Belarus in crisis: from domestic unrest to the Russia-Ukraine war
In 2020, mass anti-government protests erupted across Belarus. The brutal crackdown that followed shocked the international community: the authorities arrested tens of thousands of citizens, shut down independent media and NGOs, and fomented a migrant crisis on the European Union's border. But...
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | In 2020, mass anti-government protests erupted across Belarus. The brutal crackdown that followed shocked the international community: the authorities arrested tens of thousands of citizens, shut down independent media and NGOs, and fomented a migrant crisis on the European Union's border. But where many thought Belarus's dictator, Alyaksandr Lukashenka, would fall, he instead turned to Moscow for support, intensifying repression. Many of his opponents fled the country. Then, in February 2022, Belarus provided a staging area for Russia's invasion of Ukraine, allowing troops and missile systems to be based on its territory as large-scale war returned to Eastern Europe once again. Many outsiders now view Belarus as little more than a Russian military district, rather than a sovereign country. Paul Hansbury offers a wide-ranging account of these two related crises. Exploring the domestic origins of Belarus's political chaos and its international ramifications, he also assesses the effectiveness of western sanctions policy, as well as considering the history and prospects of Belarusian statehood. Does Belarus have a future as an independent polity? And how has Russia's war with Ukraine affected Belarusians' views of their dictatorship and the cause of democracy in their country? |
| Beschreibung: | xi, 326 Seiten Karte 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780197747704 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a In 2020, mass anti-government protests erupted across Belarus. The brutal crackdown that followed shocked the international community: the authorities arrested tens of thousands of citizens, shut down independent media and NGOs, and fomented a migrant crisis on the European Union's border. But where many thought Belarus's dictator, Alyaksandr Lukashenka, would fall, he instead turned to Moscow for support, intensifying repression. Many of his opponents fled the country. Then, in February 2022, Belarus provided a staging area for Russia's invasion of Ukraine, allowing troops and missile systems to be based on its territory as large-scale war returned to Eastern Europe once again. Many outsiders now view Belarus as little more than a Russian military district, rather than a sovereign country. Paul Hansbury offers a wide-ranging account of these two related crises. Exploring the domestic origins of Belarus's political chaos and its international ramifications, he also assesses the effectiveness of western sanctions policy, as well as considering the history and prospects of Belarusian statehood. Does Belarus have a future as an independent polity? And how has Russia's war with Ukraine affected Belarusians' views of their dictatorship and the cause of democracy in their country? | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS Sources, Acknowledgements and a Note on Transliteration Map ix xii 1 Introduction 1. A White Space on the Map Interlude: Language and Culture 15 47 2. Lukashenka’s Rise Interlude: The Economy 59 85 3. The Oppositions Rise? Interlude: Civil Society 103 153 4. Clampdown Interlude: International Relations 167 203 5. The West Reacts Coda: Operation Z 223 247 Appendix I: Transliteration Table Appendix II: Timeline 267 269 Notes Selected Bibliography Index 273 309 317 vii
INDEX Abkhazia and South Ossetia 109-10, 207 Adamovich, Ales 43, 54, 62 Akrestsina detention centre 191 Aleisin, Aliaksey 236 Alexievich, Sviatlana 57-8, 147 All-Belarusian Peoples Assembly 75, 226-7 Almaz (interior ministry counter terrorism unit) 71, 82 Alpha (KDB counterterrorism unit) 174 arms trading 89, 231 Art Siadziba 156-7 Aslund, Anders 98 Azaronak, Ryhor 184-5 Azerbaijan 94 Barysevich, Katsiaryna 195 Baskau, Dzmitry 196 Bekus, Nelly 19 BelaPAN (news agency) 183 Belarus: language 30, 38, 48-52, 64; literature 52-8; origins of the name 22 Belarus Change Tracker 256 Belarus Free Theatre 55, 191 Belarus golovnogo mozga 132-3, 199 Belarusian Analytical Workroom 254 Belarusian Catholic Church 158-9 Belarusian Central Council see collaborationists (WW2) Belarusian Hajun project 307 n.21 Babaryka, Viktar 58, 125-7, 148, 183, 190,213,261 Belarusian Oil Company 93 Belarusian Orthodox Church Bahinskaya, Nina 143 Bahushevich, Frantsishak 52 Bandarenka, Raman 194-5 banditry 35-6 157-9 Belarusian Peoples Republic (BNR) 33-4, 161-2 317
