Russian liberalism:
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| Format: | Buch |
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Ithaca ; London
Northern Illinois University Press
2023
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| Beschreibung: | X, 289 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781501772177 9781501772146 |
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Notes on Dates and Transliterations x 1 Introduction 1. Defining Russian Liberalism 6 2. Early Russian Liberalism 23 3. The Great Reforms 38 4. The Era of Counter-Reform 54 5. Between Revolutions 71 6. Revolution and Civil War 88 7. Emigration 102 8. Soviet Liberalism 118 9. Perestroika 135 10. Russian Liberalism under Yeltsin 151 11. Russian Liberalism under Putin 171 204 Conclusion Notes 209 Bibliography Index 283 255
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Index 500 Days plan, 148 1905 Revolution, 75 Abalkin, Leonid, 148 Abramovich, Roman, 186 Aganbegyan, Abel, 131, 147-48 Aksakov, Ivan, 15 Alekseeva, Liudmila, 127,188 Aleksinsky, Ivan, 110 Alexander I, Emperor, 24,28-30, 34, 37 Alexander II, Emperor, 33, 38,40, 52-53; emancipation of the serfs, 39, 43; political reform, 45; zemstva, 44 Alexander III, Emperor, 41, 50, 54, 83 Allison, Graham, 149-50 Amalrik, Andrei, 122, 128,132 Amnuel, Grigory, 183 Andropov, lury, 119 Anti-Corruption Foundation, 187 Arbatov, Georgii, 121 aristocratic opposition, 40,46-47, 51-52 Arsenyev, Konstantin, 60, 67 Ashurkov, Vladimir, 176 Âslund, Anders, 191 Asquith, Herbert, 86 Astrov, Nikolai, 93, 97 Aven, Pyotr, 152 Bakunin, Mikhail, 39 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 148 Batkin, Leonid, 137, 143,170 Beilis, Menahem, 82 Belinsky, Vissarion, 32-33 Berdiaev, Nikolai, 19, 75,102-105, 114 Berezovsky, Boris, 161,170,186, 191 Beseda, 62 Bismarck, Otto von, 51 Black Lives Matter (BLM), 175-76 Bloody Sunday, 55, 64 Bogomolov, Konstantin, 175 Bogrov, Dmitry, 72 Borovikovsky, Aleksandr, 69 Brezhnev, Leonid, 118 Brutskus, Boris, 21, 84, 102, 115-16 Bulgakov, Sergei, 58, 70, 75, 81, 103 Bunge, Nikolai, 50, 65-66 Burtsev, Vladimir, 109 Bush, George H. W., 154 cancel culture, 176 capitalism, 116, 132,146; criticism of, 67; peripheral, 198; support of, 66, 114, 199 Catherine II, Empress, 12,14,23-24, 27,34,37 Chaadaev, Pyotr, 18 Chalidze, Valery, 119, 127-28 Chechnya, 152-54,160,171 Chernenko, Konstantin, 135 Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 156, 162, 168 Chernyaev, Anatoly, 121, 135, 138 Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 2 Chicherin, Boris,
15,21, 41-42, 47-51 Christianity, 104-106 Chronicle of Current Events, 119-20 Chubais, Anatoly, 150,152; control of media, 160-61; privatization, 165-67; on problems of democracy, 144,157-58 Chuprinin, Sergei, 157 civic forum, 188 Civic Platform, 186,190 civil society, 10,12,143; Russian, 54, 63, 126, 188-90 cloud democracy, 188 Committee for Trust Between the East and West, 140 commune, peasant, 38-39, 54, 66, 87; attitudes to, 35-36, 40, 50-52, 70, 84,112; Stolypin reforms, 72 Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), 161, 186, 192 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 118-19, 126, 128, 133-36, 139-42, 145, 161 283
284 INDEX Comte, Auguste, 55 constituent assembly, 62-64, 88, 90-92, 95—97, 99-100 Constitutional Democratic Party. See Kadet partycreative classes, 18,122, 180 Crimea, 207; annexation of, 173,178-81, 184, 205 Crimean War, 38,41,207 criminal justice, 68-69, 195 Decembrist Revolt, 24-25, 31-32, 35-36 decommunization, 19, 182-83 democracy, 188; within Communist Party, 139; contradictory attitudes to, 142-44, 150, 205; incompatible with nationalized industries, 147; incompatible with patriotism, 178; as institutional manifesta tion of liberal principles, 7, 11; rejection of, 94, 98, 103, 110-12, 157, 193, 194; support for, 20, 136, 187, 194, 203 Democratic Party of Russia (DPR), 142 Democratic Russia (coalition), 139 Democratic Russia (electoral alliance), 142 Democratic Union, 140 Denikin, Anton, 91, 93,97,100 Desnitsky, Semyon, 23, 28, 34 Dinkevich, Anatoly, 131 dissidents, 119-20,122-25, 127-29, 132-33, 136, 176 Dolgorukov, Pavel, 108 Donetsk People's Republic, 179 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 42, 124 Dozhd TV 187 Dril, Dmitry, 68 Dudayev, Dzhokhar, 152, 154 Dyachenko, Tatyana, 161 Eggert, Konstantin, 175 Ekho Moskvy (Echo of Moscow), 154, 178, 187 Elagin, Ivan, 23 emancipation of the serfs. See serfdom Émigré Congress, 103, 107, 110-11 enlightened bureaucrats, 16, 33, 39-40, 119, 121,207 equality, 21, 28, 37, 68, 126, 158, 203; as core principle of liberalism, 7-9; economic, 114; gender, 69-70,200; legal, 30, 50, 63, 69, 125; national, 76; political, 65, 76 factory laws, 66 family policy, 69 Fedotov, Georgy, 103-106, 111-12,114 Felgengauer, Tatyana, 178 feminism, 200 First Balkan
