Natural and synthetic waxes: origin, production, technology, and applications
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| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Weinheim, Germany
WILEY-VCH
[2023]
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/dt/books/ISBN978-3-527-34222-8/ Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxvi, 671 Seiten Illustrationen 26 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783527342228 3527342222 |
Internformat
MARC
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|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV049319898 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20231012 | ||
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| 020 | |a 9783527342228 |c Festeinband : circa EUR 179.00 (DE) (freier Preis) |9 978-3-527-34222-8 | ||
| 020 | |a 3527342222 |9 3-527-34222-2 | ||
| 024 | 3 | |a 9783527342228 | |
| 028 | 5 | 2 | |a Bestellnummer: 1134222 000 |
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1241082436 | ||
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| 082 | 0 | 4 | |a 665.1 |2 23/ger |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Krendlinger, Ernst J. |d 1954- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1277390266 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Natural and synthetic waxes |b origin, production, technology, and applications |c Ernst J. Krendlinger, Uwe H. Wolfmeier |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim, Germany |b WILEY-VCH |c [2023] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2023 | |
| 300 | |a xxvi, 671 Seiten |b Illustrationen |c 26 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Wachs |0 (DE-588)4137154-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a Chemical Engineering | ||
| 653 | |a Chemie | ||
| 653 | |a Chemische Verfahrenstechnik | ||
| 653 | |a Chemistry | ||
| 653 | |a Industrial Chemistry | ||
| 653 | |a Natural Products | ||
| 653 | |a Naturstoffchemie | ||
| 653 | |a Particle Technology & Product Design | ||
| 653 | |a Partikeltechnik u. Produktentwicklung | ||
| 653 | |a Petrochemie / Brennstoffindustrie | ||
| 653 | |a Petrochemistry / Fuel | ||
| 653 | |a Technische u. Industrielle Chemie | ||
| 653 | |a CG16: Partikeltechnik u. Produktentwicklung | ||
| 653 | |a CH30: Technische u. Industrielle Chemie | ||
| 653 | |a CH34: Petrochemie / Brennstoffindustrie | ||
| 653 | |a CH84: Naturstoffchemie | ||
| 653 | |a Biopolymere | ||
| 653 | |a Biopolymers | ||
| 653 | |a Petrochemie | ||
| 653 | |a Polymer Science & Technology | ||
| 653 | |a Polymerwissenschaft u. -technologie | ||
| 653 | |a Wachs | ||
| 653 | |a PY20: Biopolymere | ||
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Wachs |0 (DE-588)4137154-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DNB | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Wolfmeier, Uwe H. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1277390452 |4 aut | |
| 710 | 2 | |a Wiley-VCH |0 (DE-588)16179388-5 |4 pbl | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe, PDF |z 978-3-527-80774-1 |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe, EPUB |z 978-3-527-80776-5 |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe, oBook |z 978-3-527-80775-8 |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034580848&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034580848 | ||
| 883 | 2 | |8 1\p |a dnb |d 20230203 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#dnb | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804185828177477632 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
FOREWORD
XXV
PART
1
NATURAL
WAXES
1
1
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.1.1
1.3.1.2
1.3.1.3
1.3.2
1.3.2.1
1.3.2.2
1.3.2.3
1.3.2.4
1.3.2.5
1.3.2.6
1.3.2.7
1.3.3
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
INTRODUCTION
3
GENERAL
SURVEY
OF
WAXES
3
DEFINITIONS
OF
WAXES
3
NATURAL
RECENT
WAXES
5
MINERAL
HYDROCARBON
WAXES
5
PETROLEUM
WAXES
5
FULLY
SYNTHETIC
WAXES
5
BRIEF
HISTORY
OF
WAXES
5
WAXES
USED
BY
ANCIENT
EGYPTIANS
7
THE
MUMMIFICATION
PROCESS
7
PUNIC
WAX
8
NEFERTITI
9
GREEKS,
ROMANS,
AND
WAXES
11
BRONZE
CASTING
11
WAX
TABLETS
IN
ANCIENT
TIMES
11
WAX
TABLETS
AT
LATER
TIMES
14
CANDLES
14
WAXES
IN
MEDICINES
AND
COSMETICS
15
WAXES
AS
COSMETICS
IN
EARLY
CHRISTIANITY
16
WAX
TRADING
IN
THE
MIDDLE
AGES
16
WAXES
FROM
THE
INDIANS
17
ORIGIN
OF
NATURAL
WAXES
18
PETROLEUM
WAXES
18
PLANT
WAXES
19
ANIMAL
WAXES
19
REFERENCES
20
VI
CONTENTS
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.8
2.9
2.9.1
2.9.2
2.9.3
2.10
2.10.1
2.10.2
2.11
2.12
WAXES
IN
ARTS
23
WAXES
IN
PAINTINGS
23
PRE-ENCAUSTIC
PAINTING
24
THE
FAIYUM
MUMMY
PORTRAITS
25
GREECE
AND
ROME
26
POST
ROMAN
WAX
PAINTINGS
27
REVIVAL
OF
ENCAUSTIC
28
WAX,
EFFIGIES,
SCULPTURES,
AND
MASKS
30
MIDDLE
AGES
31
MODERN
AGE
33
POPULAR
ARTS
33
VOTIVE
FIGURES
IN
RELIGION
35
WAX
AS
PROCESSING
AID
IN
ARTS
AND
CRAFT
37
SHORT
HISTORY
OF
ETCHING
38
ART
CASTING
39
HISTORY
OF
ART
CASTING
41
WAXES,
CRAFTS,
AND
ARTS
IN
THE
NEW
WORLD
41
PRE-COLUMBIAN
ART
42
BRONZE
AND
GOLD
METALLURGY
IN
THE
NEW
WORLD
42
WAX
MUSEUMS
44
SUMMARY
45
REFERENCES
45
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
OF
PLANT
WAXES
47
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
OF
PLANT
WAXES
48
THE
BIOCHEMICAL
PATHWAY
TO
PLANT
WAXES
48
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
TO
PLANT
WAXES
49
RELEVANT
PHASES
OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
THE
FIRST
STAGE
OF
PLANT
WAX
PRODUCTION
51
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
ENERGY
ABSORPTION
51
THE
LIGHT
REACTION
PART
I:
ELECTRON
TRANSFER
IN
REACTION
CENTERS
51
THE
LIGHT
PART
II:
TRANSFORMATION
OF
LIGHT
ENERGY
INTO
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
52
3.4.4
3.5
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.7
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.7.3
SYNTHESIS
AND
EXPORT
OF
STABLE
ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
53
RECENT
RESEARCH
RESULTS
55
FROM
THE
CALVIN
CYCLE
TO
WAX
56
FROM
TRIOSE
TO
GLUCOSE
56
GLYCOLYSIS
56
FATTY
ACID
SYNTHESIS
57
ELONGATION
OF
FATTY
TO
WAX
ACID
59
ARTIFICIAL
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
AND
ENGINEERING
NATURAL
WAXES
60
G.
CIAMICIAN,
A
PIONEER
IN
PHOTOCHEMISTRY
60
RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS
61
CONCLUSION
61
REFERENCES
62
CONTENTS
VII
SECTION
1
NATURAL
WAXES
65
REFERENCE
66
4
THE
NATURAL
ANIMAL
WAXES
67
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.1.6
5.1.6.1
5.1.6.2
5.1.6.3
5.1.7
5.1.7.1
5.1.7.2
5.1.7.3
5.1.7.4
5.1.7.5
5.1.8
5.1.9
5.1.9.1
5.1.9.2
5.1.9.3
5.1.10
INSECT
WAXES
69
BEESWAX
69
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
ON
BEESWAX
70
PROPOLIS
71
ANTIOXIDANT
EFFECT
72
ANTIMICROBIAL
AND
VIROSTATIC
EFFECTS
73
CONSTRUCTION
OF
THE
WAX
COMB
74
COMMERCIALIZATION
OF
BEESWAX
74
CLEANING
AND
BLEACHING
OF
BEESWAX
75
HEATING
WITH
FULLER
S
EARTH
OR
CHARCOAL
75
SUN
EXPOSURE
76
CHEMICAL
TREATMENT
76
USES
OF
BEESWAX
77
CANDLES
77
COSMETICS
78
CREAMS
AND
BODY
LOTIONS
81
WOOD
PRESERVATIVES
81
SHOE
AND
LEATHER
CARE
82
ECONOMIC
ASPECTS
83
ACTUAL
CHALLENGES
84
ENVIRONMENT
84
INSECTS
84
PESTICIDES
85
QUALITY
CONTROL
85
REFERENCES
87
6
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
OTHER
INSECT
WAXES
89
GHEDDA
(GEDDA)
WAX
89
PROPERTIES
90
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
90
COMPARISON
OF
EUROPEAN
AND
ASIAN
BEESWAXES
90
CHINESE
INSECT
WAX
92
SHORT
EXCURSION
INTO
THE
INTERESTING
BIOLOGY
OF
THESE
INSECTS
92
PROPERTIES
92
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
93
APPLICATIONS
93
SHELLAC
WAX
94
CULTIVATION
96
ISOLATION
OF
SHELLAC
WAX
96
PROPERTIES
OF
SHELLAC
WAX
97
VIII
CONTENTS
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.3.6
MARKET
98
REGISTRATION
STATUS
99
APPLICATIONS
100
REFERENCES
101
7
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.2.6
7.2.7
MAMMALIAN
ANIMAL
WAXES
103
INTRODUCTION
103
WOOL
WAX
104
WOOL
WAX
-
LANOLIN
-
WOOL
FAT
OR
GREASE:
DEFINITION
OF
TERMS
105
WOOL
WAX
-
VALUABLE
BY-PRODUCT
106
SEPARATION
OF
LANOLIN
FROM
SHEEP
S
WOOL
107
COMPOSITION
OF
WOOL
WAX
108
APPLICATIONS
110
TOXICOLOGY
111
POTENTIAL
CLASSIFICATION
OF
WOOL
WAX
OR
LANOLIN
AS
AN
ALLERGENIC
SUBSTANCE
112
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.1.1
7.3.1.2
7.3.2
7.3.2.1
7.3.2.2
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.4.6
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.6
7.7
7.7.1
7.7.2
MAMMALIAN
MARINE
WAXES
113
SPERMACETI
113
PROPERTIES
115
APPLICATIONS
115
AMBER
AND
AMBERGRIS
115
AMBER
AND
AMBERGRIS
OCCURRENCE
117
LEGALITY
TODAY
117
MAMMALIAN
HUMAN
WAXES:
EARWAX/CERUMEN
117
GENERAL
117
THE
POSITION
OF
CERUMEN
IN
THE
REALM
OF
WAXES
118
BIOSYNTHESIS
OF
EAR
WAX
118
APPEARANCE
AND
COMPOSITION
119
EARWAX
IN
ONCOLOGY
120
SUMMARY
121
MARINE
WAXES
121
MARINE
ANIMALS
WAXES
122
COMPOSITION
OF
MARINE
WAXES
122
OTHER
MARINE
WAXES
122
BIRD
WAXES
123
BIOSYNTHESIS
AND
COMPOSITION
OF
BIRD
WAXES
123
CONCLUSION
124
REFERENCES
124
SECTION
II
NATURAL
PLANT
WAXES
127
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
CARNAUBA
WAX
129
INTRODUCTION
129
HISTORY
130
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
OF
CARNAUBA
WAX
132
ECONOMIC
ASPECTS
133
CONTENTS
IX
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.12.1
8.12.2
8.12.3
8.13
8.14
8.14.1
8.14.2
8.14.3
8.14.4
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
ORIGIN
133
OCCURRENCE
AND
EXPLOITATION
134
HARVESTING
CARNAUBA
135
GRINDING
137
MICRONIZATION
137
CARNAUBA-WAX-BASED
EMULSIONS
138
TYPES
AND
SPECIFICATIONS
138
USES
AND
APPLICATIONS
OF
CARNAUBA
WAX
GRADES
140
PHARMACEUTICALS
140
FOOD
141
CITRUS
FRUIT
COATING
141
COSMETICS
142
CARE
PRODUCTS
142
SHOE
POLISH
143
SOLVENT-BASED
POLISHES
143
FLOOR
AND
STONE
FLOOR
CARE
144
CAR
POLISH
144
CANDLES
144
PRINTING
INKS
144
PLASTICS
INDUSTRY
145
VARNISHES/COATINGS
145
ECONOMIC
OUTLOOK
145
PHYSICAL
AND
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
146
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
OF
CARNAUBA
WAX
146
PHYSIOLOGICAL
AND
TOXICOLOGICAL
ASPECTS
OF
CARNAUBA
WAX
148
REGISTRATION
STATUS
149
POLICOSANOL
IN
CARNAUBA
WAX
150
REFERENCES
150
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
9.5.4
9.5.5
9.6
CANDELILLA
OR
THE
GREAT
WAX
RUSH
153
HISTORY
153
OCCURRENCE
AND
ISOLATION
153
WORKING
UP
CANDELILLA
156
THE
CANDELILLA
WAX
VALUE
CHAIN
157
MAIN
APPLICATIONS
AND
USES
OF
CANDELILLA
WAX
157
COSMETICS
158
POLISHES
158
CANDLE,
HOT
MELT,
POLYMER
PROCESSING
159
PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRY
159
FOOD
INDUSTRY
159
PHYSICAL
AND
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
AND
COMPOSITION
OF
CANDELILLA
WAX
159
9.7
9.8
9.9
ECONOMIC
ASPECTS
162
COMPARISON
BETWEEN
CANDELILLA
AND
SUGARCANE
WAX
163
REGISTRATION
STATUS
164
REFERENCES
165
X
CONTENTS
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.11.1
10.11.2
10.12
10.12.1
10.12.2
10.12.3
10.12.4
10.12.5
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.16.1
10.16.2
10.16.3
10.16.4
10.16.5
10.16.6
10.16.7
10.16.8
10.16.9
10.16.10
10.16.11
10.16.12
10.17
10.18
MONTAN
WAX
167
A
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION
167
THE
FUTURE
OF
MONTAN
WAX
169
FORMATION
AND
OCCURRENCE
OF
MONTAN
WAX
169
THE
ORIGIN
OF
MONTAN
WAX
169
SEPARATION
OF
MONTAN
WAX
FROM
LIGNITE
171
EXTRACTION
171
DETAILS
OF
MONTAN
WAX
PRODUCTION
172
PROPERTIES
AND
COMPOSITION
173
MONTAN
WAX
COMPONENTS
174
RESINS
AND
DARK
RESIDUES
176
APPLICATIONS
FOR
CRUDE
MONTAN
WAX
177
PREPARATION OF
EMULSIONS
177
BITUMEN
INDUSTRY
177
REFINING
AND
DERIVATIZATION
177
DERESINIFICATION
178
BLEACHING
178
DISTILLATION
178
OXIDATION
WITH
NITRIC
AND
SULFURIC
ACID
179
OXIDATION
WITH
CHROMIC
ACID
OR
CHROMATES
IN
SULFURIC
ACID
179
FURTHER
PROCESSING
AND
REFINING
OF
BLEACHED
MONTAN
WAX
181
DERIVATIZATION
182
USES
AND
ECONOMIC
ASPECTS
183
SELECTED
TECHNICAL
APPLICATIONS
FOR
MONTAN
WAXES
185
HISTORICAL
OVERVIEW
185
CARE
AND
POLISHING
INDUSTRY
185
BEHAVIOR
OF
NATURAL
WAXES
WHEN
EXPOSED
TO
SOLVENTS
185
SOLUBILITY
OF
WAXES
186
MONTAN
WAXES
FOR
SHOE
POLISHES
186
MONTAN
WAXES
FOR
POLISHES
187
POWDER
COATINGS
187
MONTAN
WAX
FOR
RIGID
PVC
PROCESSING
188
EXCURSION
INTO
CALENDERING
FILMS
AND
SHEETS
189
RIGID
PVC
EXTRUSION
189
SPECIAL
ADVANTAGES
OF
RIGID
PVC
LUBRICANTS
191
MASTERBATCH
191
REGISTRATION
STATUS
192
MONTAN
WAX
AND
OTHER
NATURAL
WAX
SUBSTITUTES
FROM
LINEAR
ALPHA
OLEFINS
192
10.18.1
10.18.2
10.18.3
10.19
10.19.1
10.19.2
WHAT
ARE
LINEAR
ALPHA-OLEFINS
(LAOS)?
