Ze studnice informací: příspěvek k problematice stížností v komunistickém Československu = Font of knowledge : complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech Slovak |
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Praha
Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů
2023
Liberec Technická univerzita v Liberci |
| Ausgabe: | Vydání první |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Literaturverzeichnis Register // Personenregister |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite 329-334 |
| Beschreibung: | 338 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788075160270 9788074946493 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | OBSAH Předmluva .......................................................................................... 7 I. Problematika stížností z obecné perspektivy Tomáš Vilímek - Fenomén stížností v komunistickém Československu ................. 14 II. Problematika stížností v případových studiích Tomáš Buršík - Agenda stížností a podání občanů na ministerstvo vnitra v padesátých letech 20. století pohledem tohoto rezortu ..............76 Prokop Tomek - Stížnosti na Sovětskou armádu aneb jak si stěžovat a nenarazit ..................... 104 Michal Ulvr - Svět motorů a stížností. Nespokojenost československých motoristů na stránkách periodika Svět motorů mezi roky 1949 a 1989 .112 Jan Rychlík - Stížnosti na neudělení devizového příslibu a průběh přídělového řízení v období normalizace .140 Norbert Kmeť - Odraz krízy normalizačného režimu v listoch obyvateľov Slovenskej socialistickej republiky najvyšším politickým, čiže straníckym orgánom štátu ........................ 164 Jaroslav Pažout - Strana a stát mají jen jednu disciplínu. Dopis předsednictva ÚV KSČ z února 1983 k prohloubení účinnosti boje proti porušování zásad socialistické zákonnosti, morálky a disciplíny ..................................................................... 196 III. Stížnosti ve filmové a televizní tvorbe Jan Bárta - Projevy nesouhlasu v československé kinematografii šedesátých let: film Hrdina má strach .............................. 260 Petr Bednařík - Motiv stížností v normalizačních televizních seriálech ............... 278 Jaroslav Kratochvíl - Otevřenost normalizaci či normalizace otevřenosti:
stížnosti pohledem archivů Československé televize 5 .292
IV. Stížností ve výuce Iva Vachková - Proč a jak pracovat se stížnostmi československých občanů ve škole ...................................................................302 Závěr ........................................................................................................................... 314 Summaries .................................................................................................................. 316 Přehled autorů .......................................................................................................... 324 Seznam použitých zkratek ...................................................................................... 325 Použité prameny a literatura ................................................................................. 329 Jmenný rejstřík ...........................................................................................................335 6
Summaries FONT OF KNOWLEDGE COMPLAINTS IN COMMUNIST CZECHOSLOVAKIA I. COMLAINTS, GENERAL PERSPECTIVES Complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia The Czechoslovakian citizens’ complaints, initiatives and disclosures issued in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century are a font of knowledge, which the communist re gime was nowhere near exploiting. In a way, it can be said that only today’s social scientists have been drawing valuable information from the “font”. The presented study describes the authorities’ attitude towards complaints at the end of the 1950s and analyses their role and limits of use. The study examines the presumed and actual causes of the complaints’ origins. It further focuses on the approaches and reactions of authorities responsible by using the example of four key groups - supply and services, housing management, relationships in state economic bodies and the situation in transport, which dur ing 1970-1988 presented almost two-thirds of all received complaints. In the end, attention is paid to anonymous complaints, which, compared to signed complaints, recurrently promote the interest of the whole society. Complaints, usually called “letters of the workforce” in the official media, were written by various citizens who did not have the social and economic capital to en able them to acquire the required assets in different ways - namely by bribery or the help of acquaintances. The typewriter was also used by those who did not like various manifestations of economic crime and newly created social inequality in the proclaimed egalitarian socialist society. Many
demanded the fulfilment of the regime’s promises and learned to write in “socialist style”. In this regard, people used “complaints” as one of the effective methods for achieving individual inter ests, which were not in compliance with the proclaimed ideals of a socialist society; sometimes, they were even in contrast with them. Although the power establishment considered complaints “a significant mani festation of social criticism”, in reality, it tried to use them to control the state’s ac tivities and the economic apparatus. It often claimed that the complaints were “the manifestation of commitment”, yet they were often “cries for help” or signals of se vere and complex system deficiencies. 316