INDEX Belarusian Popular Front 54, BYSOL (crowdfunding) 169, 200 61-4, 73-4, 106, 122-3, 177 Belarusian Railway Company 146 Catherine the Great 28 Belarusian Republican Youth censuses: in Poland 35; in the Union 155 Belarusian Steel Works (BMZ) 87-8, 97, 146 Belarusification 36, 37-8 see also soft Belarusification Belaruskali 90, 95, 230, 235 Belavezha forest 15, 63 Belaya Rus’ (political grouping) 117, 149 Russian empire 32, 50; national census (2009) 51 Central Election Commission 74, 123, 126-7, 134-5, 141 Charachen, Siarhei 127 Charter 97 (human rights group) 154 Chatham House 139, 148, 253-4 Chernobyl 60-1 BelAZ 87, 231 China 216-8 Belgazprombank 99, 127 civil society 105, 111, 113, 123, Belkommunmash 88, 146 153-57, 160-3, 218; western Belneftelkhim 214, 235 support for 105-7, 157 Belsat TV 37, 183-4 collaborationists (WW2) 40 Belshina 87, 235, 242 Collective Security Treaty Beltekheksport see arms trading Organisation (CSTO) 211, Beltransgaz 92 252-3 BEROC (think tank) 120 Bialiatski, Ales 155, 157, 192 BISS (Belarusian Institute for Strategic Studies) 139 colour revolutions 106-7, 153, 171, 179 Committee for State Security see KDB Black Stork (Chorny busel) 178 Communist Party 62-3 bombings (2008 and 2011) 175 constitution of Belarus: 1994 Bornukova, Kateryna 242, 244 iteration 66, 221; reform 219, Borodin, Pavel 206 221-2, 224-7 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918) 33 Constitutional Commission 226 Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Constitutional Court 74, 76-7 Republic 37—43 Bykau, Vasil 54, 55, 62 BYPOL (organisation) 149-51, 174, 184, 197, 257 318 construction industry 96
Coordination Council for the Transfer of Power 147-8, 168, 261
INDEX Covid-19 pandemic 118-21, 134-5, 150, 158, 163, 191, 201-2,216 crackdowns see repressions of protests Eismont, Natallia 196 elections: in Soviet-era 62; 1994 presidential election 70, 71-2; 1995 parliamentary election 72-3; 2000 parliamentary Crimea 209, 212, 220-1 election 104; 2001 presidential crowdfunding 119-20, 152, 163, election 105; 2006 presidential 169 CSTO see Collective Security Treaty Organisation Cyber-Partisans 151, 255, 257 Cyprus 231 election 106-9; 2008 parlia mentary election 110; 2010 presidential election 111-3; 2015 presidential election 113-4; 2016 parliamentary election 114; 2019 parliamen Dashkevich, Zmitser 155 tary election 117; 2020 death penalty 255 presidential election 121-141 deaths of protesters 142, 194-8 defence industry in Belarus 88-9 ‘denim revoution’ (2006) 107-8 ‘disappearances’ (1999) 80-4, 284 n.40 Dunin-Martsinevich, Vintsent 52, 53 Dryhavichy (east Slavic tribe) 20, 21 energy transit and politics 16, 91-4, 207-8, 213, 215 see also oil refining Eurasian Economic Union 98, 99 Euronews 183 European Belarus (civic cam paign) 155 European Union 11, 16, 77, 78, 155, 203-4, 206-7, 223; Dyleuski, Siarhei 147 Eastern Partnership initiative Dzmitriev, Andrey 127 36-7, 109-10, 210, 215-6, 239—44; sanctions decisions eastern Belarus (1921-39) 37-40 227-8, 230-33, 236-7, 241-2 Eastern Partnership see European Union eastern Slavs 20-1, 26, 276 n.ll economy of Belarus 78, 85-102, 163, 170, 261 EcooM (polling organisation) 109, 181 Feduta, Alyaksandr 68, 177 Feduta-Zyankovich-Kastuseu ‘plot’ 177, 258 financial sector in Belarus 99-100
First World War 33-4 Fisher, Julie 237 319
INDEX For Freedom (civic campaign) 155, 197 Freedom Day 152, 234 Friendship and Cooperation Treaty (1995), 79 gas transit see energy transit and politics Gediminas (grand duke) 25 geography of Belarus 15-17, 89-92 geopolitics 11, 17, 98, 165, 186, 216, 223, 234, 239, 244, 262, 264 Georgia 106, 109, 207, 208-9 German WW 1 occupation of Belarus 33-4 German WW2 occupation of Belarus 40 Giczan, Tadeusz 4, 7, 133, 138, 195-6 The Godfather (documentary) 207-8 Golden Horde 22 Gordon Bennett Cup (balloon race) 2-3 Grand Duchy of Lithuania 23-25, 49 Great Patriotic War see Second World War Great Stone Industrial Park 217 the Great Terror 39 Gutseriev, Mikhail 94-5, 100, 198 Haidukevich, Aleh 123 320 Haidukevich, Siarhei 66, 123 Halouchenka, Raman 173 Hanchar, Viktar 74, 78, 81 Hancharyk, Uladzimir 105 Helsinki-2 proposals 210 Holas 138 the Holocaust 40 Hramada (Belarusian Socialist) 32, 36 Hramada (Social Democratic) 127 Hrodna Azot 90-1, 146, 235, 242 human rights 1, 11, 154-5, 157, 192, 233, 240, 244, 262 Huntington, Samuel 17 IISEPS (polling organisation) 58, 109, 111, 113-4, 139, 140 industry in Belarus 87-8 integration of Belarus and Russia see Union State international law 232-3, 242, 247 Ioffe, Grigory 56, 64 Iraq 89 Italy 229, 233 IT industry 97, 145, 190 Jogaila (grand duke) 25 Kalesnikava, Mariya 129-30, 147, 168 Kalinouski, Kastus 53 Kalinouski Regiment 251, 259 Kanapatskaya, Hanna 127-8 Karanik, Uladzimir 173 Karatkevich, Tatsiana 113, 154
INDEX Karayeu, Yury 131, 174 Lubin, Union of (1569) 25 Karpenka, Henanz 80 Lucas, Edward 228 karta Polaka (Polish card) 37 Lukashenka, Alyaksandr: alleged Kastuseu, Ryhor see Feduta- assassination attempt on 70; Zyankovich-Kastuseu ‘plot’ biographies of 282 n.7; early Kazulin, Alyaksandr 106 life 67; early political career 62, KDB 4, 5, 68-71, 83-4, 107, 151, 66, 67-8; education policy 159, 156, 172-3, 176-80, 196-7, 161; first election campaign 207, 231, 258 68-72; ‘inauguration’ 169; Kebich, Vyacheslau 63, 65-6, 69, 79 language policy 51-2, 56, 161; paranoia 201-2; poll ratings KGB see KDB 124, 139, 140, 148, 181; social Klaskovskiy, Aleksandr 276 n.18 policy 170-1; use of appoint Kolas, Yakub 53-4 ment powers 171-5; views on Kondrusiewicz, Tadeusz (arch Covid-19 pandemic 118, 121, bishop) 159 201-2; views