Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
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Washington, D. C.
World Bank Publications
2023
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| Ausgabe: | 1st ed |
| Schriftenreihe: | MENA Development Report
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| Online-Zugang: | FWS01 FWS02 HWR01 |
| Beschreibung: | Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (315 Seiten) |
| ISBN: | 9781464819896 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa |c Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Marco Ranzani, Nistha Sinha, and Adam Elsheikhi |
| 250 | |a 1st ed | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington, D. C. |b World Bank Publications |c 2023 | |
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| 490 | 0 | |a MENA Development Report | |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors and Contributors -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- MENA's Track Record: A Need for More Socially Inclusive Growth -- How Does This Report Measure Informality? -- Framework for the Report -- Realm 1: Informality and Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Realm 2: Informality and the Tax System -- Realm 3: Informality and Market Conditions -- Guiding Principles for Moving toward Higher, More Socially Inclusive Growth -- Road Map -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 1 Why Does Informality Matter? A Framework -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- The Long-Standing Informality Debate -- The Case for Better Understanding Informality -- What We Know and Do Not Know about Informality in MENA -- A Framework for an Institutional Analysis of Informality -- How the Environment Influences Productivity and Growth -- How the Environment Influences Social Protection Coverage, Poverty, and Inequality -- Workers and Firms: Balancing the Costs and Benefits of Formality -- Pilot Countries and Data Sources -- Annex 1A: Correlation between Firm Size and Total Factor Productivity -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 MENA's Key Challenges to Boost Living Standards -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Growth, Job Creation, and Poverty Reduction -- Sources of MENA's Growth and Economic Transformation -- An Overview of Labor Markets in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- High Rates of Informal Employment -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A: Regional Poverty Estimates, 2000-18 -- Annex 2B: Shapley Decomposition of Changes in Value Added per Capita -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 The Case of Tunisia -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Overview of the Tunisian Labor Market -- Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Contributory Social Insurance Regimes | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Contributory Regimes for Salaried Workers -- Social Protection, Informality, and Poverty -- Realm 2: Taxes and Transfers -- Personal Income Tax -- Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Registration Procedures and Costs -- Competition in the Product Market -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A: Statistics on Public, Private Formal, and Private Informal Workers -- Annex 3B: Additional Statistics -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 The Case of Morocco -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Overview of the Moroccan Labor Market -- Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Realm 2: Taxes and Transfers -- Overview of the Tax System -- Personal Income Tax -- Corporate Income Tax -- Value Added Tax -- Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Conclusion -- Annex 4A: Additional Statistics -- Annex 4B: Key Findings from Conversations with Moroccan Employees, Own-Account Workers, and Employers -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 The Case of the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Overview of the Egyptian Labor Market -- Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Realm 2: Taxation -- Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 Slight Variations in How Informality Is Defined for the Three Realms of the Institutional Landscape for Informal Employment -- Box 1.1 Slight Variations in How Informality Is Defined -- Box 1.2 Legal versus Illegal Informal Employment -- Box 1.3 How Statisticians Define Informality -- Box 2.1 Total Factor Productivity Is Stuck at Weak -- Box 3.1 Defining Informal Workers -- Box 3.2 Legal Framework for Labor Relations and Social Security in Tunisia -- Box 3.3 Private Firms Cite Corruption as a Major Constraint -- Box 3B.1 Potential Arbitrage Opportunities for Firms Weighing Tax Regimes, Tunisia -- Box 3B.2 Comparison of the Numbers of Tax Payers, by Income Tax Regime | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Box 3B.3 Contributory Social Insurance for Salaried Workers in Agriculture: The RSAA Regime in the Private Sector -- Box 4.1 Definitions -- Box 4.2 Legal Framework of