Panovnícka moc v stredoveku: legitimita, atribúty, reprezentanti
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| adam_text | OBSAH/CONTENTS Ján Steinhübel - Martin Štefánik Panovnícka moc, jej vývoj a premeny od Veľkej Moravy po Jagelovcov /Ruling power, its development and transformations from Great Moravia to the Jagiellonian kings Počiatky panovníckej moci u Slovanov a na Veľkej Morave /The origins of ruling power among the Slavs and in Great Moravia (Ján Steinhübel) 9 Patrimoniálny štát Arpádovcov /Patrimonial monarchy of the Árpáds (Martin Štefánik) 17 Anjouovská „nová monarchia“ a žigmundovská rovnováha /Anjou s New monarchy and Sigismund s equilibrium (Martin Štefánik) 24 Na ceste k stavovskému štátu /On the way to the monarchy of the Estates (Martin Štefánik) 33 Ján Steinhübel Rozsah vznikajúcej panovníckej moci. Ľudia a územie /The extent of the emerging ruling power. People and territory 45 Peter Bystrický Gregor z Tours o kráľovraždách, Gunthramnovi a Chilperichovi /Gregory of Tours on murders of the kings, and about Gunthramn and Chilperich 85 Matej Harvát Od kmeňových vodcov k teritoriálnym vládcom: Premeny kniežacej moci v slovanskom prostredí nad stredným Dunajom (791 - 955) /From Tribal Leaders to Territorial Rulers: The Transformation of Ruling Power in the Slavic Environment on the Middle Danube (791 - 955) 107
Marek Druga Panovník ako miles ehristi? K otázke (dis)kontinuity christianizačnej politiky kniežaťa Gejzu a kráľa Štefana I. /The Ruler as Miles Christi? On the Question of the (Dis) Continuity of Christianization Policy of Prince Gejza and King Stephen I. 149 Žofia Lysá Panovnícka moc a smrť arpádovských kráľov /The Monarchy and the Death of the Árpád-dynasty kings 179 Pavol Hudáček Turčianski a liptovskí populi v kráľovskom privilégiu Bela IV. z roku 1257 /The populi from Turiec and Liptov in the royal privilege of Béla IV from 1257 197 Dušan Zupka Uhorskí panovníci a kráľovská moc v diele História Salonitana /Hungarian rulers and royal power according to História Salonitana 239 Miroslav Glejtek Pečate a erb rábskeho biskupa Kolomana (1337 - 1375)· K reprezentatívnym komunikačným symbolom kráľovského syna a uhorského preláta 14. storočia /Seals and Coat-of-arms of Gyôr bishop Koloman (1337 — 1375)· To the representative communication symbols of the royal son and Hungarian prelate of the 14th century 251 Martin Štefánik Prvý kremnický komorský gróf Leopold — Hyppolitus ako predstaviteľ kráľovskej moci za Karola Róberta z Anjou a Ľudovíta Veľkého /The first chamber count of Kremnica Leopold Hyppolitus as representative of royal power under the Kings Charles Robert of Anjou and Louis the Great 265
Monika Tihányiová Karol Róbert z Anjou a Tomáš zo Sečian. Od odvahy a vernosti k moci a vplyvu /Charles Robert of Anjou and Thomas of Sečany. From courage and loyalty to power and influence 277 Tomáš Homoľa Vláda „proti Bohu a prirodzenej spravodlivosti“: K otázke (ne)legitímnosti panovania Mateja Korvína /Rule „against God and natural justice“: On the question of (i)llegitimacy of the reign of Matthias Corvinus 287 Resumé/Summaries 305 Skratky/Abbreviations 317 Edície prameňov a literatúra/Editions and Bibliography 321 Výberový menný register/Name Index 369 Výberový miestny register/Place Index 377 Zoznam autorov/List of Authors З83
Resumé Ján Steinhübel - Martin Štefánik Die Entwicklung und Wandlungsformen der Herrscherrmacht von Großmähren bis in die Jagellonenzeit Der Staat beansprucht für sich das Macht- und Zwangsgewaltmonopol auf dem eigenen Gebiet. Im frühmittelalterlichen Staat war dieses Monopol dem Für sten, König, Kaiser oder dem mit einem anderen Titel bezeichneten Monarchen vorbehalten. Der Monarch erhob Steuern, verlangte Dienstleistungen, erließ Ges etze, war oberster Richter und oberster militärischer Befehlshaber. Großmähren war noch eine anfängliche, unvollkommene Staatsform. Die volle monarchistische Macht auf unserem Gebiet setzte sich erst um 1000 mittels Anschluß an das late inisch-christliche Europa unter dem König Stephan I. durch. Die Macht im frü hmittelalterlichen Königreich Ungarn konzentrierte sich auf dem königlichen Hof und von diesem wurde auf die Burgen im ganzen Land verteilt. Bis zum 13. Jahrhundert stützte sich die patrimoniale Macht des Monarchen auf die Königsgüter und auf die aus ihnen kommenden Einkünften. Andreas II. versuchte, durch Verleihungen umfangreicher Güter die Unterstützung der Par teigänger zu gewinnen, wodurch ein Großteil des Kronlandes in die Hände der weltlichen Grundbesitzer gelangte. Das führte parallel zum allmählichen Verfall des alten Systems der Burgbezirke und des damit verbundenen militärischen Systems der Burgsoldaten. Diese wiederum bildeten den niederen Adel, dessen Rechte durch die Goldene Bulle von 1222 und ihre späteren Bestätigungen kodi fiziert wurden. Für seine Loyalität wurde der Adel mit gerichtlicher Immuni tät,
Steuerbefreiung, Beschränkung des Kriegsdienstes und anderen Privilegien belohnt. Als Reaktion auf den Mongoleneinsturm wurden im Rahmen des Wiede raufbaus des Landes in der zweiten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts zahlreiche Burgen (vorwiegend in den adeligen Händen) errichtet. Nach dem Erlöschen der Arpaden-Dynastie und einer anfänglichen Phase der Unruhen wurde unter der Anjou-Dynastie eine zentralistische „neue Monarchie“ wiederhergestellt. Die Adelsversammlungen wurden nur selten einberufen. Die meisten Burgen kehrten in die Hände des Monarchen zurück und nur die treuen und zuverlässigen Barone konnten sie nun als „honores“ aufbegrenzte Zeit erhalten. Die Grundlagen der reformierten königlichen Einkünfte verschoben sich unter Karl I. auf die königlichen Monopole (Bergbau, Münzprägung, Salz, Zoll). Es wurden neue Steuern, u.a. die einheitliche allgemeine Portalsteuer eingeführt. Der Schwerpunkt des Militärsystems verlegte sich von den Burgsoldaten auf die unter Einbeziehung der adligen Privatheeren, den sog. Banderien neu organisiert. Der Adel behielt seine Privilegien (Königsunmittelbarkeit) als Belohnung für den treuen Militär dienst. Den großen Widerstand leistete der Adel gegen den Aufstieg ausländischer Würdenträger und Günstlinge, auf die sich vor allem Sigismund von Luxemburg stark verließ. Obwohl es ihm gelang, die Adelsopposition zu überwinden, konnte 305
er nicht verhindern, dass die königliche Eigentumsbasis erneut verminderte. Während der Nachfolgekrisen im 15. Jh. nahm die Ständeversammlung an Bede utung zu. Ungarn wurde allmählich zur Wahlmonarchie. Jedem neuen Herrscher wurden immer mehr Machtbefugnisse entzogen. Der autoritäre Matthias Corvi nus versuchte zwar, solchen Trend aufzuhalten, indem gelang es ihm - mittels drastischer Steuermaßnahmen - neben der Banderien- und Portalarmee auch ein starkes Söldnerheer aufzustellen. Er erzielte bedeutende territoriale Gewinne auf Kosten der benachbarten böhmischen und österreichischen Länder. Selbst er war jedoch nicht in der Lage, so viele Burgen in seinen Händen zu konzen trieren, wie es seine Anjou-Vorgänger als zentralistische Monarchen getan hat ten. Nach seinem Tod überwog vollständig das Konzept des Ständestaates. Der Landtag bestand aus Prälaten, Baronen und niederen Adligen, die Städte spielten nur eine marginale Rolle. Ohne die Zustimmung der Adelsversammlung konn ten keine grundlegende Entscheidungen getroffen werden. Statt jagiellonischen Königen regierte tatsächlich der königliche Rat, in dem der Kanzler den größ ten Einfluss ausübte. Kurz vor der Schlacht von Mohács wurde ein grundlegen des juristisches Werk verfasst, das so genannte Tripartitum, in dem das Prinzip der ständischen Herrschaft formuliert wurde. Demnach leitet sich die Macht des Monarchen von der gegenseitigen Beziehung mit dem Adel ab. Der Adel wählt nämlich den Monarchen, und der Monarch verleiht seinerseits den Adelsstand. Ján Steinhübel The extent of the emerging ruling power. People and
territory The old Slavic principalities were originally tribal territories, which already in the period of Slavic settlement had to be sufficiently large to support one large tribe, naturally segmented and significantly cut off from all the neighbours and as easy as possible to defend. The historically stable principalities were able to sur vive the extinction of tribal organization and the origin of a state, the alternating of independence and foreign rule, connection to a larger state and later ethnic chan ges. Even the imperial dukedoms of Bavaria, Swabia, Thuringia, Saxony, Frisia, Francia, Lorraine, Burgundy in their territorial range were stable from the 5th and 6th centuries as the tribal territories of the Bavarians, Alamans, Thurings, Saxons, Frisians, Franks and Burgundians and did not change it up to the mid-i2th cen tury. Territorial stability of historical principalities and dukedoms is typical for proto-medieval Europe. Therefore, we can consider the territorial range of the Nitrian Principality as we know it from the beginning of the nth century as stable for the entire period of its long history. 306
Peter Bystrický Gregory of Tours on murders of the kings, and about Gunthramn and Chilperich Every historian, who wrote the history of his time, needed to solve the problem of how and whether to record the controversial events and deeds of evil, incompe tent, weak or immoral rulers, especially if he himself enjoyed their favor, support or if he even liked them. For example, Belisarius, who described in detail Justin ian s victorious wars in eight books, was at the same time working on so called Secret history, where he slandered the emperor, his wife and Belisarius in such a way that this short work, which was supposed to be published only after his or emperor’s death, is more of a spiteful political pamphlet than a trustworthy source. However, all the missteps, crimes and extravagances of Justinian, his officials and generals were nothing compared to what was witnessed by Gregory of Tours during the reign of the second and third generation of the Merovingian kings. He knew very well that already Clovis, the founder of the dynasty, was insid ious, vile and cruel man, who committed numerous crimes, including murders, even after his conversion to Christianity. Nevertheless, Gregory was very forgiv ing to him, because he considered him a tool through which God drove Arianism out of Gaul. He reminded future kings to remember how Clovis won great victo ries, slew opposing kings, crushed wicked peoples and subdued their lands. Greg ory was also very close to Gunthram and saw him as almost ideal Christian king and regarded him saint, though in his youth he was not that much
different from his royal relatives and, later, he was not very successful leader and king. These, however, were not the qualities that Gregory was looking for. On the other hand, Gregory had a very complicated relationship with Gunthram’s brother Chilperic I, whom he portrayed as the Nero and Herod’ of his time. Gregory’s obituary about Chilperic kind of resembles Procopius’ Secret History. He branded the king as a cruel and gluttonous tyrant, who hated poor and despised the bishops. He also ridiculed king’s poetry, hymns and masses, and condemned his treatise on the holy Trinity. This is how the readers of his Histories should see him too. Matej Harvát From Tribal Leaders to Territorial Rulers: The Transformation of Ruling Power in the Slavic Environment on the Middle Danube (791 - 955) The chapter provides a survey of historical development in the northern parts of the Middle Danube region during the Carolingian era and until the Battle on river Lech (955) with special regard to the personal leadership and hereditary rul ership in the Slavic milieu. Emphasis is laid on the initial nonhierarchical, aceph alous character of Slavic society. An absence of a distinct and sovereign ruler has been quite common in the Middle Danubian northern regions up until the 8th centuiy. Likewise, many early medieval and premodern societies for a long time 307
did not establish distinct rulership and clear hierarchical power structures but rather existed on the communal principles of social organization. This may have been also the case for certain segments of the Middle Danubian population till the 9th century. In the era of the Avar khaganate (6th-8th century), the distinct nomadic ruler with sacral and military power - the khagan - concentrated power in his hands and subsequently controlled a wider area of the Carpathian Basin. As a consequence of the Charlemagne expansion which has led to the collapse of the khaganate, the local (Slavic) leaders and groups seize their opportunity to establish new power positions on the eastern fringe of the Frankish empire. In the first decades of the 9th century on the Middle Danube emerged the most distinct “tribal” chieftain with the exceptional supra-local sphere of authority - the Mora vian prince (dux). In the eastern regions beyond the rivers Váh and especially the Hron, there is no clear evidence of supra-regional power structure or distinct prin cipality. Pribina, who was banished by Moravian dux Moimar/Mojmir sometimes around 833 and later created a thriving Carolingian domain in lower Pannonia, could have been originally some kind of a leader with ties to Moravia or local chief tain from today western Slovakia, though, based on the written and archaeolog ical evidence, not necessarily connected with the hillfort in Nitra. Moreover, the agglomeration on the river Nitra, and further territory between the rivers Váh and Hron, may have been rather not a very important political
unit during the first half of the 9th century, unlike the Moravian principality. The author suggests that it cannot be proved that Mojmír actually conquered or occupied Nitra. On the other hand, it is possible that even during the reign of Moravian prince Rastic/Rastislav, Nitra was probably the client or allied castle of Moravians, hypothetically led by its own attested leader Nitrabor, and sometimes in the second half of the 9th century, it was integrated into “regnum Zwentibaldi” or later into Moravian principality by prince Zwentibold/Svätopluk. Moravian Mojmirids princes (duces) were the dominant hierarchs of the northern Middle Danube territory during the 9 th century. This Slavic clan/family cooperated closely with the Franks, Bavarians, and people from Adriatic on the one hand, but on the other in the second half of the 9th century also frequently and persistently struggled for the political (and therefore also ecclesiastic) inde pendency and the unrestrained control over wider Middle Danubian territory. The possible Christian sacrality of their rulership, hereditary authority, and expansion during the Svätopluk reign for a short time enabled the quite successive politi cal and cultural existence of the Mojmirid ‘Great Moravia’. However, this Middle Danubian domain did not outlive the first decade of the 10th century and have collapsed during the reign of dux Mojmír II. The lack of socio-political cohesion, the fall of Frankish Carolingian rulership, and the expansion of the nomadic Mag yar war bands caused the power shift and possibly the exile of some part of
the Mojmirid clan and followers outside the Middle Danube. From the east came new leaders and chieftains who, thanks to the cooperation with and suppression of the local sedentary population and its elites, in the latter decades of the first millen nium have created a new power foundations for the formation of the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by Arpadians and their loyal leaders. 308
Marek Druga The Ruler as Miles Christi? On the Question of the (Dis)Continuity of Christianization Policy of Prince Gejza and King Stephen I. The study deals with disputable issues during the reign of Grand Prince of the Hungary Gejza (972-997) and during the first years (cca. 997-1010/15) of reign of King Stephen I. (997-1038). At the beginning of the study, the author discus ses the views of older historiography on the ecclesiastical policy of Gejza and Ste phen in the period of early Christianization and church formation in Hungary. The study also examines the informations about the church policy of these rulers in the oldest Hungarian and foreign sources. Gejza and Stephen I. are presented in major part of the sources as monarchs supporting Christianization and the Hun garian church. However, evidences from foreign chronicles and legends from first two decades of 11th century also suggest that even in Hungary, Christianization and the organization of the church may not have been as dynamic processes as older historiography had seen them. From the years 990-1010, we have just few authentic informations about the church policy of Gejza and Stephen I. The study therefore try to place the evidences of foreign chronicles and legends (especially written by Bruno from Querfurt and Thietmar from Merseburg) in a broader historical context. Žofia Lysá The Monarchy and the Death of the Árpád-dynasty kings In the descriptions of the death of the Árpád-dynasty rulers, we can meet both a heroic death, but also a shameful, dishonorable death, while the decisive factor in these
literary narratives is the optics viewed by the author of the source to the main representative. Death always reflects what kind of life the main character lived and at the same time it is a foreshadowing of the next fate in the afterlife. If there is really something in the sources that misses the most, is a simple ordinary death, as it really happened. Hungarian narrative sources only rarely reveal the circumstances and causes of the monarch s death, the process of dying and the monarch s last moments, the public appearance before death, or the subjective feelings of the dying person. In Hungary of the 11th - 13th centuries, no written sources for the funeral ceremony have been preserved. For most of the Árpád-dynasty monarchs, their deaths are depicted without expressive descriptions, giving the impression of a peaceful transition from the earthly world to eternity. The premonition of one s own death is a social feature of dying monarchs. It ena bles the king to practically ensure the continuity of the royal power. At the same time, it is an expression of the dignified dying of a worthy monarch. Every death of a monarch means the disintegration of monarchical power, which rests largely on a living, strong, charismatic king. It is very likely that the laws (ordinances) issued by the monarch are valid during his lifetime. Their appli cation after that questionable. We know from the later periods that the incoming 309
monarchs confirmed the validity of the laws of their predecessors. It follows from the fact that continuity and order were apparently not taken for granted. After the death of the monarch, new chaos always threatened. Monarchical power and the order and norms related to it must always be asserted anew. With the arrival of a new king comes an effort to enforce a new order. Death means discontinuity and chaos. On the other hand, the system looks for its balance and removes it. This should represent references to the privileges and regulations of King Stephen, whose cult began to develop at the end of the 11th century. Referring to the order and privileges from the time of St. Stephan represents an element of continuity. Thus, king Stephan symbolically becomes an eternally living king. Pavol Hudáček The populi from Turiec and Liptov in the royal privilege of Béla IV from 1257 The populi from Turiec and Liptov were royal condicionarii, they lived on the land of the ruler and performed designated services on the royal dynastic (forest) property or supplied his court. Their social status was not completely free, because the possibility to move, which was the most prominent attribute of complete free dom, was limited in their case. In the course of the 12th - 13th centuries, transitional social groups, whose members were legally “semi-free”, gradually formed in medi eval Hungarian society between the free and the unfree. Free people who settled on royal property had to pay a land tax, but they could move out at any time after meeting certain requirements. For this reason, two
groups of free people were distinguished. The first lived on another’s land (royal or any other) and had to pay land tax for it, and the second, who already farmed on their own land, did not pay tax to anyone. The difference between the two groups within the same social status was one of property and resulted from land ownership. The populi from Turiec and Liptov after settling in the Hont county had the royal land only in hereditary use, for which they paid the land tax to the comes of Zvolen as the representative of the ruler on the royal praedium of Zvolen. In 1257, although they received cer tain freedoms from King Béla IV, they had a less favourable position compared to the royal guests (hospites) or completely free settlers on the praedium of Zvo len, who were governed by the law of guests. This was clearly expressed by the restriction of their removal, the payment of tax-in-kind, the incomplete inheri tance of personal property, and above all, the provision of unchanged duties and services, the performance of which was still expected of them, as was customary in the Turiec and Liptov. These populi continued to be royal condicionarii after their arrival on the new estates and the granting of certain privileges, as they still performed specific duties and services in return for the use of the borrowed royal land. As no relevant documents have survived from the 13th - 14th centuries about the populi of *Kovárszég (Széki), Balog nad Ipľom and *Zequi, it is not possible to trace the further fate of these royal condicionarii. Around the middle of the 13th century, the
populi from Turiec and Liptov found themselves halfway between 310
their dependent status and complete freedom. Their case points to certain pecu liarities that medieval Hungarian society was going through in this period, and although at first glance it appears to be static, it had its own dynamics. In the ongoing social changes, in addition to the subordinate population groups and the completely free, there were also a kind of “intermediate stages” depending on the privileges granted and the previous social status, the change of which was caused by the circumstances of the time and the targeted efforts of the Árpáds to improve the economic situation on the royal estates. Dušan Zupka Hungarian rulers and royal power according to História Salonitana The chronicle of Archdeacon Thomas of Split (1200-1268), today generally known as História Salonitana, is a unique source for the study of perception of royal power of Arpadian kings in the 13th century. This paper will give an analy tical account on the narrative strategies employed by the author in series of case studies centred around the relation of Split commune with Hungarian kings of the 12th and 13th century (Coloman I, Andrew II and Bela IV). Arpad dynastic sanctity, associated primarily with St Stephen I and St Ladislas I gave the Hunga rian kings invaluable symbolic authority. Dynastic sanctity and the royal govern ment accompanied by Christian values also characterized the successors of the first Hungarian holy kings in Thomas work. In this spirit, he depicted the actions of Coloman I, Bela III, Emeric I, Andrew II and Bela IV. Their actions have an ide alized character in the
Split chronicle. Even in cases where these descriptions did not correspond to reality (the crusade of Andrew II) or justified the wrongdoing (Bela IV and Queen Mary in the dispute with Split). Regarding the argument of military occupation and legitimacy stemming from royal dynastic sanctity, there are other arguments in the História Salonitana defending Arpadian power in Cro atia and Dalmatia. Thomas of Split repeatedly mentions natural law (ius naturale) as well as the ability to promulgate and exercise law and ensure the order and harmonious functioning of society by the Hungarian kings. This is evidenced by the numerous descriptions of public meetings (colloquia) at which the Arpadians served as supreme judges (by resolving local disputes, imposing punishments) and sovereign lords distributing benefits to their loyal subjects (granting privile ges and appointments). The most spectacular expression of monarchical ideology and ideas about the unquestionable position of legitimate kings in the social hie rarchy were numerous descriptions of ritualized ceremonial acts, which expressed mutual relations and connections between Hungarian kings and Split city com munity (adventus régis ritual, and other political events). The Hungarian kings, thus presented by Archdeacon Thomas of Split, act as the embodiment of the ideal of Christian rulers. 311
Miroslav Glejtek Seals and Coat-of-arms of Gyôr bishop Koloman (1337 - 1375). To the representative communication symbols of the royal son and Hungarian prelate of the 14th century The study deals with the issue of Gyôr bishop Koloman s seals and his coat of arms. This illegitimate son of King Charles Robert held the post of bishop of Gyó r from 1337 until 1375. Five seals he used while holding this post have been disco vered so far. In all significant offices the most important seal was the so-called large seal. Koloman gradually used two of these seals. Both have a pointed-oval shape. Their size, the legend, as well as their iconography correspond with the evolution of large Hungarian seals as well as with the seals of European prelates generally. These were not purely portrait seals anymore, depicting the prelate with his pontifical regalia. According to the period trends, they combine depictions of a saint, portraits of the praying owner or the coat of arms placed in an architectu ral framework. In the first type of the large seal (1345) the dominating motif is of the Madonna with the infant Jesus in her arms. It corresponds with the dedication of the cathedral as well as of the bishop’s chapter to the Virgin Mary. In the lower section there is the kneeling bishop placed in a niche. Behind his back there is an almost illegible coat of arms. In 1355, at the latest, a change of this large seal matrix occurred. We don t know the exact reasons for this change. It is possible, however, that it was connected to the forced imprisonment of the bishop between 1353 and 1354.