on history 32-3, korenizatsiya see Belarusification 36-7, 40, 42, 43-5; views on Kreva, Union of (1385) 25 parliamentary politics 104, 117, krayoutsi 32 148-9, 208; views on religion Kryvichy (east Slavic tribe) 20-1, 31 Kubrakou, Ivan 174 158-9; views on Ukraine crisis 209, 221, 251-3; views on women in politics 130-1 Kupala, Yanka 53-4 Lukashenka, Kolya 168 Kurapaty 39, 61-2, 159-60 Lukashenka, Viktar 89, 173 Kyivan Rus’ 20-3 'Lukashenka's Gold Mine’ Latushka, Pavai 147-8, 204 Lushch, Sergey 149 Liabedzka, Anatol’ 106 Lutskevich brothers 33-4 (documentary film) 198-9 Liberal Democratic Party 123 Lit-Bel 37 Lithuania 39, 170, 178, 239-40 Makei, Uladzimir 193, 218, 248, 253 see also Grand Duchy of Malady Front see Youth Front Lithuania Markova, Alena 38 Losik, Ihar
132, 199 Marples, David 73 LoveHata 200 Mazyr oil refinery 93, 95 321
INDEX media in Belarus 8-9, 127, 133-4, 145, 167, 176, 180, 182-6, 251 Medvedev, Dmitry 93, 213 Melyantsou, Dzianis 210 Metropolitan Pavel (bishop) 157-8 Mickiewicz, Adam 30, 53 migrant crisis (2021) 11, 178, 239-44 Milinkevich, Alyaksandr 106, 108, 154 military doctrine of Belarus 211 military doctrine of Union State 220 Narodnaya gazeta 182 Nasha Dolya (Our Destiny) 32 Nasha Niva (Our Cornfield) 33, 50, 53-4, 124, 140, 183 National Anti-Crisis Management see Latushka, Pavai National Assembly (parliament since 1996) 75, 104 National Bank of Belarus 99, 127 national identity see nation building national symbols see pahonia; white-red-white flag nation building 10, 19-20, 22-3, Mindaugas (grand duke) 24 29, 43, 51-2, 158; east-oriented Ministry of Foreign Affairs 21-2, 23,24, 29, 36, 40-3, 64, (MFA) 150, 233, 234, 252 Ministry of Information 56, 183-4, 218 74, 158, 161,260-1,263 (see also West-Russism); westoriented 21, 23-6, 27, 30, 32, Ministry of the Interior 151 33, 37-9, 42, 63-4, 73, 143, Minsk 42, 50 148, 157, 158, 192, 212, 261 Minsk Automobile Factory (MAZ) 87, 146, 231 Minsk Tractor Works (MTZ) 146, 168 Minsk Wheel Tractor Factory (MZKT) 88, 146, 230 (see also Belarusian Popular Front, krayouvtsi) NATO 16, 78, 187, 211-2, 216, 251,263 Navahrudak 24 Nazi-Soviet pact 39 Misterium Occupation (film) 55-6 neutrality 210, 221-2, 250 Mongols see Golden Horde NEXTA 3, 6-7, 129, 132-3, 144, Mova nanova 156 multivector foreign policy 203-4 150, 165, 184, 195-6, 198-9 Nicholas I (Russian tsar) 28, 30 Nobel laureates see Alexievich, Naftan oil refinery 93, 235 Sviatlana;
Bialiatski, Ales Namier, Lewis 29 Novgorod (principality) 21 Narkomovka 51 N.R.M. (rock band) 41 322
INDEX nuclear weapons 250 Pazniak, Zianon 61, 65, 72, 74 peace talks on Ukraine 211, Ober ost’ command see German W1 occupation of Belarus oil refining 92-5, 235-6, 264 251-2 pensioners’ protests 143 People’s Embassies 238 Onliner.by 183 ‘Peremoha’ initiative 257 Operation Barbarossa (1941) 39 Perftsiyeu, Uladzimir 89 opposition (political): arrests of Pierson-Lyzhina, Ekaterina 144, 191-4; in elections 104, 108, 110, 111, 121-31, 137-8, 204 Poland 34-7, 159, 178, 190, 140-1; internal disputes 6, 239-41, 244, 263 see also 105-6, 122-3, 147, 256; Polish-Lithuanian meeting with Lukashenka 149; Commonwealth relations with West 109-11, Polatsk 20, 31, 161 113, 237-9, 256-7 see also Polatsk Synod 30 Coordination Council, Polish-Lithuanian ‘disappearances’, political parties in Belarus Commonwealth 25-6, 27 Polish rebellion (1863) 30, 53 OSCE 110, 135,211 political culture, defined 60; pahonia 23, 34, 40, 64, 73, 148 political parties in Belarus 64-5, discussion of 10, 64, 71; ‘Pahonia’ Regiment 251 79-80, 148-9, 156 see also Palessie marshes 15, 18-9, 25, Belarusian Popular Front; 48-9 PandaDoc 190 Pape, Robert 228 parasites tax (2017) 114-6, 176, 181 parliament see elections, National Assembly (parliament since Communist Party; Liberal Democratic Party; United Civic Party political prisoners 193-4 polling 108-9, 111, 113-4, 120-1, 124, 126, 139-40, 148, 181 Polonisation 27, 35 1996), Supreme Council Pomiecko, Aleksandra 34-5 (parliament until 1996) potash 90-1, 95, 231 ‘partisan myth’ 41-2, 55-6 Pashkevich, Alaiza 53—4 Paulychenka, Dzmitry 83 Pratasevich, Raman 3-7, 132, 144,
151, 198-200 Preiherman, Yauheni 204 323
INDEX propaganda 179, 241, 263 protests 105, 112, 115-6, 131, 132-4, 141-4, 150, 167, 174, 189-98, 201; of striking regime counterprotests 145, workers 169 Rhodesia 229, 231 188 Riga, Treaty of (1921) 35 141-5, 151-2, 163, 190, 199; Psycho3% meme 131, 132, 181 Rumas, Siarhei 172 Pul pervogo 179, 181, 293 n.18 Russia: financial support of Putin, Vladimir 79, 98-9, 161—2, 188-9, 224-5, 243, 261 Putsila, Stsyapan 132 Belarus 97-100, 170, 186-7, 217, 225; means of influence over Belarus 162-3, 180, 208, 219; military ties to Belarus Rabochy Rukh 146 219-20; relations with Belarus Radzimichy (east Slavic tribe) 20, 77, 78-80, 89-95, 100-102, 116, 162-5,205-14,218-22, 21 rail partisans 255 Ravkau, Adrey 172 Razam (political party) see Vmeste referendums: March 1991 Soviet referendum 62; May 1995 referendum (on language and state symbols) 48, 51-2, 72-3; November 1996 (on constitu tion) 74-7; October 2004 (on term limits) 77; February 2022 (on constitution) 219, 227, 249-50 Regional Group of Forces 260, 307 n.27 260-1 ; response to protests 147, 185-6, 187-9; strategic importance of Belarus for 16; within the Soviet Union 63 Russian empire 28, 29-32; Polish rebellion against 30 Russification 28-32, 36, 42 Russo-Ukraine war 11-12, 247-8; Belarusian volunteers in 251, 258-9; use of Belarusian territory in 250-1, 260; views of Belarusians on 253-5 Ruthenians 26 Ryanair (flight 4978) 3-7, 198-9, 233 4 Regnum (news agency) 162 religion in Belarus 17, 24, 26-8, 157-60 repressions: of businesses 190; of sanctions 90, 98, 100-2, 111, 217, 227, 234-6; and international law 232-3 civil