Workers in Morocco -- Box 4.3 Shortfalls of the Pension Scheme for Private Sector Salaried Workers -- Box 4.4 Behavioral Constraints on Formal Employment: Evidence from Interviews -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Informal Employment Rates, by Region, 2019 -- Figure O.2 Poverty Level, by Region, 2000-18 -- Figure O.3 Informal Employment Rates, by Sector, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2018 and 2019 -- Figure O.4 Informality Rates, by Income Decile Levels, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure O.5 The Environment and Social and Economic Outcomes in a Country -- Figure O.6 Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures, Arab Republic of Egypt, 2000-19 -- Figure O.7 Minimum Monthly Wages, by Sector, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure O.8 Access to Credit, by Firm Size, Morocco, 2019-20 -- Figure O.9 Interactions among Social Protection, Labor Regulation, Taxation, and Market Conditions, and Their Effects on Firms' and Workers' Formality Status -- Figure O.10 Tax Revenues as a Percentage of GDP, Arab Republic of Egypt, 2010-19 -- Figure O.11 Share of Tax Revenues, Morocco, 2018 -- Figure 1.1 Share of Informal Employment in Total Employment, by Region, 2019 -- Figure 1.2 The Environment and Social and Economic Outcomes -- Figure 1.3 Key Elements of Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Figure 1.4 Key Elements of Realm 2: Institutions, Laws, and Policies -- Figure 1.5 Key Elements of Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Figure 1A.1 Correlation between Firm Size and Total Factor Productivity, by Pilot Country, Latest Year -- Figure 2.1 GDP per Capita, by Region, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.2 Demographic Transition, Selected Regions and Pilot Countries, 2000-20 | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 2.3 Annualized Growth Rate, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 2.4 Headcount Poverty Rate, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-17 -- Figure 2.5 Consumption, Investment, Exports, and Imports as a Share of GDP, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.6 Gross Fixed Capital Formation in MENA and Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.7 Account Deficits, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.8 Share of Public Debt, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.9 Labor Productivity, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2012-18 -- Figure B2.1.1 Total Factor Productivity, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 2.10 Labor Productivity, by Sector, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2018 -- Figure 2.11 Labor Productivity Gains within Sectors, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2012-18 -- Figure 2.12 Labor Force Participation Rate, by Region and Pilot Countries, 2010-20 -- Figure 2.13 Share of Youth and Women Participating in the Labor Market, Pilot Countries and MENA, 2019 -- Figure 2.14 Unemployment Rate, by Region, 2010-19 -- Figure 2.15 Unemployment Rate, Pilot Countries, 2010-19 -- Figure 2.16 Share of Total Workers, by Type of Work and by Region, 2019 -- Figure 2.17 Share of Total Workers, by Type of Work, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 2.18 Public Sector Employment as a Share of Total Employment, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2010 and 2018-19 -- Figure 2.19 Informal Employment Rate, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2008 and 2018-19 -- Figure 2.20 Informal Employment Rate, by Employment Status, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2018-19 | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 2.21 Informal Employment Rate as a Share of Total Employment, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2018-19 -- Figure 2.22 Informal Employment Rate, by Education Level, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2018-19 -- Figure 2.23 Informal Employment Rate, by Household Welfare, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, Most Recent Year -- Figure 2A.1 Poverty Headcount Ratio at US2.15 a Day, by Region -- Figure 2B.1 Decomposition of per Capita GDP Growth -- Figure 3.1 GDP Growth and Formal Employees in the Private Sector, 2012-19 -- Figure 3.2 Overview of the Tunisian Labor Market, 2019 -- Figure 3.3 Informal Employment Rate, by Employment Type, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure B3.2.1 Overview of Legislation and Regulations Covering Workers, by Type of Employment, Tunisia -- Figure 3.4 Tunisia's Social Protection System -- Figure 3.5 Ratio of Total Pension Benefits to Total Contributions Paid, Tunisia -- Figure 3.6 Ratio of Total Retirement Pension Benefits to Total Contributions Paid, Tunisia -- Figure 3.7 Minimum Monthly Wages, by Sector, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 3.8 Composition and Trends in Tax Revenues, Tunisia, 2011-19 -- Figure 3.9 Structure of the Personal Income Tax, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Access to Credit, by Firm