Striving for Clean Air: Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia
Gespeichert in:
| Körperschaft: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, D. C.
World Bank Publications
2023
|
| Ausgabe: | 1st ed |
| Schriftenreihe: | South Asia Development Matters Series
|
| Online-Zugang: | FWS01 FWS02 HWR01 |
| Beschreibung: | Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (117 Seiten) |
| ISBN: | 9781464818387 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Main Messages -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- Overview -- References -- 2 Air Quality in South Asia -- Introduction -- Key Features of Air Pollution in South Asia -- Implications for AQM in South Asia -- The Importance of Airshed Management for South Asia -- Annex 2A: Application of GAINS Modeling in South Asia -- Notes -- References -- 3 Cost-Effective Measures for Reducing Ambient Air Pollution in South Asia -- Introduction -- Four Air Quality Management Approaches That Go above and beyond the Current Policies -- Implications for AQM: The Need for Airshedwide Air Quality Management -- Notes -- References -- 4 Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution -- Health Impacts of Air Pollution -- Economic Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution -- Preventing Premature Mortality -- Annex 4A: Health Impact Calculations -- Annex 4B: COVID-19 and Air Pollution Link -- Notes -- References -- 5 A Road Map for Airshedwide Air Quality Management -- Introduction -- Phase I: More and Better Monitoring and Improved Institutions -- Phase II: Additional and Joint Targets for Cost-Effective Abatement -- Phase III: Mainstreaming Air Quality in the Economy -- Despite Ample Opportunities, Serious Obstacles Remain -- References -- Boxes -- Box 4.1 Empirical Methods to Estimate the Effects of Air Pollution on Health Outcomes -- Box 4.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Policies to Reduce Air Pollution -- Box 4.3 Improved Cookstoves and Cleaner Fuels in India -- Box 5.1 Experiences around the Globe to Improve Air Quality -- Box 5.2 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and per Capita Expenditures in India -- Box 5.3 Synergies between Air Quality Management and Climate Change Policies -- Figures | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure ES.1 Exposure Reductions and Costs of Associated Emissions Controls for the Four Modeled Scenarios in the South Asia Region in 2030 -- Figure 1.1 Spatial and Sectoral Origin of Fine Particulate Matter in Ambient Air, Delhi National Capital Territory, 2018 -- Figure 2.1 Information Flow in the GAINS Model -- Figure 2.2 Modeled Average Fine Particulate Concentrations by Source for 10 × 10-Kilometer Grid Cells Compared with Observations from Monitoring Stations Located within the Grid Cells in Delhi NCT, 2018 -- Figure 2.3 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities on the Indo-Gangetic Plain by Source, 2018 -- Figure 2.4 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities beyond the Indo-Gangetic Plain by Source, 2018 -- Figure 2.5 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Selected Cities in South Asia by Source, 2018 -- Figure 2.6 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, 2018 -- Figure 2.7 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Indian Cities beyond the Indo-Gangetic Plain, 2018 -- Figure 2.8 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Selected Cities in South Asia, 2018 -- Figure 2.9 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Patna, Bihar State, India, 2018 -- Figure 2.10 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Chennai, Tamil Nadu State, India, 2018 -- Figure 2.11 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2018 | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 2.12 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Kathmandu, Nepal, 2018 -- Figure 2.13 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 2018 -- Figure 2.14 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2018 -- Figure 3.1 Indicator Trends for Population, Economic Development, and Energy Use Assumed in the Baseline Scenario for the South Asia Region, 2018-30 -- Figure 3.2 Changes in Fine Particulate Matter, Precursor Emissions in South Asia, and Key Factors Leading to Decoupling from GDP Growth, 2018-30 -- Figure 3.3 Modeled Mean Population Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in Selected Regions, 2018 and 2030 -- Figure 3.4 Modeled Potential Improvements in Population Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Due to Full Implementation of the Maximum Technically Feasible Emissions Reductions Scenario for the Analyzed Regions, 2030 -- Figure 3.5 Improvements in Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter from the Measures Taken in the Ad Hoc