The new matrix is of a larger size and has an altered iconography. The dominating scene is the coronation of the Virgin Mary by Jesus. In the lower section of the seal there is only the kneeling prelate. This seal matrix is a high qua lity work of art which is demonstrated throughout with a number of tiny details in the seal field. Iconographically rich seals of large sizes represented an important means of representation for the prelate and mirrored his status and ambitions in Hungarian society. This is quite obvious when looking at the seals of bishop Kolo man. A beautifully executed round large seal (0 70 mm) (1373) breaks away from the standards. It depicts the bishop s complete aristocratic coat of arms. From its conception and dimensions, it resembles the seal matrices of high secular digni taries. We haven t been able to find a parallel to this seal among the seals of other prelates. A purely profane heraldic motif refers more to a secular magnate than a prelate. This seal significantly evokes Koloman s status as a prince and a royal son (albeit illegitimate) rather than a bishop. However, we are not able to say what was the role of this seal in the office. If it was used simultaneously with the large pointed-oval seal or if it substituted for it. Bishop Koloman also used a secret seal (1365, 1368, 1369). It had an octagonal shape and contained the complete aris tocratic coat of arms. It is marked as secret directly in the circular text {sigilium secretum). The last seal matrix is of a small size and it is probably a ring seal. It most likely depicts a figure of
an angel (1363). We know about it from a single pre served example. From the number of used seals, the Koloman s office comes close to the offices of the most important dignitaries of the country. It contains almost all the types of used seals we also know about from the royal office. The heraldic 312
content of Koloman s seals is especially significant. Unlike other Hungarian pre lates, Koloman did not use only a simple coat of arms shield. In the secret seal and in the large coat of arms seal there is the complete aristocratic coat of arms with the helmet, the mantling and the crest. The coat of arms shield is interesting, too. In the upper part there are two cross beams. The lower part contains three lilies (2,1). It is a modification of the Anjou family coat of arms. This is a typical mark of cadency, in which some elements of the royal Anjou coat of arms of King Charles Robert were used. The bishop, however, adjusted some of these elements due to his irregular background. Similarly, he also changed the appearance of the crest. The use of a purely profane coat of arms suggests that Koloman preferred to emphasize his status of a prince and a royal son (albeit illegitimate) rather than his status of bishop. Martin Štefánik Erster Kammergraf von Kremnitz - Leopold /Hyppolitus als Repräsentant der königlichen Macht unter den Königen Karl I. und Ludwig dem Großen von Anjou Die Studie fasst die Fakte und Kenntnisse über die Persönlichkeit von Leo pold, alternativ auch als Hyppolitus bekannten ersten kremnitzer Kammergrafen und bedeutenden Beamten im Bereich Münz- und Bergwesen zusammen. Insge samt sind 16 schriftliche Zeugnisse aus den Jahren 1331-1348 über ihn erhalten. Die Fachliteratur hält ihn für Ausländer - Italiener oder Deutsche. Mit dem Amt des Kammergrafen von Kremnitz (slow. Kremnica) war in seiner Zeit auch das Amt des Kastellans der Burg Arwa (slow. Orava)
verknüpft. In der ersten Erwäh nung aus dem Jahre 1331 bestätigt er aus der Position des Kammergrafen, den Vertrag zwischen zwei kremnitzer Unternehmern. Er wird gleichzeitig auch als magister machinarum per Ungariam bezeichnet, was auf seine technische Fach kompetenz hindeutet. Die Pachtverträge der kremnitzer Kammer aus den Jahren 1335 und 1342 enthalten zahlreiche wertvolle Details über seine Amtsaufgaben im Bereich der Münzprägung und Erhebung der Portalsteuer im Bezirk der Kremni tzer Kammer, wo er das Amt des Kammergrafen in den Jahren 1335,1341-1344 und 1347-1348 bekleidete. Im Jahre 1343 war er auch als Kammergraf in Buda und 1346 in Smolník und Telkibánya tätig. Sein Testament aus dem Jahre 1347 verfügt, wie seine Erben mit dem Ertrag seiner Schmelzhütte in Nová Baňa verfü gen sollen: er war also auch ein Bergbauunternehmer. In den letzten Erwähnun gen aus den Jahren 1348-49 schenkt er als Kastellan in Orava einen ungenützten Wald. Letzte Belege bezeugen seine Teilnahme an der militärischen Expedition nach Neapel im Dienste von König Ludwigs I, bei der er wahrscheinlich (oder kurz danach) starb. Über sein Familien- und Privatleben ist nichts bekannt. 313
Monika Tihányiová Charles Robert of Anjou and Thomas of Sečany From courage and loyalty to power and influence The study focuses on the fate of a Hungarian nobleman, whose example can be used to understand better the domestic and foreign policy of Charles Robert from Anjou. Through his example, we also have the opportunity to get to know better the shape of the relations of the prominent Hungarian monarch of foreign origin with the domestic nobility. The example of Thomas of Sečany (Szécsényi, Hungary) confirms that Charles Robert placed his trust in the hands of a small group of people, most of whom were little-known rural noblemen at the time. These won the king over by their immediate and courageous decision to side with him and by remaining in his camp throughout the period of the fulfilment of the aims of uniting the kingdom under one monarch. In the paper, the author traces the fate of Thomas of Sečany at the time of the king s struggle with the oligar chs and subsequently at the time of the consolidation of the kingdom by Charles Robert through various reforms. The study follows Thomas in the royal charters and charts the merits for which he was rewarded, not only with estates but also with important ranks. It also follows the documents of non-royal origin and his dispute with the bishop of Transylvania. Tomáš Homoľa Rule „against God and natural justice“: On the question of (i)llegitimacy of the reign of Matthias Corvinus Central topic of the study is the question of legitimacy of Matthias Corvinus rule in the Kingdom of Hungary. Study is focused primarily on how
Matthias sovereign legitimacy and authority were perceived, both in domestic Hungarian circles and also by foreign rulers. We also concentrate on the methods and practi ces how Corvinus defended his own royal legitimacy, how he determined himself from his rivals and how he dealt with this problem. In presented study we are focused mainly on the view of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III and the King of Poland Casimir IV Jagiellon, who were the most influential opponents of the King of Hungary. Matthias Corvinus faced questioning of the legitimacy of his rule from the beginning of his reign and it accompanied him throughout his life. He was critici sed by some Hungarian noblemen, Holy Roman Emperor and other foreign rulers and dukes. The main base of the criticism was the fact that Matthias wasn t blood related to any former Hungarian king, however reservations of particular rulers differed in content. Emperor Frederick III, in his own aspirations for the Hunga rian throne, referred primarily to the hereditary claims of the House of Habsburg and the will of Hungarian nobility and clergy, some of whom publicly declared support to Frederick III and didn t hesitate to elect him as a new king of Hun gary. Compared to the Emperor s objections, the reservations of the Polish royal 314
court had more intensive form and also differed in content. The basic element of their criticism towards Matthias was - similar to Frederick s - damage to the hereditary claims of Casimir IV, who asserted them through his wife Elizabeth of Habsburg. Furthermore, Jagiellonians considered Matthias election as a forced act that failed to meet the criteria of a free election of a ruler and was against „natural law and justice“. The Poles also questioned moral profile of the Hunga rian king, described his reign as tyranny and Matthias as a usurper of the throne. Moreover, they accused Corvinus of cooperating with the Ottomans, who were regarded as the biggest threat for the Christian population of Hungary. Polish side created a negative image of the king, who not only lacked the natural right to rule in the kingdom, but also lacked the required moral integrity to lead the country. Matthias responded to the reservations of Frederick III, supported by the domestic noble faction, with reference that his election was lawful and he conside red any change of power as a violation of the legal status of the kingdom. He also questioned moral credit of the Jagiellonians, blamed them of the atrocities com mitted during their military campaign in Hungary in 1471-1472 and also accused them of cooperation with the Ottomans. Thus, Matthias did not directly dispute Jagiellonian hereditary rights, but he reprimanded their amoral activities that were in contrast with his actions in favour of Christianity. Since Matthias could not rely on a dynastic principle that would predetermine him to
royal rule, he sought to build his own legitimacy on different principles. He emphasized his authority as a Christian warrior who defend the whole Christian world against the constantly expanding Ottoman Empire. In this regard, Matthias followed the legacy of his father John Hunyadi, the most prominent Hungarian warlord against the Ottomans. It was the court historiography, which worked intentionally to establish the proper authority and legitimacy of the king of Hun gary that served Matthias well in building his own heroic image. 315
Výberový menný register A Abú Zajd abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Chaldún, arabský historik 49 Acciaiouoli Angelo, pápežský legát 31 Adalrám, salzburský arcibiskup 134 Adam z Brém, kronikár 65,66,67,68,169, 170 Aegidius Romanus, mysliteľ 243 Agneša, manželka kráľa Ondreja III. 278 Aistulf, longobardskýkráľ 53 Ajtoň, marošvársky knieža 164 Ákošovci, rod. 277 Alarich, ariánsky kráľ, s. 98 Alarich II., kráľ 94,98 Albrecht Achilles, brandenburský kurfirst 300-301 Albrecht de Monte, komorský gróf 273 Albrecht Habsburský, rakúsky knieža 283 Albrecht Habsburský, uhorský a český kráľ, s. 33,292-293,301 Alexander II, pápež 164 Alexander, krajinský sudca 26 Álmoš, knieža, brat Kolomana 61,179,183, 187,188 Alžbeta Durínska s. 184 Alžbeta, manželka Ľudovíta I. Velkého 29 Alžbeta Luxemburská, uhorská kráľovná, manželka Albrechta Habsburského 33-35,288 Alžbeta Habsburská, poľská kráľovná, manželka Kazimíra IV. 292-293,302 Alžbeta Poľská, z rodu Piastovcov, manželka Karola Róberta 281,286 Amalarich, vizigótsky kráľ 94 Anjouovci, panovnícky rod 23,29,30,33, 251,260,266,274 Anonymus, kronikár, Anonymova kronika 135 Armentaria, matka Gregora z Tours s. 88 Arnir, splitský arcibiskup 248 Arnulf, východofranskýkráľ a cisár 68,76, 137, M3 Arpád, staromaďarský knieža 145. Arpádovej, panovnícky rod Uhorského kráľovstva 6,14,17-20,23,28,43,49, 83,109-110,131,146-147,151,158,160, 169,170,179,179,181,185,186,188190,193,198-203,208,210,212,214, 220,221,229,231,238,241,242-244, 247-251,277, 282,307,308 Athanarich, kráľ Gótov 94 Atila, hunský vodca 190,295 Augustín, sv. 14,15,93 Augustín, záhrebský
biskup 259 B Bakóc, Tomáš, ostrihomský arcibiskup a kancelár 40 Baldrik, friulský vojvoda 74 Balogovci, rod 283 Barbora Celjská, kráľovná a manželka Žigmunda Luxemburského, s. 31,32 Bardiovci, florentská spoločnosť 266 Bátori, Štefan, palatin 42 Bátoriovci, rod 38 Bazilej, sv. 50 Beatrix Aragónska, manželka kráľa Mateja Korvína 38 Beatrix Luxemburská, manželka kráľa Karola Róberta 280 Beda Ctihodný, učenec 108 Behaim, Albert, loršský arcidiakon 140 Belisar, byzantský vojvodca 85,305 Belo L, uhorský kráľ 180,185,187 Belo IL, uhorský kráľ 211 Belo III., uhorský kráľ 19,20,22,131,211, 241, 248,250 Belo IV., uhorský kráľ 6,21,2,194,197, 199,201,203-210,212,213,215-229, 234,236,237,243,246,247, 249,250, ЗЮ, ЗИ- 369