Size, Tunisia, 2019-20 -- Figure 3A.1 Distribution of Wage Workers, by Real Monthly Wages and Sector, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 3B.1 Share of Registered Firms Entering and Exiting, by Size and Year, Tunisia, 2003-19 -- Figure 3B.2 Ratio Trend in Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure as a Share of Current Health Expenditures, Tunisia, 2000-18 -- Figure 3B.3 Trends in the Nominal and Real Minimum Wages for Nonagriculture Sector Workers and the Inflation Index, Tunisia, 2010-19 | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 3B.4 Distribution of Population Age 18 and Older, by Type of Health Care Access and Quintile of Household per Capita Expenditures, 2010 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ranzani, Marco |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sinha, Nistha |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Elsheikhi, Adam |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Druck-Ausgabe |a Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys |t Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa |d Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2023 |z 978-1-4648-1988-9 |
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| contents | Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors and Contributors -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- MENA's Track Record: A Need for More Socially Inclusive Growth -- How Does This Report Measure Informality? -- Framework for the Report -- Realm 1: Informality and Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Realm 2: Informality and the Tax System -- Realm 3: Informality and Market Conditions -- Guiding Principles for Moving toward Higher, More Socially Inclusive Growth -- Road Map -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 1 Why Does Informality Matter? A Framework -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- The Long-Standing Informality Debate -- The Case for Better Understanding Informality -- What We Know and Do Not Know about Informality in MENA -- A Framework for an Institutional Analysis of Informality -- How the Environment Influences Productivity and Growth -- How the Environment Influences Social Protection Coverage, Poverty, and Inequality -- Workers and Firms: Balancing the Costs and Benefits of Formality -- Pilot Countries and Data Sources -- Annex 1A: Correlation between Firm Size and Total Factor Productivity -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 MENA's Key Challenges to Boost Living Standards -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Growth, Job Creation, and Poverty Reduction -- Sources of MENA's Growth and Economic Transformation -- An Overview of Labor Markets in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- High Rates of Informal Employment -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A: Regional Poverty Estimates, 2000-18 -- Annex 2B: Shapley Decomposition of Changes in Value Added per Capita -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 The Case of Tunisia -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Overview of the Tunisian Labor Market -- Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Contributory Social Insurance Regimes Contributory Regimes for Salaried Workers -- Social Protection, Informality, and Poverty -- Realm 2: Taxes and Transfers -- Personal Income Tax -- Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Registration Procedures and Costs -- Competition in the Product Market -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A: Statistics on Public, Private Formal, and Private Informal Workers -- Annex 3B: Additional Statistics -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 The Case of Morocco -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Overview of the Moroccan Labor Market -- Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Realm 2: Taxes and Transfers -- Overview of the Tax System -- Personal Income Tax -- Corporate Income Tax -- Value Added Tax -- Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Conclusion -- Annex 4A: Additional Statistics -- Annex 4B: Key Findings from Conversations with Moroccan Employees, Own-Account Workers, and Employers -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 The Case of the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Overview of the Egyptian Labor Market -- Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Realm 2: Taxation -- Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 Slight Variations in How Informality Is Defined for the Three Realms of the Institutional Landscape for Informal Employment -- Box 1.1 Slight Variations in How Informality Is Defined -- Box 1.2 Legal versus Illegal Informal Employment -- Box 1.3 How Statisticians Define Informality -- Box 2.1 Total Factor Productivity Is Stuck at Weak -- Box 3.1 Defining Informal Workers -- Box 3.2 Legal Framework for Labor Relations and Social Security in Tunisia -- Box 3.3 Private Firms Cite Corruption as a Major Constraint -- Box 3B.1 Potential Arbitrage