Selection of Measures Scenario, 2030 -- Figure 3.6 Exposure Reductions and Costs of Associated Emissions Controls for the Four Modeled Scenarios for the South Asia Region, 2030 -- Figure 3.7 Impacts of Emissions Control Measures on Mean Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in South Asia, 2030 -- Figure 3.8 Additional Costs beyond 2018 Legislation by Sector in 2030 under the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Figure 3.9 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Reductions in the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario That Emerge from Measures Taken within a Region, Country, State, or Province, and from Measures Taken at Upwind Sources in Other Areas -- Figure 3.10 Data Sources and Calculation Steps for the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Using the GAINS Model -- Figure 4.1 The Potential Health Effects of Air Pollution across the Life Cycle -- Figure 4.2 Projected Regional Reductions in Baseline Deaths Due to Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter by Region, 2030 -- Figure 4A.1 Integrated Exposure-Response Relative Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease, People Aged 65-70, by Fine Particulate Matter Concentration -- Figure 5.1 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Reductions in the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario from Local Measures in Indo-Gangetic Plain States and Provinces and from Measures Taken in Neighboring Provinces, Compared with the Full Potential Offered by All Technically Feasible Emissions Reductions, 2030 -- Figure B5.2.1 The Relationship between PM2.5 Exposure and Monthly per Capita Expenditures -- Figure 5.2 Marginal Costs for Additional Measures in Uttar Pradesh, India, 2030 -- Figure B5.3.1 Reductions in GHG Emissions Resulting from Lower PM2.5 -- Maps -- Map ES.1 Six Major Airsheds in South Asia Based on Fine Particulate Concentrations, Topography, and Fine Particulate Transportation between Source Regions -- Map 2.1 Contributions of Natural and Anthropogenic Emissions Sources to Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter, 2018 -- Map 2.2 Concentrations of Primary and Secondary Fine Particulate Matter Originating from Human Activity, 2018 -- Map 2.3 Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in Ambient Air Originating from Key Emissions Sectors, 2018 | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Map 2A.1 The 31 Emissions Source Regions Used for Modeling Purposes in This Analysis -- Map 2.4 Six Major Airsheds in South Asia Based on Fine Particle Concentrations, Topography, and Fine Particle Transportation between Source Regions -- Map 3.1 Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in South Asia in 2018 and 2030 with Emissions Controls Implemented and with Full Implementation of Measures Enacted between 2015 and 2018 -- Map 3.2 Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in 2018 and the Scenarios for 2030 -- Map 4.1 Projected Number of People Exposed to Household Air Pollution, 2030 Baseline -- Map 4.2 Projected Deaths Due to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure, 2030 Baseline -- Map 4.3 Projected Deaths Due to Household Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 Baseline -- Map 5.1 Suggested Airsheds on the Indo-Gangetic Plain -- Map B5.1.1 California: 58 Counties Organized into 35 Air Quality Management Districts and 15 Air Basins -- Map B5.1.2 Air Quality Management in the European Union: Institutions, Scale, and Responsibilities -- Map B5.1.3 The Expanded Jing-Jin-Ji Airshed, with Two Municipalities and 26 Prefectures, on the North China Plain, China -- Map 5.2 High Overlap between Poverty and Poor Air Quality in South Asia -- Tables -- Table ES.1 Four Modeled Scenarios for Air Quality Management in South Asia -- Table 3.1 Four Modeled Approaches to Air Quality Management in South Asia -- Table 4.1 Benefit-to-Cost Ratio in 2030 Based on Changes in Morbidity -- Table 4.2 Projected Population-Weighted Exposure to Ambient and Household Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 -- Table 4.3 Projected Premature Deaths from Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 Baseline -- Table 4.4 Projected Reductions in Premature Deaths from Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter by Scenario, 2030 | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Table 4A.1 Exposure to Ambient and Household Fine Particulate Matter and Baseline Deaths, 2030 | |