War, 77 First World War, 73, 77-78, 82, 87, 90, 92 foreign agents law, 189 four-tail franchise, 62-63, 79-80,116 Frank, Semyon, 75, 102-104, 106, 111 freedom, 20, 48-49, 51, 85,104, 106, 116; aristocratic nature of, 112; of assembly, 74, 81, 95, 125, 141; commitment to, 32-33; of conscience, 49, 60, 63-64, 127; cultural, 76; definition, 30-31; economic, 35-36, 114-15, 131, 146, 169, 196; essence of, 105; as a European value, 121,173; of expression, 187; higher purpose of, 103; inequality, 50; inner, 105; lack of understanding of, 122,173,180-81; need for, 58, 61, 66, 123,129,145; negative, 48; patriotism, 178; personal, 111, 129; political, 41, 65, 75; popular culture, 101; positive, 105; of press, 60, 64, 79, 81, 125, 141; right to, 198; Russian constitution, 158; sexual, 201; of speech, 30-31, 45-46, 48, 64, 81, 95, 125, 144, 175, 202; of thought, 118,127. See also liberty Free Economic Society, 34 free market, 3, 21; aristocratic opposition, 40; core liberal principle, 7-8,10-11; perestroika era, 136,145, 147-48,150; post-Soviet era, 162-63,165, 197-99, 202 Freemasonry, 23, 28 Free Russia Forum, 184 free trade, 10 Friedman, Milton, 147-48 Gaidar, Yegor, 152-55, 157-59, 163-64, 167-69 gender equality. See equality: gender Gerashchenko, Viktor, 164 Gessen, Masha, 180 Gessen, Sergei, 75 glasnost’, 135-36, 139, 141 Gnezdilov, Aleksandr, 179 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 119,121,134-37, 139-41, 145-48, 153, 207 Goremykin, Ivan, 81 Gorsky, V, 124 Gozman, Leonid, 191 Gradovsky, Aleksandr, 40-41 Granovsky, Timofei, 24, 26, 33 Great Reforms, 39, 207 Green, T. H., 3
INDEX Gref, Herman, 185,187 Gubin, Dmitry, 174,181 Guchkov, Aleksandr, 72, 88,94 Gudkov, Lev, 182 Guriev, Sergei, 192 Gusinsky, Vladimir, 161,186 Hayek, Friedrich von, 3, 9,115, 147-48 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 26 Helsinki Final Act, 119,126-27 Helsinki Watch groups, 119 Herzen, Aleksandr, 15, 32,47 historical determinism, 18, 58,168,176, 205-206 homo sovieticus, 122,144,158, 182, 205 human rights, 23,188, 191, 195, 203; core liberal principle, 7, 11; dissidents, 119-20, 128-29,133; international treaties, 126-27,134; Russian constitution, 158 Human Rights Committee, 119 identity politics, 4,176,200 Illarionov, Andrei, 185 Ilyin, Ivan, 101 immigration, 177,199-200 imperialism, 58, 76-77, 178 industrialization, 67,130 Inozemtsev, Vladimir, 194 intelligentsia, 59, 136, 181; human rights, 127; role of, 75,123,133, 180; perestroika, 141; political inexperience of, 155; utopianism of, 150; Vekhi debate, 75-76 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 11, 126 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 11,126 Interregional Group of Deputies, 140-41 Iordansky, Nikolai, 86 ludenich, Nikolai, 97 Izgoev, Aleksandr, 103 judicial reform, Great Reforms, 29,44-45; under Putin, 194-95 Kadet party, 15,32, 56, 89, 95-96,101; agrarian policy, 84-85; criticism of, 116-17; demand for constitution, 74; economic policy, 85-86, 99-100; in exile, 102-103, 107-11, 113; First World War, 73, 82-83, 92; not liberal, 14,116; nadklassnost’, 75; national policy, 76, 92-93, 138; opposition to Imperial state, 73; refusal to cooperate with govern 285 ment, 80-81, 84;
Russian Civil War, 91-92, 97-98; social base, 73 , 204-205; women’s rights, 79 Kara-Murza, Aleksei, 4,15,173 Karamzin, Nikolai, 14 Kartashev, Anton, 97,109-11 Kashin, Oleg, 175-77,183, 201 Kasparov, Gary, 179,192,197 Kasyanov, Mikhail, 185, 190 Katkov, Mikhail, 15,41 Kavelin, Konstantin, 15,26-27, 33,47, 52 Kerensky, Aleksandr, 90 Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 155,157 Khatisov, Aleksandr, 83 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 161, 170; funding of political parties, 186-87; imprisonment, 171; loans-for-shares, 166; opinions, 174, 192, 194-95, 197-98 Khrushchev, Nikita, 118 Kirienko, Sergei, 185 Kistiakovsky, Bogdan, 75, 78 Kliamkin, Igor, 143, 178, 193 Koch, Alfred, 145, 161, 167-68 Kokoshkin, Fyodor, 64, 77-78, 92, 96 Kolchak, Aleksandr, 91, 94, 98,100 Konovalov, Aleksandr, 89, 99 Kornilov, Lavr, 90, 96 Kosinsky, Vladimir, 113 Kosygin, Aleksei, 130 Kotliarevsky, Sergei, 86 Kovalevsky, Maksim, 78 Kovalyov, Andrei, 181-82 Kovalyov, Sergei, 120, 122, 153-54, 157, 188 Kozyrev, Andrei, 154-55 Krasheninnikov, Fyodor, 188 Kudrin, Aleksei, 185,187, 197 Kunitsyn, Aleksandr, 30-31, 35-36 Kuskova, Ekaterina, 107 La Harpe, Frédéric-César de, 29 Land and Liberty, 39 Latynina, Iulia, 174-76, 185, 192-93,199 law-based state, 34, 52, 78, 178,194 Lefebvre, Vladimir, 121 legal consciousness, 61, 104,106 Lena Goldfields Massacre, 82 Lenin, Vladimir, 89, 95 Levada, lury, 144 liberal authoritarianism, 103, 143-45,158, 193 liberal conservatism, 103 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, 159
286 INDEX liberalism, Christian, 105,123; classical, 3, 20, 37,104, 120; conservative, 11, 14, 47-48; crisis of, 1; definition, 2, 6-12, 14-15,21; history, 2-4; illiberal, 9; national, 19; origins, 2; social, 3, 68, 70, 159, 197-98 Liberman, Yevsei, 130 liberty, 21, 27, 40, 50, 53, 60, 66, 94, 103; Christianity, 105; core principle of liberalism, 1, 7-10; democracy, 111; negative, 8, 32; political, 49, 120; positive, 3, 8. See also freedom Ligachev, Yegor, 141 Limonov, Eduard, 192 Litoshenko, Lev, 130 Litvinov, Pavel, 103, 127-29 loans-for-shares, 166-67 Lobanov-Rostovsky, Nikolai, 52 Lombroso, Cesare, 68 Loris-Melikov, Mikhail, 39, 45 Lvov, Georgy, 83, 89-90, 94 Maklakov, Vasily, 77, 79-81, 83, 93, 116,117 Mamardashvili, Merab, 121-22 Mandelshtam, Mikhail, 82, 92 market socialism, 130-32, 145-46 Mau, Vladimir, 158 Medvedev, Dmitry, 171-72 Medvedev, Roy, 128 Medvedev, Sergei, 178, 180,182-83, 201 Meerson-Aksyonov Mikhail, 103 Memorial, 187 Men, Aleksandr, 123-24 Migranian, Andranik, 143 Mikhail Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, 88, 94 Miliukov, Pavel, 28,31, 62, 94-95, 100; economic views, 67, 86, 113; in exile, 103-104,106-109,113-14, 117; First World War, 93; foreign minister, 89-90; imperialism, 76; political tactics, 80, 108-109; positivism, 56, 107; Progressive Bloc, 82-83; support of revolutionary violence, 64-65, 70, 81; Vekhi, 75-76; views on national autonomy, 76, 107; women’s rights, 79 Miliukova, Anna, 79 Miliutin, Dmitry, 15, 33, 39 Miliutin, Nikolai, 15, 33, 36, 43-45, 49 Mises, Ludwig von, 3 Mitrokhin, Sergei, 179, 193 Mlynar, Zdenek, 121 monetarism, 163-65