Čák, Matúš, syna Mikuláša z rodu Čákovcov 205 Čanád z Telegdu, ostrihomský arcibiskup 269 Čedrag, knieža Obodritov 13 Čeledrag, knieža Veletov 13 Čestibor, knieža Srbov 13 Beloš, chorvátsko-dalmátskybán 63 Benedikt VI., pápež 159 Benedikt XII. pápež, 285 Bernhard, vojvoda, s 56 Bernhard, spanheimský a ptujský markgróf 72,73 Besarab L, valašský vojvoda 281 Blažej Maďar, uhorský vojvodca 38,299 Boleslav L, český knieža 14,46,75,152,171 Boleslav II., český knieža 75,167 Boleslav III. český knieža 167 Boleslav Chrabiý, poľský knieža 46,47,53, 55,56,57,59,83,152,156,160,161, 163,164,165,168,171,172,175 Boleslav Krivoústy, poľský knieža 62 Boleslav III. poľský knieža 59,60 Bonfini, Antonio, taliansky kronikár 300302 Boris, syn Eufémie, údajný syn kráľa Kolomana 62 Boris, bulharský knieža 12 Borna, chorvátsky knieža 81 Borša Lysý, uhorský’ magnát 25 Borivoj, český knieža 13,167,171 Boŕivoj II., český knieža 62 Braslav, sávsky knieža 137 Bŕetislav L, český kráľ 152,186 Brunhilda, manželka kráľa Sigiberta 104 Bruno z Querfurtu, s. 160 Bulču, staromaďarský náčelník 145 Buonaccorsi, Filippo 295-296 Burgio, Antonio, pápežský vyslanec 41 Dagobert L, franský kráľ 11,71,100,119 Dávid, biblická postava 99,116 Debrecíndsky Dóža, s. 277 Demeter, ostrihomský arcibiskup 29,257 Demeter z Našíc, taverník 26,277,283 Demeter Zvonimir, chorvátsky kráľ 204 Dervan, srbské knieža 11,76,111 Desiderius, longobardskýkrál’53 Dietrich z Apoldy, kronikár 21 Dionýz zo Seče, ostrihomský arcibiskup 289 Dlugosz, Ján, poľský kronikár 292-293, 297,302 Domoslav, nitriansky knieža 186 Donč, magister, zvolenský
župan 26,277 Dragovit, veletské knieža 12,13,115 Dražko, knieža Obodritov 13 Drugetovci, rod 26,277 Druget Ján 282 Druget Viliam, palatin 26,270,280,28, 285 Ďula II. Prokuj, semohradský knieža, 17, 164 C E Carvajal, Juan, kardinál a pápežský legát 297 Cassiodor, s. 64 Celjskí, rod 31,35,36,290 Celjská Barbora pozri Barbora Celjská Celjský, Hermann, štajerský gróf 31 Celjský Ulrich uhorský veľmož 35,36 Cudarovci, rod 29 Eberhard, záhrebský biskup 30 Einhard, životopisec Karola Veľkého 51,68 Emich, gróf z Leiningenu 61 Engelbert z Admontu 242 Eoin Chramnichisa, tridentský vojvoda 58,59 Ernst, Ján (Johannes), kupec, kráľovský’ pokladník 37 Engelšalk markgróf Východnej marky 80 Eufémia, zapudená manželka kráľa Kolomana 62 Eufronius, biskup v Tours 88 Č Čákovci, rod 22,205 370 D
Eusebios, sv. 180 Eusebius, historik 89 Eustachius, biskup 88 F Farkaš z rodu Kačičovcov 277 Ferdinand L, neapolský kráľ 299 Ferdulf, friulský vojvoda 73 Ferreol, sv. 86 Florentius, senátor 89 Fontana, Francesco, neapolský vyslanec 38 Forgáč, Blažej, uhorský veľmož 29 Fredegar, kronikár 11,90,119,120 Fredegunda, manželka Chilpericha 90,93, 95,100,103,104 Fridrich, švábsky vojvoda 61 Fridrich I. Barbarossa, rímsko-nemecký cisár 20,55,63,68,70 Fridrich III. Habsburský, nemecký kráľ a rímsko-nemecký cisár 35,36,287-292, 297-298,300-302 Fulkus, z rodu Kačičovcov 277 G Gall Anonymus, kronikár 46,47,53,55, 58,59,60,171 Gallus z Clermontu, sv. 86,88,89 Gaulter z Ulmu 52 Gejza, uhorský knieža, otec Štefana 1.5,17, 149-160,164-175,180,309 Gejza L, uhorský kráľ 180,184,186 - nitriansky knieža Gejza 59 Gejza IL, uhorský kráľ 62,63,241,249 Gerard, sv., biskup 157,158,168,177,180, 188 Gertrúda, manželka Ondreja II. 21 Girardo, splitský arcibiskup 248 Gizela, manželka kráľa Štefana 1.17,151, 154,156,158,167,173,176,177,185, 191,192 Goijanská, Anna 288 Gorjanský, Jób 291 Goijanský (Garai), Ladislav, uhorský palatin 35-36,288,290-291,294 Goijanský, Mikuláš, palatin 29,31 Gostimysl, knieža Obodritov 13 Gunthramn, franský kráľ 85,91,96-103 Gutkeled, rod 22 Gregor XIL, pápež 162,183 Gregor IX. pápež s. 240 Gregor z Langres, sv. 86,88 Gregor z Heimburgu 301 Gregor z Tours (Georgius Florentius), biskup, historik 5,64,65,85,86,88, 89,90-105 Gregor zo Sanoku 296 Grimuald, longobarský kráľ 71,73 Grófi zo sv. Jura a Pezinka 38,39,269, 290,291 H Habsburgovci Hadugat, vodca Sasov 65 Halaga, Ondrej
R., historik 203,204 Hartvik, Hartvikova legenda 179,183,185, 188 Henrich I, nemecký kráľ 76,145 Henrich II. nemecký kráľ, rímsko-nemecký cisár 49,56,77,156,160,161,162,163, 164,168,169,175 Henrich HL, nemecký kráľ, rímskonemecký cisár 57, 60,61, 62,72,73 Henrich IV., nemecký kráľ, rímskonemecký cisár s. 75 Henrich V, nemecký kráľ, rímsko-nemecký cisár 61,62 Henrich I., korutánsky vojvoda 72 Henrich IIL, korutánsky vojvoda 72 Henrich II. Jasomirgott, bavorský vojvoda 62,63,70 Henrich Lev, saský vojvoda 68 Herodes, 104 Hermenefred, durínsky kráľ 65 Hesiodos, 184 Hunimund, svébsky kráľ 64 Huňady, Ladislav 36,301 Hypolitus, sv. 266 CH Chararich, svebsky kráľ 97 Charibert L, franský kráľ 96,100,101,105 Charibert IL, franský kráľ 103 371
Childebert L, franský kráľ 88, 96, 99 Childebert IL, franský kráľ, 95,101,103 Chilperich I., franský kráľ 5,85,88,90,91, 93,95,97,100,102,103,104,105,307 Chlodomer, syn kráľ Chlodoviga s 96 Chlodvig L, franský kráľ 92,94,96,97,98, 99,100 Chlothar II, franský kráľ 76,90,100,103 Chotimír, korutánske knieža, 71 Chrodechilda, manželka kráľa Chlodoviga 98,99,100 Šimon z Kézy, kronikár 199,242,295 I Ibn Rusta, perzský učenec 13,16,45,82 Ibrahim ibn Jákúb, 46 Igor, kyjevský knieža 46,144 Imrich, sv., syn Štefana 1.19,180,181,191, Ján z Viktringu, mysliteľ 242 Ján zo Salisbuiy, biskup 242 Ján zo sv. Jura a Pezinka, gróf 290 Jana, neapolská kráľovná 274 Jeana de Wavrin, valónsky kronikár 297 Jiskra, Ján, husitský vojvodca 35-36,293 Jordanes, historik 54,55,64,69 77,109 Julián, sv. 86,89 Juraj, sv. 50,126,131,151,167,171,273 Juraj Podebradský, český kráľ 287,288, 292,293,294,295,297,301,302 Juraj zo sv. Jura a Pezinka, gróf 290 Justinián L, byzantský cisár 105,307 Justinos IL, byzantský cisár 96 K Kačičovci, rod 277 Kantorowicz, Ernst H. 243 Kánovci, rod 25 Kán, Ladislav 279 z Kaniže, páni (Kanižaiovci, Kanizsai) 290-291 Kapistrán, Ján 297,301 Karloman, východofranský kráľ, bavorský správca 47,69,79,80 Karol Martel, majordóm 115 Karol L Neapolský, zakladateľ rodu Anjouovcov 27 Karol Róbert z Anjou, uhorský kráľ 6,24, 25,28,190,251,252,256,260-262, 265-269,271,277-286 Karol III. Tučný, franský kráľ a cisár 10,13 Karol IV., rímsko-nemecký cisár 29 Karol Veľký, franský kráľ a rímsky cisár 9, 12,51,53,58,69,70,107,108,115,115, 118,122,126-127,141 Kazimír III. poľský kráľ, s. 28, Kazimír
IV. Jagelovský, poľský kráľ 287, 292-296,298,300,302 Kazimír (svätý), poľský princ, syn Kazimíra IV. 293-295,298 Koceľ, panónsky knieža 133,136,137,159 Koloman, rábsky biskup 251-263 Koloman L uhorský kráľ, 6,16,19,20,61, 62,179,180,183,186,188,210,211, 241,244,245,246,250 193 Imrich, syn Bela III. a uhorský kráľ 20, 237,248,250 Innocent III., pápež 24 Inocent VI., pápež 251 Innocent VIII., pápež 38 Ilocký (Újlaky), Mikuláš, sedmohradský vojvoda 35-36,288-291 Ippolit d Este, s. 38 Ivánka, turčiansky prepošt 214 Izidor zo Sevilly, stredoveký učenec 14,93 J Jagelovci, panovnícky rod 5,9,40,292, 294,295,296-298,300,302 Ján, kastelán a turčiansky župan 269 Ján VIII., pápež 137,144 Ján Huňady, uhorský gubernátor 35,36, 287,290,291,297,300,301,303 Ján Korvín, nemanželský syn Mateja Korvína 38,39 Ján Luxemburský, český kráľ 280,281 Ján Pannonius, uhorský biskup a básnik 293,297, ЗОО Ján Rozhanovský, sedmohradský vojvoda 289 Ján z Turca, uhorský kronikár 297,300301 372
Konrad III. rímsko-nemecký cisár 73 Konradin z Hohenstaufovcov, švábsky vojvoda 64 Kont, Mikuláš, palatin 26,29 Konštantín I. Veľký, rímsky cisár 16,87,99 Konštantín (Cyril) 10,12,46,82,83,141 Konštantín Porfyrogenet, byzantský cisár a učenec 45,81,144 Kopáň, šomoďský knieža 17,154,158,164, 166,173,176,182 Kosmas, kronikár 48,49,50,75,77,115, 116,135,147,167 Koszegiovci, rod. 22,25,26 Kučera, Matúš, historik 134,203 Kunhuta (Katarína) Podebradská 288 Kunigunda, manželka ptujského markgrófa 72 Kusal, (Kursán), nomádsky vodca 145 L Lackíiovci, rod 29,286 Ladislav Lysý, s. nitriansky knieža 186,191 Ladislav L sv., uhorský kráľ 19,20,31,179, 181,184,184,189,213,240,244, 248, 249,250 Ladislav III. uhorský kráľ 248 Ladislav IV. Kumánsky, uhorský kráľ 22, 23,29,212,217,219,226,227, 236, 242 Ladislav V = český kráľ Václav III. s. 24 Ladislav V. Pohrobok, uhorský kráľ 34,36, 35,287,288,290,292,293,294,301, 302 Ladislav, neapolský kráľ 31 Ladislav z Kaniže 291 Ladislav z Pavloviec (Palóczi) 289 Ladislav zo sv. Jura a Pezinka, gróf 290 Lebuin, sv. 107,108 Lech, knieža Čechov 13 Lél, staromaďarský náčelník 145 Leopold - Hyppolitus, komorský gróf 265-275 Leopold, bavorský markgróf 69 Leopold, štajerský markgróf 72 Lev III. pápež 9 Lev IX, pápež 61 Levente, Vazulov syn 186 Leovigild, vizigótsky kráľ 94 Ljub, knieža Veletov 13 Lucius (Lučic), Johannes 239 Ľudovít, sávsky knieža 81 Ľudovít Nemec, východofranský kráľ 10, 13.14,79,81,127 Ľudovít II. Nemec, východofranský kráľ 127,128,136,137 Ľudovít L Pobožný, rímsko-nemecký cisár 81,127 Ľudovít L Veľký, uhorský kráľ 6,20,25,
26,28-34,37,190,193,251-256,260, 262,265,271,272,273,274,286 Ľudovít II. Jagelovský, uhorský kráľ 41,43 Ľudovít IV., rímsko-nemecký cisár 286 Ľudovít IV. Dieťa, východofranský kráľ 138,139 Luitpold, bavorský gróf 62 Luitpold, markgróf Východnej marky 61 Lupo, friulský vojvoda 73 M Manuel L Komnenos, byzatský cisár 187, 241 Marek z Norimbergu 31 Margaréta Bavorská 286 Margaréta, dcéra kráľa Bela III. 20 Margaréta z rodu Capetovcov, manželka kráľa Bela III. 20 Margita, sv. 188 Mária Habsburská, manželka Ľudovíta II. 42 z Marótu, páni (Maróti) 31 Martianus Capella, rímsky básnik a filozof 89 Matej Korvin, uhorský kráľ 6,33,36-40, 287-303,314-315 Matúš Čák Trenčiansky 24,25,26,278, 279 Mária Laskarisová, manželka kráľa Bela IV. 248 Martin, sv., biskup 86,93,97,99,151,159, 177 Medard, sv., biskup 96 373
Mehmed II. Dobyvateľ, osmanský sultán 36,299 Merovejovci, panovnícky rod Franskej ríše 9,119,120 Metod, sv., veľkomoravský arcibiskup 10, 12,15,16,80,82,83,138,142 Meško L, poľský knieža 16,46,152,171 Meško IL, poľský knieža a kráľ, syn Boleslava Chrabrého 56 Michal, nitriansky knieža 152,186 Michal Siládi, regent 36,288,289, 291, 294,301 Mikč z rodu Ákošovcov, slavónsky bán 27, Ondrej IL, uhorský kráľ 21-22,30,34,184, 193-194, 202,207, 210-211,213,230, 248-250 Ondrej IIL, uhorský kráľ 23-24,29,225, 227,246,251,277 Ondrej zo Seče, sedmohradský biskup 283 Orosius, Paulus, historik 90 Orság, Michal, palatin 38,289 Otakar II. ptujský a štajerský markgróf 73 Otakar IV. Štajerský markgróf 73 Oto z Freisingu, biskup 49 Oto IL, Čierny, olomoucký knieža 61 Oto IIL, rímsko-nemecký cisár 18,155 Oto Orseolo, benátsky dóža 186 Otranto 38,299 277 Mikuláš z Rimy 284 Mikuláš, turčiansky župan 269 Mikuláš z Kaniže 291 Milegast, knieža Veletov 13 Miliduch, knieža Srbov 13 Modest, chorbiskup 71 Mojmír 1,80,81,82,83,130,131,132,133, 135,138,139, MO, 141, Úľ, 308 Mojmír II, 80,129,133,138,144,147,308 Mojmírovci, rod 78, 82,110,128,129,132, 138,139,140,141,142,144,147 Mojš, oravský kastelán 214,215 Munderich, uzurpátor 92,97 P z Pavloviec, páni (Palóci), 31 Pavol IL, pápež 297-298 Pemmo, friulský vojvoda 73 z Perina, páni (Perényi, Perínski) 31 Peter Orseolo 186,191-192 Peter zo sv. Jura a Pezinka, gróf 269 Peter Čech z Levíc 31 Peter Eschenloer, vroclavský kronikár 295 Piastovci 109,146,169,171,281 Pietro Ransano, taliansky kronikár 300301 Pipin, franský kráľ 53,69,107 Pipin, syn Karola
Veľkého 74 Pipin IIL Krátky 107 Piastovci 109,146,169,171,281. Pilgrim, pasovský biskup 132-134,155,159 Pohl, Walter 121 Pongrácovci z Dengelegu 38 Popo, kranjský gróf 74 Pŕemyslovci 23-24,79,109,146 Pŕemysl Oráč 48,116 Pribina 74,80, 82-83,122129,130-133, 135-137,140,159,308 Prokopios, byzantský historik 63,77,85, 105,109,118 N Nero 104 Nestor, letopisec 18,78,83,170 Nicetius, sv. biskup z Lyonu 86,88-89 Niketas Chômâtes 187 Nitrabor, veľmož 132,308 O Odilo, vojvoda Bavorov 69-70 Ondrej, železnohradský župan 218 Oto, moravský knieža 210 Oľga, kňažná 46 Oliver, zvolenský župan 269 Omodejovci, rod. 25,279 Ondrej, brat uhorského kráľa Ľudovíta I. Veľkého 274 Ondrej L, uhorský kráľ 185,191-192 R Rachtis, friulský vojvoda 73 Ragnachar, franský, sálsky kráľ 97 374