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| contents | Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Main Messages -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- Overview -- References -- 2 Air Quality in South Asia -- Introduction -- Key Features of Air Pollution in South Asia -- Implications for AQM in South Asia -- The Importance of Airshed Management for South Asia -- Annex 2A: Application of GAINS Modeling in South Asia -- Notes -- References -- 3 Cost-Effective Measures for Reducing Ambient Air Pollution in South Asia -- Introduction -- Four Air Quality Management Approaches That Go above and beyond the Current Policies -- Implications for AQM: The Need for Airshedwide Air Quality Management -- Notes -- References -- 4 Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution -- Health Impacts of Air Pollution -- Economic Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution -- Preventing Premature Mortality -- Annex 4A: Health Impact Calculations -- Annex 4B: COVID-19 and Air Pollution Link -- Notes -- References -- 5 A Road Map for Airshedwide Air Quality Management -- Introduction -- Phase I: More and Better Monitoring and Improved Institutions -- Phase II: Additional and Joint Targets for Cost-Effective Abatement -- Phase III: Mainstreaming Air Quality in the Economy -- Despite Ample Opportunities, Serious Obstacles Remain -- References -- Boxes -- Box 4.1 Empirical Methods to Estimate the Effects of Air Pollution on Health Outcomes -- Box 4.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Policies to Reduce Air Pollution -- Box 4.3 Improved Cookstoves and Cleaner Fuels in India -- Box 5.1 Experiences around the Globe to Improve Air Quality -- Box 5.2 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and per Capita Expenditures in India -- Box 5.3 Synergies between Air Quality Management and Climate Change Policies -- Figures Figure ES.1 Exposure Reductions and Costs of Associated Emissions Controls for the Four Modeled Scenarios in the South Asia Region in 2030 -- Figure 1.1 Spatial and Sectoral Origin of Fine Particulate Matter in Ambient Air, Delhi National Capital Territory, 2018 -- Figure 2.1 Information Flow in the GAINS Model -- Figure 2.2 Modeled Average Fine Particulate Concentrations by Source for 10 × 10-Kilometer Grid Cells Compared with Observations from Monitoring Stations Located within the Grid Cells in Delhi NCT, 2018 -- Figure 2.3 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities on the Indo-Gangetic Plain by Source, 2018 -- Figure 2.4 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities beyond the Indo-Gangetic Plain by Source, 2018 -- Figure 2.5 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Selected Cities in South Asia by Source, 2018 -- Figure 2.6 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, 2018 -- Figure 2.7 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Indian Cities beyond the Indo-Gangetic Plain, 2018 -- Figure 2.8 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Selected Cities in South Asia, 2018 -- Figure 2.9 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Patna, Bihar State, India, 2018 -- Figure 2.10 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Chennai, Tamil Nadu State, India, 2018 -- Figure 2.11 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2018 Figure 2.12 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Kathmandu, Nepal, 2018 -- Figure 2.13 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 2018 -- Figure 2.14 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2018 -- Figure 3.1 Indicator Trends for Population, Economic Development, and Energy Use Assumed in the Baseline Scenario for the South Asia Region, 2018-30 -- Figure 3.2 Changes in Fine Particulate Matter, Precursor Emissions in South Asia, and Key Factors Leading to Decoupling from GDP Growth, 2018-30 -- Figure 3.3 Modeled Mean Population Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in Selected Regions, 2018 and 2030 -- Figure 3.4 Modeled Potential Improvements in Population Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Due to Full Implementation of the Maximum Technically Feasible Emissions Reductions Scenario for the Analyzed Regions, 2030 -- Figure 3.5 Improvements in Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter from the Measures Taken in the Ad Hoc Selection of Measures Scenario, 2030 -- Figure 3.6 Exposure Reductions and Costs of Associated Emissions Controls for the Four Modeled Scenarios for the South Asia Region, 2030 -- Figure 3.7 Impacts of Emissions Control Measures on Mean Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in South Asia, 2030 -- Figure 3.8 Additional Costs beyond 2018 Legislation by Sector in 2030 under the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario Figure 3.9 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Reductions in the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario That Emerge from Measures Taken within a Region, Country, State, or Province, and from Measures Taken at Upwind Sources in Other Areas -- Figure 3.10 Data Sources and Calculation Steps for the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Using