193
LINEAR
ALPHA-OLEFINS
193
LINEAR
ALPHA-OLEFIN
WAXES
193
MODIFIED
LINEAR
ALPHA
OLEFIN
WAXES
194
OXIDATION
OF
ALPHA-OLEFINS
(SCHEMATIC)
194
ADDITION
OF
MSA
AS
DIENOPHILE
TO
ALPHA
OLEFIN
(SCHEMATIC)
195
CONTENTS
XI
10.19.3
10.19.4
10.20
10.20.1
10.20.2
10.20.3
10.20.4
10.20.5
10.20.6
10.20.7
10.20.8
10.21
10.22
GRAFTING
WITH
PEROXIDES
195
LAO
COPOLYMERS
WITH
MALEIC
ANHYDRIDE
196
PRODUCTION
OF
LINEAR
ALPHA-OLEFINS
196
THE
STARTING
POINT:
THE
ZIEGLER
AUFBAU
REACTION
197
SHELL
HIGHER
OLEFIN
PROCESS
(SHOP)
198
INEOS:
ETHYL
PROCESS
199
CHEVRON
PHILLIPS:
GULFENE
PROCESS
199
OTHER
LAO
PROCESSES
199
THE
IDEMITSU
PETROCHEMICAL
PROCESS
200
SABIC-LINDE
A-SABLIN
PROCESS
200
SASOL
FISCHER-TROPSCH
ALPHA-OLEFINS
200
SUMMARY
OF
APPLICATIONS
OF
ALPHA
OLEFINS
200
SHORT
OVERVIEW
OF
TECHNICAL
APPLICATIONS
OF
LINEAR
ALPHA-OLEFIN
WAXES
201
10.23
10.23.1
10.23.2
10.24
10.24.1
10.24.2
10.24.3
10.24.4
PEAT
WAX
202
SHORT
DESCRIPTION
202
REGISTRATION
STATUS
203
OZOKERITE
WAX
203
SOURCES
203
PROPERTIES
203
MINING
204
REGISTRATION
STATUS
205
REFERENCES
205
11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.5.1
SUGARCANE
WAX
209
INTRODUCTION-GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
209
OCCURRENCE
AND
ISOLATION
209
PRODUCTION
OF
SUGARCANE
WORLDWIDE
(2018)
210
COMPOSITION
OF
SUGARCANE
WAX
211
SEPARATION
OF
SUGARCANE
WAX
211
VALUE
CHAIN
OF
SUGAR:
THE
INDIAN
COMPANY
GODAVARI
BIOREFINERIES
LTD.
211
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.10.1
11.10.2
11.10.3
11.10.4
11.11
11.11.1
11.11.2
DELIVERY
FORMS
AND
COMPOSITION
213
PRODUCTION
214
FURTHER
APPLICATIONS
OF
SUGARCANE
WAX
215
MEDICAL
AND
DIETARY
ASPECTS
OF
SUGARCANE
WAX
216
DESCRIPTION
OF
POLICOSANOL
216
SEPARATION
OF
POLICOSANOL
FROM
SUGARCANE
WAX
217
POTENTIAL
MEDICAL
EFFECTS
OF
POLICOSANOL
219
THE
POSITIVE
STUDIES
219
CONTROVERSIAL
COMMENTS
220
RICE
BRAN
WAX
221
APPLICATIONS
222
REGISTRATION
STATUS
223
REFERENCES
223
XII
CONTENTS
12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.7.1
12.7.2
12.7.3
12.7.4
12.7.5
12.7.5.1
12.7.5.2
12.7.5.3
12.7.5.4
12.7.5.5
12.7.6
12.8
JAPAN
WAX
227
GENERAL
REFLECTIONS
ABOUT
JAPAN
WAX
227
REFINING
JAPAN
WAX
228
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
OF
JAPAN
WAX
229
USES
OF
JAPAN
WAX
229
ECONOMY
230
REGISTRATION
STATUS
230
CASTOR
WAX
OR
RICINUS
WAX
231
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION
231
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
OF
CASTOR
OIL
231
ORIGIN
233
PRODUCTION
PROCESS
OF
HYDROGENATED
CASTOR
OIL
WAX:
CASTOR
WAX
233
USES
AND
APPLICATIONS
234
PLASTICS
INDUSTRY
234
LUBRICANTS
INDUSTRY
235
COSMETICS
INDUSTRY
235
INK
AND
COATING
INDUSTRY
235
MISCELLANEOUS
236
REGISTRATION
STATUS
236
RICINUS
COMMUNIS
LINNAEUS:
THE
UMBRELLA
MURDER
CASE
236
REFERENCES
237
13
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.5.1
13.6
PALM
WAX
239
GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
239
ORIGIN
OF
PALM
OILS
240
AGRICULTURE
OF
OIL
PALM
TREES
241
EXTRACTION
OF
PALM
OIL
241
PALM
KERNEL
OIL
241
FROM
PALM
OIL
TO
PALM
WAX
242
OUTLOOK
243
REFERENCES
243
14
14.1
14.2
14.3
WAX
OF
MANZANITA
LEAVES
245
A
GENERAL
245
POTENTIAL
MEDICAL
EFFECTS
247
MANZANITA
ROOTS
AND
SMOKING
PIPES
247
REFERENCES
248
15
15.1
15.1.1
15.2
WAXES
OF
CITRUS
FRUITS
AND
LEAVES
249
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
249
HYDROCARBON
LENGTH
DISTRIBUTION
IN
CITRUS
FRUITS
AND
LEAVES
250
PRIMARY
ALCOHOL
CARBON
LENGTH
DISTRIBUTION
IN
CITRUS
FRUITS
AND
LEAVES
252
15.3
15.4
FATTY
ACIDS
AND
WAX
ACIDS
LENGTH
DISTRIBUTION
253
WAXES
FROM
LARREA
LEAVES
AND
STEMS
256
CONTENTS
XIII
15.5
15.5.1
15.5.2
15.5.3
15.5.4
15.5.5
15.5.6
15.6
15.6.1
15.6.2
15.7
15.8
15.8.1
15.8.2
15.9
15.9.1
15.9.2
15.10
15.10.1
15.10.2
SUNFLOWER
WAX
259
A
GENERAL
259
THE
WINTERIZATION
PROCESS
260
PROPERTIES
OF
SUNFLOWER
WAX
260
COMPOSITION
OF
SUNFLOWER
WAX
261
USES
AND
APPLICATIONS
261
REGISTRATION
STATUS
262
SOY
(OR
SOYBEAN)
WAX
262
DESCRIPTION
AND
USE
262
PROPERTIES
263
OTHER
WAXES
FROM
HYDROGENATED
OILS
263
TEA
WAX
264
TECHNICAL
DATA
264
REGISTRATION
STATUS
264
JASMINE
WAX
265
TECHNICAL
DATA
265
REGISTRATION
DATA
265
ROSE
WAX
265
TECHNICAL
DATA
266
REGISTRATION
DATA
266
REFERENCES
266
PART
II
SYNTHETIC
WAXES
269
16
16.1
16.2
SYNTHETIC
WAXES
271
INTRODUCTION
271
THE
BUILDING
BLOCKS
OF
SYNTHETIC
WAXES:
MONOMERS,
OLIGOMERS,
AND
POLYMERS
272
16.2.1
16.2.2
16.2.3
16.3
16.3.1
16.4
MONOMER
MOLECULE
273
OLIGOMER
MOLECULE
273
MACROMOLECULES
-
POLYMER
MOLECULES
274
SHORT
INTRODUCTION
TO
MOLAR
MASS
AND
DISTRIBUTIONS
275
SUMMARY
279
THE
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
OF
SYNTHETIC
POLYMER
AND
CHEMICALLY
RELATED
WAXES
280
16.5
16.5.1
16.6
MOLECULAR
STRUCTURE
OF
SYNTHETIC
AND
PETROLEUM
WAXES
281
HERMANN
STAUDINGER
AND
THE
BEGINNING
OF
THE
POLYMER
AGE
282
DISCRIMINATION
BETWEEN
WAXES
AND
PLASTICS
-
A
BRIEF
EXCURSION
INTO
POLYMER
PHYSICS
284
16.6.1
REGULATIONS
287
REFERENCES
287
17
17.1
17.1.1
POLYOLEFIN
WAXES
289
GENERAL
289
POLYETHYLENE
-
THE
EARLY
BEGINNING
290
XIV
J
CONTENTS
17.1.2
ANOTHER
EARLY
APPROACH
TO
POLYETHYLENE
291
17.1.3
POLYETHYLENE
WAXES
293
17.1.4
POLYETHYLENE
WAXES
PRODUCED
BY
POLYMERIZATION
294
17.1.4.1
POLYETHYLENE
WAXES
PRODUCED
BY
LOW-PRESSURE
POLYMERIZATION
294
17.1.4.2
POLYETHYLENE
MADE
BY
PHILLIPS
CATALYSTS
295
17.1.4.3
ZIEGLER-NATTA:
THE
INVENTION
295
17.1.5
OLEFIN
POLYMERIZATION
296
17.1.5.1
THE
REACTION
MECHANISM
297
17.2
INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTION
OF
ETHYLENE
POLYMERS:
PLASTICS
AND
WAXES
299
17.2.1
HIGH-PRESSURE
POLYMERIZATION
300
17.2.1.1
LOW-DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE
HIGH-PRESSURE
WAXES
300
17.2.1.2
WAXES
MADE
BY
FREE
RADICAL
POLYMERIZATION
301
17.2.1.3
THE
FREE-RADICAL
POLYMERIZATION
PRODUCTION
PROCESSES
302
17.2.2
HIGH-PRESSURE
LDPE
WAX
PRODUCERS
306
17.2.3
LOW-PRESSURE
ZIEGLER-NATTA
POLYMERIZATION
306
17.2.3.1
ZIEGLER-NATTA
PO
WAX
PLANTS
308
17.2.4
LOW-PRESSURE
METALLOCENE
POLYMERIZATION
309
17.2.4.1
METALLOCENE
WAXES
309
17.2.4.2
WAXES
PRODUCED
WITH
METALLOCENE-MAO
CATALYST
SYSTEMS
312
17.2.5
THE
CHEMISTRY
OF
METALLOCENE
POLYMERIZATION
312
17.2.5.1
REACTION
MECHANISM
313
17.2.5.2
THERMAL
DEGRADATION
OF
POLYOLEFINS
313
17.2.5.3
WAXES
AS
BYPRODUCTS
OF
POLYOLEFIN
SYNTHESIS
314
17.2.5.4
SCRAP
WAXES
315
17.3
MARKET
AND
ECONOMICS
316
17.4
USE
AND
APPLICATIONS
316
17.4.1
POLYETHYLENE
WAXES
FOR
PVC
PLASTICS
316
17.4.2
WOOD-PLASTIC
COMPOSITES
319
17.4.2.1
HISTORY
319
17.4.2.2
WPCS
TODAY
320
17.4.3
WAXES
FOR
ADHESIVES
321
17.4.3.1
THE
SPECIAL
CONTRIBUTION
OF
POLYETHYLENE
WAXES
TO
ADHESIVES
322
17.4.3.2
WATER-BASED
ADHESIVES
323
17.4.3.3
VEGETABLE
ADHESIVES
324
17.4.3.4
RESIN
ADHESIVES
324
17.4.4
WAXES
FOR
NATURAL
GLUE
327
17.4.4.1
ANIMAL
OR
PROTEIN
ADHESIVE
328
17.4.4.2
HISTORY
OF
NATURAL
GLUE
329
17.4.4.3
MODERN
USE
OF
ANIMAL
GLUE
330
17.4.5
NATURAL
RUBBER-BASED
ADHESIVES
331
17.4.6
HOT
MELT
ADHESIVES
332
17.4.6.1
FAST
SETTING
HOT
MELTS
332
17.4.6.2
DELAYED
SETTING
HOT
MELTS
332
Y1A.6.3
PRESSURE-SENSITIVE
HOT
MELT
ADHESIVES
(HMPSA)
332
17.4.6.4
REMOISTENABLE
GLUE
333
CONTENTS
XV
17.4.6.5
POLYAMIDE
GLUES
333
17.4.6.6
REACTIVE
ADHESIVES
333
17.4.6.7
SOLVENT-BASED
ADHESIVES
333
17.4.6.8
PE
WAXES
FOR
PACKAGING
ADHESIVES
334
17.4.6.9
PE
WAXES
FOR
FURNITURE
AND
BUILDING
ADHESIVES
AND
PRIMERS
334
17.4.6.10
PE
WAXES
FOR
TEXTILE
AND
LEATHER
ADHESIVES
335
17.4.6.11
REPAIRS
OF
OLD
ART
TEXTILE
PICTURES
AND
HISTORICAL
GARMENTS
WITH
ADHESIVES
336
17.4.6.12
PE
WAXES
FOR
ARTIFICIAL
TURF
336
17.4.6.13
COATINGS
FOR
CORRUGATED
BOARDS
337
17.4.6.14
HOT
MELT
COATINGS
IN
THE
PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRY
338
17.4.6.15
THE
RELEVANCE
OF
HOT
MELT
ADHESIVES
FOR
THE
WAX
MARKET
339
17.4.6.16
PE
WAXES
FOR
ROAD
MARKING
340
17.4.6.17
POLYETHYLENE
WAXES
FOR
CABLE
FILLING
341
17.4.6.18
WAX-BASED
CAVITY
SEALING
FOR
CARS
342
17.4.6.19
UNDERBODY
PROTECTION
FOR
CARS
WITH
WAXES
342
17.4.6.20
PE
WAXES
FOR
COATINGS
343
17.4.6.21
MICRONIZED
PE
WAXES
344
17.4.7
PE
WAXES
FOR
TEXTILE
APPLICATIONS
378
17.4.7.1
HISTORY
OF
BATIK
AND
AFRICAN
PRINTS
378
17.4.7.2
AFRICAN
PRINTING
379
17.4.7.3
WAX
PRINTS
ON