The ruling regime also took advantage of the complaints to “mediate the con flict” to prevent unwanted and open forms of protest. However, the problem was in the delineation of “constructive” or “comrade criticism” and “antisocialist bullying”, as the border was fuzzy and frequently changed based on the foreign political situ ation and the current internal political development. Unsurprisingly, anonymous complaints increased throughout the monitored period, as the authors did not want to risk an open dispute with the criticised administrative body or economic organisation. • Tomáš Vilímek II. COMPLAINS IN CASE STUDIES The Agenda of Complaints and their Submission by the Citizens to the Ministry of the Interior in the 50s of the 20th century, from the Department Perspective The Ministry of the Interior’s agenda of complaints and their submission by the citi zens complied with other departments. The preserved documents started to be la belled as important at the beginning of the 50s. However, systematic attention star ted to be paid to them only in 1958. Government decree No 150/1958, published in the Official Journal, played its role in it and also concerned the Ministry of the Interior. The decree defined how to deal with the issue, emphasising keeping records, analysing, and inspecting. Even the Ministry of the Interior set the mechanisms for administering complaints and citi zens’ submissions due to the decree. The College of the Minister of the Interior met twice a year and discussed the issue using available statistics from individual parts of the Ministry of the
Interior, where analyses and conclusions were supplied. • Tomáš Buršík Complaints about the Soviet Army, How to Complain and Survive The study examines a unique segment of complaints - complaints on the behaviour of the Soviet troops’ soldiers as individuals. Above all, it focuses on the consequences of dislocation and activities of the Soviet Central Group of Forces in Czechoslovakia between 1968-1989. The ongoing withdrawal of the Soviet troops marked the post-Velvet Revolution phase. Notably, Czechoslovakian authorities took responsibility for dealing with the complaints. Even though the complaints were analysed and dealt with in compli ance with other parts of the state, the authorities had no tools to force the Soviet side to rectify the situation. The complaints were handled by a relatively unknown 317
office of the government commissioner for the temporary stay of the Soviet troops in the Czechoslovak Socialistic Republic. The number of complaints about the Soviet troops plummeted during the initial period and remained relatively low for some time. The number of complaints rocketed at the end of the 80s, only levelling off after a successful signature of the treaty on the Soviet troops’ departure. Notably, the authors of the complaints tried to persuade the readers about their loyalty to the regime and positive attitude toward the Soviet troops. • Prokop Tomek The World of Motors and Complaints. The Dissatisfaction of Czechoslovakian Motorists Published in the Periodical Magazine Svět motorů between 194g and 1989 The study analyses Czechoslovakian motorists’ complaints during 1949-1989, pub lished in the magazine Svět motorů [World of Motors]. This magazine, in particular, allowed the readers to express their burning thoughts in almost every issue of the analysed period. The assigned section “Discussion” includes a set of various com plaints, which were divided into individual categories by this paper’s author. He presents examples of the complaints from the magazine and the broadcasting of Czechoslovakian television. The most frequently represented category is universal, which is not different from today’s drivers’ railing. The complaints also comprise a dominant subcategory of reprimands of other traffic participants. Other cate gories of complaints deal with the lack of cars and associated items, such as spare parts, operating fluids, etc. The motorists’
displeasure was caused by errors in pro duction, poor quality and shortcomings in the motor infrastructure (neglected and unstocked petrol stations with lousy restaurants, unwilling staff often robbing the customers, and overloaded and unreliable garages). In the end, the study deals with so-called complaints of the system, which, at this relatively apolitical magazine, were the closes to criticism of the regime. In addition, the study focuses on specific periods, namely January to September 1968 and 1987-1989, where complaints were published without censorship or self-censorship. • Michal Ulvr Complaints about Non-Granting of the Foreign Exchange Pledge and the Process of Allocation Management during Normalisation The Czechoslovakian crown was not freely convertible. To obtain foreign currency for covering expenses abroad, a Czechoslovakian citizen had to first ask the Czecho slovakian State Bank (SBČS) for a promise to sell them foreign currency - a so-called 318
foreign currency exchange pledge. Foreign exchange pledges became an effective tool for regulating citizens’ trips to non-socialist states because a foreign curren cy exchange pledge was a prerequisite for issuing a departure clause to a passport during normalisation. However, there was no legal right to obtain the pledge, and the SBČS branches satisfied only 15-20 % of the applicants a year. Unsuccessful appli cants mainly complained about different managerial levels of SBČS. Most frequent ly, they complained about the local and regional branches or directly to the SBČS Main Institute for the Czech Socialistic Republic in Prague or SBČS Main Institute for the Slovak Socialistic Republic in Bratislava. They mainly claimed that they had been asking in vain for the pledge for several years, and yet it had not been granted. Other complaints pointed to the fact that some applicants had been granted the pledge repeatedly. According to the internal guidelines, foreign exchange pledges could be issued for repeated trips exceptionally. Such complaints were then investigated by inspectors of the SBČS Main Institute for the Czech Socialistic Republic in Prague and the SBČS Main Institute for the Slovak Socialistic Republic in Bratislava, respec tively. Should the complaints be found justifying, a disciplinary investigation could be run in the mentioned branch. Generally, complaints were ineffective because the branches did not have enough foreign currency to satisfy the applicants. • Jan Rychlík The Reflection of Crisis of the Normalisation Regime in the Letters of the Citizens