the GAINS Model -- Figure 4.1 The Potential Health Effects of Air Pollution across the Life Cycle -- Figure 4.2 Projected Regional Reductions in Baseline Deaths Due to Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter by Region, 2030 -- Figure 4A.1 Integrated Exposure-Response Relative Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease, People Aged 65-70, by Fine Particulate Matter Concentration -- Figure 5.1 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Reductions in the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario from Local Measures in Indo-Gangetic Plain States and Provinces and from Measures Taken in Neighboring Provinces, Compared with the Full Potential Offered by All Technically Feasible Emissions Reductions, 2030 -- Figure B5.2.1 The Relationship between PM2.5 Exposure and Monthly per Capita Expenditures -- Figure 5.2 Marginal Costs for Additional Measures in Uttar Pradesh, India, 2030 -- Figure B5.3.1 Reductions in GHG Emissions Resulting from Lower PM2.5 -- Maps -- Map ES.1 Six Major Airsheds in South Asia Based on Fine Particulate Concentrations, Topography, and Fine Particulate Transportation between Source Regions -- Map 2.1 Contributions of Natural and Anthropogenic Emissions Sources to Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter, 2018 -- Map 2.2 Concentrations of Primary and Secondary Fine Particulate Matter Originating from Human Activity, 2018 -- Map 2.3 Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in Ambient Air Originating from Key Emissions Sectors, 2018 Map 2A.1 The 31 Emissions Source Regions Used for Modeling Purposes in This Analysis -- Map 2.4 Six Major Airsheds in South Asia Based on Fine Particle Concentrations, Topography, and Fine Particle Transportation between Source Regions -- Map 3.1 Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in South Asia in 2018 and 2030 with Emissions Controls Implemented and with Full Implementation of Measures Enacted between 2015 and 2018 -- Map 3.2 Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in 2018 and the Scenarios for 2030 -- Map 4.1 Projected Number of People Exposed to Household Air Pollution, 2030 Baseline -- Map 4.2 Projected Deaths Due to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure, 2030 Baseline -- Map 4.3 Projected Deaths Due to Household Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 Baseline -- Map 5.1 Suggested Airsheds on the Indo-Gangetic Plain -- Map B5.1.1 California: 58 Counties Organized into 35 Air Quality Management Districts and 15 Air Basins -- Map B5.1.2 Air Quality Management in the European Union: Institutions, Scale, and Responsibilities -- Map B5.1.3 The Expanded Jing-Jin-Ji Airshed, with Two Municipalities and 26 Prefectures, on the North China Plain, China -- Map 5.2 High Overlap between Poverty and Poor Air Quality in South Asia -- Tables -- Table ES.1 Four Modeled Scenarios for Air Quality Management in South Asia -- Table 3.1 Four Modeled Approaches to Air Quality Management in South Asia -- Table 4.1 Benefit-to-Cost Ratio in 2030 Based on Changes in Morbidity -- Table 4.2 Projected Population-Weighted Exposure to Ambient and Household Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 -- Table 4.3 Projected Premature Deaths from Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 Baseline -- Table 4.4 Projected Reductions in Premature Deaths from Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter by Scenario, 2030 Table 4A.1 Exposure to Ambient and Household Fine Particulate Matter and Baseline Deaths, 2030 |
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| edition | 1st ed |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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code="a">Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Main Messages -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- Overview -- References -- 2 Air Quality in South Asia -- Introduction -- Key Features of Air Pollution in South Asia -- Implications for AQM in South Asia -- The Importance of Airshed Management for South Asia -- Annex 2A: Application of GAINS Modeling in South Asia -- Notes -- References -- 3 Cost-Effective Measures for Reducing Ambient Air Pollution in South Asia -- Introduction -- Four Air Quality Management Approaches That Go above and beyond the Current Policies -- Implications for AQM: The Need for Airshedwide Air Quality Management -- Notes -- References -- 4 Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution -- Health Impacts of Air Pollution -- Economic Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution -- Preventing Premature Mortality -- Annex 4A: Health Impact Calculations -- Annex 4B: COVID-19 and Air Pollution Link -- Notes -- References -- 5 A Road Map for Airshedwide Air Quality Management -- Introduction -- Phase I: More and Better Monitoring and Improved Institutions -- Phase II: Additional and Joint Targets for Cost-Effective Abatement -- Phase III: Mainstreaming Air Quality in the Economy -- Despite Ample Opportunities, Serious Obstacles Remain -- References -- Boxes -- Box 4.1 Empirical Methods to Estimate the Effects of Air Pollution on Health Outcomes -- Box 4.