Opportunities for Firms Weighing Tax Regimes, Tunisia -- Box 3B.2 Comparison of the Numbers of Tax Payers, by Income Tax Regime Box 3B.3 Contributory Social Insurance for Salaried Workers in Agriculture: The RSAA Regime in the Private Sector -- Box 4.1 Definitions -- Box 4.2 Legal Framework of Workers in Morocco -- Box 4.3 Shortfalls of the Pension Scheme for Private Sector Salaried Workers -- Box 4.4 Behavioral Constraints on Formal Employment: Evidence from Interviews -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Informal Employment Rates, by Region, 2019 -- Figure O.2 Poverty Level, by Region, 2000-18 -- Figure O.3 Informal Employment Rates, by Sector, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2018 and 2019 -- Figure O.4 Informality Rates, by Income Decile Levels, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure O.5 The Environment and Social and Economic Outcomes in a Country -- Figure O.6 Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures, Arab Republic of Egypt, 2000-19 -- Figure O.7 Minimum Monthly Wages, by Sector, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure O.8 Access to Credit, by Firm Size, Morocco, 2019-20 -- Figure O.9 Interactions among Social Protection, Labor Regulation, Taxation, and Market Conditions, and Their Effects on Firms' and Workers' Formality Status -- Figure O.10 Tax Revenues as a Percentage of GDP, Arab Republic of Egypt, 2010-19 -- Figure O.11 Share of Tax Revenues, Morocco, 2018 -- Figure 1.1 Share of Informal Employment in Total Employment, by Region, 2019 -- Figure 1.2 The Environment and Social and Economic Outcomes -- Figure 1.3 Key Elements of Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Figure 1.4 Key Elements of Realm 2: Institutions, Laws, and Policies -- Figure 1.5 Key Elements of Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Figure 1A.1 Correlation between Firm Size and Total Factor Productivity, by Pilot Country, Latest Year -- Figure 2.1 GDP per Capita, by Region, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.2 Demographic Transition, Selected Regions and Pilot Countries, 2000-20 Figure 2.3 Annualized Growth Rate, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 2.4 Headcount Poverty Rate, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-17 -- Figure 2.5 Consumption, Investment, Exports, and Imports as a Share of GDP, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.6 Gross Fixed Capital Formation in MENA and Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.7 Account Deficits, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.8 Share of Public Debt, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.9 Labor Productivity, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2012-18 -- Figure B2.1.1 Total Factor Productivity, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 2.10 Labor Productivity, by Sector, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2018 -- Figure 2.11 Labor Productivity Gains within Sectors, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2012-18 -- Figure 2.12 Labor Force Participation Rate, by Region and Pilot Countries, 2010-20 -- Figure 2.13 Share of Youth and Women Participating in the Labor Market, Pilot Countries and MENA, 2019 -- Figure 2.14 Unemployment Rate, by Region, 2010-19 -- Figure 2.15 Unemployment Rate, Pilot Countries, 2010-19 -- Figure 2.16 Share of Total Workers, by Type of Work and by Region, 2019 -- Figure 2.17 Share of Total Workers, by Type of Work, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 2.18 Public Sector Employment as a Share of Total Employment, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2010 and 2018-19 -- Figure 2.19 Informal Employment Rate, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2008 and 2018-19 -- Figure 2.20 Informal Employment Rate, by Employment Status, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2018-19 Figure 2.21 Informal Employment Rate as a Share of Total Employment, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2018-19 -- Figure 2.22 Informal Employment Rate, by Education Level, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2018-19 -- Figure 2.23 Informal Employment Rate, by Household Welfare, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, Most Recent Year -- Figure 2A.1 Poverty Headcount Ratio at US2.15 a Day, by Region -- Figure 2B.1 Decomposition of per Capita GDP Growth -- Figure 3.1 GDP Growth and Formal Employees in the Private Sector, 2012-19 -- Figure 3.2 Overview of the Tunisian Labor Market, 2019 -- Figure 3.3 Informal Employment Rate, by Employment Type, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure B3.2.1 Overview of Legislation and Regulations Covering Workers, by Type of Employment, Tunisia -- Figure 3.4 Tunisia's Social Protection System -- Figure 3.5 Ratio of Total Pension Benefits to Total Contributions Paid, Tunisia -- Figure 3.6 Ratio of Total Retirement Pension Benefits to Total Contributions Paid, Tunisia -- Figure 3.7 Minimum Monthly Wages, by Sector, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 