society 156-7; of literature sanctions busting 101, 229, 231 56-7; of media 191-2, 183-4; SATIO (marketing business) of protests 112-3, 115, 131, 324 120-1
INDEX Second World War 39-40 see also ‘partisan myth’ security apparatus in Belarus 71, 174 see also KDB Security Council of Belarus 172-3, 177 Serbia 104-5 state responsibility (legal doc trine) 241 Statkevich, Mikola 112, 122 strikes see workers’ strikes Stryzhak, Andrei 200 Sukharenka, Stsyapan 107, 156, 172 Severo-zapadniy krai 29 Supraitsu 257 Sevyarynets, Pavai 122, 155, 163 Supreme Council (parliament Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 218 until 1996) 62, 65, 73-5, 76, 215, 182 Sheiman, Viktar 82, 89, 173, 175 Symbal.by (shop) 132 Shishou, Vital 292 n. 11 SYMPA 156 Shraibman, Artyom 200-1 Shyrkouski, Eduard 68-9 Shushkevich, Stanislav 62-6, 72 Taraikousky, Alyaksandr (first protester death) 142, 194 Siarhiyanka, Ihar 172 Tarashkevitsa 50-1 siloviki 171—2 technocrats 171-2, 177 situational neutrality see neutrality Telegram see Belarus golovnogo Sivakou, Yury 82 Skaryna, Frantsysk 49 Slutsk insurrection (1919) 34-5 social media 113, 115, 119, 124, 142, 180, 184, 188, 243 soft Belarusisation 160-3, 165, 209-10, 291 n.9 mozga, NEXTA, Pul pervogo, social media Tell the Truth (civic campaign) 113, 122, 127, 154, 155, 157 Tertel', Ivan 173 tobacco industry 95-6, 213, 231, 236 solidarity chains 143 trade unions 115, 146, 155, 192 South Ossetia see Abkhazia and trasyanka 51 South Ossetia sovereignty of Belarus 164, 219, 247, 249, 259 Sovetskaya Belorussiya (newspaper) 76, 182, 200 Tsapkala, Valer 125-6 Tsapkala, Veranika 130 Tsikhanousky, Siarhei 124-5, 128-9, 131, 149, 163 Tsikhanouskaya, Sviatlana 125, Sputnik News 162 128-9, 137-141, 146, 147-8, state emblem 162
154, 237-9, 258, 261-2 325
INDEX Tsimanouskaya, Krystsina 7-9 Tsitsyankou, Ivan 68 western Belarus (1921-1939) 35-7, 39, 41 Turchynovich, Vosip 31 West-Russism 31 TUT.by 183 White Legion 176 tuteishiya 29, 54 white-red-white flag 23, 34, 36, 40, 64, 73-4, 122, 137, 143, Ukraine crisis 98, 113, 161, 208-13; see also Crimea; peace talks on Ukraine; Russo- Ukraine war 148, 188-9, 196 Wilson, Andrew 19, 24, 39, 66, 77, 96, 112, 141,212 women 128-31, 143 Uniate Church 26-8, 30 workers’ strikes 145-6, 169 Union State 78-80, 99, 163, 206, World Health Organization 120 212—3, 219, 264; see also World War I see First World War military doctrine of Union State World War II see Second World United Civic Party 74, 81, 104, 128 War United States 214-5, 234-6, 249 Uss, Dzimitry 112 Yeliseyeu, Andrei 101 Yeltsin, Boris 63, 79, 98 Vakul’chyk, Valeriy 173 Yeromovshina, Lidiya 74 Varabey, Mikalai 236 Youth Front 122, 155 Veishnoria 211-2 Venezuela 94 Zaitsau, Vadzim 172 Viachorka, Frantsishak 148 Zakharanka, Yury 80-1 Victory Day 119, 177 Zamosc Synod 27 Vikhor, Alyaksandr 194 Zapad-17 military drills 211-2 Vilnius 50 Zaprudnik, Jan 24, 39, 61 Vmeste (political party) 148 Zavadski, Zmitser 81-2 Volodomyr the Great 21 Zheltiye slivy 181 vyshyvanki 48, 132, 156 Zhyvye Belarus’! (Long Live Vyasna (human rights group) 155, 192-3 Belarus!) 53, 148 ‘zmagars’ 184 Znak, Maksim 127, 169 Wagner Group (mercenaries) 136, 179 Wendt, Alexander 17-8 326 Zubr (youth group) 105, 155 Zyankovich, Yuras see Feduta- Zyankovich-Kastuseu ‘plot’ |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS Sources, Acknowledgements and a Note on Transliteration Map ix xii 1 Introduction 1. A White Space on the Map Interlude: Language and Culture 15 47 2. Lukashenka’s Rise Interlude: The Economy 59 85 3. The Oppositions Rise? Interlude: Civil Society 103 153 4. Clampdown Interlude: International Relations 167 203 5. The West Reacts Coda: Operation Z 223 247 Appendix I: Transliteration Table Appendix II: Timeline 267 269 Notes Selected Bibliography Index 273 309 317 vii
INDEX Abkhazia and South Ossetia 109-10, 207 Adamovich, Ales 43, 54, 62 Akrestsina detention centre 191 Aleisin, Aliaksey 236 Alexievich, Sviatlana 57-8, 147 All-Belarusian Peoples Assembly 75, 226-7 Almaz (interior ministry counter terrorism unit) 71, 82 Alpha (KDB counterterrorism unit) 174 arms trading 89, 231 Art Siadziba 156-7 Aslund, Anders 98 Azaronak, Ryhor 184-5 Azerbaijan 94 Barysevich, Katsiaryna 195 Baskau, Dzmitry 196 Bekus, Nelly 19 BelaPAN (news agency) 183 Belarus: language 30, 38, 48-52, 64; literature 52-8; origins of the name 22 Belarus Change Tracker 256 Belarus Free Theatre 55, 191 Belarus golovnogo mozga 132-3, 199 Belarusian Analytical Workroom 254 Belarusian Catholic Church 158-9 Belarusian Central Council see collaborationists (WW2) Belarusian Hajun project 307 n.21 Babaryka, Viktar 58, 125-7, 148, 183, 190,213,261 Belarusian Oil Company 93 Belarusian Orthodox Church Bahinskaya, Nina 143 Bahushevich, Frantsishak 52 Bandarenka, Raman 194-5 banditry 35-6 157-9 Belarusian Peoples Republic (BNR) 33-4, 161-2 317