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Policies to Reduce Air Pollution -- Box 4.3 Improved Cookstoves and Cleaner Fuels in India -- Box 5.1 Experiences around the Globe to Improve Air Quality -- Box 5.2 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and per Capita Expenditures in India -- Box 5.3 Synergies between Air Quality Management and Climate Change Policies -- Figures</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure ES.1 Exposure Reductions and Costs of Associated Emissions Controls for the Four Modeled Scenarios in the South Asia Region in 2030 -- Figure 1.1 Spatial and Sectoral Origin of Fine Particulate Matter in Ambient Air, Delhi National Capital Territory, 2018 -- Figure 2.1 Information Flow in the GAINS Model -- Figure 2.2 Modeled Average Fine Particulate Concentrations by Source for 10 × 10-Kilometer Grid Cells Compared with Observations from Monitoring Stations Located within the Grid Cells in Delhi NCT, 2018 -- Figure 2.3 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities on the Indo-Gangetic Plain by Source, 2018 -- Figure 2.4 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities beyond the Indo-Gangetic Plain by Source, 2018 -- Figure 2.5 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Selected Cities in South Asia by Source, 2018 -- Figure 2.6 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, 2018 -- Figure 2.7 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Indian Cities beyond the Indo-Gangetic Plain, 2018 -- Figure 2.8 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Selected Cities in South Asia, 2018 -- Figure 2.9 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Patna, Bihar State, India, 2018 -- Figure 2.10 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Chennai, Tamil Nadu State, India, 2018 -- Figure 2.11 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2018</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 2.12 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Kathmandu, Nepal, 2018 -- Figure 2.13 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 2018 -- Figure 2.14 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2018 -- Figure 3.1 Indicator Trends for Population, Economic Development, and Energy Use Assumed in the Baseline Scenario for the South Asia Region, 2018-30 -- Figure 3.2 Changes in Fine Particulate Matter, Precursor Emissions in South Asia, and Key Factors Leading to Decoupling from GDP Growth, 2018-30 -- Figure 3.3 Modeled Mean Population Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in Selected Regions, 2018 and 2030 -- Figure 3.4 Modeled Potential Improvements in Population Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Due to Full Implementation of the Maximum Technically Feasible Emissions Reductions Scenario for the Analyzed Regions, 2030 -- Figure 3.5 Improvements in Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter from the Measures Taken in the Ad Hoc Selection of Measures Scenario, 2030 -- Figure 3.6 Exposure Reductions and Costs of Associated Emissions Controls for the Four Modeled Scenarios for the South Asia Region, 2030 -- Figure 3.7 Impacts of Emissions Control Measures on Mean Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in South Asia, 2030 -- Figure 3.8 Additional Costs beyond 2018 Legislation by Sector in 2030 under the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Figure 3.9 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Reductions in the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario That Emerge from Measures Taken within a Region, Country, State, or Province, and from Measures Taken at Upwind Sources in Other Areas -- Figure 3.10 Data Sources and Calculation Steps for the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Using the GAINS Model -- Figure 4.1 The Potential Health Effects of Air Pollution across the Life Cycle -- Figure 4.2 Projected Regional Reductions in Baseline Deaths Due to Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter by Region, 2030 -- Figure 4A.1 Integrated Exposure-Response Relative Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease, People Aged 65-70, by Fine Particulate Matter Concentration -- Figure 5.1 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Reductions in the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario from Local Measures in Indo-Gangetic Plain States and Provinces and from Measures Taken in Neighboring