FABRICS
TODAY
381
17.4.8
PE
WAXES
FOR
COTTON
382
17.4.8.1
HISTORY
OF
WAXED
COTTON
382
17.4.8.2
PE
WAXES
FOR
COTTON
TODAY
383
17.4.8.3
PE
WAXES
AS
NEEDLE
LUBRICANTS
FOR
TEXTILE
PRODUCTION
384
17.4.8.4
PE
WAXES
FOR
LEATHER
CARE
PRODUCTS
384
17.4.8.5
INSTRUCTIONS
FOR
A
HIGH
GLOSS
POLISH FOR
LEATHER,
ESPECIALLY
FOR
LEATHER
SHOES
386
17.4.9
PE
WAXES
FOR
MASTERBATCH
387
17.4.10
PE
WAXES
AS
LUBRICANTS
IN
PLASTICS
PROCESSING
389
17.4.11
PE
WAXES
AS
LUBRICANTS
IN
METALWORKING
390
17.4.12
POLYOLEFIN
WAXES
AS
RELEASE
AGENTS
391
17.4.13
PE
WAXES
FOR
POWDER
METALLURGY
392
17.4.13.1
AN
EXAMPLE
FOR
POWDER
METALLURGY
394
17.4.14
PE
WAXES
FOR
INJECTION
MOLDING
394
17.4.15
WAXES
AND
FERTILIZERS
397
17.4.15.1
HISTORY
397
17.4.15.2
PE
WAXES
FOR
FERTILIZERS
399
17.4.15.3
PRACTICAL
APPLICATION
OF
WAXES
IN
FERTILIZERS
399
17.4.16
WAXES
AS
AGENTS
FOR
PYROTECHNICS
AND
EXPLOSIVES
400
17.4.16.1
SHORT
HISTORY
OF
EXPLOSIVES
AND
FIREWORKS
401
17.4.16.2
THE
CHEMISTRY
OF
FIREWORKS
403
17.4.17
WAXES
AS
PHLEGMATIZATION
AGENTS
FOR
POWERFUL
EXPLOSIVE
CHEMICALS
405
XVI
CONTENTS
17.4.20.1
POLYMER
ABSORBENTS
411
17.4.20.2
WAXES
AS
SUPER
ABSORBENTS
411
17.4.20.3
PRACTICAL
ISSUES
412
17.4.20.4
PRODUCTION
PROCESS
413
17.4.20.5
APPLICATIONS
414
17.4.18
17.4.19
17.4.20
DYNAMITE
407
FIREWORKS
TODAY
410
PE
WAXES
AS
FIBROUSLY
FELTED
WAX
WOOL
FOR
OIL
AND
SOLVENT
BINDER
411
REFERENCES
425
18
18.1
18.2
18.2.1
18.2.2
18.3
18.4
18.4.1
18.4.2
18.4.2.1
18.4.2.2
18.4.2.3
18.4.3
18.5
18.5.1
18.5.2
18.5.3
18.5.4
18.5.5
18.5.6
18.6
18.7
18.7.1
18.7.2
18.7.3
18.8
18.9
18.9.1
18.9.2
18.9.3
18.9.4
18.9.5
18.9.6
18.9.7
18.9.8
POLYPROPYLENE
WAXES
433
GENERAL
OVERVIEW
433
HISTORY
OF
POLYPROPYLENE
PLASTICS
AND
WAXES
434
HISTORY:
PHILLIPS
PETROLEUM
434
HISTORY:
GIULIO
NATTA
435
POLYPROPYLENE
PLASTICS
AND
WAXES:
A
SYMBIOTIC
RELATIONSHIP
436
CHIRALITY
AND
TACTICITY:
PRINCIPLES
437
CHIRALITY
438
TACTICITY
438
ISOTACTIC
POLYPROPYLENE
CHAINS
439
SYNDIOTACTIC
POLYPROPYLENE
CHAINS
439
ATACTIC
POLYPROPYLENE
CHAINS
440
TACTICITY
OF
INDUSTRIAL
POLYPROPYLENE
WAXES
440
PP
WAX
POLYMERIZATION
REACTIONS
AND
PROCESSES
441
REACTION
MECHANISMS
441
PHILLIPS
CATALYSTS
442
REACTION
MECHANISMS
442
PRODUCTION
OF
PP
PLASTICS
AND
WAXES
442
THE
GIULIO
NATTA
ROUTE
TO
POLYPROPYLENE
443
METALLOCENE
CATALYST
SYSTEMS
444
POLYETHYLENE
AND
POLYPROPENE
PLASTICS
AND
WAXES:
A
COMPARISON
444
PROPERTIES
OF
POLYPROPYLENE
WAXES
446
ISOTACTIC
PP
WAXES
446
COPOLYMER
PP-PE
WAXES
447
SYNDIOTACTIC
PP
WAXES
448
ATACTIC
POLYPROPYLENE
WAX-LIKE
MATERIALS
(APO/APAO)
448
APPLICATIONS
OF
POLYPROPYLENE
WAXES
449
GENERAL
449
LOW
VISCOSITY
PP
WAXES
WITH
LOW
DROP
POINT
450
MEDIUM
VISCOSITY
PP
WAXES
WITH
HIGH
DROP
POINT
450
LOW
VISCOSITY
PP
WAXES
WITH
HIGH
DROP
POINT
450
SELECTED
APPLICATIONS
OF
PP
WAXES
450
DISPERSING
AID
451
WAXES
FOR
DIFFERENT
HOT
MELT
ADHESIVES
451
INKS
AND
COATINGS
452
CONTENTS
XVII
18.9.9
18.9.10
18.9.11
18.9.12
18.9.13
ANTI-SLIP
ADDITIVES
FOR
WOOD
COATINGS
452
PP
WAX
AS
MATTING
AGENT
FOR
POWDER
COATINGS
452
ARTIFICIAL
GRASS
AND
TURF
452
PP
WAX
FOR
MASTERBATCH
453
PP
WAX
MADE
BY
CANADIAN
CLEAN
TECHNOLOGY
COMPANY
GREEN
MANTRA
453
18.10
18.11
REGULATORY
ASPECTS
454
ECONOMIC
ASPECTS
454
REFERENCES
455
19
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.4.1
19.4.2
19.5
.
19.5.1
19.5.2
19.5.2.1
19.5.2.2
19.5.2.3
19.5.2.4
19.5.2.5
19.5.2.6
19.5.2.7
19.5.2.8
19.5.2.9
19.5.3
19.5.3.1
19.5.3.2
19.5.3.3
19.5.3.4
19.5.4
19.5.4.1
19.5.4.2
19.5.4.3
19.5.4.4
19.5.4.5
19.5.5
19.5.6
19.5.7
19.5.8
19.5.8.1
PETROLEUM
AND
RELATED
CRUDE
OIL-BASED
WAXES
457
DEFINITIONS
457
INTRODUCTION
TO
PARAFFIN
WAXES
458
HISTORY
459
PETROLEUM
WAX
PRODUCTION
FROM
CRUDE
OIL
460
GENERAL
461
THE
FIRST
PETROLEUM
REFINERIES
461
REFINERY
PROCESS
462
SEPARATION
462
CONVERSION
464
CRACKING
465
STEAM
CRACKING
465
CATALYTIC
CRACKING
467
FLUID
CATALYTIC
CRACKING
(FCC)
467
HYDROCRACKING
468
VISBREAKING
468
COKING
469
DELAYED
COKING
469
FLUID
COKING
469
COMBINING
PROCESSES
470
POLYMERIZATION
470
ALKYLATION
470
ISOMERIZATION
471
REFORMING
471
DEWAXING
472
COLD
PRESS
PROCESS
472
DEWAXING
WITHOUT
SOLVENT
473
SOLVENT
DEWAXING
473
UREA
DEWAXING
PROCESS
474
CATALYTIC
DEWAXING
PROCESS
475
WAX
SWEATING
PROCESS
476
ACID
TREATMENT
PROCESS
476
WAX
RECRYSTALLIZATION
PROCESS
477
DE-OILING
PROCESS
FOR
CRUDE
WAXES
478
ADVANTAGES
OF
THE
SULZER-SASOL
PROCESS
479
XVIII
J
CONTENTS
19.5.8.2
OTHER
NEW
DE-OILING
CONCEPTS
480
19.5.8.3
SOLVENT
DE-OILING
PROCESS
481
19.5.8.4
PULPING
DE-OILING
PROCESS
481
19.5.8.5
CRYSTALLIZATION
DE-OILING
PROCESS
482
19.5.8.6
SPRAY
DE-OILING
PROCESS
482
19.5.9
REFINING
DE-OILED
SLACK
WAXES
482
19.5.9.1
REFINING
WITH
ADSORBENTS
(DECOLORIZING)
484
19.5.9.2
REFINING
WITH
PERCOLATION
PROCESS
484
19.5.9.3
REFINING
WITH
HYDROTREATING
485
19.6
PETROLEUM
WAXES
ARE
IN
ORDER
OF
REFINING
486
19.6.1
SLACK
WAX
(PETROLEUM)
487
19.6.1.1
REGULATORY
STATUS
488
19.6.1.2
APPLICATIONS
488
19.6.2
SLACK
WAX
(PETROLEUM),
CLAY-TREATED
489
19.6.2.1
ECHA
DEFINITION
(2021)
489
19.6.2.2
REGULATORY
STATUS
489
19.6.3
SLACK
WAX
(PETROLEUM),
HYDROTREATED
489
19.6.3.1
ECHA
DEFINITION
(2021)
489
19.6.3.2
APPLICATIONS
489
19.6.3.3
REGULATORY
STATUS
489
19.6.4
DE-OILED
SLACK
WAX,
PARAFFIN
WAXES
AND
HYDROCARBON
WAXES
490
19.6.4.1
EPA
DEFINITION
(2021)
490
19.6.4.2
APPLICATIONS
490
19.6.4.3
REGULATORY
STATUS
490
19.6.5
CRUDE
SOFT
WAXES/FOOTS
OIL
(PETROLEUM)
491
19.6.5.1
ECHA
DEFINITION
(2021):
491
19.6.5.2
APPLICATIONS
491
19.6.5.3
REGULATORY
491
19.6.6
SEMIREFINED,
FILTERED
(DECOLORIZED)
491
19.6.7
FULLY
REFINED
WAXES
492
19.6.8
FILTERED
(DECOLORIZED)
WAXES,
CLAY
TREATED
492
19.6.8.1
TSCA
DEFINITION
(2019)
492
19.6.8.2
REGULATIONS
492
19.6.9
MICROCRYSTALLINE
WAXES
493
19.6.9.1
EPA
DEFINITION
(2021)
493
19.6.9.2
TYPES
OF
MICROCRYSTALLINE
WAXES
493
19.6.9.3
SOME
APPLICATIONS
OF
MICROWAXES
IN
DETAIL
494
19.6.10
APPLICATION
OF
PETROLEUM
WAXES
IN
PRINCIPAL
495
19.6.11
GENERAL
PHYSICAL
AND
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
MICROCRYSTALLINE
WAXES
496
19.6.11.1
REGULATORY
STATUS
497
19.6.12
PETROLEUM
JELLY,
PETROLATUM
OR
VASELINE
497
19.6.12.1
ECHA
DEFINITION
497
19.6.12.2
HISTORY
497
19.6.12.3
REGULATORY
STATUS
498
CONTENTS
XIX
19.6.13
APPLICATIONS
OF
PETROLATUM
499
19.6.13.1
SKIN
PROTECTION
499
19.6.13.2
HAIR
PROTECTION
500
19.6.13.3
OUTDOORSPORTS
500
19.6.13.4
SEXUAL
LUBRICANTS
501
19.6.13.5
WATER
PROTECTIVE
COATING
501
19.6.13.6
FINISHING
501
19.6.13.7
SPECIAL
LUBRICATION
USES
501
19.6.13.8
OTHER
APPLICATIONS
502
19.6.14
HEALTH-RELATED
DISCUSSION
FOR
PETROLATUM
(PETROLEUM
JELLY,
VASELINE)
502
19.6.14.1
OIL-BASED
WAXES
AND
HUMAN
HEALTH
504
19.6.15
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASPECTS:
BIODEGRADATION
OF
WAXES
BASED
ON
CRUDE
OIL
504
19.6.15.1
PARAFFIN
WAXES
504
19.6.15.2
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
OF
CRUDE
OIL
WAXES:
SHORT
SUMMARY
506
19.6.15.3
OTHER
ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
506
19.6.16
GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION
OF
PETROLEUM
WAXES
506
19.6.17
SOME
KEY
PLAYERS
IN
THE
PETROLEUM
WAX
MARKET
(2021)
507
REFERENCES
507
20
FISCHER-TROPSCH
SYNTHESIS
(FTS)
AND
WAXES
515
20.1
INTRODUCTION
515
20.2
HISTORY
516
20.3
FISCHER-TROPSCH
REACTION
MECHANISM
517
20.4
FISCHER-TROPSCH
SYNTHESIS
(FTS)
518
20.4.1
BIOMASS-TO-LIQUIDS
(BTL)
519
20.4.2
COAL-TO-LIQUIDS
(CTL)
520
20.4.3
GAS-TO-LIQUIDS
(GTL)
521
20.4.4
GTL/FTS
PLANTS:
OVERVIEW
522
20.4.5
GTL/FISCHER-TROPSCH
PLANTS
UNDER
OPERATION
AND
PLANNING
522
20.5
FISCHER-TROPSCH
WAXES
-
KEY
MANUFACTURERS
523
20.6
FT
WAXES:
CHEMICAL
AND
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
523
20.6.1
FT
WAXES
-
PROPERTIES
OF
SELECTED
WAX
GRADES
FROM
SASOL
AND
SHELL
524
20.7
OXIDIZED
FT
WAXES
524
20.7.1
HISTORY
524
20.7.2
MECHANISM
OF
PARAFFIN
OXIDATION
524
20.7.3
OXIDIZED
WAXES
TODAY
525
20.7.4
APPLICATION
OF
WAX
OXIDATES
525
20.8
LIQUID
APPLICATIONS
OF
WAXES
526
20.8.1
FISCHER-TROPSCH
AND
OTHER
WAXES
FOR
HOT
MELT
ADHESIVE
(HMA)
526
20.8.1.1
HISTORY
OF
A
NATURAL
ADHESIVE
USED
BY
THE
ICEMAN
OTZI
527
20.8.1.2
OTHER
INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS
OF
FT
WAXES
FOR
HOT