Rázsó, Gyula, historik 299 Rastislav, veľkomoravský knieža 6,10, 12-14,46,79-80,127,132,139,141-142, 144,147,308 Rapant, Daniel, historik 203 Ratkoš, Peter, historik 203,204 Ratimír, sávsky knieža 74,136 Ratod, 136 Renatus, historik 90 Regino z Priimu 143 Reginhar, pasovský biskup 140 Rodulf, herulský kráľ 77 Roger, splitský arcibiskup 247-249 Roland, palatin a bratislavský župan 52, 213,227,249 Roland z rodu Ratoldovcov, bán 25,249 z Rozhanoviec, páni (Rozgonyi, Rozgoňovci) 38,289 Rudolf IV. Habsburský, rakúsky vojvoda a velkovojvoda 70 Rupert, salzburský biskup 70 Rurik, 12,48,50,160 Rurikovci 12,170 S Salach, kraňský gróf 74,136 Sallustius, Gaius Sallustius Crispus, rímsky historik 90 Samo, franský kupec 11,76,119 Samuel Aba, uhorský kráľ 57,73,173 Samuel, biblická postava 10,48-50, 99,116 Satmári, Juraj kancelár 40 Sasinek, František V. historik 200 Saul, kráľ Izraela 10 Scolari, Filippo, temešvársky župan, vojenský veliteľ, diplomat a finančník v službách Žigmunda 31 Sebastián Rozhanovský, sedmohradský vojvoda 289 zo Seče, páni 286 Sedulius, rímsky básnik 89,104-105 Sidonius, Apollinare básnik 89 Sigibert I, franský kráľ 89,96-97,100, 103-104 Sigibert Chromý, franský kráľ 97 Sigebert II., essexský kráľ 16 Silvester II., pápež 154,162,176,243 Sineus 48 Sixtus IV., pápež 298-299 Slavibor, knieža Srbov 13 Slavomír knieža Obodritov 13,139 Slavomír, kňaz 139 Smaragd, magister 201 Solymosi, László, historik, 204 Stibor zo Stiboríc 30 Szfics, Jenó 204 Svätopluk, český knieža 60-62 Svätopluk, veľkomoravský knieža 7,13-14, 16-17,60-62,79-81,129,132-133,135,
137,139,141-144,146-147,308,368 Š Šalamún, uhorský kráľ 57,186,187,189 Šalamún, biblický kráľ 49,116 Šebuš zo sv. Jura a Pezinka, gróf 269 Šimon z Kézy, uhorský kronikár 199,242, 295 Šimon z Rozhanoviec 194 Štefan Ákoš 25 Štefan Čech 25 Štefan Marsilius 267 Štefan I. (Vajk), uhorský kráľ 14-15,17-19, 42-43,46,57,147,150-159,161,163170,172-186,188-189,191-195,243, 245,250 Štefan II., uhorský kráľ 188,195,241 Štefan III., uhorský kráľ 188,195,211,236 Štefan IV., uhorský kráľ 187 Štefan V, uhorský kráľ 22,219,226-227, 237 Štefan V. pápež 143 Štefan Veľký, moldavský knieža 298 Štefan z Várdy (Várdai), kaločský arcibiskup 289 Štefan z Vrbovca (Verböci ) 41-43 Štefan, ostrihomský arcibiskup 223 T Tacitus, rímsky historik 9,52,54,114,139 Takšon (predok Arpádovcov) 181 z Talovca, páni (Talóci) 31 Tassilo III. bavorský vojvoda 70,122 375
Teodor, kapkan 121 Theudebert L, franský kráľ 96,99-100 Theuderich I, franský kráľ 65,88,92,96, 99-100,102 Thiudimer, ostrogótsky kráľ 64 Tetricus, biskup Dijon, Langres 88,97 Tiberios II, byzantský cisár 96 Titoš, tekovský župan 269 Tomáš zo Sečian, sedmohradský vojvoda 277-286 Tomáš zo Splitu, kronikár a klerik 239-250 Totila, gótsky kráľ 85 Sv. Vojtech 50,152,154-156,160-161,163, 165,167-168,172,286 Vlčan, knieža Obodritov 13 Volusianus, biskup z Tours 88,94 W Wacho, longobardskýkráľ 100 Welf, bavorský vojvoda 61 Widukind, kronikár 66,68,169 Wilhelm II, markgróf Východnej marky 80 Z Zámbó, Mikuláš, taverník 29 Zápoľský (rod) 38 Zápoľský, Imrich 38 Zápoľský, Ján Zápoľský, Štefan 38 Zodan, avarský náčelník 122 Zothmund 61 Zulta, (predok Arpádovcov) 181 Zvonimir Demeter 240,244 U Ulrich Celjský 35-36 Ulrich Eizinger 36,292,302 V Václav, sv. český knieža 16,170-171,176, 184 Václav IIL, český kráľ 24 Valuk, korutánský knieža 11,71 Vasilij (Basileos I) grécky cisár 12 Vášari, Mikuláš, ostrihomský arcibiskup 251 Vazul, nitriansky knieža 176,185-186,191, 192 Venantius Fortunata, básnik 86,89,104 Vergilius, básnik 89-90 Vettius Epagatus, mučeník 86 Vezoš, šášovský kastelán 269 Viching, nitriansky biskup 80-81,133,135, 140 Vincent z Beauvais 242 Virgil, salzburský biskup 71 Vistrach, knieža Čechov 13 Vitéz zo Sredny, Ján, ostrihomský arcibiskup 38,293 Vitovec, Ján 291 Vladimír Veľký, kyjevský knieža 15-16,152, 160-161,170-171 Vladislav I. Jagelovský, poľský kráľ, uhorský kráľ 33-34,39,287 Vladislav II. Jagelovský, uhorský a český kráľ 37,39-42,294,296-297 Vladislav Lokietko,
poľský kráľ 281 Ž Žigmund Luxemburský, uhorský kráľ 29-ЗЗ, З6-37,287,293,301 Žigmund zo sv. Jura a Pezinka, gróf, 290291 376
Výberový miestny register A Aachen 126,255 Abov 205,221,222,285 Adorján, hrad 25 Akvitánia 53,54 Alba Iulia 284, Alamania, 53,83. Aldeigjuborg (Aldeigja), Ladoga (dnes Staraja Ladoga)i2,47,48 Alpy 52-55,64,68,70-73 AnagnishradgS Apúlia 38 Arles 82 Astúria 63 Augsbuig 61,69,155 Auguntum 71 Avarský kaganát 70,82,109,130 Avarská marka 70 B Badin, 207 Bakonybél 233 Balatonské jazero 137 Balážske Ďarmoty 208 Balkán 28,76,118,297 Banská Bystrica 39,216,224,228,229,231, 234 Banská Štiavnica 228,229 Barcelona 82 Bátovce 270 Bavorsko 8,9, 52,65,68,68,70,71,74,83, 108,128,136,139,145,172,173,286 Benátky 20,28,32,33,82,177,185,241, 242,196 Biele Karpaty, 78,79,80,30,131,135 Biele jazero 48 Bihar 18,19,213 Bíňa 145 Biograd na Moru 241 Blatnohrad, pozri aj Mosapurc, Zalavár 111, 159,175 Bobr, rieka 55 Bobrovec 214 Bodrog 84 Bogdan 226 Bojnice 269 Bojná 124,126,131 Bologna 240 Bolug (Balog nad Ipľom) 206,207,208, 217,238 Bonjida 205 Borčany 211 Brač 241 Branč 25 Bratislava 39,60,61,62,111,124,125,131, 227,256,281,283 - Požoň (castrum Bosan), Pressburg (Bresburc) 62 - Brezalauspurc ш Bratislavksá brána 120,126,130,134 Bréna 50 Brno 78,79,126 Budín 23,31,32,36,40,282,284,285,294 Bukové hory 84 Burgundsko 52 Bysterec 274 Byzancia, Byzatská ríša 20,36,92,114,241 Bziny 274 C Carnuntum 121 Celje 75,82 Cepla = Topňa 83 Clermont 86,88,89,92,96,104 Comminges 102 Cournon 88 Csém 237 Csöl 227 Č Сакагзз Čanád 18,183 Čechy, České kráľovstvo 50,75,83,141, 209,292 D Dácia 54,55 Dalmácia 19,20,22,28,33,81,123,241, 242,243,245,247 Debraď, 222 377
Devičie 200,229,230,231,233 Devín (Dowina) 13,14,82,111,131,291 Dijon 88 Diesmeri, časť Frízska, s. 57 Dobrá Niva a Babiná 216,224,227,228, 229,230,231,234 Dráva, rieka 71,72,77 Drávska marka 72 Ducové 145 Dúdleby, hrad 75 Duero, rieka 63 Dunaj, rieka 5,10,111,54,55,57,61-65,69, 70,77-79,82-84,107,108,109,110,111, 114,117,118,120-131,135,145-147,164, 187,190,266 Durínsko 61,65,66,68,69,76,83 Durínska ríša 76 Durínsky les 65 Dvina 51 Dvoiy nad Žitavou 210 Dyje, rieka 79,125,129,130 Gars Thunau, hrad 129 Garumna, rieka 54 Gemer, Gemerská župa 33,206,225,279, 280,283,285 Germánia 54,68,114 Gvozd, pohorie 248 H Hájnička, hrad 280 Halič 20,21 Halberstadt 61 Hamburg 66,67 Harlingerland, časť Frízska 57 Hedča, 47 Herulská ríša 63,77 Hildesheim 61 Hispánia 52,54,63,92,94,96,99 Hlohov, hrad 55,56 Hniezdno 47,50 Holasicko 79 Holíč, 25,30 Hont 200,201,202,204,205,206,207, 208,209,210,211,215,217,218,219, 220,230,231,232,234,238,266 Hontianske Nemce 202,203,204,229 Hontianske Tesáre 202 Horné Domaníky 218 Hradec nad Moravicou 79 Hron, rieka 123,132,145,273,308 Hvar, ostrov 241 E Eichstädt 61 Enža, rieka 66,70,71,72,73,127 Epôl 237 Eresburg 50 Esla, rieka 63 F Fancsal 205 Fischa, rieka 63 Firfeld = Vierfeld 62,63 Flavia Solva, rímske mesto 72 Florencia 31,267 Flutausis, rieka 54 Francúzsko 52,242 Frankfurt 82,122,128,158 Franská ríša 9,11,52,53,65,87,89,108, 123,127 - Východofranská ríša 76,137,155 Franské vojvodstvo 66 Freising 19,61 Friulsko 52,73,75 - Friulská marka 74 Frízsko 57,66,83 CH Chazran, Chazaria 45 Chlumec, hrad 77 Chorvátsko 19,20,29,73,78,81,202,218,
240,241,242,244,245,250,290 Chotín 220 Chýnov, hrad 75 I Istria 61,75,123 Itália, 52,53,58,68,69,73,92,145,160, 242 Izborsko 48 Izrael 48,49 Ipeľ, rieka 21,206,207,208,217,239,310 Iharosberény 229,231,232 G Galia 52-54,63,86-89,92-94,98,102 Garica 218 J Jadranské more, 52 378
Jáger 18,175 Jasov 222 Jeseníky, pohorie 53,78,79 Jura, pohorie 54 K Kaloča 18,175 Karpaty, pohorie s. 55,77,118,121 - pozri aj Biele Karpaty - pozri aj Malé Karpaty Karpatská kotlina 17,63,83,110,110,120 Kerkafalva 219 Kladsko, hrádok 76 Kleňany 218 Knittelfeld 71 Koláre 206,207 Komagenská hora 13 Komárno 120,212,266,179 Konštantínopol 36,92,159,175,296 Kórdoba (Cordoba) 82 Korutánsko 11,52,70,71,72,74,75,78,83 - Korutánske kniežatstvo 70,72 - Korutánske vojvodstvo 73,75 - Korutánske grófstvo 74,123 - Korutánska marka 73 Košice 25,296 Košická kotlina 121 Kouba, rieka 75 Könnend 225,233.291 Kôrôsszegapáti 213 Kračany 213 Krakov 50,82,155,292 Kranjsko 73,74,75,78 - Kranjské grófstvo 72 - Kranjská marka 75 Krásna Ves 227 Kremnica 27,32,266,267,269,271,272, 273,274.313 Kremža77 Krivičska 51 Krnský hrad (Krnski Grad) 71,72 Krosno, hrad 55,56 Krupina 216,223,224,228,231,234,270 Krušné hoiy 77 Krušovce 206 Kúpa, rieka 81 Kyjev 12,15,45,47,50,82 Kyjevská hora 50 Kyjevská Rus 45,48,162,170,171 Kytusna, potok 180 L Labe (Albis), rieka 58,66,67,68,76,83 Labnica, rieka 73 Lándor 220 Lech, rieka 17,69,110,145,307 Lechovvrchso Lemanské jazero, 54 Lenčice, hrad 59 Liburnia, hrad (dnes Sankt Peter in Holz, antická Teurnia/Tiburnia) 71 Libursnké kniežatstvo 71 Lippa, hrad 280 Liptov 200,201,203,204,205,206,208, 209,210,211,212,214,215,216,220, 224,228,230,232,233,234,237,238 Litava, rieka 57,62 Litomyšl, hrad 75 Lombardia 52,70 Lorch (Lauriacum), pevnosť 79,82 Lotrinsko 83 Lövöd (dnes Városlod a Kislôd) 233 Lovér 227 Luprechzaza (Beregszász) 225,232 Lužice 37 Lyon 82,86,89,104 Lysá Hora 51
Ľ Ľubovňa 279 M Maďarsko 110,151,225 Magasmarth (osada Brehy) 273 Magdeburg 66,161 Majcichov 131 Malé Chrasťany 219 Malé Chyndice 219 Malé Karpaty, 78,80,130,131,135 Malé Slepčany 211 Maroš, rieka 17,159,279 Martna, rieka 54 Mazovsko 59 Merjani 51 Mikulčice, hradisko 13,78,79,82,111,120, 126,131,145 Moesia, s. 55 Mohuč 82 Morava 16,37,53,71,75,77,78,79,80,82, 83,84,110,119,120,121,123,125,127, 379
Ôrimagyarósd 205,232,233,235 131,134,135,136,139,140,144,145, 146,308 -hrad 51 - kniežatstvo 13,46,51,79,81,131 - VeTká Morava 5,9,10,12,15,77,134,137, 138,308 Morava, rieka 51,53,57,63,64,78,79,82, 83,130,145 Moravská brána 78,82 Mosapurc/Mosaburg/Zalavár/Blatnohrad 111,159 Morseti, časť Frízska 57 Moson, hrad 60-61 Münster 61 Mura, rieka 71,72,73 P N Nagyigmánd 211 Nagyszóllós 219,223,233 Naklo, hrad 59,60 Naumburg 61 Neapol 24,26,27,28,274 Neštich (Svätý Jur) pevnosť 126,131 Netolice, hrad 75 Nisa, rieka 76 Nitra 51,80,83,111,121,124,133 Nitrava, hrad 13,51,83,111,132,133,134, 135,308 Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce 233 Nitriansko 13,135 Norden, časť Frízska 57 Noricum, provincia 68,71,77 Nortwald, pohorie 52,69 Nová Baňa 272 Nové Zámky 120 Novgorod 12,50,51 Novohrad 208,215,218,266,279,280,283 Novohradské vrchy 84 O Obid 220 Odra, rieka 55,56 Olomouc 61,79,126,129,130,294,295 Olšava, rieka 79 Orava 37 Oslany 200 Ostergau, časť Frízska 57 Ostrihom 18,57,158,159,167,168,175,195, 258,282,286 Ostrogótska ríša 68,69 Padernbornsbý les 66 Panónia 11,52,54,64,70,71,73,74,77,78, 80,81,110,111,120,126,128,133,136, 137,145,151,152,154,155,158,173, 180,188 - Panónske kniežatstvo 72 Paríž 86,99 Pasov 61,80,82,139,140,159,286 Päťkostolie 18,157,159,164,165,175,257, 287 Pavlovské vrchy 79 Peryň, návršie 50 Pešť 23,40,288,291,301 Plášťovce, 207,216 Pohansko pri Bŕeclavy 78,79 Poitiers 94,102 Polocko, 51 Polocksi Polota, riečka 51 Poľsko 27,28,37,55,59,62,160,161,172, 209,214,215,216,300,232 Považský Inovec, pohorie 124 Poznaň 47,168 Praha 36,50,167,188,292,294 Predel, vrch 52 Preslava 80 Prešov
83,273 Prievidza hrad 269 Prusko 57,161 Ptuj82 Ptujsko 73 - Ptujské grófstvo 72 - Ptujská marka 72 Pyreneje, pohorie 52,54 Ráb, mesto, hrad 6,18,40,158,175,226, 251,252,254,259,260 - biskupstvo 6,18,40,175,259,260. - kapitula 217,254 Rába, rieka 73,127 Radvaň 236 Raetia, provincia 64,68,111 Rákošské pole 23,34,40,41 Rakúsko 37,70,71,110,121,125,129 - Dolné Rakúsko 37,71,125,129 - Horné Rakúsko 70,71 38ο
- Rakúske vojvodstvo 70 Regensburg 61,69,82,122,137 Remeš 89 Rhodanus, rieka 54 Rimavská Sobota 282 Rímska ríša 9,11,62,63,70,71,82,87,108, 109,110,111,301 Roncevele, 52 Rostov 51 Rozhanovce 25,278,279 Rugiland 77 Rupea, hrad 283 Rustringen, časť Frízska 57 Rýn rieka 54,63,65,68,83,93 Rudník222 Ryba (dnes Ipolyszög) 208 Ŕíp.horaso S Salorno 59 Sála, rieka 55,65,66,76 Salis, hrad (Soľný hrad) 84 Salzburg 70,134 Sarnova ríša 11 Sandomierz 82 Sandomiersko 51 Santok, hrad 59, Sasko 66,67,68,76,83,160,267 - Saské vojvodstvo 76 Savaria/Sabaria (Szombathely) 82, 86 Sávia 74,78,81 Savinja 75 - Savinjské grófstvo 75 Scarbantia (Šopron) 82 Sebechleby 216 Sečany 277-285 Sedlec, hrad 75 Sedmohradsko 17-19,38,158,175,178-286, 289,300 Sielnica 216,230,231 Skýtske more 67 Skýtia54 Slaná, rieka 84 Slanské vrchy 84 Slavónsko 19,26,35,36,43,209,240-242, 248,290 Sliače 237 Sliezsko 37,209. Sliezska hora 50 Smižany 227 Smolensk 51 Smolník 273 SokolecvTurci, 237 Solymos, hrad 280 Spiš 126,209,215,227,229,266,273,285 Spišské Tomášovce 124,126 Spišské Vlachy 223 Split 24,239-250,311 Spréva, rieka, s. 50 Srbsko 20,76,77,134 - Polabské Srbsko 83 Staré Mésto u Uherského Hradište 78,111 Staré Zámky pri Líšni 78,79 Starý Tekov, hrad a podhradie 200,222, 226,231,238,270,272 Stoličný Belehrad 21,57,159,180,183,187, 189,192,194,195 Strachotín, hrad 78. Strháre 218 Súdovce 229 Svätý Jur 124,131,290,291,131 Svätý Kríž 204,223,224,231,232,234 Svébia 62,63,64,69,77,83 Svitava, rieka 76 Š Šahy 202,219,233 Šariš, hrad a župa 33,279 Šarišské Sokolovce 131 Španielsko 52 Štajersko, 37,73 - Štajerská marka 73,75.