of the Slovakian Socialist Republic to the Highest Political/Party Bodies of the State The number of written submissions from people who tried to settle their problems, which they had with different offices, with the help of the highest party authorities, increased slightly, especially in the 80s of the twentieth century. In the middle of the 70s, there was a slight decrease in such letters. Hundreds of people considered the central party bodies or the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslo vakia and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Slovakia the last resort to solve their problems. The submitted letters dealt with numerous problems. The party bodies divided these into requests, complaints, reports and suggestions. Natu rally, people also turned to other state bodies, from whom they expected a decision in their favour. As many citizens did not trust the state bodies, they communicated with several institutions. The highest party authorities frequently pointed out that the complaining citizens did not know the applicable laws and regulations. According to the citizens, there were severe problems, especially in business, healthcare, social security, and education. The citizens were not satisfied with the availability of flats and telephone lines, low-quality radio and television signals, 319
looting of the socialistic properties and non-fulfilment of proclaimed plans in pro duction and property development. They also pilloried the incompetence of peo ple working in higher positions, abuse of positions, suppression of criticism, and bossing. At the end of the 1980s, they further criticised shopping tourism, religious and political freedom, corruption, the state of the environment, etc. They called to review the history. The state representatives knew about the everyday problems ordinary citizens had to deal with. However, they were probably also aware of the system’s limits as the measures applied to improve the constantly deteriorating situation failed. Consequently, the citizens tried to find any means to satisfy their needs. The citizens’ dissatisfaction gradually increased and peaked in November 1989, when a peaceful power transfer occurred under the social-political system. This led to the establishment of governments of national understanding. • Norbert Kmeť One Policy of the State and Party. A Letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from February 1983 to Enhance the Effectiveness of the Fight against Violating the Principles of Socialist Legality, Morality and Discipline The then-used term violating the principles of socialist legality, morality and dis cipline covers a broad spectrum of phenomena, such as the theft of socialist-own property, corruption, favouritism, sloppiness, or misuse of power/ position. The abuses mentioned above were a part of the communist society since its beginning. Many such cases of abuse
were interlinked with the actual essence of the system, especially the country’s economy, namely with the shortage of goods and services and significant problems in the supply-demand sphere. In the normalisation peri od, these problems became bigger, especially in connection with the general crisis of the communist regime peaking at the end of the eighties, and such abuses, to some extent, undermined the system internally. The leading representatives of the state bodies and the Communist Party railed against them, minimally verbally, as such abuses were viewed as anti-socialistic, an ti-social, and obsolete bourgeois behaviour. Even the communists themselves, in cluding the high-ranking representatives, who were supposed to fight against such abuses, very often committed them themselves, which can be succinctly illustrated in the case of the “King of Orava”, Stanislav Babinský. The study deals with the perhaps most complex attempt to suppress such abus es. This was done by the letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in February 1983, which tried to enhance the effectiveness of the 320
fight against violating the principles of socialist legality, morality and discipline hand in hand with a related set of state measures. The study examines the genesis of the document and the essentially unsuccessful attempt to apply the suggested measures, pointed out by several party and state analyses and by letters from sever al citizens. The impact of the measures mentioned above was reduced as the letter of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from 1983 was only published in April 1986. • Jaroslav Pažout III. COMPLAINTS IN FILM AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION The Perspectives of Manifestation of Dissent in the First Half of the 60s: the Czechoslovakian Film “The Hero Is Afraid” The paper focuses on the early career of the screenwriter Jaroslav Dietl, who, in the first half of the 60s, wrote relatively polemical plays and films. The paper prima rily examines the satirical comedy Nehoda (1963) [Accident] and its consequent film adaptation, The Hero Is Afraid (directed by František Filip, 1965). Comparative motif analysis was conducted on both the play and the film, mainly concerning the ob served topic of the publication, i.e., a complaint, a manifestation of dissent or dissat isfaction with a decision of fictitious authorities. The text informs that a complaint in the given play and film has no real chance of being successfully solved as the entire process of dealing with it is, at the managerial level, too and only formal. Both the works Accident and The Hero Is Afraid are broadly contextualised with then-contemporary discussions about the so-