Provinces, Compared with the Full Potential Offered by All Technically Feasible Emissions Reductions, 2030 -- Figure B5.2.1 The Relationship between PM2.5 Exposure and Monthly per Capita Expenditures -- Figure 5.2 Marginal Costs for Additional Measures in Uttar Pradesh, India, 2030 -- Figure B5.3.1 Reductions in GHG Emissions Resulting from Lower PM2.5 -- Maps -- Map ES.1 Six Major Airsheds in South Asia Based on Fine Particulate Concentrations, Topography, and Fine Particulate Transportation between Source Regions -- Map 2.1 Contributions of Natural and Anthropogenic Emissions Sources to Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter, 2018 -- Map 2.2 Concentrations of Primary and Secondary Fine Particulate Matter Originating from Human Activity, 2018 -- Map 2.3 Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in Ambient Air Originating from Key Emissions Sectors, 2018</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Map 2A.1 The 31 Emissions Source Regions Used for Modeling Purposes in This Analysis -- Map 2.4 Six Major Airsheds in South Asia Based on Fine Particle Concentrations, Topography, and Fine Particle Transportation between Source Regions -- Map 3.1 Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in South Asia in 2018 and 2030 with Emissions Controls Implemented and with Full Implementation of Measures Enacted between 2015 and 2018 -- Map 3.2 Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in 2018 and the Scenarios for 2030 -- Map 4.1 Projected Number of People Exposed to Household Air Pollution, 2030 Baseline -- Map 4.2 Projected Deaths Due to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure, 2030 Baseline -- Map 4.3 Projected Deaths Due to Household Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 Baseline -- Map 5.1 Suggested Airsheds on the Indo-Gangetic Plain -- Map B5.1.1 California: 58 Counties Organized into 35 Air Quality Management Districts and 15 Air Basins -- Map B5.1.2 Air Quality Management in the European Union: Institutions, Scale, and Responsibilities -- Map B5.1.3 The Expanded Jing-Jin-Ji Airshed, with Two Municipalities and 26 Prefectures, on the North China Plain, China -- Map 5.2 High Overlap between Poverty and Poor Air Quality in South Asia -- Tables -- Table ES.1 Four Modeled Scenarios for Air Quality Management in South Asia -- Table 3.1 Four Modeled Approaches to Air Quality Management in South Asia -- Table 4.1 Benefit-to-Cost Ratio in 2030 Based on Changes in Morbidity -- Table 4.2 Projected Population-Weighted Exposure to Ambient and Household Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 -- Table 4.3 Projected Premature Deaths from Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 Baseline -- Table 4.4 Projected Reductions in Premature Deaths from Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter by Scenario, 2030</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Table 4A.1 Exposure to Ambient and Household Fine Particulate Matter and Baseline Deaths, 2030</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Druck-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="a">The World Bank, The World</subfield><subfield code="t">Striving for Clean Air</subfield><subfield code="d">Washington, D. C. : World Bank Publications,c2023</subfield><subfield code="z">9781464818318</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-30-PQE</subfield><subfield code="a">ZDB-1-WBA</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034555397</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-1831-8</subfield><subfield code="l">FWS01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-WBA</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-1831-8</subfield><subfield code="l">FWS02</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-WBA</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/hwr/detail.action?docID=30610537</subfield><subfield code="l">HWR01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-30-PQE</subfield><subfield code="q">HWR_PDA_PQE</subfield><subfield code="x">Aggregator</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV049294046 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:37:48Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-20T06:40:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781464818387 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034555397 |
| oclc_num | 1388497565 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-2070s DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS |
| owner_facet | DE-2070s DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (117 Seiten) |
| psigel | ZDB-30-PQE ZDB-1-WBA ZDB-30-PQE HWR_PDA_PQE |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | World Bank Publications |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | South Asia Development Matters Series |