3.8 Composition and Trends in Tax Revenues, Tunisia, 2011-19 -- Figure 3.9 Structure of the Personal Income Tax, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Access to Credit, by Firm Size, Tunisia, 2019-20 -- Figure 3A.1 Distribution of Wage Workers, by Real Monthly Wages and Sector, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 3B.1 Share of Registered Firms Entering and Exiting, by Size and Year, Tunisia, 2003-19 -- Figure 3B.2 Ratio Trend in Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure as a Share of Current Health Expenditures, Tunisia, 2000-18 -- Figure 3B.3 Trends in the Nominal and Real Minimum Wages for Nonagriculture Sector Workers and the Inflation Index, Tunisia, 2010-19 Figure 3B.4 Distribution of Population Age 18 and Older, by Type of Health Care Access and Quintile of Household per Capita Expenditures, 2010 |
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Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Conclusion -- Annex 4A: Additional Statistics -- Annex 4B: Key Findings from Conversations with Moroccan Employees, Own-Account Workers, and Employers -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 The Case of the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Overview of the Egyptian Labor Market -- Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Realm 2: Taxation -- Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 Slight Variations in How Informality Is Defined for the Three Realms of the Institutional Landscape for Informal Employment -- Box 1.1 Slight Variations in How Informality Is Defined -- Box 1.2 Legal versus Illegal Informal Employment -- Box 1.3 How Statisticians Define Informality -- Box 2.1 Total Factor Productivity Is Stuck at Weak -- Box 3.1 Defining Informal Workers -- Box 3.2 Legal Framework for Labor Relations and Social Security in Tunisia -- Box 3.3 Private Firms Cite Corruption as a Major Constraint -- Box 3B.1 Potential Arbitrage Opportunities for Firms Weighing Tax Regimes, Tunisia -- Box 3B.2 Comparison of the Numbers of Tax Payers, by Income Tax Regime</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Box 3B.3 Contributory Social Insurance for Salaried Workers in Agriculture: The RSAA Regime in the Private Sector -- Box 4.1 Definitions -- Box 4.2 Legal Framework of Workers in Morocco -- Box 4.3 Shortfalls of the Pension Scheme for Private Sector Salaried Workers -- Box 4.4 Behavioral Constraints on Formal Employment: Evidence from Interviews -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Informal Employment Rates, by Region, 2019 -- Figure O.2 Poverty Level, by Region, 2000-18 -- Figure O.3 Informal Employment Rates, by Sector, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2018 and 2019 -- Figure O.4 Informality Rates, by Income Decile Levels, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure O.5 The Environment and Social and Economic Outcomes in a Country -- Figure O.6 Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures, Arab Republic of Egypt, 2000-19 -- Figure O.7 Minimum Monthly Wages, by Sector, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure O.8 Access to Credit, by Firm Size, Morocco, 2019-20 -- Figure O.9 Interactions among Social Protection, Labor Regulation, Taxation, and Market Conditions, and Their Effects on Firms' and Workers' Formality Status -- Figure O.10 Tax Revenues as a Percentage of GDP, Arab Republic of Egypt, 2010-19 -- Figure O.11 Share of Tax Revenues, Morocco, 2018 -- Figure 1.1 Share of Informal Employment in Total Employment, by Region, 2019 -- Figure 1.2 The Environment and Social and Economic Outcomes -- Figure 1.3 Key Elements of Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Figure 1.4 Key Elements of Realm 2: Institutions, Laws, and Policies -- Figure 1.5 Key Elements of Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Figure 1A.1 Correlation between Firm Size and Total Factor Productivity, by Pilot Country, Latest Year -- Figure 2.1 GDP per Capita, by Region, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.2 Demographic Transition, Selected Regions and Pilot Countries, 2000-20</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 2.3 Annualized Growth Rate, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 2.4 Headcount Poverty Rate, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-17 -- Figure 2.5 Consumption, Investment, Exports, and Imports as a Share of GDP, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.6 Gross Fixed Capital Formation in MENA and Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.7 Account Deficits, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.8 Share of Public Debt, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.9 Labor Productivity, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2012-18 -- Figure B2.1.1 Total Factor Productivity, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 2.10 Labor Productivity, by Sector, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2018 -- Figure 2.11 Labor Productivity Gains within