Štúrovo 120 Šúšolie 200,223,231 Švábsko 64,83 T Taliansko 28,33,274 Tatry, pohorie 53 Tekov, župa 221,222,266,273 Tekov, pozri Starý Tekov Telkibánya 273 Temešvár 26,280 Tešmák (Šahy) 202,219 Tisa, rieka 54,84,120,121 Tolna 217 Topľa, rieka 84 Topoľčany 270 Tours, biskupstvo 86,88,89,890,94-997, 99,102,177,307 381
Traismauer, Treisma in, 136,140 Traungau, bavorské grófstvo 70,73 Trebušovce 218 Trenčín 25,61,131,270 Trident 58,59 Trier (Trevír) 86 Triglavov kopec 50,51 Trogir 241,245 Trnava 195,270,279 Trstené 214 Tuhošť, hrad 75 Tulln, Tullina 82,111 Turiec 131,200,202,214 Týnna, majetok 272 Tyrhénske more 52 Týrolsko 71 - Tyrolské grófstvo 70 U Uherské Hradišté 78,111 Uhorsko, Uhorské kráľovstvo 20,27,33, 36,39,44,49,65,73,79,156,164,167, 179,183,215,240,241,251,285,286, 294,296 Undrime 71 Unstrut, rieka 65 V Vacov 18,110,175,215 Vadkert 215 Valašsko 28 Varadín 189,19,213 Varaždin 202 Varna 34,297 Velehrad (Staré mesto - Uherské Hradišté) 78 Veľká Morava 5,9,10,12,15,77,134,137, 138,308 Veľké Chyndice 219 Veľké Chrasťany 219 Veľké Kozmálovce 272 Veľký Blh 283 Veľký Šariš 273 Veľký Varadín 18,31,260 Vesprím 18 Vezera 66 Viedeň 27,36,37,63 Viedenský les 10,14 Viedenské Nové Mesto 291 Vinica 207 Virovitica 231 Virunum, mesto 71,72 Visegrád 26,27,31,34 Volyň 82 Vratislav 50,82 Východná marka 57,61,62,70,74,78,79, 80,82,129,133,135,136 Vyšehrad 60,279,281,282 W Wangeland, časť Frízska 57 Wawel v Krakove 50 Waldviertel 129 Weinviertet 77,129 Würzburg 82 Z Zadunajsko 72,122 Záhorie 25,77,78,79,84 Zalavár, pozri aj Mosapurc/Mosaburg 111, 159,175 Zaragoza 82,99 Zelená hora, moravský hrad 78 Zemplínske vrchy 84 Zemun, pevnosť 187,188 Znojemskú 129 Znújmú, hrad 78,130 Zúbúr, vrch 132,135,175,211 Zvúlen 199,200,201,202,204,205,206, 207,208,209,210,214,215,216,218, 220,221,222,223,224,225,227,228, 229,230,231,232,234,238 Záturčie 236 Žala 205 Ž Ženevské jazero 54 Žiar nad Hronom 223 Žihľavník,
vrch 126 382
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OBSAH/CONTENTS Ján Steinhübel - Martin Štefánik Panovnícka moc, jej vývoj a premeny od Veľkej Moravy po Jagelovcov /Ruling power, its development and transformations from Great Moravia to the Jagiellonian kings Počiatky panovníckej moci u Slovanov a na Veľkej Morave /The origins of ruling power among the Slavs and in Great Moravia (Ján Steinhübel) 9 Patrimoniálny štát Arpádovcov /Patrimonial monarchy of the Árpáds (Martin Štefánik) 17 Anjouovská „nová monarchia“ a žigmundovská rovnováha /Anjou's "New monarchy" and Sigismund's equilibrium (Martin Štefánik) 24 Na ceste k stavovskému štátu /On the way to the monarchy of the Estates (Martin Štefánik) 33 Ján Steinhübel Rozsah vznikajúcej panovníckej moci. Ľudia a územie /The extent of the emerging ruling power. People and territory 45 Peter Bystrický Gregor z Tours o kráľovraždách, Gunthramnovi a Chilperichovi /Gregory of Tours on murders of the kings, and about Gunthramn and Chilperich 85 Matej Harvát Od kmeňových vodcov k teritoriálnym vládcom: Premeny kniežacej moci v slovanskom prostredí nad stredným Dunajom (791 - 955) /From Tribal Leaders to Territorial Rulers: The Transformation of Ruling Power in the Slavic Environment on the Middle Danube (791 - 955) 107
Marek Druga Panovník ako miles ehristi? K otázke (dis)kontinuity christianizačnej politiky kniežaťa Gejzu a kráľa Štefana I. /The Ruler as Miles Christi? On the Question of the (Dis) Continuity of Christianization Policy of Prince Gejza and King Stephen I. 149 Žofia Lysá Panovnícka moc a smrť arpádovských kráľov /The Monarchy and the Death of the Árpád-dynasty kings 179 Pavol Hudáček Turčianski a liptovskí populi v kráľovskom privilégiu Bela IV. z roku 1257 /The populi from Turiec and Liptov in the royal privilege of Béla IV from 1257 197 Dušan Zupka Uhorskí panovníci a kráľovská moc v diele História Salonitana /Hungarian rulers and royal power according to História Salonitana 239 Miroslav Glejtek Pečate a erb rábskeho biskupa Kolomana (1337 - 1375)· K reprezentatívnym komunikačným symbolom kráľovského syna a uhorského preláta 14. storočia /Seals and Coat-of-arms of Gyôr bishop Koloman (1337 — 1375)· To the representative communication symbols of the royal son and Hungarian prelate of the 14th century 251 Martin Štefánik Prvý kremnický komorský gróf Leopold — Hyppolitus ako predstaviteľ kráľovskej moci za Karola Róberta z Anjou a Ľudovíta Veľkého /The first chamber count of Kremnica Leopold Hyppolitus as representative of royal power under the Kings Charles Robert of Anjou and Louis the Great 265
Monika Tihányiová Karol Róbert z Anjou a Tomáš zo Sečian. Od odvahy a vernosti k moci a vplyvu /Charles Robert of Anjou and Thomas of Sečany. From courage and loyalty to power and influence 277 Tomáš Homoľa Vláda „proti Bohu a prirodzenej spravodlivosti“: K otázke (ne)legitímnosti panovania Mateja Korvína /Rule „against God and natural justice“: On the question of (i)llegitimacy of the reign of Matthias Corvinus 287 Resumé/Summaries 305 Skratky/Abbreviations 317 Edície prameňov a literatúra/Editions and Bibliography 321 Výberový menný register/Name Index 369 Výberový miestny register/Place Index 377 Zoznam autorov/List of Authors З83
Resumé Ján Steinhübel - Martin Štefánik Die Entwicklung und Wandlungsformen der Herrscherrmacht von Großmähren bis in die Jagellonenzeit Der Staat beansprucht für sich das Macht- und Zwangsgewaltmonopol auf dem eigenen Gebiet. Im frühmittelalterlichen Staat war dieses Monopol dem Für sten, König, Kaiser oder dem mit einem anderen Titel bezeichneten Monarchen vorbehalten. Der Monarch erhob Steuern, verlangte Dienstleistungen, erließ Ges etze, war oberster Richter und oberster militärischer Befehlshaber. Großmähren war noch eine anfängliche, unvollkommene Staatsform. Die volle monarchistische Macht auf unserem Gebiet setzte sich erst um 1000 mittels Anschluß an das late inisch-christliche Europa unter dem König Stephan I. durch. Die Macht im frü hmittelalterlichen Königreich Ungarn konzentrierte sich auf dem königlichen Hof und von diesem wurde auf die Burgen im ganzen Land verteilt. Bis zum 13. Jahrhundert stützte sich die patrimoniale Macht des Monarchen auf die Königsgüter und auf die aus ihnen kommenden Einkünften. Andreas II. versuchte, durch Verleihungen umfangreicher Güter die Unterstützung der Par teigänger zu gewinnen, wodurch ein Großteil des Kronlandes in die Hände der weltlichen Grundbesitzer gelangte. Das führte parallel zum allmählichen Verfall des alten Systems der Burgbezirke und des damit verbundenen militärischen Systems der Burgsoldaten. Diese wiederum bildeten den niederen Adel, dessen Rechte durch die Goldene Bulle von 1222 und ihre späteren Bestätigungen kodi fiziert wurden. Für seine Loyalität wurde der Adel mit gerichtlicher Immuni tät,
Steuerbefreiung, Beschränkung des Kriegsdienstes und anderen Privilegien belohnt. Als Reaktion auf den Mongoleneinsturm wurden im Rahmen des Wiede raufbaus des Landes in der zweiten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts zahlreiche Burgen (vorwiegend in den adeligen Händen) errichtet. Nach dem Erlöschen der Arpaden-Dynastie und einer anfänglichen Phase der Unruhen wurde unter der Anjou-Dynastie eine zentralistische „neue Monarchie“ wiederhergestellt. Die Adelsversammlungen wurden nur selten einberufen. Die meisten Burgen kehrten in die Hände des Monarchen zurück und nur die treuen und zuverlässigen Barone konnten sie nun als „honores“ aufbegrenzte Zeit erhalten. Die Grundlagen der reformierten königlichen Einkünfte verschoben sich unter Karl I. auf die königlichen Monopole (Bergbau, Münzprägung, Salz, Zoll). Es wurden neue Steuern, u.a. die einheitliche allgemeine Portalsteuer eingeführt. Der Schwerpunkt des Militärsystems verlegte sich von den Burgsoldaten auf die unter Einbeziehung der adligen Privatheeren, den sog. Banderien neu organisiert. Der Adel behielt seine Privilegien (Königsunmittelbarkeit) als Belohnung für den treuen Militär dienst. Den großen Widerstand leistete der Adel gegen den Aufstieg ausländischer Würdenträger und Günstlinge, auf die sich vor allem Sigismund von Luxemburg stark verließ. Obwohl es ihm gelang, die Adelsopposition zu überwinden, konnte 305
er nicht verhindern, dass die königliche Eigentumsbasis erneut verminderte. Während der Nachfolgekrisen im 15. Jh. nahm die Ständeversammlung an Bede utung zu. Ungarn wurde allmählich zur Wahlmonarchie. Jedem neuen Herrscher wurden immer mehr Machtbefugnisse entzogen. Der autoritäre Matthias Corvi nus versuchte zwar, solchen Trend aufzuhalten, indem gelang es ihm - mittels drastischer Steuermaßnahmen - neben der Banderien- und Portalarmee auch ein starkes Söldnerheer aufzustellen. Er erzielte bedeutende territoriale Gewinne auf Kosten der benachbarten böhmischen und österreichischen Länder. Selbst er war jedoch nicht in der Lage, so viele Burgen in seinen Händen zu konzen trieren, wie es seine Anjou-Vorgänger als zentralistische Monarchen getan hat ten. Nach seinem Tod überwog vollständig das Konzept des Ständestaates. Der Landtag bestand aus Prälaten, Baronen und niederen Adligen, die Städte spielten nur eine marginale Rolle. Ohne die Zustimmung der Adelsversammlung konn ten keine grundlegende Entscheidungen getroffen werden. Statt jagiellonischen Königen regierte tatsächlich der königliche Rat, in dem der Kanzler den größ ten Einfluss ausübte. Kurz vor der Schlacht von Mohács wurde ein grundlegen des juristisches Werk verfasst, das so genannte Tripartitum, in dem das Prinzip der ständischen Herrschaft formuliert wurde. Demnach leitet sich die Macht des Monarchen von der gegenseitigen Beziehung mit dem Adel ab. Der Adel wählt nämlich den Monarchen, und der Monarch verleiht seinerseits den Adelsstand. Ján Steinhübel The extent of the emerging ruling power. People and
territory The old Slavic principalities were originally tribal territories, which already in the period of Slavic settlement had to be sufficiently large to support one large tribe, naturally segmented and significantly cut off from all the neighbours and as easy as possible to defend. The historically stable principalities were able to sur vive the extinction of tribal organization and the origin of a state, the alternating of independence and foreign rule, connection to a larger state and later ethnic chan ges. Even the imperial dukedoms of Bavaria, Swabia, Thuringia, Saxony, Frisia, Francia, Lorraine, Burgundy in their territorial range were stable from the 5th and 6th centuries as the tribal territories of the Bavarians, Alamans, Thurings, Saxons, Frisians, Franks and Burgundians and did not change it up to the mid-i2th cen tury. Territorial stability of historical principalities and dukedoms is typical for proto-medieval Europe. Therefore, we can consider the territorial range of the Nitrian Principality as we know it from the beginning of the nth century as stable for the entire period of its long history. 306
Peter Bystrický Gregory of Tours on murders of the kings, and about Gunthramn and Chilperich Every historian, who wrote the history of his time, needed to solve the problem of how and whether to record the controversial events and deeds of evil, incompe tent, weak or immoral rulers, especially if he himself enjoyed their favor, support or if he even liked them. For example, Belisarius, who described in detail Justin ian's victorious wars in eight books, was at the same time working on so called Secret history, where he slandered the emperor, his wife and Belisarius in such a way that this short work, which was supposed to be published only after his or emperor’s death, is more of a spiteful political pamphlet than a trustworthy source. However, all the missteps, crimes and extravagances of Justinian, his officials and generals were nothing compared to what was witnessed by Gregory of Tours during the reign of the second and third generation of the Merovingian kings. He knew very well that already Clovis, the founder of the dynasty, was insid ious, vile and cruel man, who committed numerous crimes, including murders, even after his conversion to Christianity. Nevertheless, Gregory was very forgiv ing to him, because he considered him a tool through which God drove Arianism out of Gaul. He reminded future kings to remember how Clovis won great victo ries, slew opposing kings, crushed wicked peoples and subdued their lands. Greg ory was also very close to Gunthram and saw him as almost ideal Christian king and regarded him saint, though in his youth he was not that much
different from his royal relatives and, later, he was not very successful leader and king. These, however, were not the qualities that Gregory was looking for. On the other hand, Gregory had a very complicated relationship with Gunthram’s brother Chilperic I, whom he portrayed as the 'Nero and Herod’ of his time. Gregory’s obituary about Chilperic kind of resembles Procopius’ Secret History. He branded the king as a cruel and gluttonous tyrant, who hated poor and despised the bishops. He also ridiculed king’s poetry, hymns and masses, and condemned his treatise on the holy Trinity. This is how the readers of his Histories should see him too. Matej Harvát From Tribal Leaders to Territorial Rulers: The Transformation of Ruling Power in the Slavic Environment on the Middle Danube (791 - 955) The chapter provides a survey of historical development in the northern parts of the Middle Danube region during the Carolingian era and until the Battle on river Lech (955) with special regard to the personal leadership and hereditary rul ership in the Slavic milieu. Emphasis is laid on the initial nonhierarchical, aceph alous character of Slavic society. An absence of a distinct and sovereign ruler has been quite common in the Middle Danubian northern regions up until the 8th centuiy. Likewise, many early medieval and premodern societies for a long time 307
did not establish distinct rulership and clear hierarchical power structures but rather existed on the communal principles of social organization. This may have been also the case for certain segments of the Middle Danubian population till the 9th century. In the era of the Avar khaganate (6th-8th century), the distinct nomadic ruler with sacral and military power - the khagan - concentrated power in his hands and subsequently controlled a wider area of the Carpathian Basin. As a consequence of the Charlemagne expansion which has led to the collapse of the khaganate, the local (Slavic) leaders and groups seize their opportunity to establish new power positions on the eastern fringe of the Frankish empire. In the first decades of the 9th century on the Middle Danube emerged the most distinct “tribal” chieftain with the exceptional supra-local sphere of authority - the Mora vian prince (dux). In the eastern regions beyond the rivers Váh and especially the Hron, there is no clear evidence of supra-regional power structure or distinct prin cipality. Pribina, who was banished by Moravian dux Moimar/Mojmir sometimes around 833 and later created a thriving Carolingian domain in lower Pannonia, could have been originally some kind of a leader with ties to Moravia or local chief tain from today western Slovakia, though, based on the written and archaeolog ical evidence, not necessarily connected with the hillfort in Nitra. Moreover, the agglomeration on the river Nitra, and further territory between the rivers Váh and Hron, may have been rather not a very important political
unit during the first half of the 9th century, unlike the Moravian principality. The author suggests that it cannot be proved that Mojmír actually conquered or occupied Nitra. On the other hand, it is possible that even during the reign of Moravian prince Rastic/Rastislav, Nitra was probably the client or allied castle of Moravians, hypothetically led by its own attested leader Nitrabor, and sometimes in the second half of the 9th century, it was integrated into “regnum Zwentibaldi” or later into Moravian principality by prince Zwentibold/Svätopluk. Moravian Mojmirids princes (duces) were the dominant hierarchs of the northern Middle Danube territory during the 9 th century. This Slavic clan/family cooperated closely with the Franks, Bavarians, and people from Adriatic on the one hand, but on the other in the second half of the 9th century also frequently and persistently struggled for the political (and therefore also ecclesiastic) inde pendency and the unrestrained control over wider Middle Danubian territory. The possible Christian sacrality of their rulership, hereditary authority, and expansion during the Svätopluk reign for a short time enabled the quite successive politi cal and cultural existence of the Mojmirid ‘Great Moravia’. However, this Middle Danubian domain did not outlive the first decade of the 10th century and have collapsed during the reign of dux Mojmír II. The lack of socio-political cohesion, the fall of Frankish Carolingian rulership, and the expansion of the nomadic Mag yar war bands caused the power shift and possibly the exile of some part of
the Mojmirid clan and followers outside the Middle Danube. From the east came new leaders and chieftains who, thanks to the cooperation with and suppression of the local sedentary population and its elites, in the latter decades of the first millen nium have created a new power foundations for the formation of the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by Arpadians and their loyal leaders. 308
Marek Druga The Ruler as Miles Christi? On the Question of the (Dis)Continuity of Christianization Policy of Prince Gejza and King Stephen I. The study deals with disputable issues during the reign of Grand Prince of the Hungary Gejza (972-997) and during the first years (cca. 997-1010/15) of reign of King Stephen I. (997-1038). At the beginning of the study, the author discus ses the views of older historiography on the ecclesiastical policy of Gejza and Ste phen in the period of early Christianization and church formation in Hungary. The study also examines the informations about the church policy of these rulers in the oldest Hungarian and foreign sources. Gejza and Stephen I. are presented in major part of the sources as monarchs supporting Christianization and the Hun garian church. However, evidences from foreign chronicles and legends from first two decades of 11th century also suggest that even in Hungary, Christianization and the organization of the church may not have been as dynamic processes as older historiography had seen them. From the years 990-1010, we have just few authentic informations about the church policy of Gejza and Stephen I. The study therefore try to place the evidences of foreign chronicles and legends (especially written by Bruno from Querfurt and Thietmar from Merseburg) in a broader historical context. Žofia Lysá The Monarchy and the Death of the Árpád-dynasty kings In the descriptions of the death of the Árpád-dynasty rulers, we can meet both a heroic death, but also a shameful, dishonorable death, while the decisive factor in these
literary narratives is the optics viewed by the author of the source to the main representative. Death always reflects what kind of life the main character lived and at the same time it is a foreshadowing of the next fate in the afterlife. If there is really something in the sources that misses the most, is a simple ordinary death, as it really happened. Hungarian narrative sources only rarely reveal the circumstances and causes of the monarch's death, the process of dying and the monarch's last moments, the public appearance before death, or the subjective feelings of the dying person. In Hungary of the 11th - 13th centuries, no written sources for the funeral ceremony have been preserved. For most of the Árpád-dynasty monarchs, their deaths are depicted without expressive descriptions, giving the impression of a peaceful transition from the earthly world to eternity. The premonition of one's own death is a social feature of dying monarchs. It ena bles the king to practically ensure the continuity of the royal power. At the same time, it is an expression of the dignified dying of a worthy monarch. Every death of a monarch means the disintegration of monarchical power, which rests largely on a living, strong, charismatic king. It is very likely that the laws (ordinances) issued by the monarch are valid during his lifetime. Their appli cation after that questionable. We know from the later periods that the incoming 309
monarchs confirmed the validity of the laws of their predecessors. It follows from the fact that continuity and order were apparently not taken for granted. After the death of the monarch, new chaos always threatened. Monarchical power and the order and norms related to it must always be asserted anew. With the arrival of a new king comes an effort to enforce a new order. Death means discontinuity and chaos. On the other hand, the system looks for its balance and removes it. This should represent references to the privileges and regulations of King Stephen, whose cult began to develop at the end of the 11th century. Referring to the order and privileges from the time of St. Stephan represents an element of continuity. Thus, king Stephan symbolically becomes an eternally living king. Pavol Hudáček The populi from Turiec and Liptov in the royal privilege of Béla IV from 1257 The populi from Turiec and Liptov were royal condicionarii, they lived on the land of the ruler and performed designated services on the royal dynastic (forest) property or supplied his court. Their social status was not completely free, because the possibility to move, which was the most prominent attribute of complete free dom, was limited in their case. In the course of the 12th - 13th centuries, transitional social groups, whose members were legally “semi-free”, gradually formed in medi eval Hungarian society between the free and the unfree. Free people who settled on royal property had to pay a land tax, but they could move out at any time after meeting certain requirements. For this reason, two
groups of free people were distinguished. The first lived on another’s land (royal or any other) and had to pay land tax for it, and the second, who already farmed on their own land, did not pay tax to anyone. The difference between the two groups within the same social status was one of property and resulted from land ownership. The populi from Turiec and Liptov after settling in the Hont county had the royal land only in hereditary use, for which they paid the land tax to the comes of Zvolen as the representative of the ruler on the royal praedium of Zvolen. In 1257, although they received cer tain freedoms from King Béla IV, they had a less favourable position compared to the royal guests (hospites) or completely free settlers on the praedium of Zvo len, who were governed by the law of guests. This was clearly expressed by the restriction of their removal, the payment of tax-in-kind, the incomplete inheri tance of personal property, and above all, the provision of unchanged duties and services, the performance of which was still expected of them, as was customary in the Turiec and Liptov. These populi continued to be royal condicionarii after their arrival on the new estates and the granting of certain privileges, as they still performed specific duties and services in return for the use of the borrowed royal land. As no relevant documents have survived from the 13th - 14th centuries about the populi of *Kovárszég (Széki), Balog nad Ipľom and *Zequi, it is not possible to trace the further fate of these royal condicionarii. Around the middle of the 13th century, the
populi from Turiec and Liptov found themselves halfway between 310
their dependent status and complete freedom. Their case points to certain pecu liarities that medieval Hungarian society was going through in this period, and although at first glance it appears to be static, it had its own dynamics. In the ongoing social changes, in addition to the subordinate population groups and the completely free, there were also a kind of “intermediate stages” depending on the privileges granted and the previous social status, the change of which was caused by the circumstances of the time and the targeted efforts of the Árpáds to improve the economic situation on the royal estates. Dušan Zupka Hungarian rulers and royal power according to História Salonitana The chronicle of Archdeacon Thomas of Split (1200-1268), today generally known as História Salonitana, is a unique source for the study of perception of royal power of Arpadian kings in the 13th century. This paper will give an analy tical account on the narrative strategies employed by the author in series of case studies centred around the relation of Split commune with Hungarian kings of the 12th and 13th century (Coloman I, Andrew II and Bela IV). Arpad dynastic sanctity, associated primarily with St Stephen I and St Ladislas I gave the Hunga rian kings invaluable symbolic authority. Dynastic sanctity and the royal govern ment accompanied by Christian values also characterized the successors of the first Hungarian holy kings in Thomas' work. In this spirit, he depicted the actions of Coloman I, Bela III, Emeric I, Andrew II and Bela IV. Their actions have an ide alized character in the
Split chronicle. Even in cases where these descriptions did not correspond to reality (the crusade of Andrew II) or justified the wrongdoing (Bela IV and Queen Mary in the dispute with Split). Regarding the argument of military occupation and legitimacy stemming from royal dynastic sanctity, there are other arguments in the História Salonitana defending Arpadian power in Cro atia and Dalmatia. Thomas of Split repeatedly mentions natural law (ius naturale) as well as the ability to promulgate and exercise law and ensure the order and harmonious functioning of society by the Hungarian kings. This is evidenced by the numerous descriptions of public meetings (colloquia) at which the Arpadians served as supreme judges (by resolving local disputes, imposing punishments) and sovereign lords distributing benefits to their loyal subjects (granting privile ges and appointments). The most spectacular expression of monarchical ideology and ideas about the unquestionable position of legitimate kings in the social hie rarchy were numerous descriptions of ritualized ceremonial acts, which expressed mutual relations and connections between Hungarian kings and Split city com munity (adventus régis ritual, and other political events). The Hungarian kings, thus presented by Archdeacon Thomas of Split, act as the embodiment of the ideal of Christian rulers. 311
Miroslav Glejtek Seals and Coat-of-arms of Gyôr bishop Koloman (1337 - 1375). To the representative communication symbols of the royal son and Hungarian prelate of the 14th century The study deals with the issue of Gyôr bishop Koloman's seals and his coat of arms. This illegitimate son of King Charles Robert held the post of bishop of Gyó'r from 1337 until 1375. Five seals he used while holding this post have been disco vered so far. In all significant offices the most important seal was the so-called large seal. Koloman gradually used two of these seals. Both have a pointed-oval shape. Their size, the legend, as well as their iconography correspond with the evolution of large Hungarian seals as well as with the seals of European prelates generally. These were not purely portrait seals anymore, depicting the prelate with his pontifical regalia. According to the period trends, they combine depictions of a saint, portraits of the praying owner or the coat of arms placed in an architectu ral framework. In the first type of the large seal (1345) the dominating motif is of the Madonna with the infant Jesus in her arms. It corresponds with the dedication of the cathedral as well as of the bishop’s chapter to the Virgin Mary. In the lower section there is the kneeling bishop placed in a niche. Behind his back there is an almost illegible coat of arms. In 1355, at the latest, a change of this large seal matrix occurred. We don't know the exact reasons for this change. It is possible, however, that it was connected to the forced imprisonment of the bishop between 1353 and 1354.