Mordvinov, Nikolai, 35 Moscow Methodological Circle, 121-22 Moscow Tribune, 140 Muratov, Dmitry, 178, 184,193 Muravyov, Aleksandr, 25 Muravyov-Apostol, Matvei, 25 Muravyov, Nikita, 25 Muromtsev, Sergei, 45-46, 64 Muromtsev Constitution, 64, 69 Nabiullina, Elvira, 185 National Bolshevik Party, 192 National Committee, 103,107, 109-10 nationalism, 19, 107, 177-78, 190; criticism of, 57; liberal, 40-41; as progressive phenomenon, 42; Russian, 76, 124,139, 153, 176-77 natural law, 13, 23,28, 30-31,37, 60-61, 78 Navalny, Aleksei, 187-88,190, 193-94; annexation of Crimea, 179; criticism of, 191; economic views, 197; nationalism, 176-77, 200; poisoning of, 172; same-sex marriage, 201; smart voting, 192 Nechaev, Alexei, 206 Nechaev, Sergei, 39 Nekrasov, Nikolai, 89, 100 Nemtsov, Boris, 186,191; as deputy prime minister, 162, 167-68; murder of, 172; opinions, 163, 179-81,199 neoliberalism, 3 New Economic Policy, 110, 129-30 New Liberalism, 3, 21, 86 New People party, 186, 206 Nicholas I, Emperor, 24,26,31, 33-34,36-37 Nicholas II, Emperor, 54, 59, 62, 64, 70, 73, 79, 80-82, 88; abdication, 92, 94, 206; October Manifesto, 71, 79; overthrow, 74 Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke, 83, 110 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 120, 154, 172-73, 179 Northern Society, 24-25, 331 Novaia Gazeta, 178,187 Novgorodtsev, Pavel, 58, 61, 78,101; during Civil War, 97-98, 100; economic views, 85-86; in exile, 104,106 Novikov, Nikolai, 12,23,28, 32 Novodvorskaya, Valeria, 127,140,144, 157, 181 Novosiltsev, Nikolai, 30 Novyi Grad, 104-105 Nuikin, Andrei, 156 October Manifesto, 71, 73, 79 Octobrists
(Union of 17 October), 72, 82, 109
INDEX oligarchs, 161, 167, 170, 186-87 Open Russia, 187 Orlov, Iury, 119,132 Orlov-Davydov, Vladimir, 46, 51 Osvobozhdenie, 55, 59, 62-64 Ovsyannikova, Marina, 185 Pamfilova, Ella, 185 Panin, Nikita, 23 Panina, Sofia, 74-75, 89, 93, 96-97 Pan-Slavism, 42-43 PARNAS, 182, 190, 194, 199 Party of Democratic Reform, 73-74 Party of Growth, 186, 190-91,199 Party of Peaceful Renewal, 73 Party of People’s Freedom. See Kadet party Pastukhov, Vladimir, 177-78, 193 Peasant Bank, 66 People's Will, 39 Pepeliaev, Viktor, 94, 98 perestroika, 135,138-41,144,150,153,207 Perestroika Club, 140 Pestel, Pavel, 25-26, 31, 35 Petrazycki, Leon, 60-61, 85 Petrunkevich, Ivan, 45, 80, 92,100 Pinochet, Augusto, 11, 144-45, 157 Pinsker, Boris, 147 Piyasheva, Larisa, 145-48 Plehve, Viacheslav von, 55 pluralism, 22, 31, 123-24,146,172; as principle of liberalism, 1, 7-9 Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 45 Pogodin, Mikhail, 26 Polenov, Aleksei, 34 Pomerants, Grigory, 123-24 Popov, Gavriil, 142, 148, 183 Popular Front of the RSFSR, 138 positivism, 55-56, 58, 60-61, 107 postrevolutionaries, 104-107,111-12,114 Potanin, Vladimir, 161 Prague Spring, 118, 121 Primakov, Evgeny, 162 private property, 147, 175,191, 196,198-99, 203; importance of, 45,115; land ownership, 51-52, 84,113; legalization of, 141; as liberal institution, 7-8,10; revulsion towards, 132. See also rights: property privatization, 148-49, 151-52,162-63, 165-66, 168-69, 196-97 Problems of Idealism, 58, 104 Problemy mira i sotzializma, 120-21 Progressive Bloc, 82-83 287 Progressive Party, 73, 82-83, 89 Prokhorov, Mikhail, 190 Prokhorova, Irina, 181
Provisional Government, 88-90,92-99,109-10 public chambers, 189 Putin, Vladimir, 4,162,169, 171-72,178-80, 183-85, 199, 203; civil society, 188-89; debates on whether to cooperate with, 186; economic liberalism, 195-96; on obsolescence of liberalism, 1; oligarchs, 186; reason for success, 177; United Russia, 192 Pypin, Aleksandr, 42 Radishchev Aleksandr, 12, 23, 25, 28, 32 Radzikhovsky, Leonid, 188 Reagan, Ronald, 163 Republican-Democratic Union (RDO), 103, 107, 109-10, 113-14 Republican Party of Russia, 142,190 Reutern, Mikhail, 50 Right Cause, 190 rights, 61, 78,169; minority, 203; natural, 28; political and civil, 8, 10-13, 30, 125-26, 129; property, 35,66, 85, 100,115, 153, 158, 165,191,199; sexual orientation, 201; social and economic, 8, 10-12, 125-26, 129; women's, 79, 95, 200-201 Rodichev, Fyodor, 32, 92, 96 Rodionov, Anatoly, 184 Royal Geographical Society, 36, 49 rule of law, 24, 32, 60, 79, 159,168; core liberal value, 10, 20-21; dissidents, 120, 128, 133; judicial reform of, 1864, 44-45; perestroika, 136, 139; under Putin, 194-95; requirement of capitalism, 66; in Soviet Union, 126 Russian Civil War, 91, 95,101-102, 108, 129 Russian liberalism: authoritarian tendencies, 205; national peculiarities, 16-22; negative attitude to Russian people, 19, 26, 33, 75, 93-94, 100, 122-23, 158, 160, 168, 180-82, 205; origins, 12-13; parlous state of, 2, 203; periodization, 13; prospects, 201-203, 208; social base, 17-18, 59, 62, 74, 122, 168, 180, 204-205; statism, 20,205; types, 20, 173 Russian National Liberation Movement, 176-77 Russian revolution (1917), 88-90, 92, 95,