called cult of personality. The paper further points to the variable perception of the film and play at the time of their release. The text summarises the essential features of Jaroslav Dietl’s authorial persona lity, which are significantly different from his later, prevailingly serial work during the so-called normalisation period. • Jan Bárta The Theme of Complaints in Normalisation Period TV Series The study examines the topic of complaints in TV series produced by Czechoslovak television during the normalisation period. Several examples are used to identify the representation of complaints that were a part of a plot. The most considerable attention is devoted to the series Muž na radnici [A Man at the Townhall]. Jaroslav Dietl created a series on a Municipal committee chairman in Kunštát. Czechoslovaki an television produced the series to support the local councils’ elections, which took 321
part in October 1976. The main character, František Bavor, is the chairman and mem ber of the local municipal committee. The series created an image of elected repre sentatives who would hear citizens’ complaints and immediately try to solve them. The viewer was supposed to get the idea that no one in the socialistic society needed to be afraid to lodge complaints. On the contrary, the complaints helped improve cities/ municipalities when citizens exposed shortcomings since it was in every one’s interest to create the best possible living conditions in a particular place. The series Žena za pultem [A woman behind the counter], situated in a grocery self-ser vice shop, aimed to create an image of a working environment where all employees fulfilled their responsibilities flawlessly and had an amicable relationship with the customers. Therefore, there was no reason to complain. If so, the complaints were looked into immediately. The study examines some other series written by Jaro slav Dietl (Plechová kavalerie [Tin Cavalry], Okres na severu [Region in the North]), where a party representative was used as a wise politician who knew when and how to solve a problem smoothly. The motif of complaints was also used in series from the hospital environment (Nemocnice na kraji města [Hospital in Suburbia], Sanitka [Emergency Response]). • Petr Bednařík Openness to Normalisation or Normalisation to Openness: Complaints from the Perspective of the Czechoslovakian Television Archives The forms of complaints the Czechoslovakian television audience was exposed to during the
normalisation period were mostly portrayed as uncommitted protests on banal everyday problems. Slight local criticism focused on the complaints about the lack of goods and the unprofessional behaviour of the staff. It did not hint that they could be connected with the shortcomings of the political system. The resigned undertone of the complaints changed towards the end of the normalisation. The criticism became more explicit and ironic, exposing the difference between de clared reality and real life in real socialism. Above all, it committedly and honestly connects problems with the incompetence of the country’s political representatives; consequently, it directly or indirectly calls for more than just a generational change. • Jaroslav Kratochvíl 322
VI. COMPLAINTS AT EDUCATION Why and How to Work with Complaints of the Czechoslovakian Citizens at School The didactic-methodological paper examines how Czechoslovakian citizens used complaints in schools in the 80s of the 20th century. Initially, it tries to identify in terfaces in the curriculum documents for upper elementary and grammar school education. Then, it suggests possibilities which the categories of complaints imply. It further focuses on various educational activities such as short training of acade mic skills, entire teaching units, or implied possibilities of student, class or school projects. The didactic potential is presented in four case studies utilising complaints in education. The didactic potential of the Czechoslovakian citizens’ complaints is summarised at the end. In addition, attention is drawn to the need to suitably me thodically deal with complaints in the school environment. • Iva Vachková 323
Použité prameny a literatura Prameny a) archivní dokumenty Archiv bezpečnostních složek Hlavní správa tiskového dohledu Ministerstva vnitra Objektové svazky StB Organizační a vnitřní správa FMV (A 6/3) Sekretariát MV (A 2/1) Správa kontrarozvědky - II. správa (A 34) Správa SNB hlavního města Prahy a Středočeského kraje Zpravodajské informace Federálního ministerstva vnitra Archiv České národní banky Státní banka československá Archiv České televize Archiv hlavního města Prahy Komunistická strana Československa - městský výbor KSČ Archiv Kanceláře prezidenta republiky Kancelář prezidenta republiky Archiv Poslanecké sněmovny Parlamentu České republiky Česká národní rada Federální shromáždění Spisy orgánů Archív Ústavu pamäti národa spis Štefan Kůstek Federální statistický úřad Ústav pro výzkum veřejného mínění 329