MELT
ADHESIVES
528
20.8.1.3
PRIVATE
USE
OF
HMAS
530
20.8.2
FT
WAXES
AND
OTHER
WAXES
FOR
INKS,
PAINTS,
AND
COATINGS
531
XX
CONTENTS
20.8.2.1
20.8.2.2
20.8.3
20.8.3.1
20.8.3.2
20.8.3.3
20.8.3.4
20.8.4
20.8.4.1
20.8.4.2
20.8.4.3
20.8.5
20.8.6
20.8.7
20.8.8
20.8.9
20.8.10
20.8.11
20.8.12
20.8.12.1
20.8.12.2
20.8.12.3
20.8.13
20.8.14
20.8.14.1
20.8.14.2
20.8.14.3
20.8.15
20.8.16
20.8.16.1
20.8.16.2
20.8.16.3
20.8.16.4
20.8.16.5
20.9
20.9.1
GRINDING
531
SPRAYING
OF
WAXES
537
EMULSIONS
539
SOLUTIONS,
DISPERSIONS,
EMULSIONS,
COLLOIDS,
AND
SUSPENSIONS
539
PREPARATION
OF
EMULSIONS
AND
DISPERSIONS
WITH
OXIDIZED
WAXES
540
SURFACTANT
SYSTEMS
OF
EMULSIONS
541
OXIDIZED
WAXES
FOR
WATER
BASED
EMULSIONS
542
FT
WAX
FOR
COATINGS
AND
PRINTING
INKS
547
THE
BLOOMING
MECHANISM
548
THE
BALL
BEARING
MECHANISM
548
COMPARISON OF
THE
PROPOSED
MECHANISMS
548
FT
WAXES
FOR
THE
COSMETIC
AND
PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRIES
548
FT
-
WAXES
FOR
PVC
OR
PLASTIC
PROCESSING
549
FT
WAXES
FOR
RUBBER
AND
TIRE
549
FT
WAXES
FOR
TEXTILES
AND
FIBERS
550
FT
WAXES
FOR
LEATHER
AND
FABRIC
IMPREGNATION
550
FT
WAXES
FOR
PAPER
551
FT
WAXES
AND
PARAFFINS
FOR
WOOD
TREATMENT
551
WAXES
FOR
MATCHES
552
HISTORY
552
MATCHES
IN GERMANY
IN
THE
20TH
HISTORY:
AN
EPISODE
555
MODERN
MATCHES
555
PARAFFINS
AND
WAXES
FOR
STICKY
FLYPAPER
556
WAXES
FOR
PENCILS
AND
CRAYONS
557
HISTORY
557
FT-PARAFFIN
AND
WAXES
FOR
PENCILS
558
FT
PARAFFIN
AND
WAXES
FOR
PRODUCTION
OF
CRAYONS
558
FT
WAXES
FOR
CANDLES
559
WAXES
FOR
ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
561
HISTORY
561
WAXES
IN
MODERN
ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
563
THE
INFLUENCE
OF
WAXES
ON
BITUMEN
PROPERTIES
564
WAXES
FOR
ROAD
REPAIR
AND
RECYCLING
565
APPENDIX
566
REGULATORY
COMPLIANCE
567
REGULATORY
567
REFERENCES
568
21
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.3.1
21.3.2
21.3.3
AMIDE
WAXES
573
GENERAL
573
HISTORY
OF
AMIDE
WAXES
574
N,N
-ETHYLENEBIS(STEARAMIDE):
EBS
574
PRODUCTION
575
DUST
575
MARKET
576
CONTENTS
XXI
21.4
21.4.1
21.4.2
APPLICATIONS
576
AMIDE
WAX
EBS
FOR
ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
577
AMIDE
WAX
ETHYLENE
(BIS)STEARAMIDE
(EBS)
AS
A
RHEOLOGY
AGENT
MIXED
WITH
HYDROGENATED
CASTOR
OIL
(EBS
AND
HCO)
579
21.4.3
21.4.4
21.4.4.1
21.4.4.2
21.4.4.3
21.4.4.4
21.4.4.5
21.4.5
21.4.6
REGISTRATION
STATUS
FOR
HYDROGENATED
CASTOR
OIL
WITH
AMIDE
WAX
581
AMIDE
WAXES
(EBS)
AS
ADDITIVES
IN
PLASTICS
PROCESSING
581
BLOWN
FILM
PRODUCTION
582
COMPATIBILITY
582
NUCLEATING
AGENTS
582
CRYSTALLIZATION
583
ADDITION
OF
NUCLEATING
AGENTS
584
RUBBER
PROCESSING
584
AMIDE
WAXES
N,N
-ETHYLENE-BIS-STEARAMIDE
AND
OTHER
WAXES
FOR
COATINGS
AND
PRINTING
INKS
585
21.4.6.1
21.4.6.2
21.4.6.3
21.4.6.4
21.4.6.5
21.4.6.6
21.4.7
21.4.8
21.5
21.5.1
21.5.2
21.5.2.1
21.5.2.2
21.5.2.3
21.5.2.4
21.5.3
21.6
21.6.1
21.6.2
21.6.3
21.6.4
21.6.5
21.6.6
21.7
21.7.1
21.7.2
21.7.3
21.7.3.1
21.7.3.2
21.7.3.3
21.7.3.4
SLIP
AID
586
ABRASION
RESISTANCE
586
ANTI-BLOCKING
586
MATTING
AGENT
587
WATER
REPELLENCY
587
TEXTURIZER
587
AMIDE
WAXES
(EBS)
FOR
THE
FIBER
INDUSTRY
587
REGULATORY
588
STEARAMIDE
WAX
588
GENERAL
588
APPLICATIONS
589
THERMAL
PAPER
589
POLYOLEFIN
FILMS
589
CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY
589
MISCELLANEOUS
589
REGULATORY
590
ERUCAMIDE
WAX
590
GENERAL
590
APPLICATIONS
590
INK
INDUSTRY
591
SLIP
ADDITIVE
591
MISCELLANEOUS
591
REGULATORY
592
OLEAMIDE
WAX
592
GENERAL
592
OLEAMIDE
OF
NATURAL
ORIGIN
593
APPLICATIONS
593
PLASTICS
INDUSTRY
593
COSMETIC
INDUSTRY
593
CABLE
INDUSTRY
593
INK
INDUSTRY
593
XXII
|
CONTENTS
21.7.4
REGULATORY
594
21.8
COMPARISON
OF
ANTI-BLOCKING
AND
SLIP
PROPERTIES
BETWEEN
ERUCAMIDE,
STEARAMIDE,
AND
OLEAMIDE
WAXES
594
21.9
N,N
-ETHYLENE-BIS
OLEAMIDE
(EBO)
596
21.9.1
GENERAL
596
21.9.2
PRODUCTION
596
21.9.3
APPLICATIONS
597
21.9.4
PLASTICS
597
21.9.5
REGULATORY
STATUS
597
REFERENCES
598
22
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
(PTFE)
WAXES
601
22.1
INTRODUCTION
601
22.1.1
SUMMARY
601
22.1.2
HISTORY
602
22.1.3
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
OF
PTFE
WAXES
AND
PLASTICS
602
22.1.4
PRODUCTION
OF
TFE
MONOMER
604
22.1.5
POLYMERIZATION
OF
TFE
TO
PTFE
PLASTIC
AND
WAXES
604
22.1.6
PRODUCTION
METHODS
604
22.1.7
RECYCLING
OF
PTFE
PLASTIC
AND
WAX
605
22.1.8
THE
PTFE
WORLD
MARKET
607
22.1.9
SELECTION
OF
PTFE/MICRONIZED
PTFE
WAX
SUPPLIERS
607
22.1.10
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
607
22.1.11
APPLICATIONS
OF
PTFE
608
22.1.11.1
PTFE
WAXES
FOR
INKS
AND
COATINGS
609
22.1.11.2
SURFACE
TEXTURING
THROUGH
POWDER
COATINGS
609
22.1.11.3
LUBRICANTS
610
22.1.11.4
PROTECTION
AGAINST
CHEMICALS
610
22.1.11.5
SKI
WAX
610
22.1.11.6
SAILING
610
22.1.12
ENVIRONMENTAL
AND
HEALTH
ISSUES
610
22.1.13
GREENHOUSE
EMISSIONS
611
22.1.14
SUMMARY
612
22.1.15
WORKPLACE
HAZARDS
612
22.1.16
FLUORINATED
CHEMICALS
OF
CONCERN
613
22.1.16.1
THE
OZONE
HOLE
613
22.1.16.2
PFOAANDPFAS
613
22.2
RESUME
614
22.2.1
REGULATORY
615
REFERENCES
615
APPENDIX
A
FINAL
TABLES
A.1
-
A.V:
LISTING
OF
ALIPHATIC
COMPOUNDS
IN
WAXES
617
REFERENCES
637
CONTENTS
XXIII
APPENDIX
B
CANDLES
-
A
MOST
POPULAR
APPLICATION
AREA
FOR
WAXES
639
B.1
SHORT
SUMMARY
639
B.2
CANDLES
IN
RELIGION
642
B.3
CANDLES
IN
MODERN
SCIENCE
646
REFERENCES
647
APPENDIX
C
TEST
METHODS
FOR
CHARACTERIZING
WAXES
649
C.1
TEST
METHODS
FOR
WAXES
649
C.2
SAFETY
DATA
SHEETS
651
EPILOGUE:
THE
FUTURE
OF
WAXES
653
INDEX
655
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
XXV
PART
1
NATURAL
WAXES
1
1
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.1.1
1.3.1.2
1.3.1.3
1.3.2
1.3.2.1
1.3.2.2
1.3.2.3
1.3.2.4
1.3.2.5
1.3.2.6
1.3.2.7
1.3.3
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
INTRODUCTION
3
GENERAL
SURVEY
OF
WAXES
3
DEFINITIONS
OF
WAXES
3
NATURAL
RECENT
WAXES
5
MINERAL
HYDROCARBON
WAXES
5
PETROLEUM
WAXES
5
FULLY
SYNTHETIC
WAXES
5
BRIEF
HISTORY
OF
WAXES
5
WAXES
USED
BY
ANCIENT
EGYPTIANS
7
THE
MUMMIFICATION
PROCESS
7
PUNIC
WAX
8
NEFERTITI
9
GREEKS,
ROMANS,
AND
WAXES
11
BRONZE
CASTING
11
WAX
TABLETS
IN
ANCIENT
TIMES
11
WAX
TABLETS
AT
LATER
TIMES
14
CANDLES
14
WAXES
IN
MEDICINES
AND
COSMETICS
15
WAXES
AS
COSMETICS
IN
EARLY
CHRISTIANITY
16
WAX
TRADING
IN
THE
MIDDLE
AGES
16
WAXES
FROM
THE
INDIANS
17
ORIGIN
OF
NATURAL
WAXES
18
PETROLEUM
WAXES
18
PLANT
WAXES
19
ANIMAL
WAXES
19
REFERENCES
20
VI
CONTENTS
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.8
2.9
2.9.1
2.9.2
2.9.3
2.10
2.10.1
2.10.2
2.11
2.12
WAXES
IN
ARTS
23
WAXES
IN
PAINTINGS
23
PRE-ENCAUSTIC
PAINTING
24
THE
FAIYUM
MUMMY
PORTRAITS
25
GREECE
AND
ROME
26
POST
ROMAN
WAX
PAINTINGS
27
REVIVAL
OF
ENCAUSTIC
28
WAX,
EFFIGIES,
SCULPTURES,
AND
MASKS
30
MIDDLE
AGES
31
MODERN
AGE
33
POPULAR
ARTS
33
VOTIVE
FIGURES
IN
RELIGION
35
WAX
AS
PROCESSING
AID
IN
ARTS
AND
CRAFT
37
SHORT
HISTORY
OF
ETCHING
38
ART
CASTING
39
HISTORY
OF
ART
CASTING
41
WAXES,
CRAFTS,
AND
ARTS
IN
THE
NEW
WORLD
41
PRE-COLUMBIAN
ART
42
BRONZE
AND
GOLD
METALLURGY
IN
THE
NEW
WORLD
42
WAX
MUSEUMS
44
SUMMARY
45
REFERENCES
45
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
OF
PLANT
WAXES
47
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
OF
PLANT
WAXES
48
THE
BIOCHEMICAL
PATHWAY
TO
PLANT
WAXES
48
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
TO
PLANT
WAXES
49
RELEVANT
PHASES
OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
THE
FIRST
STAGE
OF
PLANT
WAX
PRODUCTION
51
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
ENERGY
ABSORPTION
51
THE
LIGHT
REACTION
PART
I:
ELECTRON
TRANSFER
IN
REACTION
CENTERS
51
THE
LIGHT
PART
II:
TRANSFORMATION
OF
LIGHT
ENERGY
INTO
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
52
3.4.4
3.5
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
3.7
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.7.3
SYNTHESIS
AND
EXPORT
OF
STABLE
ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
53
RECENT
RESEARCH
RESULTS
55
FROM
THE
CALVIN
CYCLE
TO
WAX
56
FROM
TRIOSE
TO
GLUCOSE
56
GLYCOLYSIS
56
FATTY
ACID
SYNTHESIS
57
ELONGATION
OF
FATTY
TO
WAX
ACID
59
ARTIFICIAL
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
AND
ENGINEERING
NATURAL
WAXES
60
G.