98, 104, 116-17, 130 Russia’s Choice, 159 Russia’s Democratic Choice (RDC), 159-60
288 INDEX Russo-Japanese War, 55, 58, 77 Ryleev, Kondraty, 25 Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 148 Ryzhkov, Vladimir, 195 Sakharov, Andrei, 119, 124,128-29, 132-33, 141,183 Second World War, 183 Sedakova, Olga, 179,181-82, 186 Semyonov, Iulii, 107-108,110 serfdom, 34-36, 38, 51 serfs, emancipation of, 36-37, 39, 43-44, 46, 49-52, 84 Sergei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, 55 Shakhnazarov, Georgii, 121 Shakhovskoi, Dmitry, 82, 100 Sharapov, Sergei, 67 Shaykhutdinov, Rifat, 186 Shchedrovitsky, Georgy, 121 Shelokhaev, Valentin, 4,11, 15-16 Shenderovich, Viktor, 176 Shershenevich, Gabriel, 74 Shingarev, Andrei, 84, 89, 96, 99 Shipov, Dmitry, 59, 62 Shmelyoy Nikolai, 131, 146 shock therapy, 10,149, 151,162-64, 170; opposition to, 155, 168; Polish example, 148 Shragin, Boris, 103, 122-23 Shulgin, Vasily, 88 Shuvalov, Pyotr, 46 Slavophiles, 24, 32, 49, 51, 59-60, 62 Slonimsky, Leonid, 67 smart voting, 192 Smith, Adam, 34-36, 65 Sobchak, Anatoly, 142, 149 Social Darwinism, 56 Social Democratic Party of Russia, 142 socialism with a human face, 133, 168 Sokolov, Konstantin, 93 Sokolov, Nikita, 183 Sokolov-Mitrich, Dmitry, 154 Solidarity, 190, 192 Solovey, Valery, 201-202 Solovyov, Vladimir, 56-57, 60-61, 68, 85,138 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 124 Sonin, Konstantin, 192 Southern Society, 24-25, 31 Spencer, Herbert, 56 Speransky Mikhail, 24,29-30, 33 Stalin, Joseph, 117-18,130, 133 Stasiulevich, Mikhail, 42 Stepanov, Vasily, 93, 98-99 Stepun, Fyodor, 104-105,112 Stolypin, Pyotr, 72-73, 78-79, 83-84, 87, 130 Struve, Pyotr, 101,103; criticism of positivism, 58, 60; in exile, 104, 106, 110-11,114-15;
imperialism, 77; nationalism, 58, 76, 92; Osvobozhdenie, 62-64; praise of capitalism, 66; RussoJapanese War, 59; support for revolution, 64-65; Vekhi, 75 Sukhomlinov, Vladimir. 82 systemic liberals, 119,185, 190, 197 Telberg, Georgy, 98 terrorism, Chechen, 154; revolutionary, 39, 45-46, 55, 61, 72, 87 Thatcher, Margaret, 163 Thaw, the, 118 Titarenko, Raisa, 121 Titov, Boris, 186, 190 Travin, Dmitry, 158 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 90 Trubetskoi, Evgeny, 74, 78 Tsipko, Aleksandr, 173 Turchin, Valentin, 128 Turgenev, Ivan, 42 Turgenev, Nikolai, 25, 36 Tverdokhlebov, Andrei, 119 Two Russias Theory, 180 Tyrkova-Williams, Ariadna, 73, 81, 93-96, 98, 101, 108, 110 Ukraine, 90, 92, 138,172, 179; invasion of, 173, 184-85, 187, 189, 201, 203, 206-207 Union of Liberation, 55, 58, 62-64, 69 Union of Right Forces (URF), 159, 173, 182, 186, 190-91, 198 Union of Towns and Zemstva, 73, 83, 89 United Russia, 192 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 126 unofficial committee, 24,29 Ustrialov, Nikolai, 98 Valuev, Pyotr, 44 Vekhi, 75, 104 Vestnik Evropy, 42-43, 57, 60, 67-68 Vishnevsky, Boris, 179 Vlasov, Andrey, 183-84 Volkov, Leonid, 177,188 Vorontsov, Aleksandr, 29 Vyborg Manifesto, 80 Westernism, 26, 37, 124, 168, 173-74, 202, 205,207 Westernization, 18-19, 74
INDEX Westernizers, 24, 32-33, 42, 120-21, 152 White armies, 91,95,97-98,102,108-109, 138 Witte, Sergei, 80 Wrangel, Pyotr, 91-92, 108-109 Yabloko party, 152,154,190; annexation of Crimea, 179,184; economic policy, 170, 198, 200; funding, 161,186-87; programs, 174, 178, 182, 194; relations with other liberals, 159-60,191-93 Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 119, 139-40,147,156 Yasin, Yevgeny, 148-50 Yavlinsky, Grigory, 152-53,170, 186-87,198; 500 Days plan, 148; annexation of Crimea, 179; attitude to West, 174; Chechnya, 153; economic views, 164-65; NATO expansion, 154; reform plan with Graham Allison, 148-49; relations with other liberals, 159-60,191,193 289 Yeltsin, Boris, 153-55, 159-60, 164,166,168, 170,183,185, 191; assessments of, 169; constitution, 158; oligarchs, 161, 167; power struggle with Gorbachev, 137-39, 141-42, 145; power struggle with Russian parliament, 152,155-57; reelection, 152, 161-62,167; temperament, 151 Yesenin-Volpin, Aleksandr, 127-28 Yugoslavia, NATO bombing of, 154-55 Yukos, 166, 186,187 Zablotsky-Desiatovsky, Andrei, 36 Zaslavskaya, Tatyana, 131, 145-46 zemstva, 43-46, 54, 59, 67, 74, 81, 92, 94, 98; creation of, 39,44, 60; relationship with state, 45, 61-62, 64 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 157, 159 Zinoviev, Aleksandr, 121-22, 132 Zvorykin, Nikolai, 102, 112-13 Zyuganov, Gennady, 161, 167 Bayerische StaatsblbHothak München |
| adam_txt |
Contents Acknowledgments ix Notes on Dates and Transliterations x 1 Introduction 1. Defining Russian Liberalism 6 2. Early Russian Liberalism 23 3. The Great Reforms 38 4. The Era of Counter-Reform 54 5. Between Revolutions 71 6. Revolution and Civil War 88 7. Emigration 102 8. Soviet Liberalism 118 9. Perestroika 135 10. Russian Liberalism under Yeltsin 151 11. Russian Liberalism under Putin 171 204 Conclusion Notes 209 Bibliography Index 283 255