Národní archiv Generální prokuratura ČSSR Komunistická strana Československa - ústřední výbor, 1945-1989 dopisy a dálnopisy kancelář generálního (prvního) tajemníka ÚV KSČ Gustáva Husáka všeobecné oddělení, dopisy pracujících 02/1 - předsednictvo 02/3 - organizační sekretariát 02/4 - sekretariát 10/5 - Ideologická komise ÚV KSČ 1958-1968 Ministerstvo státní kontroly ČSR Úřad předsednictva vlády ČSSR/ČSFR Úřad předsednictva vlády, Praha Úřad vlády ČSR/ČR Ústřední komise lidové kontroly a statistiky Ústřední úřad státní kontroly a statistiky Výbor lidové kontroly ČSSR Slovenský národný archív Generálna prokuratúra SSR/SR Úrad vlády SSR/SR Ústredný výbor Komunistickej strany Slovenska 03 - predsedníctvo Výbor ľudovej kontroly SSR Vojenský ústrední archív - Vojenský historický archiv Ministerstvo národní obrany - Úřad Zmocněnce vlády ČSSR pro záležitosti dočasného pobytu sovětských vojsk v ČSSR Všeodborový archiv Informace b) periodika Film a divadlo Film a doba Kulturní tvorba Lidová demokracie Literárni noviny 330
Práce Pravda Rudé právo Svět motorů Tribuna c) normativní a statistické prameny, dobová právní literatura Historická statistická ročenka ČSSR. SNTL, Praha 1985 Sbírka zákonů a nařízení republiky Československé Sbírka zákonů a nařízení státu československého Sbírka zákonů Československé socialistické republiky Sbírka zákonů republiky Československé Statistická ročenka České a Slovenské federatívni republiky 1990. SNTL, Praha 1990 Statistická ročenka Československé socialistické republiky 1989. SNTL, Praha 1989 Úřední list Československé republiky d) tiskem vydané dokumenty NOSKOVÁ, Alena - PAŽOUT, Jaroslav: Vnitrostranické informace ÚV KSČ 1979-1989 (faksimilová edice dokumentů), on-line: www.dejinyksc.usd.cas.cz/vnitrostranickeinformace-sekretariatu-uv-ks.html PAŽOUT, Jaroslav a kol. (eds.): Výborná obranu nespravedlivě stíhaných 1978-1989. Edi ce dokumentů. Academia, Praha 2014 PAŽOUT, Jaroslav - VILÍMEK, Tomáš: Barometr nálad, studnice informací. Dopisy obča nů vedoucím představitelům a orgánům Komunistické strany Československa v letech 1988-1989. Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR, Praha 2020 PREČAN, Vilém (ed.): Praha - Washington-Praha. Depeše velvyslanectví USA v listopadu a prosinci 1989. Knihovna Václava Havla, Praha 2004 Rok šedesátý osmý v usneseních a dokumentech ÚVKSČ. Svoboda, Praha 1969 VONDROVÄ, Jitka - NAVRÁTIL, Jaromír (eds.): Mezinárodní souvislosti českosloven ské krize 1967-1970. Září 1968 - květen 1970. Prameny к dějinám československé krize 1967-1970, díl 4, sv. 3. Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR- Doplněk, Praha - Brno 1997 Zjazd Komunistickej strany
Slovenska. 13. -15. mája 1971. Pravda, Bratislava 1971 Zjazd Komunistickej strany Slovenska. 25. - 27. marca 1976. Pravda, Bratislava 1976 Zjazd Komunistickej strany Slovenska. 20. - 21. marca 1981. Pravda, Bratislava 1981 Zjazd Komunistickej strany Slovenska. 13. -15. marca 1986. Pravda, Bratislava 1986 331
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KMEŤ, Norbert: Vedenie Komunistickej strany Československa a jeho prejavy o korupcii. Forum historiae, 2001, roč. 5, č. 2, s. 266-284 KRÁLIK, Jan: V soukolí okřídleného šípu. Grada, Praha 2008 KRATOCHVÍLOVÁ, Jana: Teorie a praxe projektové výuky. Masarykova univerzita, Brno 2006 KRUML, Milan: Televize? Televize! Česká televize, Praha 2013 LUKNÁR, Miloš: Kráľ Oravy. Kauza Babinský. Práca, Bratislava 1990 McDOLJGALL, Alan: Playing the Game. Football and Everyday Life in the Honecker Era. In: FULBROOK, Marry-PORT, Andrew I. (eds.): Becoming East German. Socialist Structures and Sensibilities after Hitler. Berghahn, New York-Oxford 2013, s. 257-276 MERE, Stephan: Politische Kommunikation in der Diktatur. Deutschland und die Sowjet union im Vergleich. Wallstein, Göttingen 2012 MLČOCH, Lubomír: Chování československé podnikové sféry. Soubor deskriptivních studií. Praha, listopad 1988 Okamžik rozhodnutí. PANT, Ostrava 2016 PAŽOUT, Jaroslav: Neklid před bouří. Členská základna Komunistické strany Česko slovenska na sklonku normalizace. Soudobé dějiny, 2020, roč. 27, č. 3-4, s. 477-524 PAŽOUT, Jaroslav: Pod dohledem VLKa. Výbor lidové kontroly SSR a agenda stížnos tí, oznámení a podnětů občanů (1971-1990). Soudobé dějiny, 2022, roč. 29, č. 1, s. 90-129 PEŠTA, Karel: 0 činnosti kontroly v oblasti neoprávněného obohacování (korupce a úplat kářství). Výbor lidové kontroly ČSSR, Praha 1988 PRŮCHA, Václav a kol.: Hospodářské a sociální dějiny Československa 1918-1992.2. díl. Období 1945-1992. Doplněk, Brno 2009 RYCHLÍK, Jan: Cestování do ciziny v habsburské monarchii a v
Československu. Pasová, vízová a vystěhovalecká politika 1848-1989. Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR, Praha 2007 RYCHLÍK, Jan: Devizové přísliby a cestování do zahraničí v období normalizace. Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR, Praha 2012 RYCHLÍK, Jan: Překračování hranic a emigrace v Československu a východní Evropě ve 20. století. Securitas Imperii, 2016, roč. 29, č. 2, s. 10-36 SAVELJEV, Jaroslav-VAVERA, František: Stížnosti: jak dál? Veřejná správa, 2008, roč. 6, č. 9,2.5.2008, on-line: www.mvcr.cz/clanek/stiznosti-jak-dal.aspx SMETANA, Miloš: Televizní seriál a jeho paradoxy. ISV, Praha 2000 ŠIMULČÍK, Ján: Čas svitania. Sviečková manifestácia-25. marec 1988. Vydavateľstvo Michala Vaška, Prešov 1998 ŠLOUF, Jakub: Spřízněni měnou. Genealogie plzenské revolty 1. června 1953. Filozofická fakulta UK, Praha 2016 ŠŤASTNÝ, Josef: Práce s dopisy pracujících. Svoboda, Praha 1982 333