CIAMICIAN,
A
PIONEER
IN
PHOTOCHEMISTRY
60
RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS
61
CONCLUSION
61
REFERENCES
62
CONTENTS
VII
SECTION
1
NATURAL
WAXES
65
REFERENCE
66
4
THE
NATURAL
ANIMAL
WAXES
67
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.1.6
5.1.6.1
5.1.6.2
5.1.6.3
5.1.7
5.1.7.1
5.1.7.2
5.1.7.3
5.1.7.4
5.1.7.5
5.1.8
5.1.9
5.1.9.1
5.1.9.2
5.1.9.3
5.1.10
INSECT
WAXES
69
BEESWAX
69
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
ON
BEESWAX
70
PROPOLIS
71
ANTIOXIDANT
EFFECT
72
ANTIMICROBIAL
AND
VIROSTATIC
EFFECTS
73
CONSTRUCTION
OF
THE
WAX
COMB
74
COMMERCIALIZATION
OF
BEESWAX
74
CLEANING
AND
BLEACHING
OF
BEESWAX
75
HEATING
WITH
FULLER
'
S
EARTH
OR
CHARCOAL
75
SUN
EXPOSURE
76
CHEMICAL
TREATMENT
76
USES
OF
BEESWAX
77
CANDLES
77
COSMETICS
78
CREAMS
AND
BODY
LOTIONS
81
WOOD
PRESERVATIVES
81
SHOE
AND
LEATHER
CARE
82
ECONOMIC
ASPECTS
83
ACTUAL
CHALLENGES
84
ENVIRONMENT
84
INSECTS
84
PESTICIDES
85
QUALITY
CONTROL
85
REFERENCES
87
6
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
OTHER
INSECT
WAXES
89
GHEDDA
(GEDDA)
WAX
89
PROPERTIES
90
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
90
COMPARISON
OF
EUROPEAN
AND
ASIAN
BEESWAXES
90
CHINESE
INSECT
WAX
92
SHORT
EXCURSION
INTO
THE
INTERESTING
BIOLOGY
OF
THESE
INSECTS
92
PROPERTIES
92
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
93
APPLICATIONS
93
SHELLAC
WAX
94
CULTIVATION
96
ISOLATION
OF
SHELLAC
WAX
96
PROPERTIES
OF
SHELLAC
WAX
97
VIII
CONTENTS
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.3.6
MARKET
98
REGISTRATION
STATUS
99
APPLICATIONS
100
REFERENCES
101
7
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.2.6
7.2.7
MAMMALIAN
ANIMAL
WAXES
103
INTRODUCTION
103
WOOL
WAX
104
WOOL
WAX
-
LANOLIN
-
WOOL
FAT
OR
GREASE:
DEFINITION
OF
TERMS
105
WOOL
WAX
-
VALUABLE
BY-PRODUCT
106
SEPARATION
OF
LANOLIN
FROM
SHEEP
'
S
WOOL
107
COMPOSITION
OF
WOOL
WAX
108
APPLICATIONS
110
TOXICOLOGY
111
POTENTIAL
CLASSIFICATION
OF
WOOL
WAX
OR
LANOLIN
AS
AN
ALLERGENIC
SUBSTANCE
112
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.1.1
7.3.1.2
7.3.2
7.3.2.1
7.3.2.2
7.4
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.4.6
7.5
7.5.1
7.5.2
7.6
7.7
7.7.1
7.7.2
MAMMALIAN
MARINE
WAXES
113
SPERMACETI
113
PROPERTIES
115
APPLICATIONS
115
AMBER
AND
AMBERGRIS
115
AMBER
AND
AMBERGRIS
OCCURRENCE
117
LEGALITY
TODAY
117
MAMMALIAN
HUMAN
WAXES:
EARWAX/CERUMEN
117
GENERAL
117
THE
POSITION
OF
CERUMEN
IN
THE
REALM
OF
WAXES
118
BIOSYNTHESIS
OF
EAR
WAX
118
APPEARANCE
AND
COMPOSITION
119
EARWAX
IN
ONCOLOGY
120
SUMMARY
121
MARINE
WAXES
121
MARINE
ANIMALS
WAXES
122
COMPOSITION
OF
MARINE
WAXES
122
OTHER
MARINE
WAXES
122
BIRD
WAXES
123
BIOSYNTHESIS
AND
COMPOSITION
OF
BIRD
WAXES
123
CONCLUSION
124
REFERENCES
124
SECTION
II
NATURAL
PLANT
WAXES
127
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
CARNAUBA
WAX
129
INTRODUCTION
129
HISTORY
130
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
OF
CARNAUBA
WAX
132
ECONOMIC
ASPECTS
133
CONTENTS
IX
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.12.1
8.12.2
8.12.3
8.13
8.14
8.14.1
8.14.2
8.14.3
8.14.4
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
8.23
8.24
ORIGIN
133
OCCURRENCE
AND
EXPLOITATION
134
HARVESTING
CARNAUBA
135
GRINDING
137
MICRONIZATION
137
CARNAUBA-WAX-BASED
EMULSIONS
138
TYPES
AND
SPECIFICATIONS
138
USES
AND
APPLICATIONS
OF
CARNAUBA
WAX
GRADES
140
PHARMACEUTICALS
140
FOOD
141
CITRUS
FRUIT
COATING
141
COSMETICS
142
CARE
PRODUCTS
142
SHOE
POLISH
143
SOLVENT-BASED
POLISHES
143
FLOOR
AND
STONE
FLOOR
CARE
144
CAR
POLISH
144
CANDLES
144
PRINTING
INKS
144
PLASTICS
INDUSTRY
145
VARNISHES/COATINGS
145
ECONOMIC
OUTLOOK
145
PHYSICAL
AND
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
146
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
OF
CARNAUBA
WAX
146
PHYSIOLOGICAL
AND
TOXICOLOGICAL
ASPECTS
OF
CARNAUBA
WAX
148
REGISTRATION
STATUS
149
POLICOSANOL
IN
CARNAUBA
WAX
150
REFERENCES
150
9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.5.1
9.5.2
9.5.3
9.5.4
9.5.5
9.6
CANDELILLA
OR
THE
"
GREAT
WAX
RUSH
"
153
HISTORY
153
OCCURRENCE
AND
ISOLATION
153
WORKING
UP
CANDELILLA
156
THE
CANDELILLA
WAX
VALUE
CHAIN
157
MAIN
APPLICATIONS
AND
USES
OF
CANDELILLA
WAX
157
COSMETICS
158
POLISHES
158
CANDLE,
HOT
MELT,
POLYMER
PROCESSING
159
PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRY
159
FOOD
INDUSTRY
159
PHYSICAL
AND
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
AND
COMPOSITION
OF
CANDELILLA
WAX
159
9.7
9.8
9.9
ECONOMIC
ASPECTS
162
COMPARISON
BETWEEN
CANDELILLA
AND
SUGARCANE
WAX
163
REGISTRATION
STATUS
164
REFERENCES
165
X
CONTENTS
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.11.1
10.11.2
10.12
10.12.1
10.12.2
10.12.3
10.12.4
10.12.5
10.13
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.16.1
10.16.2
10.16.3
10.16.4
10.16.5
10.16.6
10.16.7
10.16.8
10.16.9
10.16.10
10.16.11
10.16.12
10.17
10.18
MONTAN
WAX
167
A
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION
167
THE
FUTURE
OF
MONTAN
WAX
169
FORMATION
AND
OCCURRENCE
OF
MONTAN
WAX
169
THE
ORIGIN
OF
MONTAN
WAX
169
SEPARATION
OF
MONTAN
WAX
FROM
LIGNITE
171
EXTRACTION
171
DETAILS
OF
MONTAN
WAX
PRODUCTION
172
PROPERTIES
AND
COMPOSITION
173
MONTAN
WAX
COMPONENTS
174
RESINS
AND
DARK
RESIDUES
176
APPLICATIONS
FOR
CRUDE
MONTAN
WAX
177
PREPARATION OF
EMULSIONS
177
BITUMEN
INDUSTRY
177
REFINING
AND
DERIVATIZATION
177
DERESINIFICATION
178
BLEACHING
178
DISTILLATION
178
OXIDATION
WITH
NITRIC
AND
SULFURIC
ACID
179
OXIDATION
WITH
CHROMIC
ACID
OR
CHROMATES
IN
SULFURIC
ACID
179
FURTHER
PROCESSING
AND
REFINING
OF
BLEACHED
MONTAN
WAX
181
DERIVATIZATION
182
USES
AND
ECONOMIC
ASPECTS
183
SELECTED
TECHNICAL
APPLICATIONS
FOR
MONTAN
WAXES
185
HISTORICAL
OVERVIEW
185
CARE
AND
POLISHING
INDUSTRY
185
BEHAVIOR
OF
NATURAL
WAXES
WHEN
EXPOSED
TO
SOLVENTS
185
SOLUBILITY
OF
WAXES
186
MONTAN
WAXES
FOR
SHOE
POLISHES
186
MONTAN
WAXES
FOR
POLISHES
187
POWDER
COATINGS
187
MONTAN
WAX
FOR
RIGID
PVC
PROCESSING
188
EXCURSION
INTO
CALENDERING
FILMS
AND
SHEETS
189
RIGID
PVC
EXTRUSION
189
SPECIAL
ADVANTAGES
OF
RIGID
PVC
LUBRICANTS
191
MASTERBATCH
191
REGISTRATION
STATUS
192
MONTAN
WAX
AND
OTHER
NATURAL
WAX
SUBSTITUTES
FROM
LINEAR
ALPHA
OLEFINS
192
10.18.1
10.18.2
10.18.3
10.19
10.19.1
10.19.2
WHAT
ARE
"
LINEAR
ALPHA-OLEFINS
"
(LAOS)?