The new matrix is of a larger size and has an altered iconography. The dominating scene is the coronation of the Virgin Mary by Jesus. In the lower section of the seal there is only the kneeling prelate. This seal matrix is a high qua lity work of art which is demonstrated throughout with a number of tiny details in the seal field. Iconographically rich seals of large sizes represented an important means of representation for the prelate and mirrored his status and ambitions in Hungarian society. This is quite obvious when looking at the seals of bishop Kolo man. A beautifully executed round large seal (0 70 mm) (1373) breaks away from the standards. It depicts the bishop's complete aristocratic coat of arms. From its conception and dimensions, it resembles the seal matrices of high secular digni taries. We haven't been able to find a parallel to this seal among the seals of other prelates. A purely profane heraldic motif refers more to a secular magnate than a prelate. This seal significantly evokes Koloman 's status as a prince and a royal son (albeit illegitimate) rather than a bishop. However, we are not able to say what was the role of this seal in the office. If it was used simultaneously with the large pointed-oval seal or if it substituted for it. Bishop Koloman also used a secret seal (1365, 1368, 1369). It had an octagonal shape and contained the complete aris tocratic coat of arms. It is marked as secret directly in the circular text {sigilium secretum). The last seal matrix is of a small size and it is probably a ring seal. It most likely depicts a figure of
an angel (1363). We know about it from a single pre served example. From the number of used seals, the Koloman's office comes close to the offices of the most important dignitaries of the country. It contains almost all the types of used seals we also know about from the royal office. The heraldic 312
content of Koloman's seals is especially significant. Unlike other Hungarian pre lates, Koloman did not use only a simple coat of arms shield. In the secret seal and in the large coat of arms seal there is the complete aristocratic coat of arms with the helmet, the mantling and the crest. The coat of arms shield is interesting, too. In the upper part there are two cross beams. The lower part contains three lilies (2,1). It is a modification of the Anjou family coat of arms. This is a typical mark of cadency, in which some elements of the royal Anjou coat of arms of King Charles Robert were used. The bishop, however, adjusted some of these elements due to his irregular background. Similarly, he also changed the appearance of the crest. The use of a purely profane coat of arms suggests that Koloman preferred to emphasize his status of a prince and a royal son (albeit illegitimate) rather than his status of bishop. Martin Štefánik Erster Kammergraf von Kremnitz - Leopold /Hyppolitus als Repräsentant der königlichen Macht unter den Königen Karl I. und Ludwig dem Großen von Anjou Die Studie fasst die Fakte und Kenntnisse über die Persönlichkeit von Leo pold, alternativ auch als Hyppolitus bekannten ersten kremnitzer Kammergrafen und bedeutenden Beamten im Bereich Münz- und Bergwesen zusammen. Insge samt sind 16 schriftliche Zeugnisse aus den Jahren 1331-1348 über ihn erhalten. Die Fachliteratur hält ihn für Ausländer - Italiener oder Deutsche. Mit dem Amt des Kammergrafen von Kremnitz (slow. Kremnica) war in seiner Zeit auch das Amt des Kastellans der Burg Arwa (slow. Orava)
verknüpft. In der ersten Erwäh nung aus dem Jahre 1331 bestätigt er aus der Position des Kammergrafen, den Vertrag zwischen zwei kremnitzer Unternehmern. Er wird gleichzeitig auch als magister machinarum per Ungariam bezeichnet, was auf seine technische Fach kompetenz hindeutet. Die Pachtverträge der kremnitzer Kammer aus den Jahren 1335 und 1342 enthalten zahlreiche wertvolle Details über seine Amtsaufgaben im Bereich der Münzprägung und Erhebung der Portalsteuer im Bezirk der Kremni tzer Kammer, wo er das Amt des Kammergrafen in den Jahren 1335,1341-1344 und 1347-1348 bekleidete. Im Jahre 1343 war er auch als Kammergraf in Buda und 1346 in Smolník und Telkibánya tätig. Sein Testament aus dem Jahre 1347 verfügt, wie seine Erben mit dem Ertrag seiner Schmelzhütte in Nová Baňa verfü gen sollen: er war also auch ein Bergbauunternehmer. In den letzten Erwähnun gen aus den Jahren 1348-49 schenkt er als Kastellan in Orava einen ungenützten Wald. Letzte Belege bezeugen seine Teilnahme an der militärischen Expedition nach Neapel im Dienste von König Ludwigs I, bei der er wahrscheinlich (oder kurz danach) starb. Über sein Familien- und Privatleben ist nichts bekannt. 313
Monika Tihányiová Charles Robert of Anjou and Thomas of Sečany From courage and loyalty to power and influence The study focuses on the fate of a Hungarian nobleman, whose example can be used to understand better the domestic and foreign policy of Charles Robert from Anjou. Through his example, we also have the opportunity to get to know better the shape of the relations of the prominent Hungarian monarch of foreign origin with the domestic nobility. The example of Thomas of Sečany (Szécsényi, Hungary) confirms that Charles Robert placed his trust in the hands of a small group of people, most of whom were little-known rural noblemen at the time. These won the king over by their immediate and courageous decision to side with him and by remaining in his camp throughout the period of the fulfilment of the aims of uniting the kingdom under one monarch. In the paper, the author traces the fate of Thomas of Sečany at the time of the king's struggle with the oligar chs and subsequently at the time of the consolidation of the kingdom by Charles Robert through various reforms. The study follows Thomas in the royal charters and charts the merits for which he was rewarded, not only with estates but also with important ranks. It also follows the documents of non-royal origin and his dispute with the bishop of Transylvania. Tomáš Homoľa Rule „against God and natural justice“: On the question of (i)llegitimacy of the reign of Matthias Corvinus Central topic of the study is the question of legitimacy of Matthias Corvinus' rule in the Kingdom of Hungary. Study is focused primarily on how
Matthias' sovereign legitimacy and authority were perceived, both in domestic Hungarian circles and also by foreign rulers. We also concentrate on the methods and practi ces how Corvinus defended his own royal legitimacy, how he determined himself from his rivals and how he dealt with this problem. In presented study we are focused mainly on the view of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III and the King of Poland Casimir IV Jagiellon, who were the most influential opponents of the King of Hungary. Matthias Corvinus faced questioning of the legitimacy of his rule from the beginning of his reign and it accompanied him throughout his life. He was critici sed by some Hungarian noblemen, Holy Roman Emperor and other foreign rulers and dukes. The main base of the criticism was the fact that Matthias wasn ' t blood related to any former Hungarian king, however reservations of particular rulers differed in content. Emperor Frederick III, in his own aspirations for the Hunga rian throne, referred primarily to the hereditary claims of the House of Habsburg and the will of Hungarian nobility and clergy, some of whom publicly declared support to Frederick III and didn't hesitate to elect him as a new king of Hun gary. Compared to the Emperor's objections, the reservations of the Polish royal 314
court had more intensive form and also differed in content. The basic element of their criticism towards Matthias was - similar to Frederick's - damage to the hereditary claims of Casimir IV, who asserted them through his wife Elizabeth of Habsburg. Furthermore, Jagiellonians considered Matthias' election as a forced act that failed to meet the criteria of a free election of a ruler and was against „natural law and justice“. The Poles also questioned moral profile of the Hunga rian king, described his reign as tyranny and Matthias as a usurper of the throne. Moreover, they accused Corvinus of cooperating with the Ottomans, who were regarded as the biggest threat for the Christian population of Hungary. Polish side created a negative image of the king, who not only lacked the natural right to rule in the kingdom, but also lacked the required moral integrity to lead the country. Matthias responded to the reservations of Frederick III, supported by the domestic noble faction, with reference that his election was lawful and he conside red any change of power as a violation of the legal status of the kingdom. He also questioned moral credit of the Jagiellonians, blamed them of the atrocities com mitted during their military campaign in Hungary in 1471-1472 and also accused them of cooperation with the Ottomans. Thus, Matthias did not directly dispute Jagiellonian hereditary rights, but he reprimanded their amoral activities that were in contrast with his actions in favour of Christianity. Since Matthias could not rely on a dynastic principle that would predetermine him to
royal rule, he sought to build his own legitimacy on different principles. He emphasized his authority as a Christian warrior who defend the whole Christian world against the constantly expanding Ottoman Empire. In this regard, Matthias followed the legacy of his father John Hunyadi, the most prominent Hungarian warlord against the Ottomans. It was the court historiography, which worked intentionally to establish the proper authority and legitimacy of the king of Hun gary that served Matthias well in building his own heroic image. 315
Výberový menný register A Abú Zajd abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Chaldún, arabský historik 49 Acciaiouoli Angelo, pápežský legát 31 Adalrám, salzburský arcibiskup 134 Adam z Brém, kronikár 65,66,67,68,169, 170 Aegidius Romanus, mysliteľ 243 Agneša, manželka kráľa Ondreja III. 278 Aistulf, longobardskýkráľ 53 Ajtoň, marošvársky knieža 164 Ákošovci, rod. 277 Alarich, ariánsky kráľ, s. 98 Alarich II., kráľ 94,98 Albrecht Achilles, brandenburský kurfirst 300-301 Albrecht de Monte, komorský gróf 273 Albrecht Habsburský, rakúsky knieža 283 Albrecht Habsburský, uhorský a český kráľ, s. 33,292-293,301 Alexander II, pápež 164 Alexander, krajinský sudca 26 Álmoš, knieža, brat Kolomana 61,179,183, 187,188 Alžbeta Durínska s. 184 Alžbeta, manželka Ľudovíta I. Velkého 29 Alžbeta Luxemburská, uhorská kráľovná, manželka Albrechta Habsburského 33-35,288 Alžbeta Habsburská, poľská kráľovná, manželka Kazimíra IV. 292-293,302 Alžbeta Poľská, z rodu Piastovcov, manželka Karola Róberta 281,286 Amalarich, vizigótsky kráľ 94 Anjouovci, panovnícky rod 23,29,30,33, 251,260,266,274 Anonymus, kronikár, Anonymova kronika 135 Armentaria, matka Gregora z Tours s. 88 Arnir, splitský arcibiskup 248 Arnulf, východofranskýkráľ a cisár 68,76, 137, M3 Arpád, staromaďarský knieža 145. Arpádovej, panovnícky rod Uhorského kráľovstva 6,14,17-20,23,28,43,49, 83,109-110,131,146-147,151,158,160, 169,170,179,179,181,185,186,188190,193,198-203,208,210,212,214, 220,221,229,231,238,241,242-244, 247-251,277, 282,307,308 Athanarich, kráľ Gótov 94 Atila, hunský vodca 190,295 Augustín, sv. 14,15,93 Augustín, záhrebský
biskup 259 B Bakóc, Tomáš, ostrihomský arcibiskup a kancelár 40 Baldrik, friulský vojvoda 74 Balogovci, rod 283 Barbora Celjská, kráľovná a manželka Žigmunda Luxemburského, s. 31,32 Bardiovci, florentská spoločnosť 266 Bátori, Štefan, palatin 42 Bátoriovci, rod 38 Bazilej, sv. 50 Beatrix Aragónska, manželka kráľa Mateja Korvína 38 Beatrix Luxemburská, manželka kráľa Karola Róberta 280 Beda Ctihodný, učenec 108 Behaim, Albert, loršský arcidiakon 140 Belisar, byzantský vojvodca 85,305 Belo L, uhorský kráľ 180,185,187 Belo IL, uhorský kráľ 211 Belo III., uhorský kráľ 19,20,22,131,211, 241, 248,250 Belo IV., uhorský kráľ 6,21,2,194,197, 199,201,203-210,212,213,215-229, 234,236,237,243,246,247, 249,250, ЗЮ, ЗИ- 369
Čák, Matúš, syna Mikuláša z rodu Čákovcov 205 Čanád z Telegdu, ostrihomský arcibiskup 269 Čedrag, knieža Obodritov 13 Čeledrag, knieža Veletov 13 Čestibor, knieža Srbov 13 Beloš, chorvátsko-dalmátskybán 63 Benedikt VI., pápež 159 Benedikt XII. pápež, 285 Bernhard, vojvoda, s 56 Bernhard, spanheimský a ptujský markgróf 72,73 Besarab L, valašský vojvoda 281 Blažej Maďar, uhorský vojvodca 38,299 Boleslav L, český knieža 14,46,75,152,171 Boleslav II., český knieža 75,167 Boleslav III. český knieža 167 Boleslav Chrabiý, poľský knieža 46,47,53, 55,56,57,59,83,152,156,160,161, 163,164,165,168,171,172,175 Boleslav Krivoústy, poľský knieža 62 Boleslav III. poľský knieža 59,60 Bonfini, Antonio, taliansky kronikár 300302 Boris, syn Eufémie, údajný syn kráľa Kolomana 62 Boris, bulharský knieža 12 Borna, chorvátsky knieža 81 Borša Lysý, uhorský’ magnát 25 Borivoj, český knieža 13,167,171 Boŕivoj II., český knieža 62 Braslav, sávsky knieža 137 Bŕetislav L, český kráľ 152,186 Brunhilda, manželka kráľa Sigiberta 104 Bruno z Querfurtu, s. 160 Bulču, staromaďarský náčelník 145 Buonaccorsi, Filippo 295-296 Burgio, Antonio, pápežský vyslanec 41 Dagobert L, franský kráľ 11,71,100,119 Dávid, biblická postava 99,116 Debrecíndsky Dóža, s. 277 Demeter, ostrihomský arcibiskup 29,257 Demeter z Našíc, taverník 26,277,283 Demeter Zvonimir, chorvátsky kráľ 204 Dervan, srbské knieža 11,76,111 Desiderius, longobardskýkrál’53 Dietrich z Apoldy, kronikár 21 Dionýz zo Seče, ostrihomský arcibiskup 289 Dlugosz, Ján, poľský kronikár 292-293, 297,302 Domoslav, nitriansky knieža 186 Donč, magister, zvolenský
župan 26,277 Dragovit, veletské knieža 12,13,115 Dražko, knieža Obodritov 13 Drugetovci, rod 26,277 Druget Ján 282 Druget Viliam, palatin 26,270,280,28, 285 Ďula II. Prokuj, semohradský knieža, 17, 164 C E Carvajal, Juan, kardinál a pápežský legát 297 Cassiodor, s. 64 Celjskí, rod 31,35,36,290 Celjská Barbora pozri Barbora Celjská Celjský, Hermann, štajerský gróf 31 Celjský Ulrich uhorský veľmož 35,36 Cudarovci, rod 29 Eberhard, záhrebský biskup 30 Einhard, životopisec Karola Veľkého 51,68 Emich, gróf z Leiningenu 61 Engelbert z Admontu 242 Eoin Chramnichisa, tridentský vojvoda 58,59 Ernst, Ján (Johannes), kupec, kráľovský’ pokladník 37 Engelšalk markgróf Východnej marky 80 Eufémia, zapudená manželka kráľa Kolomana 62 Eufronius, biskup v Tours 88 Č Čákovci, rod 22,205 370 D