ŠTOCHL, Miroslav - ČIŽMÁŘ, Zeno: Benzina v proměnách času. Benzina, Praha 2008 TOMEK, Prokop: Sovětská základna uprostřed Čech. Milovice v době sovětské vojen ské přítomnosti na území Československa (1968-1991). Soudobé dějiny, 2018, roč. 25, č. 3-4, s. 433-489 TOMEK, Prokop: Úřad Zmocněnce vlády ČSSR pro záležitosti dočasného pobytu sovětských vojsk v ČSSR 1968-1990. Historie a vojenství, 2018, roč. 67, č. 3, s. 4-31 TOMEK, Prokop - PEJČOCH, Ivo: Černá kniha sovětské okupace. Sovětská armáda v Československu a její oběti 1968-1991. Svět křídel, Cheb 2018 TUČEK, Jan: Legendární Škoda 100/110 a její sourozenci. Grada, Praha 2019 ULVR, Michal: AZNP a expanze výroby osobních a lehkých užitkových automobilů na Slovensko 1945-1989. In: Československá historická ročenka 2017-2018. VEDA, Bratislava 2018, s. 303-318 VILÍMEK, Tomáš: „Kdo řídí - kontroluje!“. Podnikový management a úskalí „socia listické kontroly “ v československých podnicích v osmdesátých letech 20. století. Soudobé dějiny, 2017, roč. 24, č. 3, s. 361-388 VILÍMEK, Tomáš: Mladoboleslavská Škodovka v období normalizace (1969-1989). In: TŮMA, Oldřich - VILÍMEK, Tomáš: Česká společnost v 70. a 80. letech: sociální a ekonomické aspekty. Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR, Praha 2012, s. 63-175 VILÍMEK, Tomáš: Podnikový management v Československu. Od socialismu ke kapitalismu. In: KOPEČEK, Michal: Architekti dlouhé změny. Expertní kořenypostsocialismu v Československu. Argo, Praha 2019, s. 103-153 VILÍMEK, Tomáš: Projevy rezistenčního chování v Československu v letech 1969 až 1989. In: VILÍMEK, Tomáš - TŮMA, Oldřich:
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Jmenný rejstřík Černěnko Konstantin Ustinovič 189 Černík Oldřich 142,144 A Adamec Jiří 288 Adamec Ladislav 28,43 Adamovská Zlata 288 Anežka Přemyslovna 174 D DeyI ml. Rudolf 271 Dietl Jaroslav 260-262,268-269,271, 273-274,278,279,282-283,284-285, 286-287,288 Dohnal Milan 15,16,42 Dubček Alexander 135,172,177-178,184, 185,187,188,190,191,292,293 Dudáš Koloman 177 Dudášek Stanislav 215 Dudek Jaroslav 284,286,287 Dvořák František 283-284 В Babinský Stanislav 31,169,172-173,176, 177,179,184,186,188,214-217,252 Barák Rudolf 78,79,80,82 Barčák Andrej 129 Barker Lex 310 Beňo Mikuláš 203 Bil ak Vasil 182,197 Biškojiří 210-211 Bizup Ondřej 179 Bláha Josef 279 E Eco Umberto 295 Boďa Miloslav 166,167 BohdalováJiřina 282 Bourdieu Pierre 272 Bren Paulina 260,269 Brežněv Leonid Iljič 143,188-189 Brice Pierre 310 Brilajan 40 Brodský Vlastimil 268,271 Brousek Otakar ml. 285 Buchvaldek Zdeněk 279,289 F FeješJánaoo Ferencei Štefan 208,219 Filip František 271,273-274 Fišer Stanislav 310 Fousková Bohuslava 297 Frantál František 41 Fulbrook Mary 21 C Cajthamlová Monika 309 Ceausescu Nicolae 186 Císař Čestmír 185 Colotka Peter 176,184,203,216-217 G Gogo Dezider 188 Gorbačov Michail Sergej evič 107,172, Č Čalfa Marián 219 Čarnogurskýján 188 H Hajn Jaroslav 211 187,189,192,295 Gottwald Klement 184,189 Hanzlík Jaromír 288 335
К Kaiser Oldřich 298 Klán Jarmil 122 Klein Dušan 129 Klícha Bohumil 19 Kofnovec Václav 284 Komárek Karel 90 Koldovský Mil. 122 Kopecký Miloš 287 Korbela Martin 105 Korčák Josef 203 Korec Ján Chryzostom 179 Kořínková Lenka 311 Kováč Ján 173,215 Kováč Michal 208 Kovář Ludvík 131 Kratochvíl Pavel 124 Kriegel František 19 Krůta Ferdinand 287 Kubišová Marta 274,292-293 Kučera Stanislav 130 Kudlička Z. 122 Kundera Milan 272 Kusý Miroslav 188 Kuštek Štefan 168-169 Kyman Pavol 215,216 Hartl Jan 282,286 Harus Jan 19 Hašek Jaroslav 293 Hausman Jaroslav 136 Havel Václav 44,184-185,189,308,315 Hlinka Andrej 179,191 Holý Ladislav 294 Hošek Otakar 116 Hradílek Tomáš 186 Hrdlička Petr 128 Hrivňák Pavol 174 Hrušínský Rudolf 271,272-273,274 Hubač Jiří 288 Hubeňáková Svatava 279 Husák Gustáv 105,108-109,142,143, 153,165,168,194,197,201,203,218, 219,315 Ch Chlupáč Martin 296 Chňoupek Bohuslav 176,216-217 Chruščov Nikita Sergejevič 185,270 Chudík Ladislav 287 I Indra Alois 37,182 Ištván Július 169 L Lábus Jiří 298 Laco Karol 200,204 Landovský Pavel 310 Lazar Štefan 208 J Jahelka Ivo 298 Jakeš Miloš 109,165,176,180,182,183, 184,186,188,203,204,205,217, Jakoubková Eva 282 Janák Ignác 165 Lenárt Jozef 165,182,197,208 Lenin Vladimír Iljič 286 Lér Leopold 203 Liehm Antonín Jaromír 273 Linhart Petr 123 Litvajová Elena 188 Jandejsek Václav 126 Janžurová Iva 287,292,293 Javorský Lubomír 127-128 Jelínková Vlasta 279 336
Pešek Ladislav 271 Pešta Karel 197-198,199,221 Petrus Jaroslav 179 Pirošík Vladimír 173,179 Pittermannjiří 273 PješčakJán 208 Podlešák Jiří 114-115 Μ Maciuchová Hana 284 Machonin Sergej 268-270 Majling Pavol 16 Malenovský Vlastimil 296,298,299 Marko Ján 144 Marvan Jaroslav 310 Marx Karel Г14 Martiňák Ladislav 188 Masaryk Tomáš Garrigue 44,177,315 Matuška Waldemar 310 May Karl 310 Menšík Vladimír 284 Menzel Jiří 117 Merl Stephan 19 Milý Zdeněk 120 Minárik Štefan 215 Mlynář Zdeněk 187,270 Podlipný Jiň 296 Podolec Anton 174 Podskalský Zdeněk 271,272 Pokorný Stanislav 142 Polanský Ivan 179,181 Poledník Jindřich 203 Potáč Svatopluk 160 Prachař Ilja 271 Preiss Viktor 287 Procházková Helena 296,297 Pužej Lubomír 108,109 Morávková Consuela 311 Moučka Jaroslav 263,281,286 Moudrý Karel 290 Murgaš Vojtěch 124 Murína Juraj 215 R Rain Jaroslav 122 Remek Jozef 108 Richter Milan 142 Rosecký Karel 297 Roško Robert 188 Růžek Martin 280 N Němcová Dana 186 Němec František 282 Nová (Novotná?) Eva 179 Novotný Antonín 189,271,293 Ř Řehoř Zdeněk 285,286 O S Sádovský Ladislav 208 Skalický Ladislav 172 Skalný Pavel 23 Skalský Štěpán 262 Ondřej Josef 200 Ondřich František 30,39,220 P Palach Jan 218 Patrasová Dagmar 131 Pavel Josef 142 Pelnář Jan 142,144 Sklenčka Ota 280 Skopeček,Jan3io Smola Josef 216,252 Sokolovský Evžen 278,286 337