193
LINEAR
ALPHA-OLEFINS
193
LINEAR
ALPHA-OLEFIN
WAXES
193
MODIFIED
LINEAR
ALPHA
OLEFIN
WAXES
194
OXIDATION
OF
ALPHA-OLEFINS
(SCHEMATIC)
194
ADDITION
OF
MSA
AS
DIENOPHILE
TO
ALPHA
OLEFIN
(SCHEMATIC)
195
CONTENTS
XI
10.19.3
10.19.4
10.20
10.20.1
10.20.2
10.20.3
10.20.4
10.20.5
10.20.6
10.20.7
10.20.8
10.21
10.22
GRAFTING
WITH
PEROXIDES
195
LAO
COPOLYMERS
WITH
MALEIC
ANHYDRIDE
196
PRODUCTION
OF
LINEAR
ALPHA-OLEFINS
196
THE
STARTING
POINT:
THE
ZIEGLER
"AUFBAU
REACTION
"
197
SHELL
HIGHER
OLEFIN
PROCESS
(SHOP)
198
INEOS:
ETHYL
PROCESS
199
CHEVRON
PHILLIPS:
GULFENE
PROCESS
199
OTHER
LAO
PROCESSES
199
THE
IDEMITSU
PETROCHEMICAL
PROCESS
200
SABIC-LINDE
A-SABLIN
PROCESS
200
SASOL
FISCHER-TROPSCH
ALPHA-OLEFINS
200
SUMMARY
OF
APPLICATIONS
OF
ALPHA
OLEFINS
200
SHORT
OVERVIEW
OF
TECHNICAL
APPLICATIONS
OF
LINEAR
ALPHA-OLEFIN
WAXES
201
10.23
10.23.1
10.23.2
10.24
10.24.1
10.24.2
10.24.3
10.24.4
PEAT
WAX
202
SHORT
DESCRIPTION
202
REGISTRATION
STATUS
203
OZOKERITE
WAX
203
SOURCES
203
PROPERTIES
203
MINING
204
REGISTRATION
STATUS
205
REFERENCES
205
11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.5.1
SUGARCANE
WAX
209
INTRODUCTION-GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
209
OCCURRENCE
AND
ISOLATION
209
PRODUCTION
OF
SUGARCANE
WORLDWIDE
(2018)
210
COMPOSITION
OF
SUGARCANE
WAX
211
SEPARATION
OF
SUGARCANE
WAX
211
VALUE
CHAIN
OF
SUGAR:
THE
INDIAN
COMPANY
GODAVARI
BIOREFINERIES
LTD.
211
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.10.1
11.10.2
11.10.3
11.10.4
11.11
11.11.1
11.11.2
DELIVERY
FORMS
AND
COMPOSITION
213
PRODUCTION
214
FURTHER
APPLICATIONS
OF
SUGARCANE
WAX
215
MEDICAL
AND
DIETARY
ASPECTS
OF
SUGARCANE
WAX
216
DESCRIPTION
OF
POLICOSANOL
216
SEPARATION
OF
POLICOSANOL
FROM
SUGARCANE
WAX
217
POTENTIAL
MEDICAL
EFFECTS
OF
POLICOSANOL
219
THE
"
POSITIVE
"
STUDIES
219
CONTROVERSIAL
COMMENTS
220
RICE
BRAN
WAX
221
APPLICATIONS
222
REGISTRATION
STATUS
223
REFERENCES
223
XII
CONTENTS
12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.7.1
12.7.2
12.7.3
12.7.4
12.7.5
12.7.5.1
12.7.5.2
12.7.5.3
12.7.5.4
12.7.5.5
12.7.6
12.8
JAPAN
WAX
227
GENERAL
REFLECTIONS
ABOUT
JAPAN
WAX
227
REFINING
JAPAN
WAX
228
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
OF
JAPAN
WAX
229
USES
OF
JAPAN
WAX
229
ECONOMY
230
REGISTRATION
STATUS
230
CASTOR
WAX
OR
RICINUS
WAX
231
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION
231
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
OF
CASTOR
OIL
231
ORIGIN
233
PRODUCTION
PROCESS
OF
HYDROGENATED
CASTOR
OIL
WAX:
CASTOR
WAX
233
USES
AND
APPLICATIONS
234
PLASTICS
INDUSTRY
234
LUBRICANTS
INDUSTRY
235
COSMETICS
INDUSTRY
235
INK
AND
COATING
INDUSTRY
235
MISCELLANEOUS
236
REGISTRATION
STATUS
236
RICINUS
COMMUNIS
LINNAEUS:
"
THE
UMBRELLA
MURDER
CASE
"
236
REFERENCES
237
13
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.5.1
13.6
PALM
WAX
239
GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS
239
ORIGIN
OF
PALM
OILS
240
AGRICULTURE
OF
OIL
PALM
TREES
241
EXTRACTION
OF
PALM
OIL
241
PALM
KERNEL
OIL
241
FROM
PALM
OIL
TO
PALM
WAX
242
OUTLOOK
243
REFERENCES
243
14
14.1
14.2
14.3
WAX
OF
MANZANITA
LEAVES
245
A
GENERAL
245
POTENTIAL
MEDICAL
EFFECTS
247
MANZANITA
ROOTS
AND
SMOKING
PIPES
247
REFERENCES
248
15
15.1
15.1.1
15.2
WAXES
OF
CITRUS
FRUITS
AND
LEAVES
249
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
249
HYDROCARBON
LENGTH
DISTRIBUTION
IN
CITRUS
FRUITS
AND
LEAVES
250
PRIMARY
ALCOHOL
CARBON
LENGTH
DISTRIBUTION
IN
CITRUS
FRUITS
AND
LEAVES
252
15.3
15.4
FATTY
ACIDS
AND
WAX
ACIDS
LENGTH
DISTRIBUTION
253
WAXES
FROM
LARREA
LEAVES
AND
STEMS
256
CONTENTS
XIII
15.5
15.5.1
15.5.2
15.5.3
15.5.4
15.5.5
15.5.6
15.6
15.6.1
15.6.2
15.7
15.8
15.8.1
15.8.2
15.9
15.9.1
15.9.2
15.10
15.10.1
15.10.2
SUNFLOWER
WAX
259
A
GENERAL
259
THE
WINTERIZATION
PROCESS
260
PROPERTIES
OF
SUNFLOWER
WAX
260
COMPOSITION
OF
SUNFLOWER
WAX
261
USES
AND
APPLICATIONS
261
REGISTRATION
STATUS
262
SOY
(OR
SOYBEAN)
WAX
262
DESCRIPTION
AND
USE
262
PROPERTIES
263
OTHER
WAXES
FROM
HYDROGENATED
OILS
263
TEA
WAX
264
TECHNICAL
DATA
264
REGISTRATION
STATUS
264
JASMINE
WAX
265
TECHNICAL
DATA
265
REGISTRATION
DATA
265
ROSE
WAX
265
TECHNICAL
DATA
266
REGISTRATION
DATA
266
REFERENCES
266
PART
II
SYNTHETIC
WAXES
269
16
16.1
16.2
SYNTHETIC
WAXES
271
INTRODUCTION
271
THE
BUILDING
BLOCKS
OF
SYNTHETIC
WAXES:
MONOMERS,
OLIGOMERS,
AND
POLYMERS
272
16.2.1
16.2.2
16.2.3
16.3
16.3.1
16.4
MONOMER
MOLECULE
273
OLIGOMER
MOLECULE
273
MACROMOLECULES
-
POLYMER
MOLECULES
274
SHORT
INTRODUCTION
TO
MOLAR
MASS
AND
DISTRIBUTIONS
275
SUMMARY
279
THE
CHEMICAL
STRUCTURE
OF
SYNTHETIC
POLYMER
AND
CHEMICALLY
RELATED
WAXES
280
16.5
16.5.1
16.6
MOLECULAR
STRUCTURE
OF
SYNTHETIC
AND
PETROLEUM
WAXES
281
HERMANN
STAUDINGER
AND
THE
BEGINNING
OF
THE
POLYMER
AGE
282
DISCRIMINATION
BETWEEN
WAXES
AND
PLASTICS
-
A
BRIEF
EXCURSION
INTO
POLYMER
PHYSICS
284
16.6.1
REGULATIONS
287
REFERENCES
287
17
17.1
17.1.1
POLYOLEFIN
WAXES
289
GENERAL
289
POLYETHYLENE
-
THE
EARLY
BEGINNING
290
XIV
J
CONTENTS
17.1.2
ANOTHER
EARLY
APPROACH
TO
POLYETHYLENE
291
17.1.3
POLYETHYLENE
WAXES
293
17.1.4
POLYETHYLENE
WAXES
PRODUCED
BY
POLYMERIZATION
294
17.1.4.1
POLYETHYLENE
WAXES
PRODUCED
BY
LOW-PRESSURE
POLYMERIZATION
294
17.1.4.2
POLYETHYLENE
MADE
BY
PHILLIPS
CATALYSTS
295
17.1.4.3
ZIEGLER-NATTA:
THE
INVENTION
295
17.1.5
OLEFIN
POLYMERIZATION
296
17.1.5.1
THE
REACTION
MECHANISM
297
17.2
INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTION
OF
ETHYLENE
POLYMERS:
PLASTICS
AND
WAXES
299
17.2.1
HIGH-PRESSURE
POLYMERIZATION
300
17.2.1.1
LOW-DENSITY
POLYETHYLENE
HIGH-PRESSURE
WAXES
300
17.2.1.2
WAXES
MADE
BY
FREE
RADICAL
POLYMERIZATION
301
17.2.1.3
THE
FREE-RADICAL
POLYMERIZATION
PRODUCTION
PROCESSES
302
17.2.2
HIGH-PRESSURE
LDPE
WAX
PRODUCERS
306
17.2.3
LOW-PRESSURE
ZIEGLER-NATTA
POLYMERIZATION
306
17.2.3.1
ZIEGLER-NATTA
PO
WAX
PLANTS
308
17.2.4
LOW-PRESSURE
METALLOCENE
POLYMERIZATION
309
17.2.4.1
METALLOCENE
WAXES
309
17.2.4.2
WAXES
PRODUCED
WITH
METALLOCENE-MAO
CATALYST
SYSTEMS
312
17.2.5
THE
CHEMISTRY
OF
METALLOCENE
POLYMERIZATION
312
17.2.5.1
REACTION
MECHANISM
313
17.2.5.2
THERMAL
DEGRADATION
OF
POLYOLEFINS
313
17.2.5.3
WAXES
AS
BYPRODUCTS
OF
POLYOLEFIN
SYNTHESIS
314
17.2.5.4
SCRAP
WAXES
315
17.3
MARKET
AND
ECONOMICS
316
17.4
USE
AND
APPLICATIONS
316
17.4.1
POLYETHYLENE
WAXES
FOR
PVC
PLASTICS
316
17.4.2
WOOD-PLASTIC
COMPOSITES
319
17.4.2.1
HISTORY
319
17.4.2.2
WPCS
TODAY
320
17.4.3
WAXES
FOR
ADHESIVES
321
17.4.3.1
THE
SPECIAL
CONTRIBUTION
OF
POLYETHYLENE
WAXES
TO
ADHESIVES
322
17.4.3.2
WATER-BASED
ADHESIVES
323
17.4.3.3
VEGETABLE
ADHESIVES
324
17.4.3.4
RESIN
ADHESIVES
324
17.4.4
WAXES
FOR
NATURAL
GLUE
327
17.4.4.1
ANIMAL
OR
PROTEIN
ADHESIVE
328
17.4.4.2
HISTORY
OF
NATURAL
GLUE
329
17.4.4.3
MODERN
USE
OF
ANIMAL
GLUE
330
17.4.5
NATURAL
RUBBER-BASED
ADHESIVES
331
17.4.6
HOT
MELT
ADHESIVES
332
17.4.6.1
FAST
SETTING
HOT
MELTS
332
17.4.6.2
DELAYED
SETTING
HOT
MELTS
332
Y1A.6.3
PRESSURE-SENSITIVE
HOT
MELT
ADHESIVES
(HMPSA)
332
17.4.6.4
REMOISTENABLE
GLUE
333
CONTENTS
XV
17.4.6.5
POLYAMIDE
GLUES
333
17.4.6.6
REACTIVE
ADHESIVES
333
17.4.6.7
SOLVENT-BASED
ADHESIVES
333
17.4.6.8
PE
WAXES
FOR
PACKAGING
ADHESIVES
334
17.4.6.9
PE
WAXES
FOR
FURNITURE
AND
BUILDING
ADHESIVES
AND
PRIMERS
334
17.4.6.10
PE
WAXES
FOR
TEXTILE
AND
LEATHER
ADHESIVES
335
17.4.6.11
REPAIRS
OF
OLD
ART
TEXTILE
PICTURES
AND
HISTORICAL
GARMENTS
WITH
ADHESIVES
336
17.4.6.12
PE
WAXES
FOR
ARTIFICIAL
TURF
336
17.4.6.13
COATINGS
FOR
CORRUGATED
BOARDS
337
17.4.6.14
HOT
MELT
COATINGS
IN
THE
PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRY
338
17.4.6.15
THE
RELEVANCE
OF
HOT
MELT
ADHESIVES
FOR
THE
WAX
MARKET
339
17.4.6.16
PE
WAXES
FOR
ROAD
MARKING
340
17.4.6.17
POLYETHYLENE
WAXES
FOR
CABLE
FILLING
341
17.4.6.18
WAX-BASED
CAVITY
SEALING
FOR
CARS
342
17.4.6.19
UNDERBODY
PROTECTION
FOR
CARS
WITH
WAXES
342
17.4.6.20
PE
WAXES
FOR
COATINGS
343
17.4.6.21
MICRONIZED
PE
WAXES
344
17.4.7
PE
WAXES
FOR
TEXTILE
APPLICATIONS
378
17.4.7.1
HISTORY
OF
BATIK
AND
AFRICAN
PRINTS
378
17.4.7.2
AFRICAN
PRINTING
379
17.4.7.3
WAX
PRINTS
ON
FABRICS
TODAY
381
17.4.8
PE
WAXES
FOR
COTTON
382
17.4.8.1
HISTORY
OF
WAXED
COTTON
382
17.4.8.2
PE
WAXES
FOR
COTTON
TODAY
383
17.4.8.3
PE
WAXES
AS
NEEDLE
LUBRICANTS
FOR
TEXTILE
PRODUCTION
384
17.4.8.4
PE
WAXES
FOR
LEATHER
CARE
PRODUCTS
384
17.4.8.5
INSTRUCTIONS
FOR
A
HIGH
GLOSS
POLISH FOR
LEATHER,
ESPECIALLY
FOR
LEATHER
SHOES
386
17.4.9
PE
WAXES
FOR
MASTERBATCH
387
17.4.10
PE
WAXES
AS
LUBRICANTS
IN
PLASTICS
PROCESSING
389
17.4.11
PE
WAXES
AS
LUBRICANTS
IN
METALWORKING
390
17.4.12
POLYOLEFIN
WAXES
AS
RELEASE
AGENTS
391
17.4.13
PE
WAXES
FOR
POWDER
METALLURGY
392
17.4.13.1
AN
EXAMPLE
FOR
POWDER
METALLURGY
394
17.4.14
PE
WAXES
FOR
INJECTION
MOLDING
394
17.4.15
WAXES
AND
FERTILIZERS
397
17.4.15.1
HISTORY
397
17.4.15.2
PE
WAXES
FOR
FERTILIZERS
399
17.4.15.3
PRACTICAL
APPLICATION
OF
WAXES
IN
FERTILIZERS