| spellingShingle | Striving for Clean Air Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Main Messages -- Executive Summary -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- Overview -- References -- 2 Air Quality in South Asia -- Introduction -- Key Features of Air Pollution in South Asia -- Implications for AQM in South Asia -- The Importance of Airshed Management for South Asia -- Annex 2A: Application of GAINS Modeling in South Asia -- Notes -- References -- 3 Cost-Effective Measures for Reducing Ambient Air Pollution in South Asia -- Introduction -- Four Air Quality Management Approaches That Go above and beyond the Current Policies -- Implications for AQM: The Need for Airshedwide Air Quality Management -- Notes -- References -- 4 Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution -- Health Impacts of Air Pollution -- Economic Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution -- Preventing Premature Mortality -- Annex 4A: Health Impact Calculations -- Annex 4B: COVID-19 and Air Pollution Link -- Notes -- References -- 5 A Road Map for Airshedwide Air Quality Management -- Introduction -- Phase I: More and Better Monitoring and Improved Institutions -- Phase II: Additional and Joint Targets for Cost-Effective Abatement -- Phase III: Mainstreaming Air Quality in the Economy -- Despite Ample Opportunities, Serious Obstacles Remain -- References -- Boxes -- Box 4.1 Empirical Methods to Estimate the Effects of Air Pollution on Health Outcomes -- Box 4.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Policies to Reduce Air Pollution -- Box 4.3 Improved Cookstoves and Cleaner Fuels in India -- Box 5.1 Experiences around the Globe to Improve Air Quality -- Box 5.2 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and per Capita Expenditures in India -- Box 5.3 Synergies between Air Quality Management and Climate Change Policies -- Figures Figure ES.1 Exposure Reductions and Costs of Associated Emissions Controls for the Four Modeled Scenarios in the South Asia Region in 2030 -- Figure 1.1 Spatial and Sectoral Origin of Fine Particulate Matter in Ambient Air, Delhi National Capital Territory, 2018 -- Figure 2.1 Information Flow in the GAINS Model -- Figure 2.2 Modeled Average Fine Particulate Concentrations by Source for 10 × 10-Kilometer Grid Cells Compared with Observations from Monitoring Stations Located within the Grid Cells in Delhi NCT, 2018 -- Figure 2.3 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities on the Indo-Gangetic Plain by Source, 2018 -- Figure 2.4 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities beyond the Indo-Gangetic Plain by Source, 2018 -- Figure 2.5 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Selected Cities in South Asia by Source, 2018 -- Figure 2.6 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, 2018 -- Figure 2.7 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Indian Cities beyond the Indo-Gangetic Plain, 2018 -- Figure 2.8 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Selected Cities in South Asia, 2018 -- Figure 2.9 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Patna, Bihar State, India, 2018 -- Figure 2.10 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Chennai, Tamil Nadu State, India, 2018 -- Figure 2.11 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2018 Figure 2.12 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Kathmandu, Nepal, 2018 -- Figure 2.13 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 2018 -- Figure 2.14 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2018 -- Figure 3.1 Indicator Trends for Population, Economic Development, and Energy Use Assumed in the Baseline Scenario for the South Asia Region, 2018-30 -- Figure 3.2 Changes in Fine Particulate Matter, Precursor Emissions in South Asia, and Key Factors Leading to Decoupling from GDP Growth, 2018-30 -- Figure 3.3 Modeled Mean Population Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in Selected Regions, 2018 and 2030 -- Figure 3.4 Modeled Potential Improvements in Population Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Due to Full Implementation of the Maximum Technically Feasible Emissions Reductions Scenario for the Analyzed Regions, 2030 -- Figure 3.5 Improvements in Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter from the Measures Taken in the Ad Hoc Selection of Measures Scenario, 2030 -- Figure 3.6 Exposure Reductions and Costs of Associated Emissions Controls for the Four Modeled Scenarios for the South Asia Region, 2030 -- Figure 3.7 Impacts of Emissions Control Measures on Mean Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in South Asia, 2030 -- Figure 3.8 Additional Costs beyond 2018 Legislation by Sector in 2030 under the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario Figure 3.9 