Solecký Vladimír 273 Sovákjiří 271 Stalin Josef Vissarionovič 174,184,185, 188-189,270 Steinmasslová Milena 282 Svoboda Ludvík 293,315 Votoček Josef 109-110 Vyskočil Pavel 115 W Werich, Jan 310,311 Z Zázvorková Stela 287 Zapadlo Miroslav 173 Zápotocký Antonín 189 Zedníček Pavel 129 Zelenkajan278,294 Zeman Miloš 187,315 Zilizi Tihamér 181 Š ŠálJ. 116 Šalgovič Viliam 164,165,188 Šindelář Antonín 297-298 Široký Viliam 16 ŠkvoreckýJosef 262 Šlapka Gejza 188 Štěpánek, Martin 310 Štěpnička Jiří 279 Štrougal Lubomír 168,200,203,204, 219 Švorcová Jiřina 284 T TaláčekJan 114 Tiso Jozef 191 Tříska, Jan 310 Tůma Adolf 136 Tvrzníková, Jaroslava 310 U Urbánek Karel 29 Urbanová Alena 268 V Vachek Karel 293 Vedra Vladimír 17 Velímská Eliška 279 Vinklář Josef 288 Vodička Ladislav 112 Vondra Alexandr (Saša) 186 Voskovec, Jiří 310,311 338
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OBSAH Předmluva . 7 I. Problematika stížností z obecné perspektivy Tomáš Vilímek - Fenomén stížností v komunistickém Československu . 14 II. Problematika stížností v případových studiích Tomáš Buršík - Agenda stížností a podání občanů na ministerstvo vnitra v padesátých letech 20. století pohledem tohoto rezortu .76 Prokop Tomek - Stížnosti na Sovětskou armádu aneb jak si stěžovat a nenarazit . 104 Michal Ulvr - Svět motorů a stížností. Nespokojenost československých motoristů na stránkách periodika Svět motorů mezi roky 1949 a 1989 .112 Jan Rychlík - Stížnosti na neudělení devizového příslibu a průběh přídělového řízení v období normalizace .140 Norbert Kmeť - Odraz krízy normalizačného režimu v listoch obyvateľov Slovenskej socialistickej republiky najvyšším politickým, čiže straníckym orgánom štátu . 164 Jaroslav Pažout - Strana a stát mají jen jednu disciplínu. Dopis předsednictva ÚV KSČ z února 1983 k prohloubení účinnosti boje proti porušování zásad socialistické zákonnosti, morálky a disciplíny . 196 III. Stížnosti ve filmové a televizní tvorbe Jan Bárta - Projevy nesouhlasu v československé kinematografii šedesátých let: film Hrdina má strach . 260 Petr Bednařík - Motiv stížností v normalizačních televizních seriálech . 278 Jaroslav Kratochvíl - Otevřenost normalizaci či normalizace otevřenosti:
stížnosti pohledem archivů Československé televize 5 .292
IV. Stížností ve výuce Iva Vachková - Proč a jak pracovat se stížnostmi československých občanů ve škole .302 Závěr . 314 Summaries . 316 Přehled autorů . 324 Seznam použitých zkratek . 325 Použité prameny a literatura . 329 Jmenný rejstřík .335 6
Summaries FONT OF KNOWLEDGE COMPLAINTS IN COMMUNIST CZECHOSLOVAKIA I. COMLAINTS, GENERAL PERSPECTIVES Complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia The Czechoslovakian citizens’ complaints, initiatives and disclosures issued in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century are a font of knowledge, which the communist re gime was nowhere near exploiting. In a way, it can be said that only today’s social scientists have been drawing valuable information from the “font”. The presented study describes the authorities’ attitude towards complaints at the end of the 1950s and analyses their role and limits of use. The study examines the presumed and actual causes of the complaints’ origins. It further focuses on the approaches and reactions of authorities responsible by using the example of four key groups - supply and services, housing management, relationships in state economic bodies and the situation in transport, which dur ing 1970-1988 presented almost two-thirds of all received complaints. In the end, attention is paid to anonymous complaints, which, compared to signed complaints, recurrently promote the interest of the whole society. Complaints, usually called “letters of the workforce” in the official media, were written by various citizens who did not have the social and economic capital to en able them to acquire the required assets in different ways - namely by bribery or the help of acquaintances. The typewriter was also used by those who did not like various manifestations of economic crime and newly created social inequality in the proclaimed egalitarian socialist society. Many
demanded the fulfilment of the regime’s promises and learned to write in “socialist style”. In this regard, people used “complaints” as one of the effective methods for achieving individual inter ests, which were not in compliance with the proclaimed ideals of a socialist society; sometimes, they were even in contrast with them. Although the power establishment considered complaints “a significant mani festation of social criticism”, in reality, it tried to use them to control the state’s ac tivities and the economic apparatus. It often claimed that the complaints were “the manifestation of commitment”, yet they were often “cries for help” or signals of se vere and complex system deficiencies. 316
The ruling regime also took advantage of the complaints to “mediate the con flict” to prevent unwanted and open forms of protest. However, the problem was in the delineation of “constructive” or “comrade criticism” and “antisocialist bullying”, as the border was fuzzy and frequently changed based on the foreign political situ ation and the current internal political development. Unsurprisingly, anonymous complaints increased throughout the monitored period, as the authors did not want to risk an open dispute with the criticised administrative body or economic organisation. • Tomáš Vilímek II. COMPLAINS IN CASE STUDIES The Agenda of Complaints and their Submission by the Citizens to the Ministry of the Interior in the 50s of the 20th century, from the Department Perspective The Ministry of the Interior’s agenda of complaints and their submission by the citi zens complied with other departments. The preserved documents started to be la belled as important at the beginning of the 50s. However, systematic attention star ted to be paid to them only in 1958. Government decree No 150/1958, published in the Official Journal, played its role in it and also concerned the Ministry of the Interior. The decree defined how to deal with the issue, emphasising keeping records, analysing, and inspecting. Even the Ministry of the Interior set the mechanisms for administering complaints and citi zens’ submissions due to the decree. The College of the Minister of the Interior met twice a year and discussed the issue using available statistics from individual parts of the Ministry of the