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Index 500 Days plan, 148 1905 Revolution, 75 Abalkin, Leonid, 148 Abramovich, Roman, 186 Aganbegyan, Abel, 131, 147-48 Aksakov, Ivan, 15 Alekseeva, Liudmila, 127,188 Aleksinsky, Ivan, 110 Alexander I, Emperor, 24,28-30, 34, 37 Alexander II, Emperor, 33, 38,40, 52-53; emancipation of the serfs, 39, 43; political reform, 45; zemstva, 44 Alexander III, Emperor, 41, 50, 54, 83 Allison, Graham, 149-50 Amalrik, Andrei, 122, 128,132 Amnuel, Grigory, 183 Andropov, lury, 119 Anti-Corruption Foundation, 187 Arbatov, Georgii, 121 aristocratic opposition, 40,46-47, 51-52 Arsenyev, Konstantin, 60, 67 Ashurkov, Vladimir, 176 Âslund, Anders, 191 Asquith, Herbert, 86 Astrov, Nikolai, 93, 97 Aven, Pyotr, 152 Bakunin, Mikhail, 39 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 148 Batkin, Leonid, 137, 143,170 Beilis, Menahem, 82 Belinsky, Vissarion, 32-33 Berdiaev, Nikolai, 19, 75,102-105, 114 Berezovsky, Boris, 161,170,186, 191 Beseda, 62 Bismarck, Otto von, 51 Black Lives Matter (BLM), 175-76 Bloody Sunday, 55, 64 Bogomolov, Konstantin, 175 Bogrov, Dmitry, 72 Borovikovsky, Aleksandr, 69 Brezhnev, Leonid, 118 Brutskus, Boris, 21, 84, 102, 115-16 Bulgakov, Sergei, 58, 70, 75, 81, 103 Bunge, Nikolai, 50, 65-66 Burtsev, Vladimir, 109 Bush, George H. W., 154 cancel culture, 176 capitalism, 116, 132,146; criticism of, 67; peripheral, 198; support of, 66, 114, 199 Catherine II, Empress, 12,14,23-24, 27,34,37 Chaadaev, Pyotr, 18 Chalidze, Valery, 119, 127-28 Chechnya, 152-54,160,171 Chernenko, Konstantin, 135 Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 156, 162, 168 Chernyaev, Anatoly, 121, 135, 138 Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 2 Chicherin, Boris,
15,21, 41-42, 47-51 Christianity, 104-106 Chronicle of Current Events, 119-20 Chubais, Anatoly, 150,152; control of media, 160-61; privatization, 165-67; on problems of democracy, 144,157-58 Chuprinin, Sergei, 157 civic forum, 188 Civic Platform, 186,190 civil society, 10,12,143; Russian, 54, 63, 126, 188-90 cloud democracy, 188 Committee for Trust Between the East and West, 140 commune, peasant, 38-39, 54, 66, 87; attitudes to, 35-36, 40, 50-52, 70, 84,112; Stolypin reforms, 72 Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), 161, 186, 192 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 118-19, 126, 128, 133-36, 139-42, 145, 161 283
284 INDEX Comte, Auguste, 55 constituent assembly, 62-64, 88, 90-92, 95—97, 99-100 Constitutional Democratic Party. See Kadet partycreative classes, 18,122, 180 Crimea, 207; annexation of, 173,178-81, 184, 205 Crimean War, 38,41,207 criminal justice, 68-69, 195 Decembrist Revolt, 24-25, 31-32, 35-36 decommunization, 19, 182-83 democracy, 188; within Communist Party, 139; contradictory attitudes to, 142-44, 150, 205; incompatible with nationalized industries, 147; incompatible with patriotism, 178; as institutional manifesta tion of liberal principles, 7, 11; rejection of, 94, 98, 103, 110-12, 157, 193, 194; support for, 20, 136, 187, 194, 203 Democratic Party of Russia (DPR), 142 Democratic Russia (coalition), 139 Democratic Russia (electoral alliance), 142 Democratic Union, 140 Denikin, Anton, 91, 93,97,100 Desnitsky, Semyon, 23, 28, 34 Dinkevich, Anatoly, 131 dissidents, 119-20,122-25, 127-29, 132-33, 136, 176 Dolgorukov, Pavel, 108 Donetsk People's Republic, 179 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 42, 124 Dozhd TV 187 Dril, Dmitry, 68 Dudayev, Dzhokhar, 152, 154 Dyachenko, Tatyana, 161 Eggert, Konstantin, 175 Ekho Moskvy (Echo of Moscow), 154, 178, 187 Elagin, Ivan, 23 emancipation of the serfs. See serfdom Émigré Congress, 103, 107, 110-11 enlightened bureaucrats, 16, 33, 39-40, 119, 121,207 equality, 21, 28, 37, 68, 126, 158, 203; as core principle of liberalism, 7-9; economic, 114; gender, 69-70,200; legal, 30, 50, 63, 69, 125; national, 76; political, 65, 76 factory laws, 66 family policy, 69 Fedotov, Georgy, 103-106, 111-12,114 Felgengauer, Tatyana, 178 feminism, 200 First Balkan
War, 77 First World War, 73, 77-78, 82, 87, 90, 92 foreign agents law, 189 four-tail franchise, 62-63, 79-80,116 Frank, Semyon, 75, 102-104, 106, 111 freedom, 20, 48-49, 51, 85,104, 106, 116; aristocratic nature of, 112; of assembly, 74, 81, 95, 125, 141; commitment to, 32-33; of conscience, 49, 60, 63-64, 127; cultural, 76; definition, 30-31; economic, 35-36, 114-15, 131, 146, 169, 196; essence of, 105; as a European value, 121,173; of expression, 187; higher purpose of, 103; inequality, 50; inner, 105; lack of understanding of, 122,173,180-81; need for, 58, 61, 66, 123,129,145; negative, 48; patriotism, 178; personal, 111, 129; political, 41, 65, 75; popular culture, 101; positive, 105; of press, 60, 64, 79, 81, 125, 141; right to, 198; Russian constitution, 158; sexual, 201; of speech, 30-31, 45-46, 48, 64, 81, 95, 125, 144, 175, 202; of thought, 118,127. See also liberty Free Economic Society, 34 free market, 3, 21; aristocratic opposition, 40; core liberal principle, 7-8,10-11; perestroika era, 136,145, 147-48,150; post-Soviet era, 162-63,165, 197-99, 202 Freemasonry, 23, 28 Free Russia Forum, 184 free trade, 10 Friedman, Milton, 147-48 Gaidar, Yegor, 152-55, 157-59, 163-64, 167-69 gender equality. See equality: gender Gerashchenko, Viktor, 164 Gessen, Masha, 180 Gessen, Sergei, 75 glasnost’, 135-36, 139, 141 Gnezdilov, Aleksandr, 179 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 119,121,134-37, 139-41, 145-48, 153, 207 Goremykin, Ivan, 81 Gorsky, V, 124 Gozman, Leonid, 191 Gradovsky, Aleksandr, 40-41 Granovsky, Timofei, 24, 26, 33 Great Reforms, 39, 207 Green, T. H., 3