INDEX Belarusian Popular Front 54, BYSOL (crowdfunding) 169, 200 61-4, 73-4, 106, 122-3, 177 Belarusian Railway Company 146 Catherine the Great 28 Belarusian Republican Youth censuses: in Poland 35; in the Union 155 Belarusian Steel Works (BMZ) 87-8, 97, 146 Belarusification 36, 37-8 see also soft Belarusification Belaruskali 90, 95, 230, 235 Belavezha forest 15, 63 Belaya Rus’ (political grouping) 117, 149 Russian empire 32, 50; national census (2009) 51 Central Election Commission 74, 123, 126-7, 134-5, 141 Charachen, Siarhei 127 Charter 97 (human rights group) 154 Chatham House 139, 148, 253-4 Chernobyl 60-1 BelAZ 87, 231 China 216-8 Belgazprombank 99, 127 civil society 105, 111, 113, 123, Belkommunmash 88, 146 153-57, 160-3, 218; western Belneftelkhim 214, 235 support for 105-7, 157 Belsat TV 37, 183-4 collaborationists (WW2) 40 Belshina 87, 235, 242 Collective Security Treaty Beltekheksport see arms trading Organisation (CSTO) 211, Beltransgaz 92 252-3 BEROC (think tank) 120 Bialiatski, Ales 155, 157, 192 BISS (Belarusian Institute for Strategic Studies) 139 colour revolutions 106-7, 153, 171, 179 Committee for State Security see KDB Black Stork (Chorny busel) 178 Communist Party 62-3 bombings (2008 and 2011) 175 constitution of Belarus: 1994 Bornukova, Kateryna 242, 244 iteration 66, 221; reform 219, Borodin, Pavel 206 221-2, 224-7 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918) 33 Constitutional Commission 226 Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Constitutional Court 74, 76-7 Republic 37—43 Bykau, Vasil 54, 55, 62 BYPOL (organisation) 149-51, 174, 184, 197, 257 318 construction industry 96
Coordination Council for the Transfer of Power 147-8, 168, 261
INDEX Covid-19 pandemic 118-21, 134-5, 150, 158, 163, 191, 201-2,216 crackdowns see repressions of protests Eismont, Natallia 196 elections: in Soviet-era 62; 1994 presidential election 70, 71-2; 1995 parliamentary election 72-3; 2000 parliamentary Crimea 209, 212, 220-1 election 104; 2001 presidential crowdfunding 119-20, 152, 163, election 105; 2006 presidential 169 CSTO see Collective Security Treaty Organisation Cyber-Partisans 151, 255, 257 Cyprus 231 election 106-9; 2008 parlia mentary election 110; 2010 presidential election 111-3; 2015 presidential election 113-4; 2016 parliamentary election 114; 2019 parliamen Dashkevich, Zmitser 155 tary election 117; 2020 death penalty 255 presidential election 121-141 deaths of protesters 142, 194-8 defence industry in Belarus 88-9 ‘denim revoution’ (2006) 107-8 ‘disappearances’ (1999) 80-4, 284 n.40 Dunin-Martsinevich, Vintsent 52, 53 Dryhavichy (east Slavic tribe) 20, 21 energy transit and politics 16, 91-4, 207-8, 213, 215 see also oil refining Eurasian Economic Union 98, 99 Euronews 183 European Belarus (civic cam paign) 155 European Union 11, 16, 77, 78, 155, 203-4, 206-7, 223; Dyleuski, Siarhei 147 Eastern Partnership initiative Dzmitriev, Andrey 127 36-7, 109-10, 210, 215-6, 239—44; sanctions decisions eastern Belarus (1921-39) 37-40 227-8, 230-33, 236-7, 241-2 Eastern Partnership see European Union eastern Slavs 20-1, 26, 276 n.ll economy of Belarus 78, 85-102, 163, 170, 261 EcooM (polling organisation) 109, 181 Feduta, Alyaksandr 68, 177 Feduta-Zyankovich-Kastuseu ‘plot’ 177, 258 financial sector in Belarus 99-100
First World War 33-4 Fisher, Julie 237 319
INDEX For Freedom (civic campaign) 155, 197 Freedom Day 152, 234 Friendship and Cooperation Treaty (1995), 79 gas transit see energy transit and politics Gediminas (grand duke) 25 geography of Belarus 15-17, 89-92 geopolitics 11, 17, 98, 165, 186, 216, 223, 234, 239, 244, 262, 264 Georgia 106, 109, 207, 208-9 German WW 1 occupation of Belarus 33-4 German WW2 occupation of Belarus 40 Giczan, Tadeusz 4, 7, 133, 138, 195-6 The Godfather (documentary) 207-8 Golden Horde 22 Gordon Bennett Cup (balloon race) 2-3 Grand Duchy of Lithuania 23-25, 49 Great Patriotic War see Second World War Great Stone Industrial Park 217 the Great Terror 39 Gutseriev, Mikhail 94-5, 100, 198 Haidukevich, Aleh 123 320 Haidukevich, Siarhei 66, 123 Halouchenka, Raman 173 Hanchar, Viktar 74, 78, 81 Hancharyk, Uladzimir 105 Helsinki-2 proposals 210 Holas 138 the Holocaust 40 Hramada (Belarusian Socialist) 32, 36 Hramada (Social Democratic) 127 Hrodna Azot 90-1, 146, 235, 242 human rights 1, 11, 154-5, 157, 192, 233, 240, 244, 262 Huntington, Samuel 17 IISEPS (polling organisation) 58, 109, 111, 113-4, 139, 140 industry in Belarus 87-8 integration of Belarus and Russia see Union State international law 232-3, 242, 247 Ioffe, Grigory 56, 64 Iraq 89 Italy 229, 233 IT industry 97, 145, 190 Jogaila (grand duke) 25 Kalesnikava, Mariya 129-30, 147, 168 Kalinouski, Kastus 53 Kalinouski Regiment 251, 259 Kanapatskaya, Hanna 127-8 Karanik, Uladzimir 173 Karatkevich, Tatsiana 113, 154
