcasting by the Czechoslovaks in exile in London, 1939-1945 Erica Harrison |
| title_fullStr | Radio and the performance of government broadcasting by the Czechoslovaks in exile in London, 1939-1945 Erica Harrison |
| title_full_unstemmed | Radio and the performance of government broadcasting by the Czechoslovaks in exile in London, 1939-1945 Erica Harrison |
| title_short | Radio and the performance of government |
| title_sort | radio and the performance of government broadcasting by the czechoslovaks in exile in london 1939 1945 |
| title_sub | broadcasting by the Czechoslovaks in exile in London, 1939-1945 |
| topic | Exilregierung (DE-588)4532209-0 gnd Rundfunk (DE-588)4050963-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Exilregierung Rundfunk Tschechoslowakei |
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