INDEX Gref, Herman, 185,187 Gubin, Dmitry, 174,181 Guchkov, Aleksandr, 72, 88,94 Gudkov, Lev, 182 Guriev, Sergei, 192 Gusinsky, Vladimir, 161,186 Hayek, Friedrich von, 3, 9,115, 147-48 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 26 Helsinki Final Act, 119,126-27 Helsinki Watch groups, 119 Herzen, Aleksandr, 15, 32,47 historical determinism, 18, 58,168,176, 205-206 homo sovieticus, 122,144,158, 182, 205 human rights, 23,188, 191, 195, 203; core liberal principle, 7, 11; dissidents, 119-20, 128-29,133; international treaties, 126-27,134; Russian constitution, 158 Human Rights Committee, 119 identity politics, 4,176,200 Illarionov, Andrei, 185 Ilyin, Ivan, 101 immigration, 177,199-200 imperialism, 58, 76-77, 178 industrialization, 67,130 Inozemtsev, Vladimir, 194 intelligentsia, 59, 136, 181; human rights, 127; role of, 75,123,133, 180; perestroika, 141; political inexperience of, 155; utopianism of, 150; Vekhi debate, 75-76 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 11, 126 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 11,126 Interregional Group of Deputies, 140-41 Iordansky, Nikolai, 86 ludenich, Nikolai, 97 Izgoev, Aleksandr, 103 judicial reform, Great Reforms, 29,44-45; under Putin, 194-95 Kadet party, 15,32, 56, 89, 95-96,101; agrarian policy, 84-85; criticism of, 116-17; demand for constitution, 74; economic policy, 85-86, 99-100; in exile, 102-103, 107-11, 113; First World War, 73, 82-83, 92; not liberal, 14,116; nadklassnost’, 75; national policy, 76, 92-93, 138; opposition to Imperial state, 73; refusal to cooperate with govern 285 ment, 80-81, 84;
Russian Civil War, 91-92, 97-98; social base, 73 , 204-205; women’s rights, 79 Kara-Murza, Aleksei, 4,15,173 Karamzin, Nikolai, 14 Kartashev, Anton, 97,109-11 Kashin, Oleg, 175-77,183, 201 Kasparov, Gary, 179,192,197 Kasyanov, Mikhail, 185, 190 Katkov, Mikhail, 15,41 Kavelin, Konstantin, 15,26-27, 33,47, 52 Kerensky, Aleksandr, 90 Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 155,157 Khatisov, Aleksandr, 83 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 161, 170; funding of political parties, 186-87; imprisonment, 171; loans-for-shares, 166; opinions, 174, 192, 194-95, 197-98 Khrushchev, Nikita, 118 Kirienko, Sergei, 185 Kistiakovsky, Bogdan, 75, 78 Kliamkin, Igor, 143, 178, 193 Koch, Alfred, 145, 161, 167-68 Kokoshkin, Fyodor, 64, 77-78, 92, 96 Kolchak, Aleksandr, 91, 94, 98,100 Konovalov, Aleksandr, 89, 99 Kornilov, Lavr, 90, 96 Kosinsky, Vladimir, 113 Kosygin, Aleksei, 130 Kotliarevsky, Sergei, 86 Kovalevsky, Maksim, 78 Kovalyov, Andrei, 181-82 Kovalyov, Sergei, 120, 122, 153-54, 157, 188 Kozyrev, Andrei, 154-55 Krasheninnikov, Fyodor, 188 Kudrin, Aleksei, 185,187, 197 Kunitsyn, Aleksandr, 30-31, 35-36 Kuskova, Ekaterina, 107 La Harpe, Frédéric-César de, 29 Land and Liberty, 39 Latynina, Iulia, 174-76, 185, 192-93,199 law-based state, 34, 52, 78, 178,194 Lefebvre, Vladimir, 121 legal consciousness, 61, 104,106 Lena Goldfields Massacre, 82 Lenin, Vladimir, 89, 95 Levada, lury, 144 liberal authoritarianism, 103, 143-45,158, 193 liberal conservatism, 103 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, 159
286 INDEX liberalism, Christian, 105,123; classical, 3, 20, 37,104, 120; conservative, 11, 14, 47-48; crisis of, 1; definition, 2, 6-12, 14-15,21; history, 2-4; illiberal, 9; national, 19; origins, 2; social, 3, 68, 70, 159, 197-98 Liberman, Yevsei, 130 liberty, 21, 27, 40, 50, 53, 60, 66, 94, 103; Christianity, 105; core principle of liberalism, 1, 7-10; democracy, 111; negative, 8, 32; political, 49, 120; positive, 3, 8. See also freedom Ligachev, Yegor, 141 Limonov, Eduard, 192 Litoshenko, Lev, 130 Litvinov, Pavel, 103, 127-29 loans-for-shares, 166-67 Lobanov-Rostovsky, Nikolai, 52 Lombroso, Cesare, 68 Loris-Melikov, Mikhail, 39, 45 Lvov, Georgy, 83, 89-90, 94 Maklakov, Vasily, 77, 79-81, 83, 93, 116,117 Mamardashvili, Merab, 121-22 Mandelshtam, Mikhail, 82, 92 market socialism, 130-32, 145-46 Mau, Vladimir, 158 Medvedev, Dmitry, 171-72 Medvedev, Roy, 128 Medvedev, Sergei, 178, 180,182-83, 201 Meerson-Aksyonov Mikhail, 103 Memorial, 187 Men, Aleksandr, 123-24 Migranian, Andranik, 143 Mikhail Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, 88, 94 Miliukov, Pavel, 28,31, 62, 94-95, 100; economic views, 67, 86, 113; in exile, 103-104,106-109,113-14, 117; First World War, 93; foreign minister, 89-90; imperialism, 76; political tactics, 80, 108-109; positivism, 56, 107; Progressive Bloc, 82-83; support of revolutionary violence, 64-65, 70, 81; Vekhi, 75-76; views on national autonomy, 76, 107; women’s rights, 79 Miliukova, Anna, 79 Miliutin, Dmitry, 15, 33, 39 Miliutin, Nikolai, 15, 33, 36, 43-45, 49 Mises, Ludwig von, 3 Mitrokhin, Sergei, 179, 193 Mlynar, Zdenek, 121 monetarism, 163-65
Mordvinov, Nikolai, 35 Moscow Methodological Circle, 121-22 Moscow Tribune, 140 Muratov, Dmitry, 178, 184,193 Muravyov, Aleksandr, 25 Muravyov-Apostol, Matvei, 25 Muravyov, Nikita, 25 Muromtsev, Sergei, 45-46, 64 Muromtsev Constitution, 64, 69 Nabiullina, Elvira, 185 National Bolshevik Party, 192 National Committee, 103,107, 109-10 nationalism, 19, 107, 177-78, 190; criticism of, 57; liberal, 40-41; as progressive phenomenon, 42; Russian, 76, 124,139, 153, 176-77 natural law, 13, 23,28, 30-31,37, 60-61, 78 Navalny, Aleksei, 187-88,190, 193-94; annexation of Crimea, 179; criticism of, 191; economic views, 197; nationalism, 176-77, 200; poisoning of, 172; same-sex marriage, 201; smart voting, 192 Nechaev, Alexei, 206 Nechaev, Sergei, 39 Nekrasov, Nikolai, 89, 100 Nemtsov, Boris, 186,191; as deputy prime minister, 162, 167-68; murder of, 172; opinions, 163, 179-81,199 neoliberalism, 3 New Economic Policy, 110, 129-30 New Liberalism, 3, 21, 86 New People party, 186, 206 Nicholas I, Emperor, 24,26,31, 33-34,36-37 Nicholas II, Emperor, 54, 59, 62, 64, 70, 73, 79, 80-82, 88; abdication, 92, 94, 206; October Manifesto, 71, 79; overthrow, 74 Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke, 83, 110 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 120, 154, 172-73, 179 Northern Society, 24-25, 331 Novaia Gazeta, 178,187 Novgorodtsev, Pavel, 58, 61, 78,101; during Civil War, 97-98, 100; economic views, 85-86; in exile, 104,106 Novikov, Nikolai, 12,23,28, 32 Novodvorskaya, Valeria, 127,140,144, 157, 181 Novosiltsev, Nikolai, 30 Novyi Grad, 104-105 Nuikin, Andrei, 156 October Manifesto, 71, 73, 79 Octobrists