Sectors, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2012-18 -- Figure 2.12 Labor Force Participation Rate, by Region and Pilot Countries, 2010-20 -- Figure 2.13 Share of Youth and Women Participating in the Labor Market, Pilot Countries and MENA, 2019 -- Figure 2.14 Unemployment Rate, by Region, 2010-19 -- Figure 2.15 Unemployment Rate, Pilot Countries, 2010-19 -- Figure 2.16 Share of Total Workers, by Type of Work and by Region, 2019 -- Figure 2.17 Share of Total Workers, by Type of Work, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 2.18 Public Sector Employment as a Share of Total Employment, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2010 and 2018-19 -- Figure 2.19 Informal Employment Rate, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2008 and 2018-19 -- Figure 2.20 Informal Employment Rate, by Employment Status, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2018-19</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 2.21 Informal Employment Rate as a Share of Total Employment, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2018-19 -- Figure 2.22 Informal Employment Rate, by Education Level, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2018-19 -- Figure 2.23 Informal Employment Rate, by Household Welfare, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, Most Recent Year -- Figure 2A.1 Poverty Headcount Ratio at US2.15 a Day, by Region -- Figure 2B.1 Decomposition of per Capita GDP Growth -- Figure 3.1 GDP Growth and Formal Employees in the Private Sector, 2012-19 -- Figure 3.2 Overview of the Tunisian Labor Market, 2019 -- Figure 3.3 Informal Employment Rate, by Employment Type, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure B3.2.1 Overview of Legislation and Regulations Covering Workers, by Type of Employment, Tunisia -- Figure 3.4 Tunisia's Social Protection System -- Figure 3.5 Ratio of Total Pension Benefits to Total Contributions Paid, Tunisia -- Figure 3.6 Ratio of Total Retirement Pension Benefits to Total Contributions Paid, Tunisia -- Figure 3.7 Minimum Monthly Wages, by Sector, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 3.8 Composition and Trends in Tax Revenues, Tunisia, 2011-19 -- Figure 3.9 Structure of the Personal Income Tax, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Access to Credit, by Firm Size, Tunisia, 2019-20 -- Figure 3A.1 Distribution of Wage Workers, by Real Monthly Wages and Sector, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 3B.1 Share of Registered Firms Entering and Exiting, by Size and Year, Tunisia, 2003-19 -- Figure 3B.2 Ratio Trend in Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure as a Share of Current Health Expenditures, Tunisia, 2000-18 -- Figure 3B.3 Trends in the Nominal and Real Minimum Wages for Nonagriculture Sector Workers and the Inflation Index, Tunisia, 2010-19</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 3B.4 Distribution of Population Age 18 and Older, by Type of Health Care Access and Quintile of Household per Capita Expenditures, 2010</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ranzani, Marco</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Sinha, Nistha</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Elsheikhi, Adam</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Druck-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="a">Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys</subfield><subfield code="t">Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa</subfield><subfield code="d">Washington, D. 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| id | DE-604.BV049294059 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:37:48Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-01T11:05:55Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781464819896 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034555410 |
| oclc_num | 1389610735 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-2070s DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS |
| owner_facet | DE-2070s DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (315 Seiten) |
| psigel | ZDB-30-PQE ZDB-1-WBA ZDB-30-PQE HWR_PDA_PQE |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | World Bank Publications |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | MENA Development Report |
| spellingShingle | Lopez-Acevedo, Gladys Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors and Contributors -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Introduction -- MENA's Track Record: A Need for More Socially Inclusive Growth -- How Does This Report Measure Informality? -- Framework for the Report -- Realm 1: Informality and Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Realm 2: Informality and the Tax System -- Realm 3: Informality and Market Conditions -- Guiding Principles for Moving toward Higher, More Socially Inclusive Growth -- Road Map -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 1 Why Does Informality Matter? A Framework -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- The Long-Standing Informality