Eusebios, sv. 180 Eusebius, historik 89 Eustachius, biskup 88 F Farkaš z rodu Kačičovcov 277 Ferdinand L, neapolský kráľ 299 Ferdulf, friulský vojvoda 73 Ferreol, sv. 86 Florentius, senátor 89 Fontana, Francesco, neapolský vyslanec 38 Forgáč, Blažej, uhorský veľmož 29 Fredegar, kronikár 11,90,119,120 Fredegunda, manželka Chilpericha 90,93, 95,100,103,104 Fridrich, švábsky vojvoda 61 Fridrich I. Barbarossa, rímsko-nemecký cisár 20,55,63,68,70 Fridrich III. Habsburský, nemecký kráľ a rímsko-nemecký cisár 35,36,287-292, 297-298,300-302 Fulkus, z rodu Kačičovcov 277 G Gall Anonymus, kronikár 46,47,53,55, 58,59,60,171 Gallus z Clermontu, sv. 86,88,89 Gaulter z Ulmu 52 Gejza, uhorský knieža, otec Štefana 1.5,17, 149-160,164-175,180,309 Gejza L, uhorský kráľ 180,184,186 - nitriansky knieža Gejza 59 Gejza IL, uhorský kráľ 62,63,241,249 Gerard, sv., biskup 157,158,168,177,180, 188 Gertrúda, manželka Ondreja II. 21 Girardo, splitský arcibiskup 248 Gizela, manželka kráľa Štefana 1.17,151, 154,156,158,167,173,176,177,185, 191,192 Goijanská, Anna 288 Gorjanský, Jób 291 Goijanský (Garai), Ladislav, uhorský palatin 35-36,288,290-291,294 Goijanský, Mikuláš, palatin 29,31 Gostimysl, knieža Obodritov 13 Gunthramn, franský kráľ 85,91,96-103 Gutkeled, rod 22 Gregor XIL, pápež 162,183 Gregor IX. pápež s. 240 Gregor z Langres, sv. 86,88 Gregor z Heimburgu 301 Gregor z Tours (Georgius Florentius), biskup, historik 5,64,65,85,86,88, 89,90-105 Gregor zo Sanoku 296 Grimuald, longobarský kráľ 71,73 Grófi zo sv. Jura a Pezinka 38,39,269, 290,291 H Habsburgovci Hadugat, vodca Sasov 65 Halaga, Ondrej
R., historik 203,204 Hartvik, Hartvikova legenda 179,183,185, 188 Henrich I, nemecký kráľ 76,145 Henrich II. nemecký kráľ, rímsko-nemecký cisár 49,56,77,156,160,161,162,163, 164,168,169,175 Henrich HL, nemecký kráľ, rímskonemecký cisár 57, 60,61, 62,72,73 Henrich IV., nemecký kráľ, rímskonemecký cisár s. 75 Henrich V, nemecký kráľ, rímsko-nemecký cisár 61,62 Henrich I., korutánsky vojvoda 72 Henrich IIL, korutánsky vojvoda 72 Henrich II. Jasomirgott, bavorský vojvoda 62,63,70 Henrich Lev, saský vojvoda 68 Herodes, 104 Hermenefred, durínsky kráľ 65 Hesiodos, 184 Hunimund, svébsky kráľ 64 Huňady, Ladislav 36,301 Hypolitus, sv. 266 CH Chararich, svebsky kráľ 97 Charibert L, franský kráľ 96,100,101,105 Charibert IL, franský kráľ 103 371
Childebert L, franský kráľ 88, 96, 99 Childebert IL, franský kráľ, 95,101,103 Chilperich I., franský kráľ 5,85,88,90,91, 93,95,97,100,102,103,104,105,307 Chlodomer, syn kráľ Chlodoviga s 96 Chlodvig L, franský kráľ 92,94,96,97,98, 99,100 Chlothar II, franský kráľ 76,90,100,103 Chotimír, korutánske knieža, 71 Chrodechilda, manželka kráľa Chlodoviga 98,99,100 Šimon z Kézy, kronikár 199,242,295 I Ibn Rusta, perzský učenec 13,16,45,82 Ibrahim ibn Jákúb, 46 Igor, kyjevský knieža 46,144 Imrich, sv., syn Štefana 1.19,180,181,191, Ján z Viktringu, mysliteľ 242 Ján zo Salisbuiy, biskup 242 Ján zo sv. Jura a Pezinka, gróf 290 Jana, neapolská kráľovná 274 Jeana de Wavrin, valónsky kronikár 297 Jiskra, Ján, husitský vojvodca 35-36,293 Jordanes, historik 54,55,64,69 77,109 Julián, sv. 86,89 Juraj, sv. 50,126,131,151,167,171,273 Juraj Podebradský, český kráľ 287,288, 292,293,294,295,297,301,302 Juraj zo sv. Jura a Pezinka, gróf 290 Justinián L, byzantský cisár 105,307 Justinos IL, byzantský cisár 96 K Kačičovci, rod 277 Kantorowicz, Ernst H. 243 Kánovci, rod 25 Kán, Ladislav 279 z Kaniže, páni (Kanižaiovci, Kanizsai) 290-291 Kapistrán, Ján 297,301 Karloman, východofranský kráľ, bavorský správca 47,69,79,80 Karol Martel, majordóm 115 Karol L Neapolský, zakladateľ rodu Anjouovcov 27 Karol Róbert z Anjou, uhorský kráľ 6,24, 25,28,190,251,252,256,260-262, 265-269,271,277-286 Karol III. Tučný, franský kráľ a cisár 10,13 Karol IV., rímsko-nemecký cisár 29 Karol Veľký, franský kráľ a rímsky cisár 9, 12,51,53,58,69,70,107,108,115,115, 118,122,126-127,141 Kazimír III. poľský kráľ, s. 28, Kazimír
IV. Jagelovský, poľský kráľ 287, 292-296,298,300,302 Kazimír (svätý), poľský princ, syn Kazimíra IV. 293-295,298 Koceľ, panónsky knieža 133,136,137,159 Koloman, rábsky biskup 251-263 Koloman L uhorský kráľ, 6,16,19,20,61, 62,179,180,183,186,188,210,211, 241,244,245,246,250 193 Imrich, syn Bela III. a uhorský kráľ 20, 237,248,250 Innocent III., pápež 24 Inocent VI., pápež 251 Innocent VIII., pápež 38 Ilocký (Újlaky), Mikuláš, sedmohradský vojvoda 35-36,288-291 Ippolit d'Este, s. 38 Ivánka, turčiansky prepošt 214 Izidor zo Sevilly, stredoveký učenec 14,93 J Jagelovci, panovnícky rod 5,9,40,292, 294,295,296-298,300,302 Ján, kastelán a turčiansky župan 269 Ján VIII., pápež 137,144 Ján Huňady, uhorský gubernátor 35,36, 287,290,291,297,300,301,303 Ján Korvín, nemanželský syn Mateja Korvína 38,39 Ján Luxemburský, český kráľ 280,281 Ján Pannonius, uhorský biskup a básnik 293,297, ЗОО Ján Rozhanovský, sedmohradský vojvoda 289 Ján z Turca, uhorský kronikár 297,300301 372
Konrad III. rímsko-nemecký cisár 73 Konradin z Hohenstaufovcov, švábsky vojvoda 64 Kont, Mikuláš, palatin 26,29 Konštantín I. Veľký, rímsky cisár 16,87,99 Konštantín (Cyril) 10,12,46,82,83,141 Konštantín Porfyrogenet, byzantský cisár a učenec 45,81,144 Kopáň, šomoďský knieža 17,154,158,164, 166,173,176,182 Kosmas, kronikár 48,49,50,75,77,115, 116,135,147,167 Koszegiovci, rod. 22,25,26 Kučera, Matúš, historik 134,203 Kunhuta (Katarína) Podebradská 288 Kunigunda, manželka ptujského markgrófa 72 Kusal, (Kursán), nomádsky vodca 145 L Lackíiovci, rod 29,286 Ladislav Lysý, s. nitriansky knieža 186,191 Ladislav L sv., uhorský kráľ 19,20,31,179, 181,184,184,189,213,240,244, 248, 249,250 Ladislav III. uhorský kráľ 248 Ladislav IV. Kumánsky, uhorský kráľ 22, 23,29,212,217,219,226,227, 236, 242 Ladislav V = český kráľ Václav III. s. 24 Ladislav V. Pohrobok, uhorský kráľ 34,36, 35,287,288,290,292,293,294,301, 302 Ladislav, neapolský kráľ 31 Ladislav z Kaniže 291 Ladislav z Pavloviec (Palóczi) 289 Ladislav zo sv. Jura a Pezinka, gróf 290 Lebuin, sv. 107,108 Lech, knieža Čechov 13 Lél, staromaďarský náčelník 145 Leopold - Hyppolitus, komorský gróf 265-275 Leopold, bavorský markgróf 69 Leopold, štajerský markgróf 72 Lev III. pápež 9 Lev IX, pápež 61 Levente, Vazulov syn 186 Leovigild, vizigótsky kráľ 94 Ljub, knieža Veletov 13 Lucius (Lučic), Johannes 239 Ľudovít, sávsky knieža 81 Ľudovít Nemec, východofranský kráľ 10, 13.14,79,81,127 Ľudovít II. Nemec, východofranský kráľ 127,128,136,137 Ľudovít L Pobožný, rímsko-nemecký cisár 81,127 Ľudovít L Veľký, uhorský kráľ 6,20,25,
26,28-34,37,190,193,251-256,260, 262,265,271,272,273,274,286 Ľudovít II. Jagelovský, uhorský kráľ 41,43 Ľudovít IV., rímsko-nemecký cisár 286 Ľudovít IV. Dieťa, východofranský kráľ 138,139 Luitpold, bavorský gróf 62 Luitpold, markgróf Východnej marky 61 Lupo, friulský vojvoda 73 M Manuel L Komnenos, byzatský cisár 187, 241 Marek z Norimbergu 31 Margaréta Bavorská 286 Margaréta, dcéra kráľa Bela III. 20 Margaréta z rodu Capetovcov, manželka kráľa Bela III. 20 Margita, sv. 188 Mária Habsburská, manželka Ľudovíta II. 42 z Marótu, páni (Maróti) 31 Martianus Capella, rímsky básnik a filozof 89 Matej Korvin, uhorský kráľ 6,33,36-40, 287-303,314-315 Matúš Čák Trenčiansky' 24,25,26,278, 279 Mária Laskarisová, manželka kráľa Bela IV. 248 Martin, sv., biskup 86,93,97,99,151,159, 177 Medard, sv., biskup 96 373
Mehmed II. Dobyvateľ, osmanský sultán 36,299 Merovejovci, panovnícky rod Franskej ríše 9,119,120 Metod, sv., veľkomoravský arcibiskup 10, 12,15,16,80,82,83,138,142 Meško L, poľský knieža 16,46,152,171 Meško IL, poľský knieža a kráľ, syn Boleslava Chrabrého 56 Michal, nitriansky knieža 152,186 Michal Siládi, regent 36,288,289, 291, 294,301 Mikč z rodu Ákošovcov, slavónsky bán 27, Ondrej IL, uhorský kráľ 21-22,30,34,184, 193-194, 202,207, 210-211,213,230, 248-250 Ondrej IIL, uhorský kráľ 23-24,29,225, 227,246,251,277 Ondrej zo Seče, sedmohradský biskup 283 Orosius, Paulus, historik 90 Orság, Michal, palatin 38,289 Otakar II. ptujský a štajerský markgróf 73 Otakar IV. Štajerský markgróf 73 Oto z Freisingu, biskup 49 Oto IL, Čierny, olomoucký knieža 61 Oto IIL, rímsko-nemecký cisár 18,155 Oto Orseolo, benátsky dóža 186 Otranto 38,299 277 Mikuláš z Rimy 284 Mikuláš, turčiansky župan 269 Mikuláš z Kaniže 291 Milegast, knieža Veletov 13 Miliduch, knieža Srbov 13 Modest, chorbiskup 71 Mojmír 1,80,81,82,83,130,131,132,133, 135,138,139, MO, 141, Úľ, 308 Mojmír II, 80,129,133,138,144,147,308 Mojmírovci, rod 78, 82,110,128,129,132, 138,139,140,141,142,144,147 Mojš, oravský kastelán 214,215 Munderich, uzurpátor 92,97 P z Pavloviec, páni (Palóci), 31 Pavol IL, pápež 297-298 Pemmo, friulský vojvoda 73 z Perina, páni (Perényi, Perínski) 31 Peter Orseolo 186,191-192 Peter zo sv. Jura a Pezinka, gróf 269 Peter Čech z Levíc 31 Peter Eschenloer, vroclavský kronikár 295 Piastovci 109,146,169,171,281 Pietro Ransano, taliansky kronikár 300301 Pipin, franský kráľ 53,69,107 Pipin, syn Karola
Veľkého 74 Pipin IIL Krátky 107 Piastovci 109,146,169,171,281. Pilgrim, pasovský biskup 132-134,155,159 Pohl, Walter 121 Pongrácovci z Dengelegu 38 Popo, kranjský gróf 74 Pŕemyslovci 23-24,79,109,146 Pŕemysl Oráč 48,116 Pribina 74,80, 82-83,122129,130-133, 135-137,140,159,308 Prokopios, byzantský historik 63,77,85, 105,109,118 N Nero 104 Nestor, letopisec 18,78,83,170 Nicetius, sv. biskup z Lyonu 86,88-89 Niketas Chômâtes 187 Nitrabor, veľmož 132,308 O Odilo, vojvoda Bavorov 69-70 Ondrej, železnohradský župan 218 Oto, moravský knieža 210 Oľga, kňažná 46 Oliver, zvolenský župan 269 Omodejovci, rod. 25,279 Ondrej, brat uhorského kráľa Ľudovíta I. Veľkého 274 Ondrej L, uhorský kráľ 185,191-192 R Rachtis, friulský vojvoda 73 Ragnachar, franský, sálsky kráľ 97 374
Rázsó, Gyula, historik 299 Rastislav, veľkomoravský knieža 6,10, 12-14,46,79-80,127,132,139,141-142, 144,147,308 Rapant, Daniel, historik 203 Ratkoš, Peter, historik 203,204 Ratimír, sávsky knieža 74,136 Ratod, 136 Renatus, historik 90 Regino z Priimu 143 Reginhar, pasovský biskup 140 Rodulf, herulský kráľ 77 Roger, splitský arcibiskup 247-249 Roland, palatin a bratislavský župan 52, 213,227,249 Roland z rodu Ratoldovcov, bán 25,249 z Rozhanoviec, páni (Rozgonyi, Rozgoňovci) 38,289 Rudolf IV. Habsburský, rakúsky vojvoda a velkovojvoda 70 Rupert, salzburský biskup 70 Rurik, 12,48,50,160 Rurikovci 12,170 S Salach, kraňský gróf 74,136 Sallustius, Gaius Sallustius Crispus, rímsky historik 90 Samo, franský kupec 11,76,119 Samuel Aba, uhorský kráľ 57,73,173 Samuel, biblická postava 10,48-50, 99,116 Satmári, Juraj kancelár 40 Sasinek, František V. historik 200 Saul, kráľ Izraela 10 Scolari, Filippo, temešvársky župan, vojenský veliteľ, diplomat a finančník v službách Žigmunda 31 Sebastián Rozhanovský, sedmohradský vojvoda 289 zo Seče, páni 286 Sedulius, rímsky básnik 89,104-105 Sidonius, Apollinare básnik 89 Sigibert I, franský kráľ 89,96-97,100, 103-104 Sigibert Chromý, franský kráľ 97 Sigebert II., essexský kráľ 16 Silvester II., pápež 154,162,176,243 Sineus 48 Sixtus IV., pápež 298-299 Slavibor, knieža Srbov 13 Slavomír knieža Obodritov 13,139 Slavomír, kňaz 139 Smaragd, magister 201 Solymosi, László, historik, 204 Stibor zo Stiboríc 30 Szfics, Jenó 204 Svätopluk, český knieža 60-62 Svätopluk, veľkomoravský knieža 7,13-14, 16-17,60-62,79-81,129,132-133,135,
137,139,141-144,146-147,308,368 Š Šalamún, uhorský kráľ 57,186,187,189 Šalamún, biblický kráľ 49,116 Šebuš zo sv. Jura a Pezinka, gróf 269 Šimon z Kézy, uhorský kronikár 199,242, 295 Šimon z Rozhanoviec 194 Štefan Ákoš 25 Štefan Čech 25 Štefan Marsilius 267 Štefan I. (Vajk), uhorský kráľ 14-15,17-19, 42-43,46,57,147,150-159,161,163170,172-186,188-189,191-195,243, 245,250 Štefan II., uhorský kráľ 188,195,241 Štefan III., uhorský kráľ 188,195,211,236 Štefan IV., uhorský kráľ 187 Štefan V, uhorský kráľ 22,219,226-227, 237 Štefan V. pápež 143 Štefan Veľký, moldavský knieža 298 Štefan z Várdy (Várdai), kaločský arcibiskup 289 Štefan z Vrbovca (Verböci ) 41-43 Štefan, ostrihomský arcibiskup 223 T Tacitus, rímsky historik 9,52,54,114,139 Takšon (predok Arpádovcov) 181 z Talovca, páni (Talóci) 31 Tassilo III. bavorský vojvoda 70,122 375
Teodor, kapkan 121 Theudebert L, franský kráľ 96,99-100 Theuderich I, franský kráľ 65,88,92,96, 99-100,102 Thiudimer, ostrogótsky kráľ 64 Tetricus, biskup Dijon, Langres 88,97 Tiberios II, byzantský cisár 96 Titoš, tekovský župan 269 Tomáš zo Sečian, sedmohradský vojvoda 277-286 Tomáš zo Splitu, kronikár a klerik 239-250 Totila, gótsky kráľ 85 Sv. Vojtech 50,152,154-156,160-161,163, 165,167-168,172,286 Vlčan, knieža Obodritov 13 Volusianus, biskup z Tours 88,94 W Wacho, longobardskýkráľ 100 Welf, bavorský vojvoda 61 Widukind, kronikár 66,68,169 Wilhelm II, markgróf Východnej marky 80 Z Zámbó, Mikuláš, taverník 29 Zápoľský (rod) 38 Zápoľský, Imrich 38 Zápoľský, Ján Zápoľský, Štefan 38 Zodan, avarský náčelník 122 Zothmund 61 Zulta, (predok Arpádovcov) 181 Zvonimir Demeter 240,244 U Ulrich Celjský 35-36 Ulrich Eizinger 36,292,302 V Václav, sv. český knieža 16,170-171,176, 184 Václav IIL, český kráľ 24 Valuk, korutánský knieža 11,71 Vasilij (Basileos I) grécky cisár 12 Vášari, Mikuláš, ostrihomský arcibiskup 251 Vazul, nitriansky knieža 176,185-186,191, 192 Venantius Fortunata, básnik 86,89,104 Vergilius, básnik 89-90 Vettius Epagatus, mučeník 86 Vezoš, šášovský kastelán 269 Viching, nitriansky biskup 80-81,133,135, 140 Vincent z Beauvais 242 Virgil, salzburský biskup 71 Vistrach, knieža Čechov 13 Vitéz zo Sredny, Ján, ostrihomský arcibiskup 38,293 Vitovec, Ján 291 Vladimír Veľký, kyjevský knieža 15-16,152, 160-161,170-171 Vladislav I. Jagelovský, poľský kráľ, uhorský kráľ 33-34,39,287 Vladislav II. Jagelovský, uhorský a český kráľ 37,39-42,294,296-297 Vladislav Lokietko,
poľský kráľ 281 Ž Žigmund Luxemburský, uhorský kráľ 29-ЗЗ, З6-37,287,293,301 Žigmund zo sv. Jura a Pezinka, gróf, 290291 376
Výberový miestny register A Aachen 126,255 Abov 205,221,222,285 Adorján, hrad 25 Akvitánia 53,54 Alba Iulia 284, Alamania, 53,83. Aldeigjuborg (Aldeigja), Ladoga (dnes Staraja Ladoga)i2,47,48 Alpy 52-55,64,68,70-73 AnagnishradgS Apúlia 38 Arles 82 Astúria 63 Augsbuig 61,69,155 Auguntum 71 Avarský kaganát 70,82,109,130 Avarská marka 70 B Badin, 207 Bakonybél 233 Balatonské jazero 137 Balážske Ďarmoty 208 Balkán 28,76,118,297 Banská Bystrica 39,216,224,228,229,231, 234 Banská Štiavnica 228,229 Barcelona 82 Bátovce 270 Bavorsko 8,9, 52,65,68,68,70,71,74,83, 108,128,136,139,145,172,173,286 Benátky 20,28,32,33,82,177,185,241, 242,196 Biele Karpaty, 78,79,80,30,131,135 Biele jazero 48 Bihar 18,19,213 Bíňa 145 Biograd na Moru 241 Blatnohrad, pozri aj Mosapurc, Zalavár 111, 159,175 Bobr, rieka 55 Bobrovec 214 Bodrog 84 Bogdan 226 Bojnice 269 Bojná 124,126,131 Bologna 240 Bolug (Balog nad Ipľom) 206,207,208, 217,238 Bonjida 205 Borčany 211 Brač 241 Branč 25 Bratislava 39,60,61,62,111,124,125,131, 227,256,281,283 - Požoň (castrum Bosan), Pressburg (Bresburc) 62 - Brezalauspurc ш Bratislavksá brána 120,126,130,134 Bréna 50 Brno 78,79,126 Budín 23,31,32,36,40,282,284,285,294 Bukové hory 84 Burgundsko 52 Bysterec 274 Byzancia, Byzatská ríša 20,36,92,114,241 Bziny 274 C Carnuntum 121 Celje 75,82 Cepla = Topňa 83 Clermont 86,88,89,92,96,104 Comminges 102 Cournon 88 Csém 237 Csöl 227 Č Сакагзз Čanád 18,183 Čechy, České kráľovstvo 50,75,83,141, 209,292 D Dácia 54,55 Dalmácia 19,20,22,28,33,81,123,241, 242,243,245,247 Debraď, 222 377