(Union of 17 October), 72, 82, 109
INDEX oligarchs, 161, 167, 170, 186-87 Open Russia, 187 Orlov, Iury, 119,132 Orlov-Davydov, Vladimir, 46, 51 Osvobozhdenie, 55, 59, 62-64 Ovsyannikova, Marina, 185 Pamfilova, Ella, 185 Panin, Nikita, 23 Panina, Sofia, 74-75, 89, 93, 96-97 Pan-Slavism, 42-43 PARNAS, 182, 190, 194, 199 Party of Democratic Reform, 73-74 Party of Growth, 186, 190-91,199 Party of Peaceful Renewal, 73 Party of People’s Freedom. See Kadet party Pastukhov, Vladimir, 177-78, 193 Peasant Bank, 66 People's Will, 39 Pepeliaev, Viktor, 94, 98 perestroika, 135,138-41,144,150,153,207 Perestroika Club, 140 Pestel, Pavel, 25-26, 31, 35 Petrazycki, Leon, 60-61, 85 Petrunkevich, Ivan, 45, 80, 92,100 Pinochet, Augusto, 11, 144-45, 157 Pinsker, Boris, 147 Piyasheva, Larisa, 145-48 Plehve, Viacheslav von, 55 pluralism, 22, 31, 123-24,146,172; as principle of liberalism, 1, 7-9 Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 45 Pogodin, Mikhail, 26 Polenov, Aleksei, 34 Pomerants, Grigory, 123-24 Popov, Gavriil, 142, 148, 183 Popular Front of the RSFSR, 138 positivism, 55-56, 58, 60-61, 107 postrevolutionaries, 104-107,111-12,114 Potanin, Vladimir, 161 Prague Spring, 118, 121 Primakov, Evgeny, 162 private property, 147, 175,191, 196,198-99, 203; importance of, 45,115; land ownership, 51-52, 84,113; legalization of, 141; as liberal institution, 7-8,10; revulsion towards, 132. See also rights: property privatization, 148-49, 151-52,162-63, 165-66, 168-69, 196-97 Problems of Idealism, 58, 104 Problemy mira i sotzializma, 120-21 Progressive Bloc, 82-83 287 Progressive Party, 73, 82-83, 89 Prokhorov, Mikhail, 190 Prokhorova, Irina, 181
Provisional Government, 88-90,92-99,109-10 public chambers, 189 Putin, Vladimir, 4,162,169, 171-72,178-80, 183-85, 199, 203; civil society, 188-89; debates on whether to cooperate with, 186; economic liberalism, 195-96; on obsolescence of liberalism, 1; oligarchs, 186; reason for success, 177; United Russia, 192 Pypin, Aleksandr, 42 Radishchev Aleksandr, 12, 23, 25, 28, 32 Radzikhovsky, Leonid, 188 Reagan, Ronald, 163 Republican-Democratic Union (RDO), 103, 107, 109-10, 113-14 Republican Party of Russia, 142,190 Reutern, Mikhail, 50 Right Cause, 190 rights, 61, 78,169; minority, 203; natural, 28; political and civil, 8, 10-13, 30, 125-26, 129; property, 35,66, 85, 100,115, 153, 158, 165,191,199; sexual orientation, 201; social and economic, 8, 10-12, 125-26, 129; women's, 79, 95, 200-201 Rodichev, Fyodor, 32, 92, 96 Rodionov, Anatoly, 184 Royal Geographical Society, 36, 49 rule of law, 24, 32, 60, 79, 159,168; core liberal value, 10, 20-21; dissidents, 120, 128, 133; judicial reform of, 1864, 44-45; perestroika, 136, 139; under Putin, 194-95; requirement of capitalism, 66; in Soviet Union, 126 Russian Civil War, 91, 95,101-102, 108, 129 Russian liberalism: authoritarian tendencies, 205; national peculiarities, 16-22; negative attitude to Russian people, 19, 26, 33, 75, 93-94, 100, 122-23, 158, 160, 168, 180-82, 205; origins, 12-13; parlous state of, 2, 203; periodization, 13; prospects, 201-203, 208; social base, 17-18, 59, 62, 74, 122, 168, 180, 204-205; statism, 20,205; types, 20, 173 Russian National Liberation Movement, 176-77 Russian revolution (1917), 88-90, 92, 95,
98, 104, 116-17, 130 Russia’s Choice, 159 Russia’s Democratic Choice (RDC), 159-60
288 INDEX Russo-Japanese War, 55, 58, 77 Ryleev, Kondraty, 25 Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 148 Ryzhkov, Vladimir, 195 Sakharov, Andrei, 119, 124,128-29, 132-33, 141,183 Second World War, 183 Sedakova, Olga, 179,181-82, 186 Semyonov, Iulii, 107-108,110 serfdom, 34-36, 38, 51 serfs, emancipation of, 36-37, 39, 43-44, 46, 49-52, 84 Sergei Aleksandrovich, Grand Duke, 55 Shakhnazarov, Georgii, 121 Shakhovskoi, Dmitry, 82, 100 Sharapov, Sergei, 67 Shaykhutdinov, Rifat, 186 Shchedrovitsky, Georgy, 121 Shelokhaev, Valentin, 4,11, 15-16 Shenderovich, Viktor, 176 Shershenevich, Gabriel, 74 Shingarev, Andrei, 84, 89, 96, 99 Shipov, Dmitry, 59, 62 Shmelyoy Nikolai, 131, 146 shock therapy, 10,149, 151,162-64, 170; opposition to, 155, 168; Polish example, 148 Shragin, Boris, 103, 122-23 Shulgin, Vasily, 88 Shuvalov, Pyotr, 46 Slavophiles, 24, 32, 49, 51, 59-60, 62 Slonimsky, Leonid, 67 smart voting, 192 Smith, Adam, 34-36, 65 Sobchak, Anatoly, 142, 149 Social Darwinism, 56 Social Democratic Party of Russia, 142 socialism with a human face, 133, 168 Sokolov, Konstantin, 93 Sokolov, Nikita, 183 Sokolov-Mitrich, Dmitry, 154 Solidarity, 190, 192 Solovey, Valery, 201-202 Solovyov, Vladimir, 56-57, 60-61, 68, 85,138 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 124 Sonin, Konstantin, 192 Southern Society, 24-25, 31 Spencer, Herbert, 56 Speransky Mikhail, 24,29-30, 33 Stalin, Joseph, 117-18,130, 133 Stasiulevich, Mikhail, 42 Stepanov, Vasily, 93, 98-99 Stepun, Fyodor, 104-105,112 Stolypin, Pyotr, 72-73, 78-79, 83-84, 87, 130 Struve, Pyotr, 101,103; criticism of positivism, 58, 60; in exile, 104, 106, 110-11,114-15;