Debate -- The Case for Better Understanding Informality -- What We Know and Do Not Know about Informality in MENA -- A Framework for an Institutional Analysis of Informality -- How the Environment Influences Productivity and Growth -- How the Environment Influences Social Protection Coverage, Poverty, and Inequality -- Workers and Firms: Balancing the Costs and Benefits of Formality -- Pilot Countries and Data Sources -- Annex 1A: Correlation between Firm Size and Total Factor Productivity -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 MENA's Key Challenges to Boost Living Standards -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Growth, Job Creation, and Poverty Reduction -- Sources of MENA's Growth and Economic Transformation -- An Overview of Labor Markets in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- High Rates of Informal Employment -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A: Regional Poverty Estimates, 2000-18 -- Annex 2B: Shapley Decomposition of Changes in Value Added per Capita -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 The Case of Tunisia -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Overview of the Tunisian Labor Market -- Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Contributory Social Insurance Regimes Contributory Regimes for Salaried Workers -- Social Protection, Informality, and Poverty -- Realm 2: Taxes and Transfers -- Personal Income Tax -- Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Registration Procedures and Costs -- Competition in the Product Market -- Conclusion -- Annex 3A: Statistics on Public, Private Formal, and Private Informal Workers -- Annex 3B: Additional Statistics -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 4 The Case of Morocco -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Overview of the Moroccan Labor Market -- Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Realm 2: Taxes and Transfers -- Overview of the Tax System -- Personal Income Tax -- Corporate Income Tax -- Value Added Tax -- Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Conclusion -- Annex 4A: Additional Statistics -- Annex 4B: Key Findings from Conversations with Moroccan Employees, Own-Account Workers, and Employers -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 5 The Case of the Arab Republic of Egypt -- Key Messages -- Introduction -- Overview of the Egyptian Labor Market -- Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Realm 2: Taxation -- Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Boxes -- Box O.1 Slight Variations in How Informality Is Defined for the Three Realms of the Institutional Landscape for Informal Employment -- Box 1.1 Slight Variations in How Informality Is Defined -- Box 1.2 Legal versus Illegal Informal Employment -- Box 1.3 How Statisticians Define Informality -- Box 2.1 Total Factor Productivity Is Stuck at Weak -- Box 3.1 Defining Informal Workers -- Box 3.2 Legal Framework for Labor Relations and Social Security in Tunisia -- Box 3.3 Private Firms Cite Corruption as a Major Constraint -- Box 3B.1 Potential Arbitrage Opportunities for Firms Weighing Tax Regimes, Tunisia -- Box 3B.2 Comparison of the Numbers of Tax Payers, by Income Tax Regime Box 3B.3 Contributory Social Insurance for Salaried Workers in Agriculture: The RSAA Regime in the Private Sector -- Box 4.1 Definitions -- Box 4.2 Legal Framework of Workers in Morocco -- Box 4.3 Shortfalls of the Pension Scheme for Private Sector Salaried Workers -- Box 4.4 Behavioral Constraints on Formal Employment: Evidence from Interviews -- Figures -- Figure O.1 Informal Employment Rates, by Region, 2019 -- Figure O.2 Poverty Level, by Region, 2000-18 -- Figure O.3 Informal Employment Rates, by Sector, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2018 and 2019 -- Figure O.4 Informality Rates, by Income Decile Levels, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure O.5 The Environment and Social and Economic Outcomes in a Country -- Figure O.6 Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditures, Arab Republic of Egypt, 2000-19 -- Figure O.7 Minimum Monthly Wages, by Sector, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure O.8 Access to Credit, by Firm Size, Morocco, 2019-20 -- Figure O.9 Interactions among Social Protection, Labor Regulation, Taxation, and Market Conditions, and Their Effects on Firms' and Workers' Formality Status -- Figure O.10 Tax Revenues as a Percentage of GDP, Arab Republic of Egypt, 2010-19 -- Figure O.11 Share of Tax Revenues, Morocco, 2018 -- Figure 1.1 Share of Informal Employment in Total Employment, by Region, 2019 -- Figure 1.2 The Environment and Social and Economic Outcomes -- Figure 1.3 Key Elements of Realm 1: Entrepreneur-Worker Relations -- Figure 1.4 Key Elements of Realm 2: Institutions, Laws, and Policies -- Figure 1.5 Key Elements of Realm 3: Market Conditions -- Figure 1A.1 Correlation between Firm Size and Total Factor Productivity, by Pilot Country, Latest Year -- Figure 2.1 GDP per Capita, by Region, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.2 