Devičie 200,229,230,231,233 Devín (Dowina) 13,14,82,111,131,291 Dijon 88 Diesmeri, časť Frízska, s. 57 Dobrá Niva a Babiná 216,224,227,228, 229,230,231,234 Dráva, rieka 71,72,77 Drávska marka 72 Ducové 145 Dúdleby, hrad 75 Duero, rieka 63 Dunaj, rieka 5,10,111,54,55,57,61-65,69, 70,77-79,82-84,107,108,109,110,111, 114,117,118,120-131,135,145-147,164, 187,190,266 Durínsko 61,65,66,68,69,76,83 Durínska ríša 76 Durínsky les 65 Dvina 51 Dvoiy nad Žitavou 210 Dyje, rieka 79,125,129,130 Gars Thunau, hrad 129 Garumna, rieka 54 Gemer, Gemerská župa 33,206,225,279, 280,283,285 Germánia 54,68,114 Gvozd, pohorie 248 H Hájnička, hrad 280 Halič 20,21 Halberstadt 61 Hamburg 66,67 Harlingerland, časť Frízska 57 Hedča, 47 Herulská ríša 63,77 Hildesheim 61 Hispánia 52,54,63,92,94,96,99 Hlohov, hrad 55,56 Hniezdno 47,50 Holasicko 79 Holíč, 25,30 Hont 200,201,202,204,205,206,207, 208,209,210,211,215,217,218,219, 220,230,231,232,234,238,266 Hontianske Nemce 202,203,204,229 Hontianske Tesáre 202 Horné Domaníky 218 Hradec nad Moravicou 79 Hron, rieka 123,132,145,273,308 Hvar, ostrov 241 E Eichstädt 61 Enža, rieka 66,70,71,72,73,127 Epôl 237 Eresburg 50 Esla, rieka 63 F Fancsal 205 Fischa, rieka 63 Firfeld = Vierfeld 62,63 Flavia Solva, rímske mesto 72 Florencia 31,267 Flutausis, rieka 54 Francúzsko 52,242 Frankfurt 82,122,128,158 Franská ríša 9,11,52,53,65,87,89,108, 123,127 - Východofranská ríša 76,137,155 Franské vojvodstvo 66 Freising 19,61 Friulsko 52,73,75 - Friulská marka 74 Frízsko 57,66,83 CH Chazran, Chazaria 45 Chlumec, hrad 77 Chorvátsko 19,20,29,73,78,81,202,218,
240,241,242,244,245,250,290 Chotín 220 Chýnov, hrad 75 I Istria 61,75,123 Itália, 52,53,58,68,69,73,92,145,160, 242 Izborsko 48 Izrael 48,49 Ipeľ, rieka 21,206,207,208,217,239,310 Iharosberény 229,231,232 G Galia 52-54,63,86-89,92-94,98,102 Garica 218 J Jadranské more, 52 378
Jáger 18,175 Jasov 222 Jeseníky, pohorie 53,78,79 Jura, pohorie 54 K Kaloča 18,175 Karpaty, pohorie s. 55,77,118,121 - pozri aj Biele Karpaty - pozri aj Malé Karpaty Karpatská kotlina 17,63,83,110,110,120 Kerkafalva 219 Kladsko, hrádok 76 Kleňany 218 Knittelfeld 71 Koláre 206,207 Komagenská hora 13 Komárno 120,212,266,179 Konštantínopol 36,92,159,175,296 Kórdoba (Cordoba) 82 Korutánsko 11,52,70,71,72,74,75,78,83 - Korutánske kniežatstvo 70,72 - Korutánske vojvodstvo 73,75 - Korutánske grófstvo 74,123 - Korutánska marka 73 Košice 25,296 Košická kotlina 121 Kouba, rieka 75 Könnend 225,233.291 Kôrôsszegapáti 213 Kračany 213 Krakov 50,82,155,292 Kranjsko 73,74,75,78 - Kranjské grófstvo 72 - Kranjská marka 75 Krásna Ves 227 Kremnica 27,32,266,267,269,271,272, 273,274.313 Kremža77 Krivičska 51 Krnský hrad (Krnski Grad) 71,72 Krosno, hrad 55,56 Krupina 216,223,224,228,231,234,270 Krušné hoiy 77 Krušovce 206 Kúpa, rieka 81 Kyjev 12,15,45,47,50,82 Kyjevská hora 50 Kyjevská Rus 45,48,162,170,171 Kytusna, potok 180 L Labe (Albis), rieka 58,66,67,68,76,83 Labnica, rieka 73 Lándor 220 Lech, rieka 17,69,110,145,307 Lechovvrchso Lemanské jazero, 54 Lenčice, hrad 59 Liburnia, hrad (dnes Sankt Peter in Holz, antická Teurnia/Tiburnia) 71 Libursnké kniežatstvo 71 Lippa, hrad 280 Liptov 200,201,203,204,205,206,208, 209,210,211,212,214,215,216,220, 224,228,230,232,233,234,237,238 Litava, rieka 57,62 Litomyšl, hrad 75 Lombardia 52,70 Lorch (Lauriacum), pevnosť 79,82 Lotrinsko 83 Lövöd (dnes Városlod a Kislôd) 233 Lovér 227 Luprechzaza (Beregszász) 225,232 Lužice 37 Lyon 82,86,89,104 Lysá Hora 51
Ľ Ľubovňa 279 M Maďarsko 110,151,225 Magasmarth (osada Brehy) 273 Magdeburg 66,161 Majcichov 131 Malé Chrasťany 219 Malé Chyndice 219 Malé Karpaty, 78,80,130,131,135 Malé Slepčany 211 Maroš, rieka 17,159,279 Martna, rieka 54 Mazovsko 59 Merjani 51 Mikulčice, hradisko 13,78,79,82,111,120, 126,131,145 Moesia, s. 55 Mohuč 82 Morava 16,37,53,71,75,77,78,79,80,82, 83,84,110,119,120,121,123,125,127, 379
Ôrimagyarósd 205,232,233,235 131,134,135,136,139,140,144,145, 146,308 -hrad 51 - kniežatstvo 13,46,51,79,81,131 - VeTká Morava 5,9,10,12,15,77,134,137, 138,308 Morava, rieka 51,53,57,63,64,78,79,82, 83,130,145 Moravská brána 78,82 Mosapurc/Mosaburg/Zalavár/Blatnohrad 111,159 Morseti, časť Frízska 57 Moson, hrad 60-61 Münster 61 Mura, rieka 71,72,73 P N Nagyigmánd 211 Nagyszóllós 219,223,233 Naklo, hrad 59,60 Naumburg 61 Neapol 24,26,27,28,274 Neštich (Svätý Jur) pevnosť 126,131 Netolice, hrad 75 Nisa, rieka 76 Nitra 51,80,83,111,121,124,133 Nitrava, hrad 13,51,83,111,132,133,134, 135,308 Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce 233 Nitriansko 13,135 Norden, časť Frízska 57 Noricum, provincia 68,71,77 Nortwald, pohorie 52,69 Nová Baňa 272 Nové Zámky 120 Novgorod 12,50,51 Novohrad 208,215,218,266,279,280,283 Novohradské vrchy 84 O Obid 220 Odra, rieka 55,56 Olomouc 61,79,126,129,130,294,295 Olšava, rieka 79 Orava 37 Oslany 200 Ostergau, časť Frízska 57 Ostrihom 18,57,158,159,167,168,175,195, 258,282,286 Ostrogótska ríša 68,69 Padernbornsbý les 66 Panónia 11,52,54,64,70,71,73,74,77,78, 80,81,110,111,120,126,128,133,136, 137,145,151,152,154,155,158,173, 180,188 - Panónske kniežatstvo 72 Paríž 86,99 Pasov 61,80,82,139,140,159,286 Päťkostolie 18,157,159,164,165,175,257, 287 Pavlovské vrchy 79 Peryň, návršie 50 Pešť 23,40,288,291,301 Plášťovce, 207,216 Pohansko pri Bŕeclavy 78,79 Poitiers 94,102 Polocko, 51 Polocksi Polota, riečka 51 Poľsko 27,28,37,55,59,62,160,161,172, 209,214,215,216,300,232 Považský Inovec, pohorie 124 Poznaň 47,168 Praha 36,50,167,188,292,294 Predel, vrch 52 Preslava 80 Prešov
83,273 Prievidza hrad 269 Prusko 57,161 Ptuj82 Ptujsko 73 - Ptujské grófstvo 72 - Ptujská marka 72 Pyreneje, pohorie 52,54 Ráb, mesto, hrad 6,18,40,158,175,226, 251,252,254,259,260 - biskupstvo 6,18,40,175,259,260. - kapitula 217,254 Rába, rieka 73,127 Radvaň 236 Raetia, provincia 64,68,111 Rákošské pole 23,34,40,41 Rakúsko 37,70,71,110,121,125,129 - Dolné Rakúsko 37,71,125,129 - Horné Rakúsko 70,71 38ο
- Rakúske vojvodstvo 70 Regensburg 61,69,82,122,137 Remeš 89 Rhodanus, rieka 54 Rimavská Sobota 282 Rímska ríša 9,11,62,63,70,71,82,87,108, 109,110,111,301 Roncevele, 52 Rostov 51 Rozhanovce 25,278,279 Rugiland 77 Rupea, hrad 283 Rustringen, časť Frízska 57 Rýn rieka 54,63,65,68,83,93 Rudník222 Ryba (dnes Ipolyszög) 208 Ŕíp.horaso S Salorno 59 Sála, rieka 55,65,66,76 Salis, hrad (Soľný hrad) 84 Salzburg 70,134 Sarnova ríša 11 Sandomierz 82 Sandomiersko 51 Santok, hrad 59, Sasko 66,67,68,76,83,160,267 - Saské vojvodstvo 76 Savaria/Sabaria (Szombathely) 82, 86 Sávia 74,78,81 Savinja 75 - Savinjské grófstvo 75 Scarbantia (Šopron) 82 Sebechleby 216 Sečany 277-285 Sedlec, hrad 75 Sedmohradsko 17-19,38,158,175,178-286, 289,300 Sielnica 216,230,231 Skýtske more 67 Skýtia54 Slaná, rieka 84 Slanské vrchy 84 Slavónsko 19,26,35,36,43,209,240-242, 248,290 Sliače 237 Sliezsko 37,209. Sliezska hora 50 Smižany 227 Smolensk 51 Smolník 273 SokolecvTurci, 237 Solymos, hrad 280 Spiš 126,209,215,227,229,266,273,285 Spišské Tomášovce 124,126 Spišské Vlachy 223 Split 24,239-250,311 Spréva, rieka, s. 50 Srbsko 20,76,77,134 - Polabské Srbsko 83 Staré Mésto u Uherského Hradište 78,111 Staré Zámky pri Líšni 78,79 Starý Tekov, hrad a podhradie 200,222, 226,231,238,270,272 Stoličný Belehrad 21,57,159,180,183,187, 189,192,194,195 Strachotín, hrad 78. Strháre 218 Súdovce 229 Svätý Jur 124,131,290,291,131 Svätý Kríž 204,223,224,231,232,234 Svébia 62,63,64,69,77,83 Svitava, rieka 76 Š Šahy 202,219,233 Šariš, hrad a župa 33,279 Šarišské Sokolovce 131 Španielsko 52 Štajersko, 37,73 - Štajerská marka 73,75.
Štúrovo 120 Šúšolie 200,223,231 Švábsko 64,83 T Taliansko 28,33,274 Tatry, pohorie 53 Tekov, župa 221,222,266,273 Tekov, pozri Starý Tekov Telkibánya 273 Temešvár 26,280 Tešmák (Šahy) 202,219 Tisa, rieka 54,84,120,121 Tolna 217 Topľa, rieka 84 Topoľčany 270 Tours, biskupstvo 86,88,89,890,94-997, 99,102,177,307 381
Traismauer, Treisma in, 136,140 Traungau, bavorské grófstvo 70,73 Trebušovce 218 Trenčín 25,61,131,270 Trident 58,59 Trier (Trevír) 86 Triglavov kopec 50,51 Trogir 241,245 Trnava 195,270,279 Trstené 214 Tuhošť, hrad 75 Tulln, Tullina 82,111 Turiec 131,200,202,214 Týnna, majetok 272 Tyrhénske more 52 Týrolsko 71 - Tyrolské grófstvo 70 U Uherské Hradišté 78,111 Uhorsko, Uhorské kráľovstvo 20,27,33, 36,39,44,49,65,73,79,156,164,167, 179,183,215,240,241,251,285,286, 294,296 Undrime 71 Unstrut, rieka 65 V Vacov 18,110,175,215 Vadkert 215 Valašsko 28 Varadín 189,19,213 Varaždin 202 Varna 34,297 Velehrad (Staré mesto - Uherské Hradišté) 78 Veľká Morava 5,9,10,12,15,77,134,137, 138,308 Veľké Chyndice 219 Veľké Chrasťany 219 Veľké Kozmálovce 272 Veľký Blh 283 Veľký Šariš 273 Veľký Varadín 18,31,260 Vesprím 18 Vezera 66 Viedeň 27,36,37,63 Viedenský les 10,14 Viedenské Nové Mesto 291 Vinica 207 Virovitica 231 Virunum, mesto 71,72 Visegrád 26,27,31,34 Volyň 82 Vratislav 50,82 Východná marka 57,61,62,70,74,78,79, 80,82,129,133,135,136 Vyšehrad 60,279,281,282 W Wangeland, časť Frízska 57 Wawel v Krakove 50 Waldviertel 129 Weinviertet 77,129 Würzburg 82 Z Zadunajsko 72,122 Záhorie 25,77,78,79,84 Zalavár, pozri aj Mosapurc/Mosaburg 111, 159,175 Zaragoza 82,99 Zelená hora, moravský' hrad 78 Zemplínske vrchy 84 Zemun, pevnosť 187,188 Znojemskú 129 Znújmú, hrad 78,130 Zúbúr, vrch 132,135,175,211 Zvúlen 199,200,201,202,204,205,206, 207,208,209,210,214,215,216,218, 220,221,222,223,224,225,227,228, 229,230,231,232,234,238 Záturčie 236 Žala 205 Ž Ženevské jazero 54 Žiar nad Hronom 223 Žihľavník,
vrch 126 382 |
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| author | Štefánik, Martin 1972- Steinhübel, Ján 1957- |
| author2 | Štefánik, Martin 1972- Steinhübel, Ján 1957- |
| author2_role | com com |
| author2_variant | m š mš j s js |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1135676879 (DE-588)1129626709 |
| author_facet | Štefánik, Martin 1972- Steinhübel, Ján 1957- Štefánik, Martin 1972- Steinhübel, Ján 1957- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Štefánik, Martin 1972- |
| author_variant | m š mš j s js |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049108094 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1418710469 (DE-599)BVBBV049108094 |
| edition | Vydanie prvé |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Böhmen (DE-588)4007467-5 gnd Großmährisches Reich (DE-588)4134308-6 gnd Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Böhmen Großmährisches Reich Ungarn |
| id | DE-604.BV049108094 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:34:13Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:55:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788022419765 |
| language | Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034369474 |
| oclc_num | 1418710469 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 384 Seiten 25 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240202 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | VEDA, vydavateľstvo SAV Historický ústav SAV |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Štefánik, Martin 1972- (DE-588)1135676879 aut com Panovnícka moc v stredoveku legitimita, atribúty, reprezentanti Martin Štefánik, Ján Steinhübel a kol. Vydanie prvé Bratislava VEDA, vydavateľstvo SAV 2022 Bratislava Historický ústav SAV 384 Seiten 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis Seite 321-368 Text der Beiträge slowakisch, Zusammenfassungen und Inhaltsverzeichnis englisch Árpáden Familie ca. ab 10. Jh. (DE-588)118650459 gnd rswk-swf Anjou Familie (DE-588)118834681 gnd rswk-swf Jagiellonowie Familie ca. ab 14. Jh. (DE-588)119328747 gnd rswk-swf Herrschaft (DE-588)4024596-2 gnd rswk-swf Legitimität (DE-588)4035043-5 gnd rswk-swf Böhmen (DE-588)4007467-5 gnd rswk-swf Großmährisches Reich (DE-588)4134308-6 gnd rswk-swf Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 g Böhmen (DE-588)4007467-5 g Herrschaft (DE-588)4024596-2 s Legitimität (DE-588)4035043-5 s Großmährisches Reich (DE-588)4134308-6 g Jagiellonowie Familie ca. ab 14. Jh. (DE-588)119328747 p Árpáden Familie ca. ab 10. Jh. (DE-588)118650459 p Anjou Familie (DE-588)118834681 p DE-604 Steinhübel, Ján 1957- (DE-588)1129626709 aut com Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369474&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369474&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369474&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369474&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Ortsregister |
| spellingShingle | Štefánik, Martin 1972- Steinhübel, Ján 1957- Panovnícka moc v stredoveku legitimita, atribúty, reprezentanti Árpáden Familie ca. ab 10. Jh. (DE-588)118650459 gnd Anjou Familie (DE-588)118834681 gnd Jagiellonowie Familie ca. ab 14. Jh. (DE-588)119328747 gnd Herrschaft (DE-588)4024596-2 gnd Legitimität (DE-588)4035043-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118650459 (DE-588)118834681 (DE-588)119328747 (DE-588)4024596-2 (DE-588)4035043-5 (DE-588)4007467-5 (DE-588)4134308-6 (DE-588)4078541-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Panovnícka moc v stredoveku legitimita, atribúty, reprezentanti |
| title_auth | Panovnícka moc v stredoveku legitimita, atribúty, reprezentanti |
| title_exact_search | Panovnícka moc v stredoveku legitimita, atribúty, reprezentanti |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Panovnícka moc v stredoveku legitimita, atribúty, reprezentanti |
| title_full | Panovnícka moc v stredoveku legitimita, atribúty, reprezentanti Martin Štefánik, Ján Steinhübel a kol. |
| title_fullStr | Panovnícka moc v stredoveku legitimita, atribúty, reprezentanti Martin Štefánik, Ján Steinhübel a kol. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Panovnícka moc v stredoveku legitimita, atribúty, reprezentanti Martin Štefánik, Ján Steinhübel a kol. |
| title_short | Panovnícka moc v stredoveku |
| title_sort | panovnicka moc v stredoveku legitimita atributy reprezentanti |
| title_sub | legitimita, atribúty, reprezentanti |
| topic | Árpáden Familie ca. ab 10. Jh. (DE-588)118650459 gnd Anjou Familie (DE-588)118834681 gnd Jagiellonowie Familie ca. ab 14. Jh. (DE-588)119328747 gnd Herrschaft (DE-588)4024596-2 gnd Legitimität (DE-588)4035043-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Árpáden Familie ca. ab 10. Jh. Anjou Familie Jagiellonowie Familie ca. ab 14. Jh. Herrschaft Legitimität Böhmen Großmährisches Reich Ungarn Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369474&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369474&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369474&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369474&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stefanikmartin panovnickamocvstredovekulegitimitaatributyreprezentanti AT steinhubeljan panovnickamocvstredovekulegitimitaatributyreprezentanti |