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Reductions in the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario That Emerge from Measures Taken within a Region, Country, State, or Province, and from Measures Taken at Upwind Sources in Other Areas -- Figure 3.10 Data Sources and Calculation Steps for the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Using the GAINS Model -- Figure 4.1 The Potential Health Effects of Air Pollution across the Life Cycle -- Figure 4.2 Projected Regional Reductions in Baseline Deaths Due to Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter by Region, 2030 -- Figure 4A.1 Integrated Exposure-Response Relative Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease, People Aged 65-70, by Fine Particulate Matter Concentration -- Figure 5.1 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Reductions in the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario from Local Measures in Indo-Gangetic Plain States and Provinces and from Measures Taken in Neighboring Provinces, Compared with the Full Potential Offered by All Technically Feasible Emissions Reductions, 2030 -- Figure B5.2.1 The Relationship between PM2.5 Exposure and Monthly per Capita Expenditures -- Figure 5.2 Marginal Costs for Additional Measures in Uttar Pradesh, India, 2030 -- Figure B5.3.1 Reductions in GHG Emissions Resulting from Lower PM2.5 -- Maps -- Map ES.1 Six Major Airsheds in South Asia Based on Fine Particulate Concentrations, Topography, and Fine Particulate Transportation between Source Regions -- Map 2.1 Contributions of Natural and Anthropogenic Emissions Sources to Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter, 2018 -- Map 2.2 Concentrations of Primary and Secondary Fine Particulate Matter Originating from Human Activity, 2018 -- Map 2.3 Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in Ambient Air Originating from Key Emissions Sectors, 2018 Map 2A.1 The 31 Emissions Source Regions Used for Modeling Purposes in This Analysis -- Map 2.4 Six Major Airsheds in South Asia Based on Fine Particle Concentrations, Topography, and Fine Particle Transportation between Source Regions -- Map 3.1 Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in South Asia in 2018 and 2030 with Emissions Controls Implemented and with Full Implementation of Measures Enacted between 2015 and 2018 -- Map 3.2 Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in 2018 and the Scenarios for 2030 -- Map 4.1 Projected Number of People Exposed to Household Air Pollution, 2030 Baseline -- Map 4.2 Projected Deaths Due to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure, 2030 Baseline -- Map 4.3 Projected Deaths Due to Household Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 Baseline -- Map 5.1 Suggested Airsheds on the Indo-Gangetic Plain -- Map B5.1.1 California: 58 Counties Organized into 35 Air Quality Management Districts and 15 Air Basins -- Map B5.1.2 Air Quality Management in the European Union: Institutions, Scale, and Responsibilities -- Map B5.1.3 The Expanded Jing-Jin-Ji Airshed, with Two Municipalities and 26 Prefectures, on the North China Plain, China -- Map 5.2 High Overlap between Poverty and Poor Air Quality in South Asia -- Tables -- Table ES.1 Four Modeled Scenarios for Air Quality Management in South Asia -- Table 3.1 Four Modeled Approaches to Air Quality Management in South Asia -- Table 4.1 Benefit-to-Cost Ratio in 2030 Based on Changes in Morbidity -- Table 4.2 Projected Population-Weighted Exposure to Ambient and Household Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 -- Table 4.3 Projected Premature Deaths from Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 Baseline -- Table 4.4 Projected Reductions in Premature Deaths from Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter by Scenario, 2030 Table 4A.1 Exposure to Ambient and Household Fine Particulate Matter and Baseline Deaths, 2030 |
| title | Striving for Clean Air Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia |
| title_auth | Striving for Clean Air Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia |
| title_exact_search | Striving for Clean Air Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Striving for Clean Air Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia |
| title_full | Striving for Clean Air Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia |
| title_fullStr | Striving for Clean Air Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Striving for Clean Air Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia |
| title_short | Striving for Clean Air |
| title_sort | striving for clean air air pollution and public health in south asia |
| title_sub | Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT theworldbanktheworld strivingforcleanairairpollutionandpublichealthinsouthasia |