INDEX Karayeu, Yury 131, 174 Lubin, Union of (1569) 25 Karpenka, Henanz 80 Lucas, Edward 228 karta Polaka (Polish card) 37 Lukashenka, Alyaksandr: alleged Kastuseu, Ryhor see Feduta- assassination attempt on 70; Zyankovich-Kastuseu ‘plot’ biographies of 282 n.7; early Kazulin, Alyaksandr 106 life 67; early political career 62, KDB 4, 5, 68-71, 83-4, 107, 151, 66, 67-8; education policy 159, 156, 172-3, 176-80, 196-7, 161; first election campaign 207, 231, 258 68-72; ‘inauguration’ 169; Kebich, Vyacheslau 63, 65-6, 69, 79 language policy 51-2, 56, 161; paranoia 201-2; poll ratings KGB see KDB 124, 139, 140, 148, 181; social Klaskovskiy, Aleksandr 276 n.18 policy 170-1; use of appoint Kolas, Yakub 53-4 ment powers 171-5; views on Kondrusiewicz, Tadeusz (arch Covid-19 pandemic 118, 121, bishop) 159 201-2; views on history 32-3, korenizatsiya see Belarusification 36-7, 40, 42, 43-5; views on Kreva, Union of (1385) 25 parliamentary politics 104, 117, krayoutsi 32 148-9, 208; views on religion Kryvichy (east Slavic tribe) 20-1, 31 Kubrakou, Ivan 174 158-9; views on Ukraine crisis 209, 221, 251-3; views on women in politics 130-1 Kupala, Yanka 53-4 Lukashenka, Kolya 168 Kurapaty 39, 61-2, 159-60 Lukashenka, Viktar 89, 173 Kyivan Rus’ 20-3 'Lukashenka's Gold Mine’ Latushka, Pavai 147-8, 204 Lushch, Sergey 149 Liabedzka, Anatol’ 106 Lutskevich brothers 33-4 (documentary film) 198-9 Liberal Democratic Party 123 Lit-Bel 37 Lithuania 39, 170, 178, 239-40 Makei, Uladzimir 193, 218, 248, 253 see also Grand Duchy of Malady Front see Youth Front Lithuania Markova, Alena 38 Losik, Ihar
132, 199 Marples, David 73 LoveHata 200 Mazyr oil refinery 93, 95 321
INDEX media in Belarus 8-9, 127, 133-4, 145, 167, 176, 180, 182-6, 251 Medvedev, Dmitry 93, 213 Melyantsou, Dzianis 210 Metropolitan Pavel (bishop) 157-8 Mickiewicz, Adam 30, 53 migrant crisis (2021) 11, 178, 239-44 Milinkevich, Alyaksandr 106, 108, 154 military doctrine of Belarus 211 military doctrine of Union State 220 Narodnaya gazeta 182 Nasha Dolya (Our Destiny) 32 Nasha Niva (Our Cornfield) 33, 50, 53-4, 124, 140, 183 National Anti-Crisis Management see Latushka, Pavai National Assembly (parliament since 1996) 75, 104 National Bank of Belarus 99, 127 national identity see nation building national symbols see pahonia; white-red-white flag nation building 10, 19-20, 22-3, Mindaugas (grand duke) 24 29, 43, 51-2, 158; east-oriented Ministry of Foreign Affairs 21-2, 23,24, 29, 36, 40-3, 64, (MFA) 150, 233, 234, 252 Ministry of Information 56, 183-4, 218 74, 158, 161,260-1,263 (see also West-Russism); westoriented 21, 23-6, 27, 30, 32, Ministry of the Interior 151 33, 37-9, 42, 63-4, 73, 143, Minsk 42, 50 148, 157, 158, 192, 212, 261 Minsk Automobile Factory (MAZ) 87, 146, 231 Minsk Tractor Works (MTZ) 146, 168 Minsk Wheel Tractor Factory (MZKT) 88, 146, 230 (see also Belarusian Popular Front, krayouvtsi) NATO 16, 78, 187, 211-2, 216, 251,263 Navahrudak 24 Nazi-Soviet pact 39 Misterium Occupation (film) 55-6 neutrality 210, 221-2, 250 Mongols see Golden Horde NEXTA 3, 6-7, 129, 132-3, 144, Mova nanova 156 multivector foreign policy 203-4 150, 165, 184, 195-6, 198-9 Nicholas I (Russian tsar) 28, 30 Nobel laureates see Alexievich, Naftan oil refinery 93, 235 Sviatlana;
Bialiatski, Ales Namier, Lewis 29 Novgorod (principality) 21 Narkomovka 51 N.R.M. (rock band) 41 322
INDEX nuclear weapons 250 Pazniak, Zianon 61, 65, 72, 74 peace talks on Ukraine 211, Ober ost’ command see German W1 occupation of Belarus oil refining 92-5, 235-6, 264 251-2 pensioners’ protests 143 People’s Embassies 238 Onliner.by 183 ‘Peremoha’ initiative 257 Operation Barbarossa (1941) 39 Perftsiyeu, Uladzimir 89 opposition (political): arrests of Pierson-Lyzhina, Ekaterina 144, 191-4; in elections 104, 108, 110, 111, 121-31, 137-8, 204 Poland 34-7, 159, 178, 190, 140-1; internal disputes 6, 239-41, 244, 263 see also 105-6, 122-3, 147, 256; Polish-Lithuanian meeting with Lukashenka 149; Commonwealth relations with West 109-11, Polatsk 20, 31, 161 113, 237-9, 256-7 see also Polatsk Synod 30 Coordination Council, Polish-Lithuanian ‘disappearances’, political parties in Belarus Commonwealth 25-6, 27 Polish rebellion (1863) 30, 53 OSCE 110, 135,211 political culture, defined 60; pahonia 23, 34, 40, 64, 73, 148 political parties in Belarus 64-5, discussion of 10, 64, 71; ‘Pahonia’ Regiment 251 79-80, 148-9, 156 see also Palessie marshes 15, 18-9, 25, Belarusian Popular Front; 48-9 PandaDoc 190 Pape, Robert 228 parasites tax (2017) 114-6, 176, 181 parliament see elections, National Assembly (parliament since Communist Party; Liberal Democratic Party; United Civic Party political prisoners 193-4 polling 108-9, 111, 113-4, 120-1, 124, 126, 139-40, 148, 181 Polonisation 27, 35 1996), Supreme Council Pomiecko, Aleksandra 34-5 (parliament until 1996) potash 90-1, 95, 231 ‘partisan myth’ 41-2, 55-6 Pashkevich, Alaiza 53—4 Paulychenka, Dzmitry 83 Pratasevich, Raman 3-7, 132, 144,
151, 198-200 Preiherman, Yauheni 204 323