imperialism, 77; nationalism, 58, 76, 92; Osvobozhdenie, 62-64; praise of capitalism, 66; RussoJapanese War, 59; support for revolution, 64-65; Vekhi, 75 Sukhomlinov, Vladimir. 82 systemic liberals, 119,185, 190, 197 Telberg, Georgy, 98 terrorism, Chechen, 154; revolutionary, 39, 45-46, 55, 61, 72, 87 Thatcher, Margaret, 163 Thaw, the, 118 Titarenko, Raisa, 121 Titov, Boris, 186, 190 Travin, Dmitry, 158 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 90 Trubetskoi, Evgeny, 74, 78 Tsipko, Aleksandr, 173 Turchin, Valentin, 128 Turgenev, Ivan, 42 Turgenev, Nikolai, 25, 36 Tverdokhlebov, Andrei, 119 Two Russias Theory, 180 Tyrkova-Williams, Ariadna, 73, 81, 93-96, 98, 101, 108, 110 Ukraine, 90, 92, 138,172, 179; invasion of, 173, 184-85, 187, 189, 201, 203, 206-207 Union of Liberation, 55, 58, 62-64, 69 Union of Right Forces (URF), 159, 173, 182, 186, 190-91, 198 Union of Towns and Zemstva, 73, 83, 89 United Russia, 192 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 126 unofficial committee, 24,29 Ustrialov, Nikolai, 98 Valuev, Pyotr, 44 Vekhi, 75, 104 Vestnik Evropy, 42-43, 57, 60, 67-68 Vishnevsky, Boris, 179 Vlasov, Andrey, 183-84 Volkov, Leonid, 177,188 Vorontsov, Aleksandr, 29 Vyborg Manifesto, 80 Westernism, 26, 37, 124, 168, 173-74, 202, 205,207 Westernization, 18-19, 74
INDEX Westernizers, 24, 32-33, 42, 120-21, 152 White armies, 91,95,97-98,102,108-109, 138 Witte, Sergei, 80 Wrangel, Pyotr, 91-92, 108-109 Yabloko party, 152,154,190; annexation of Crimea, 179,184; economic policy, 170, 198, 200; funding, 161,186-87; programs, 174, 178, 182, 194; relations with other liberals, 159-60,191-93 Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 119, 139-40,147,156 Yasin, Yevgeny, 148-50 Yavlinsky, Grigory, 152-53,170, 186-87,198; 500 Days plan, 148; annexation of Crimea, 179; attitude to West, 174; Chechnya, 153; economic views, 164-65; NATO expansion, 154; reform plan with Graham Allison, 148-49; relations with other liberals, 159-60,191,193 289 Yeltsin, Boris, 153-55, 159-60, 164,166,168, 170,183,185, 191; assessments of, 169; constitution, 158; oligarchs, 161, 167; power struggle with Gorbachev, 137-39, 141-42, 145; power struggle with Russian parliament, 152,155-57; reelection, 152, 161-62,167; temperament, 151 Yesenin-Volpin, Aleksandr, 127-28 Yugoslavia, NATO bombing of, 154-55 Yukos, 166, 186,187 Zablotsky-Desiatovsky, Andrei, 36 Zaslavskaya, Tatyana, 131, 145-46 zemstva, 43-46, 54, 59, 67, 74, 81, 92, 94, 98; creation of, 39,44, 60; relationship with state, 45, 61-62, 64 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 157, 159 Zinoviev, Aleksandr, 121-22, 132 Zvorykin, Nikolai, 102, 112-13 Zyuganov, Gennady, 161, 167 Bayerische StaatsblbHothak München |
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| author | Robinson, Paul 1966- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)130369101 |
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| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
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| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:34:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-31T00:23:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501772177 9781501772146 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Robinson, Paul 1966- Verfasser (DE-588)130369101 aut Russian liberalism Paul Robinson Ithaca ; London Northern Illinois University Press 2023 X, 289 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Liberalismus (DE-588)4035582-2 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Liberalismus (DE-588)4035582-2 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-5017-7215-3 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-5017-7216-0 (DE-604)BV049468882 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369138&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369138&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369138&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Robinson, Paul 1966- Russian liberalism Liberalismus (DE-588)4035582-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4035582-2 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Russian liberalism |
| title_auth | Russian liberalism |
| title_exact_search | Russian liberalism |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russian liberalism |
| title_full | Russian liberalism Paul Robinson |
| title_fullStr | Russian liberalism Paul Robinson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russian liberalism Paul Robinson |
| title_short | Russian liberalism |
| title_sort | russian liberalism |
| topic | Liberalismus (DE-588)4035582-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Liberalismus Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369138&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369138&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034369138&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT robinsonpaul russianliberalism |