399
17.4.16
WAXES
AS
AGENTS
FOR
PYROTECHNICS
AND
EXPLOSIVES
400
17.4.16.1
SHORT
HISTORY
OF
EXPLOSIVES
AND
FIREWORKS
401
17.4.16.2
THE
CHEMISTRY
OF
FIREWORKS
403
17.4.17
WAXES
AS
PHLEGMATIZATION
AGENTS
FOR
POWERFUL
EXPLOSIVE
CHEMICALS
405
XVI
CONTENTS
17.4.20.1
POLYMER
ABSORBENTS
411
17.4.20.2
WAXES
AS
SUPER
ABSORBENTS
411
17.4.20.3
PRACTICAL
ISSUES
412
17.4.20.4
PRODUCTION
PROCESS
413
17.4.20.5
APPLICATIONS
414
17.4.18
17.4.19
17.4.20
DYNAMITE
407
FIREWORKS
TODAY
410
PE
WAXES
AS
FIBROUSLY
FELTED
WAX
WOOL
FOR
OIL
AND
SOLVENT
BINDER
411
REFERENCES
425
18
18.1
18.2
18.2.1
18.2.2
18.3
18.4
18.4.1
18.4.2
18.4.2.1
18.4.2.2
18.4.2.3
18.4.3
18.5
18.5.1
18.5.2
18.5.3
18.5.4
18.5.5
18.5.6
18.6
18.7
18.7.1
18.7.2
18.7.3
18.8
18.9
18.9.1
18.9.2
18.9.3
18.9.4
18.9.5
18.9.6
18.9.7
18.9.8
POLYPROPYLENE
WAXES
433
GENERAL
OVERVIEW
433
HISTORY
OF
POLYPROPYLENE
PLASTICS
AND
WAXES
434
HISTORY:
PHILLIPS
PETROLEUM
434
HISTORY:
GIULIO
NATTA
435
POLYPROPYLENE
PLASTICS
AND
WAXES:
A
SYMBIOTIC
RELATIONSHIP
436
CHIRALITY
AND
TACTICITY:
PRINCIPLES
437
CHIRALITY
438
TACTICITY
438
ISOTACTIC
POLYPROPYLENE
CHAINS
439
SYNDIOTACTIC
POLYPROPYLENE
CHAINS
439
ATACTIC
POLYPROPYLENE
CHAINS
440
TACTICITY
OF
INDUSTRIAL
POLYPROPYLENE
WAXES
440
PP
WAX
POLYMERIZATION
REACTIONS
AND
PROCESSES
441
REACTION
MECHANISMS
441
PHILLIPS
CATALYSTS
442
REACTION
MECHANISMS
442
PRODUCTION
OF
PP
PLASTICS
AND
WAXES
442
THE
GIULIO
NATTA
ROUTE
TO
POLYPROPYLENE
443
METALLOCENE
CATALYST
SYSTEMS
444
POLYETHYLENE
AND
POLYPROPENE
PLASTICS
AND
WAXES:
A
COMPARISON
444
PROPERTIES
OF
POLYPROPYLENE
WAXES
446
ISOTACTIC
PP
WAXES
446
COPOLYMER
PP-PE
WAXES
447
SYNDIOTACTIC
PP
WAXES
448
ATACTIC
POLYPROPYLENE
WAX-LIKE
MATERIALS
(APO/APAO)
448
APPLICATIONS
OF
POLYPROPYLENE
WAXES
449
GENERAL
449
LOW
VISCOSITY
PP
WAXES
WITH
LOW
DROP
POINT
450
MEDIUM
VISCOSITY
PP
WAXES
WITH
HIGH
DROP
POINT
450
LOW
VISCOSITY
PP
WAXES
WITH
HIGH
DROP
POINT
450
SELECTED
APPLICATIONS
OF
PP
WAXES
450
DISPERSING
AID
451
WAXES
FOR
DIFFERENT
HOT
MELT
ADHESIVES
451
INKS
AND
COATINGS
452
CONTENTS
XVII
18.9.9
18.9.10
18.9.11
18.9.12
18.9.13
ANTI-SLIP
ADDITIVES
FOR
WOOD
COATINGS
452
PP
WAX
AS
MATTING
AGENT
FOR
POWDER
COATINGS
452
ARTIFICIAL
GRASS
AND
TURF
452
PP
WAX
FOR
MASTERBATCH
453
PP
WAX
MADE
BY
"
CANADIAN
CLEAN
TECHNOLOGY
"
COMPANY
GREEN
MANTRA
453
18.10
18.11
REGULATORY
ASPECTS
454
ECONOMIC
ASPECTS
454
REFERENCES
455
19
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.4.1
19.4.2
19.5
.
19.5.1
19.5.2
19.5.2.1
19.5.2.2
19.5.2.3
19.5.2.4
19.5.2.5
19.5.2.6
19.5.2.7
19.5.2.8
19.5.2.9
19.5.3
19.5.3.1
19.5.3.2
19.5.3.3
19.5.3.4
19.5.4
19.5.4.1
19.5.4.2
19.5.4.3
19.5.4.4
19.5.4.5
19.5.5
19.5.6
19.5.7
19.5.8
19.5.8.1
PETROLEUM
AND
RELATED
CRUDE
OIL-BASED
WAXES
457
DEFINITIONS
457
INTRODUCTION
TO
PARAFFIN
WAXES
458
HISTORY
459
PETROLEUM
WAX
PRODUCTION
FROM
CRUDE
OIL
460
GENERAL
461
THE
FIRST
PETROLEUM
REFINERIES
461
REFINERY
PROCESS
462
SEPARATION
462
CONVERSION
464
CRACKING
465
STEAM
CRACKING
465
CATALYTIC
CRACKING
467
FLUID
CATALYTIC
CRACKING
(FCC)
467
HYDROCRACKING
468
VISBREAKING
468
COKING
469
DELAYED
COKING
469
FLUID
COKING
469
COMBINING
PROCESSES
470
POLYMERIZATION
470
ALKYLATION
470
ISOMERIZATION
471
REFORMING
471
DEWAXING
472
COLD
PRESS
PROCESS
472
DEWAXING
WITHOUT
SOLVENT
473
SOLVENT
DEWAXING
473
UREA
DEWAXING
PROCESS
474
CATALYTIC
DEWAXING
PROCESS
475
WAX
SWEATING
PROCESS
476
ACID
TREATMENT
PROCESS
476
WAX
RECRYSTALLIZATION
PROCESS
477
DE-OILING
PROCESS
FOR
CRUDE
WAXES
478
ADVANTAGES
OF
THE
SULZER-SASOL
PROCESS
479
XVIII
J
CONTENTS
19.5.8.2
OTHER
NEW
DE-OILING
CONCEPTS
480
19.5.8.3
SOLVENT
DE-OILING
PROCESS
481
19.5.8.4
PULPING
DE-OILING
PROCESS
481
19.5.8.5
CRYSTALLIZATION
DE-OILING
PROCESS
482
19.5.8.6
SPRAY
DE-OILING
PROCESS
482
19.5.9
REFINING
DE-OILED
SLACK
WAXES
482
19.5.9.1
REFINING
WITH
ADSORBENTS
(DECOLORIZING)
484
19.5.9.2
REFINING
WITH
PERCOLATION
PROCESS
484
19.5.9.3
REFINING
WITH
HYDROTREATING
485
19.6
PETROLEUM
WAXES
ARE
IN
ORDER
OF
REFINING
486
19.6.1
SLACK
WAX
(PETROLEUM)
487
19.6.1.1
REGULATORY
STATUS
488
19.6.1.2
APPLICATIONS
488
19.6.2
SLACK
WAX
(PETROLEUM),
CLAY-TREATED
489
19.6.2.1
ECHA
DEFINITION
(2021)
489
19.6.2.2
REGULATORY
STATUS
489
19.6.3
SLACK
WAX
(PETROLEUM),
HYDROTREATED
489
19.6.3.1
ECHA
DEFINITION
(2021)
489
19.6.3.2
APPLICATIONS
489
19.6.3.3
REGULATORY
STATUS
489
19.6.4
DE-OILED
SLACK
WAX,
PARAFFIN
WAXES
AND
HYDROCARBON
WAXES
490
19.6.4.1
EPA
DEFINITION
(2021)
490
19.6.4.2
APPLICATIONS
490
19.6.4.3
REGULATORY
STATUS
490
19.6.5
CRUDE
SOFT
WAXES/FOOTS
OIL
(PETROLEUM)
491
19.6.5.1
ECHA
DEFINITION
(2021):
491
19.6.5.2
APPLICATIONS
491
19.6.5.3
REGULATORY
491
19.6.6
SEMIREFINED,
FILTERED
(DECOLORIZED)
491
19.6.7
FULLY
REFINED
WAXES
492
19.6.8
FILTERED
(DECOLORIZED)
WAXES,
CLAY
TREATED
492
19.6.8.1
TSCA
DEFINITION
(2019)
492
19.6.8.2
REGULATIONS
492
19.6.9
MICROCRYSTALLINE
WAXES
493
19.6.9.1
EPA
DEFINITION
(2021)
493
19.6.9.2
TYPES
OF
MICROCRYSTALLINE
WAXES
493
19.6.9.3
SOME
APPLICATIONS
OF
MICROWAXES
IN
DETAIL
494
19.6.10
APPLICATION
OF
PETROLEUM
WAXES
IN
PRINCIPAL
495
19.6.11
GENERAL
PHYSICAL
AND
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
MICROCRYSTALLINE
WAXES
496
19.6.11.1
REGULATORY
STATUS
497
19.6.12
PETROLEUM
JELLY,
PETROLATUM
OR
VASELINE
497
19.6.12.1
ECHA
DEFINITION
497
19.6.12.2
HISTORY
497
19.6.12.3
REGULATORY
STATUS
498
CONTENTS
XIX
19.6.13
APPLICATIONS
OF
PETROLATUM
499
19.6.13.1
SKIN
PROTECTION
499
19.6.13.2
HAIR
PROTECTION
500
19.6.13.3
OUTDOORSPORTS
500
19.6.13.4
SEXUAL
LUBRICANTS
501
19.6.13.5
WATER
PROTECTIVE
COATING
501
19.6.13.6
FINISHING
501
19.6.13.7
SPECIAL
LUBRICATION
USES
501
19.6.13.8
OTHER
APPLICATIONS
502
19.6.14
HEALTH-RELATED
DISCUSSION
FOR
PETROLATUM
(PETROLEUM
JELLY,
VASELINE)
502
19.6.14.1
OIL-BASED
WAXES
AND
HUMAN
HEALTH
504
19.6.15
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASPECTS:
BIODEGRADATION
OF
WAXES
BASED
ON
CRUDE
OIL
504
19.6.15.1
PARAFFIN
WAXES
504
19.6.15.2
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
OF
CRUDE
OIL
WAXES:
SHORT
SUMMARY
506
19.6.15.3
OTHER
ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
506
19.6.16
GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION
OF
PETROLEUM
WAXES
506
19.6.17
SOME
KEY
PLAYERS
IN
THE
PETROLEUM
WAX
MARKET
(2021)
507
REFERENCES
507
20
FISCHER-TROPSCH
SYNTHESIS
(FTS)
AND
WAXES
515
20.1
INTRODUCTION
515
20.2
HISTORY
516
20.3
FISCHER-TROPSCH
REACTION
MECHANISM
517
20.4
FISCHER-TROPSCH
SYNTHESIS
(FTS)
518
20.4.1
BIOMASS-TO-LIQUIDS
(BTL)
519
20.4.2
COAL-TO-LIQUIDS
(CTL)
520
20.4.3
GAS-TO-LIQUIDS
(GTL)
521
20.4.4
GTL/FTS
PLANTS:
OVERVIEW
522
20.4.5
GTL/FISCHER-TROPSCH
PLANTS
UNDER
OPERATION
AND
PLANNING
522
20.5
FISCHER-TROPSCH
WAXES
-
KEY
MANUFACTURERS
523
20.6
FT
WAXES:
CHEMICAL
AND
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
523
20.6.1
FT
WAXES
-
PROPERTIES
OF
SELECTED
WAX
GRADES
FROM
SASOL
AND
SHELL
524
20.7
OXIDIZED
FT
WAXES
524
20.7.1
HISTORY
524
20.7.2
MECHANISM
OF
PARAFFIN
OXIDATION
524
20.7.3
OXIDIZED
WAXES
TODAY
525
20.7.4
APPLICATION
OF
WAX
OXIDATES
525
20.8
LIQUID
APPLICATIONS
OF
WAXES
526
20.8.1
FISCHER-TROPSCH
AND
OTHER
WAXES
FOR
HOT
MELT
ADHESIVE
(HMA)
526
20.8.1.1
HISTORY
OF
A
NATURAL
ADHESIVE
USED
BY
THE
ICEMAN
"
OTZI
"
527
20.8.1.2
OTHER
INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS
OF
FT
WAXES
FOR
HOT
MELT
ADHESIVES
528
20.8.1.3
PRIVATE
USE
OF
HMAS
530
20.8.2
FT
WAXES
AND
OTHER
WAXES
FOR
INKS,
PAINTS,
AND
COATINGS
531
XX
CONTENTS
20.8.2.1
20.8.2.2
20.8.3
20.8.3.1
20.8.3.2
20.8.3.3
20.8.3.4
20.8.4
20.8.4.1
20.8.4.2
20.8.4.3
20.8.5
20.8.6
20.8.7
20.8.8
20.8.9
20.8.10
20.8.11
20.8.12
20.8.12.1
20.8.12.2
20.8.12.3
20.8.13
20.8.14
20.8.14.1
20.8.14.2
20.8.14.3
20.8.15
20.8.16
20.8.16.1
20.8.16.2
20.8.16.3
20.8.16.4
20.8.16.5
20.9
20.9.1
GRINDING
531
SPRAYING
OF
WAXES
537
EMULSIONS
539
SOLUTIONS,
DISPERSIONS,
EMULSIONS,
COLLOIDS,
AND
SUSPENSIONS
539
PREPARATION
OF
EMULSIONS
AND
DISPERSIONS
WITH
OXIDIZED
WAXES
540
SURFACTANT
SYSTEMS
OF
EMULSIONS
541
OXIDIZED
WAXES
FOR
WATER
BASED
EMULSIONS
542
FT
WAX
FOR
COATINGS
AND
PRINTING
INKS
547
THE
BLOOMING
MECHANISM
548
THE
BALL
BEARING
MECHANISM
548
COMPARISON OF
THE
PROPOSED
MECHANISMS
548
FT
WAXES
FOR
THE
COSMETIC
AND
PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRIES
548
FT
-
WAXES
FOR
PVC
OR
PLASTIC
PROCESSING
549
FT
WAXES
FOR
RUBBER
AND
TIRE
549
FT
WAXES
FOR
TEXTILES
AND
FIBERS
550
FT
WAXES
FOR
LEATHER
AND
FABRIC
IMPREGNATION
550
FT
WAXES
FOR
PAPER
551
FT
WAXES
AND
PARAFFINS
FOR
WOOD
TREATMENT
551
WAXES
FOR
MATCHES
552
HISTORY
552
MATCHES
IN GERMANY
IN
THE
20TH
HISTORY:
AN
EPISODE
555
MODERN
MATCHES
555
PARAFFINS
AND
WAXES
FOR
STICKY
FLYPAPER
556
WAXES
FOR
PENCILS
AND
CRAYONS
557
HISTORY
557
FT-PARAFFIN
AND
WAXES
FOR
PENCILS
558
FT
PARAFFIN
AND
WAXES
FOR
PRODUCTION
OF
CRAYONS
558
FT
WAXES
FOR
CANDLES
559
WAXES
FOR
ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
561