INDEX propaganda 179, 241, 263 protests 105, 112, 115-6, 131, 132-4, 141-4, 150, 167, 174, 189-98, 201; of striking regime counterprotests 145, workers 169 Rhodesia 229, 231 188 Riga, Treaty of (1921) 35 141-5, 151-2, 163, 190, 199; Psycho3% meme 131, 132, 181 Rumas, Siarhei 172 Pul pervogo 179, 181, 293 n.18 Russia: financial support of Putin, Vladimir 79, 98-9, 161—2, 188-9, 224-5, 243, 261 Putsila, Stsyapan 132 Belarus 97-100, 170, 186-7, 217, 225; means of influence over Belarus 162-3, 180, 208, 219; military ties to Belarus Rabochy Rukh 146 219-20; relations with Belarus Radzimichy (east Slavic tribe) 20, 77, 78-80, 89-95, 100-102, 116, 162-5,205-14,218-22, 21 rail partisans 255 Ravkau, Adrey 172 Razam (political party) see Vmeste referendums: March 1991 Soviet referendum 62; May 1995 referendum (on language and state symbols) 48, 51-2, 72-3; November 1996 (on constitu tion) 74-7; October 2004 (on term limits) 77; February 2022 (on constitution) 219, 227, 249-50 Regional Group of Forces 260, 307 n.27 260-1 ; response to protests 147, 185-6, 187-9; strategic importance of Belarus for 16; within the Soviet Union 63 Russian empire 28, 29-32; Polish rebellion against 30 Russification 28-32, 36, 42 Russo-Ukraine war 11-12, 247-8; Belarusian volunteers in 251, 258-9; use of Belarusian territory in 250-1, 260; views of Belarusians on 253-5 Ruthenians 26 Ryanair (flight 4978) 3-7, 198-9, 233 4 Regnum (news agency) 162 religion in Belarus 17, 24, 26-8, 157-60 repressions: of businesses 190; of sanctions 90, 98, 100-2, 111, 217, 227, 234-6; and international law 232-3 civil
society 156-7; of literature sanctions busting 101, 229, 231 56-7; of media 191-2, 183-4; SATIO (marketing business) of protests 112-3, 115, 131, 324 120-1
INDEX Second World War 39-40 see also ‘partisan myth’ security apparatus in Belarus 71, 174 see also KDB Security Council of Belarus 172-3, 177 Serbia 104-5 state responsibility (legal doc trine) 241 Statkevich, Mikola 112, 122 strikes see workers’ strikes Stryzhak, Andrei 200 Sukharenka, Stsyapan 107, 156, 172 Severo-zapadniy krai 29 Supraitsu 257 Sevyarynets, Pavai 122, 155, 163 Supreme Council (parliament Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 218 until 1996) 62, 65, 73-5, 76, 215, 182 Sheiman, Viktar 82, 89, 173, 175 Symbal.by (shop) 132 Shishou, Vital 292 n. 11 SYMPA 156 Shraibman, Artyom 200-1 Shyrkouski, Eduard 68-9 Shushkevich, Stanislav 62-6, 72 Taraikousky, Alyaksandr (first protester death) 142, 194 Siarhiyanka, Ihar 172 Tarashkevitsa 50-1 siloviki 171—2 technocrats 171-2, 177 situational neutrality see neutrality Telegram see Belarus golovnogo Sivakou, Yury 82 Skaryna, Frantsysk 49 Slutsk insurrection (1919) 34-5 social media 113, 115, 119, 124, 142, 180, 184, 188, 243 soft Belarusisation 160-3, 165, 209-10, 291 n.9 mozga, NEXTA, Pul pervogo, social media Tell the Truth (civic campaign) 113, 122, 127, 154, 155, 157 Tertel', Ivan 173 tobacco industry 95-6, 213, 231, 236 solidarity chains 143 trade unions 115, 146, 155, 192 South Ossetia see Abkhazia and trasyanka 51 South Ossetia sovereignty of Belarus 164, 219, 247, 249, 259 Sovetskaya Belorussiya (newspaper) 76, 182, 200 Tsapkala, Valer 125-6 Tsapkala, Veranika 130 Tsikhanousky, Siarhei 124-5, 128-9, 131, 149, 163 Tsikhanouskaya, Sviatlana 125, Sputnik News 162 128-9, 137-141, 146, 147-8, state emblem 162
154, 237-9, 258, 261-2 325
INDEX Tsimanouskaya, Krystsina 7-9 Tsitsyankou, Ivan 68 western Belarus (1921-1939) 35-7, 39, 41 Turchynovich, Vosip 31 West-Russism 31 TUT.by 183 White Legion 176 tuteishiya 29, 54 white-red-white flag 23, 34, 36, 40, 64, 73-4, 122, 137, 143, Ukraine crisis 98, 113, 161, 208-13; see also Crimea; peace talks on Ukraine; Russo- Ukraine war 148, 188-9, 196 Wilson, Andrew 19, 24, 39, 66, 77, 96, 112, 141,212 women 128-31, 143 Uniate Church 26-8, 30 workers’ strikes 145-6, 169 Union State 78-80, 99, 163, 206, World Health Organization 120 212—3, 219, 264; see also World War I see First World War military doctrine of Union State World War II see Second World United Civic Party 74, 81, 104, 128 War United States 214-5, 234-6, 249 Uss, Dzimitry 112 Yeliseyeu, Andrei 101 Yeltsin, Boris 63, 79, 98 Vakul’chyk, Valeriy 173 Yeromovshina, Lidiya 74 Varabey, Mikalai 236 Youth Front 122, 155 Veishnoria 211-2 Venezuela 94 Zaitsau, Vadzim 172 Viachorka, Frantsishak 148 Zakharanka, Yury 80-1 Victory Day 119, 177 Zamosc Synod 27 Vikhor, Alyaksandr 194 Zapad-17 military drills 211-2 Vilnius 50 Zaprudnik, Jan 24, 39, 61 Vmeste (political party) 148 Zavadski, Zmitser 81-2 Volodomyr the Great 21 Zheltiye slivy 181 vyshyvanki 48, 132, 156 Zhyvye Belarus’! (Long Live Vyasna (human rights group) 155, 192-3 Belarus!) 53, 148 ‘zmagars’ 184 Znak, Maksim 127, 169 Wagner Group (mercenaries) 136, 179 Wendt, Alexander 17-8 326 Zubr (youth group) 105, 155 Zyankovich, Yuras see Feduta- Zyankovich-Kastuseu ‘plot’ |
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| author | Hansbury, Paul 19XX- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1395943799 (DE-599)BVBBV049325104 |
| era | Geschichte 2020-2022 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 2020-2022 |
| format | Book |