Demographic Transition, Selected Regions and Pilot Countries, 2000-20 Figure 2.3 Annualized Growth Rate, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 2.4 Headcount Poverty Rate, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-17 -- Figure 2.5 Consumption, Investment, Exports, and Imports as a Share of GDP, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.6 Gross Fixed Capital Formation in MENA and Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Figure 2.7 Account Deficits, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.8 Share of Public Debt, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-20 -- Figure 2.9 Labor Productivity, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2012-18 -- Figure B2.1.1 Total Factor Productivity, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2000-19 -- Figure 2.10 Labor Productivity, by Sector, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2018 -- Figure 2.11 Labor Productivity Gains within Sectors, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2012-18 -- Figure 2.12 Labor Force Participation Rate, by Region and Pilot Countries, 2010-20 -- Figure 2.13 Share of Youth and Women Participating in the Labor Market, Pilot Countries and MENA, 2019 -- Figure 2.14 Unemployment Rate, by Region, 2010-19 -- Figure 2.15 Unemployment Rate, Pilot Countries, 2010-19 -- Figure 2.16 Share of Total Workers, by Type of Work and by Region, 2019 -- Figure 2.17 Share of Total Workers, by Type of Work, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 2.18 Public Sector Employment as a Share of Total Employment, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2010 and 2018-19 -- Figure 2.19 Informal Employment Rate, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2008 and 2018-19 -- Figure 2.20 Informal Employment Rate, by Employment Status, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 2018-19 Figure 2.21 Informal Employment Rate as a Share of Total Employment, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2018-19 -- Figure 2.22 Informal Employment Rate, by Education Level, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, circa 2018-19 -- Figure 2.23 Informal Employment Rate, by Household Welfare, Arab Republic of Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, Most Recent Year -- Figure 2A.1 Poverty Headcount Ratio at US2.15 a Day, by Region -- Figure 2B.1 Decomposition of per Capita GDP Growth -- Figure 3.1 GDP Growth and Formal Employees in the Private Sector, 2012-19 -- Figure 3.2 Overview of the Tunisian Labor Market, 2019 -- Figure 3.3 Informal Employment Rate, by Employment Type, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure B3.2.1 Overview of Legislation and Regulations Covering Workers, by Type of Employment, Tunisia -- Figure 3.4 Tunisia's Social Protection System -- Figure 3.5 Ratio of Total Pension Benefits to Total Contributions Paid, Tunisia -- Figure 3.6 Ratio of Total Retirement Pension Benefits to Total Contributions Paid, Tunisia -- Figure 3.7 Minimum Monthly Wages, by Sector, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 3.8 Composition and Trends in Tax Revenues, Tunisia, 2011-19 -- Figure 3.9 Structure of the Personal Income Tax, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 3.10 Access to Credit, by Firm Size, Tunisia, 2019-20 -- Figure 3A.1 Distribution of Wage Workers, by Real Monthly Wages and Sector, Tunisia, 2019 -- Figure 3B.1 Share of Registered Firms Entering and Exiting, by Size and Year, Tunisia, 2003-19 -- Figure 3B.2 Ratio Trend in Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure as a Share of Current Health Expenditures, Tunisia, 2000-18 -- Figure 3B.3 Trends in the Nominal and Real Minimum Wages for Nonagriculture Sector Workers and the Inflation Index, Tunisia, 2010-19 Figure 3B.4 Distribution of Population Age 18 and Older, by Type of Health Care Access and Quintile of Household per Capita Expenditures, 2010 |
| title | Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_auth | Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_exact_search | Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_full | Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Marco Ranzani, Nistha Sinha, and Adam Elsheikhi |
| title_fullStr | Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Marco Ranzani, Nistha Sinha, and Adam Elsheikhi |
| title_full_unstemmed | Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa Gladys Lopez-Acevedo, Marco Ranzani, Nistha Sinha, and Adam Elsheikhi |
| title_short | Informality and Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and North Africa |
| title_sort | informality and inclusive growth in the middle east and north africa |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lopezacevedogladys informalityandinclusivegrowthinthemiddleeastandnorthafrica AT ranzanimarco informalityandinclusivegrowthinthemiddleeastandnorthafrica AT sinhanistha informalityandinclusivegrowthinthemiddleeastandnorthafrica AT elsheikhiadam informalityandinclusivegrowthinthemiddleeastandnorthafrica |