HISTORY
561
WAXES
IN
MODERN
ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
563
THE
INFLUENCE
OF
WAXES
ON
BITUMEN
PROPERTIES
564
WAXES
FOR
ROAD
REPAIR
AND
RECYCLING
565
APPENDIX
566
REGULATORY
COMPLIANCE
567
REGULATORY
567
REFERENCES
568
21
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.3.1
21.3.2
21.3.3
AMIDE
WAXES
573
GENERAL
573
HISTORY
OF
AMIDE
WAXES
574
N,N
'
-ETHYLENEBIS(STEARAMIDE):
EBS
574
PRODUCTION
575
DUST
575
MARKET
576
CONTENTS
XXI
21.4
21.4.1
21.4.2
APPLICATIONS
576
AMIDE
WAX
EBS
FOR
ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
577
AMIDE
WAX
ETHYLENE
(BIS)STEARAMIDE
(EBS)
AS
A
RHEOLOGY
AGENT
MIXED
WITH
HYDROGENATED
CASTOR
OIL
(EBS
AND
HCO)
579
21.4.3
21.4.4
21.4.4.1
21.4.4.2
21.4.4.3
21.4.4.4
21.4.4.5
21.4.5
21.4.6
REGISTRATION
STATUS
FOR
HYDROGENATED
CASTOR
OIL
WITH
AMIDE
WAX
581
AMIDE
WAXES
(EBS)
AS
ADDITIVES
IN
PLASTICS
PROCESSING
581
BLOWN
FILM
PRODUCTION
582
COMPATIBILITY
582
NUCLEATING
AGENTS
582
CRYSTALLIZATION
583
ADDITION
OF
NUCLEATING
AGENTS
584
RUBBER
PROCESSING
584
AMIDE
WAXES
N,N
'
-ETHYLENE-BIS-STEARAMIDE
AND
OTHER
WAXES
FOR
COATINGS
AND
PRINTING
INKS
585
21.4.6.1
21.4.6.2
21.4.6.3
21.4.6.4
21.4.6.5
21.4.6.6
21.4.7
21.4.8
21.5
21.5.1
21.5.2
21.5.2.1
21.5.2.2
21.5.2.3
21.5.2.4
21.5.3
21.6
21.6.1
21.6.2
21.6.3
21.6.4
21.6.5
21.6.6
21.7
21.7.1
21.7.2
21.7.3
21.7.3.1
21.7.3.2
21.7.3.3
21.7.3.4
SLIP
AID
586
ABRASION
RESISTANCE
586
ANTI-BLOCKING
586
MATTING
AGENT
587
WATER
REPELLENCY
587
TEXTURIZER
587
AMIDE
WAXES
(EBS)
FOR
THE
FIBER
INDUSTRY
587
REGULATORY
588
STEARAMIDE
WAX
588
GENERAL
588
APPLICATIONS
589
THERMAL
PAPER
589
POLYOLEFIN
FILMS
589
CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY
589
MISCELLANEOUS
589
REGULATORY
590
ERUCAMIDE
WAX
590
GENERAL
590
APPLICATIONS
590
INK
INDUSTRY
591
SLIP
ADDITIVE
591
MISCELLANEOUS
591
REGULATORY
592
OLEAMIDE
WAX
592
GENERAL
592
OLEAMIDE
OF
NATURAL
ORIGIN
593
APPLICATIONS
593
PLASTICS
INDUSTRY
593
COSMETIC
INDUSTRY
593
CABLE
INDUSTRY
593
INK
INDUSTRY
593
XXII
|
CONTENTS
21.7.4
REGULATORY
594
21.8
COMPARISON
OF
ANTI-BLOCKING
AND
SLIP
PROPERTIES
BETWEEN
ERUCAMIDE,
STEARAMIDE,
AND
OLEAMIDE
WAXES
594
21.9
N,N
'
-ETHYLENE-BIS
OLEAMIDE
(EBO)
596
21.9.1
GENERAL
596
21.9.2
PRODUCTION
596
21.9.3
APPLICATIONS
597
21.9.4
PLASTICS
597
21.9.5
REGULATORY
STATUS
597
REFERENCES
598
22
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
(PTFE)
WAXES
601
22.1
INTRODUCTION
601
22.1.1
SUMMARY
601
22.1.2
HISTORY
602
22.1.3
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
OF
PTFE
WAXES
AND
PLASTICS
602
22.1.4
PRODUCTION
OF
TFE
MONOMER
604
22.1.5
POLYMERIZATION
OF
TFE
TO
PTFE
PLASTIC
AND
WAXES
604
22.1.6
PRODUCTION
METHODS
604
22.1.7
RECYCLING
OF
PTFE
PLASTIC
AND
WAX
605
22.1.8
THE
PTFE
WORLD
MARKET
607
22.1.9
SELECTION
OF
PTFE/MICRONIZED
PTFE
WAX
SUPPLIERS
607
22.1.10
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
607
22.1.11
APPLICATIONS
OF
PTFE
608
22.1.11.1
PTFE
WAXES
FOR
INKS
AND
COATINGS
609
22.1.11.2
SURFACE
TEXTURING
THROUGH
POWDER
COATINGS
609
22.1.11.3
LUBRICANTS
610
22.1.11.4
PROTECTION
AGAINST
CHEMICALS
610
22.1.11.5
SKI
WAX
610
22.1.11.6
SAILING
610
22.1.12
ENVIRONMENTAL
AND
HEALTH
ISSUES
610
22.1.13
GREENHOUSE
EMISSIONS
611
22.1.14
SUMMARY
612
22.1.15
WORKPLACE
HAZARDS
612
22.1.16
FLUORINATED
CHEMICALS
OF
CONCERN
613
22.1.16.1
THE
OZONE
HOLE
613
22.1.16.2
PFOAANDPFAS
613
22.2
RESUME
614
22.2.1
REGULATORY
615
REFERENCES
615
APPENDIX
A
FINAL
TABLES
A.1
-
A.V:
LISTING
OF
ALIPHATIC
COMPOUNDS
IN
WAXES
617
REFERENCES
637
CONTENTS
XXIII
APPENDIX
B
CANDLES
-
A
MOST
POPULAR
APPLICATION
AREA
FOR
WAXES
639
B.1
SHORT
SUMMARY
639
B.2
CANDLES
IN
RELIGION
642
B.3
CANDLES
IN
MODERN
SCIENCE
646
REFERENCES
647
APPENDIX
C
TEST
METHODS
FOR
CHARACTERIZING
WAXES
649
C.1
TEST
METHODS
FOR
WAXES
649
C.2
SAFETY
DATA
SHEETS
651
EPILOGUE:
THE
FUTURE
OF
WAXES
653
INDEX
655 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Krendlinger, Ernst J. 1954- Wolfmeier, Uwe H. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1277390266 (DE-588)1277390452 |
| author_facet | Krendlinger, Ernst J. 1954- Wolfmeier, Uwe H. |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Krendlinger, Ernst J. 1954- |
| author_variant | e j k ej ejk u h w uh uhw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049319898 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1241082436 (DE-599)DNB1228644578 |
| dewey-full | 665.1 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 665 - Industrial oils, fats, waxes & gases |
| dewey-raw | 665.1 |
| dewey-search | 665.1 |
| dewey-sort | 3665.1 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie |
| discipline_str_mv | Chemie / Pharmazie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV049319898 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:43:04Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T10:01:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)16179388-5 |
| isbn | 9783527342228 3527342222 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034580848 |
| oclc_num | 1241082436 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-210 |
| owner_facet | DE-210 |
| physical | xxvi, 671 Seiten Illustrationen 26 cm |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | WILEY-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Krendlinger, Ernst J. 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)1277390266 aut Natural and synthetic waxes origin, production, technology, and applications Ernst J. Krendlinger, Uwe H. Wolfmeier Weinheim, Germany WILEY-VCH [2023] © 2023 xxvi, 671 Seiten Illustrationen 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wachs (DE-588)4137154-9 gnd rswk-swf Chemical Engineering Chemie Chemische Verfahrenstechnik Chemistry Industrial Chemistry Natural Products Naturstoffchemie Particle Technology & Product Design Partikeltechnik u. Produktentwicklung Petrochemie / Brennstoffindustrie Petrochemistry / Fuel Technische u. Industrielle Chemie CG16: Partikeltechnik u. Produktentwicklung CH30: Technische u. Industrielle Chemie CH34: Petrochemie / Brennstoffindustrie CH84: Naturstoffchemie Biopolymere Biopolymers Petrochemie Polymer Science & Technology Polymerwissenschaft u. -technologie Wachs PY20: Biopolymere Wachs (DE-588)4137154-9 s DNB Wolfmeier, Uwe H. Verfasser (DE-588)1277390452 aut Wiley-VCH (DE-588)16179388-5 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-527-80774-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-3-527-80776-5 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, oBook 978-3-527-80775-8 X:MVB http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/dt/books/ISBN978-3-527-34222-8/ B:DE-101 application/pdf https://d-nb.info/1228644578/04 Inhaltsverzeichnis DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034580848&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p dnb 20230203 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#dnb |
| spellingShingle | Krendlinger, Ernst J. 1954- Wolfmeier, Uwe H. Natural and synthetic waxes origin, production, technology, and applications Wachs (DE-588)4137154-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4137154-9 |
| title | Natural and synthetic waxes origin, production, technology, and applications |
| title_auth | Natural and synthetic waxes origin, production, technology, and applications |
| title_exact_search | Natural and synthetic waxes origin, production, technology, and applications |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Natural and synthetic waxes origin, production, technology, and applications |
| title_full | Natural and synthetic waxes origin, production, technology, and applications Ernst J. Krendlinger, Uwe H. Wolfmeier |
| title_fullStr | Natural and synthetic waxes origin, production, technology, and applications Ernst J. Krendlinger, Uwe H. Wolfmeier |
| title_full_unstemmed | Natural and synthetic waxes origin, production, technology, and applications Ernst J. Krendlinger, Uwe H. Wolfmeier |
| title_short | Natural and synthetic waxes |
| title_sort | natural and synthetic waxes origin production technology and applications |
| title_sub | origin, production, technology, and applications |
| topic | Wachs (DE-588)4137154-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wachs |
| url | http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/dt/books/ISBN978-3-527-34222-8/ https://d-nb.info/1228644578/04 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034580848&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT krendlingerernstj naturalandsyntheticwaxesoriginproductiontechnologyandapplications AT wolfmeieruweh naturalandsyntheticwaxesoriginproductiontechnologyandapplications AT wileyvch naturalandsyntheticwaxesoriginproductiontechnologyandapplications |
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