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The brutal crackdown that followed shocked the international community: the authorities arrested tens of thousands of citizens, shut down independent media and NGOs, and fomented a migrant crisis on the European Union's border. But where many thought Belarus's dictator, Alyaksandr Lukashenka, would fall, he instead turned to Moscow for support, intensifying repression. Many of his opponents fled the country. Then, in February 2022, Belarus provided a staging area for Russia's invasion of Ukraine, allowing troops and missile systems to be based on its territory as large-scale war returned to Eastern Europe once again. Many outsiders now view Belarus as little more than a Russian military district, rather than a sovereign country. Paul Hansbury offers a wide-ranging account of these two related crises. Exploring the domestic origins of Belarus's political chaos and its international ramifications, he also assesses the effectiveness of western sanctions policy, as well as considering the history and prospects of Belarusian statehood. Does Belarus have a future as an independent polity? 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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:44:04Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-25T11:11:47Z |
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| isbn | 9780197747704 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xi, 326 Seiten Karte 23 cm |
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| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hansbury, Paul 19XX- Verfasser (DE-588)1290950334 aut Belarus in crisis from domestic unrest to the Russia-Ukraine war Paul Hansbury New York, NY Oxford University Press [2023] © 2023 xi, 326 Seiten Karte 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In 2020, mass anti-government protests erupted across Belarus. The brutal crackdown that followed shocked the international community: the authorities arrested tens of thousands of citizens, shut down independent media and NGOs, and fomented a migrant crisis on the European Union's border. But where many thought Belarus's dictator, Alyaksandr Lukashenka, would fall, he instead turned to Moscow for support, intensifying repression. Many of his opponents fled the country. Then, in February 2022, Belarus provided a staging area for Russia's invasion of Ukraine, allowing troops and missile systems to be based on its territory as large-scale war returned to Eastern Europe once again. Many outsiders now view Belarus as little more than a Russian military district, rather than a sovereign country. Paul Hansbury offers a wide-ranging account of these two related crises. Exploring the domestic origins of Belarus's political chaos and its international ramifications, he also assesses the effectiveness of western sanctions policy, as well as considering the history and prospects of Belarusian statehood. Does Belarus have a future as an independent polity? And how has Russia's war with Ukraine affected Belarusians' views of their dictatorship and the cause of democracy in their country? Geschichte 2020-2022 gnd rswk-swf Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X gnd rswk-swf Politischer Konflikt (DE-588)4115589-0 gnd rswk-swf Belarus (DE-588)4079143-9 gnd rswk-swf Belarus / Social conditions / 21st century Belarus / History / 1991- Belarus / Relations / Ukraine Ukraine / Relations / Belarus Ukraine Conflict, 2014- / Influence Belarus (DE-588)4079143-9 g Politischer Konflikt (DE-588)4115589-0 s Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X s Geschichte 2020-2022 z DE-604 Äquivalent London : Hurst Company, 2023 978-1-78738-938-0 (DE-604)BV048509931 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034585977&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034585977&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Hansbury, Paul 19XX- Belarus in crisis from domestic unrest to the Russia-Ukraine war Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X gnd Politischer Konflikt (DE-588)4115589-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)106969780X (DE-588)4115589-0 (DE-588)4079143-9 |
| title | Belarus in crisis from domestic unrest to the Russia-Ukraine war |
| title_auth | Belarus in crisis from domestic unrest to the Russia-Ukraine war |
| title_exact_search | Belarus in crisis from domestic unrest to the Russia-Ukraine war |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Belarus in crisis from domestic unrest to the Russia-Ukraine war |
| title_full | Belarus in crisis from domestic unrest to the Russia-Ukraine war Paul Hansbury |
| title_fullStr | Belarus in crisis from domestic unrest to the Russia-Ukraine war Paul Hansbury |
| title_full_unstemmed | Belarus in crisis from domestic unrest to the Russia-Ukraine war Paul Hansbury |
| title_short | Belarus in crisis |
| title_sort | belarus in crisis from domestic unrest to the russia ukraine war |
| title_sub | from domestic unrest to the Russia-Ukraine war |
| topic | Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X gnd Politischer Konflikt (DE-588)4115589-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg Politischer Konflikt Belarus |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034585977&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034585977&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hansburypaul belarusincrisisfromdomesticunresttotherussiaukrainewar |