Interior, where analyses and conclusions were supplied. • Tomáš Buršík Complaints about the Soviet Army, How to Complain and Survive The study examines a unique segment of complaints - complaints on the behaviour of the Soviet troops’ soldiers as individuals. Above all, it focuses on the consequences of dislocation and activities of the Soviet Central Group of Forces in Czechoslovakia between 1968-1989. The ongoing withdrawal of the Soviet troops marked the post-Velvet Revolution phase. Notably, Czechoslovakian authorities took responsibility for dealing with the complaints. Even though the complaints were analysed and dealt with in compli ance with other parts of the state, the authorities had no tools to force the Soviet side to rectify the situation. The complaints were handled by a relatively unknown 317
office of the government commissioner for the temporary stay of the Soviet troops in the Czechoslovak Socialistic Republic. The number of complaints about the Soviet troops plummeted during the initial period and remained relatively low for some time. The number of complaints rocketed at the end of the 80s, only levelling off after a successful signature of the treaty on the Soviet troops’ departure. Notably, the authors of the complaints tried to persuade the readers about their loyalty to the regime and positive attitude toward the Soviet troops. • Prokop Tomek The World of Motors and Complaints. The Dissatisfaction of Czechoslovakian Motorists Published in the Periodical Magazine Svět motorů between 194g and 1989 The study analyses Czechoslovakian motorists’ complaints during 1949-1989, pub lished in the magazine Svět motorů [World of Motors]. This magazine, in particular, allowed the readers to express their burning thoughts in almost every issue of the analysed period. The assigned section “Discussion” includes a set of various com plaints, which were divided into individual categories by this paper’s author. He presents examples of the complaints from the magazine and the broadcasting of Czechoslovakian television. The most frequently represented category is universal, which is not different from today’s drivers’ railing. The complaints also comprise a dominant subcategory of reprimands of other traffic participants. Other cate gories of complaints deal with the lack of cars and associated items, such as spare parts, operating fluids, etc. The motorists’
displeasure was caused by errors in pro duction, poor quality and shortcomings in the motor infrastructure (neglected and unstocked petrol stations with lousy restaurants, unwilling staff often robbing the customers, and overloaded and unreliable garages). In the end, the study deals with so-called complaints of the system, which, at this relatively apolitical magazine, were the closes to criticism of the regime. In addition, the study focuses on specific periods, namely January to September 1968 and 1987-1989, where complaints were published without censorship or self-censorship. • Michal Ulvr Complaints about Non-Granting of the Foreign Exchange Pledge and the Process of Allocation Management during Normalisation The Czechoslovakian crown was not freely convertible. To obtain foreign currency for covering expenses abroad, a Czechoslovakian citizen had to first ask the Czecho slovakian State Bank (SBČS) for a promise to sell them foreign currency - a so-called 318
foreign currency exchange pledge. Foreign exchange pledges became an effective tool for regulating citizens’ trips to non-socialist states because a foreign curren cy exchange pledge was a prerequisite for issuing a departure clause to a passport during normalisation. However, there was no legal right to obtain the pledge, and the SBČS branches satisfied only 15-20 % of the applicants a year. Unsuccessful appli cants mainly complained about different managerial levels of SBČS. Most frequent ly, they complained about the local and regional branches or directly to the SBČS Main Institute for the Czech Socialistic Republic in Prague or SBČS Main Institute for the Slovak Socialistic Republic in Bratislava. They mainly claimed that they had been asking in vain for the pledge for several years, and yet it had not been granted. Other complaints pointed to the fact that some applicants had been granted the pledge repeatedly. According to the internal guidelines, foreign exchange pledges could be issued for repeated trips exceptionally. Such complaints were then investigated by inspectors of the SBČS Main Institute for the Czech Socialistic Republic in Prague and the SBČS Main Institute for the Slovak Socialistic Republic in Bratislava, respec tively. Should the complaints be found justifying, a disciplinary investigation could be run in the mentioned branch. Generally, complaints were ineffective because the branches did not have enough foreign currency to satisfy the applicants. • Jan Rychlík The Reflection of Crisis of the Normalisation Regime in the Letters of the Citizens
of the Slovakian Socialist Republic to the Highest Political/Party Bodies of the State The number of written submissions from people who tried to settle their problems, which they had with different offices, with the help of the highest party authorities, increased slightly, especially in the 80s of the twentieth century. In the middle of the 70s, there was a slight decrease in such letters. Hundreds of people considered the central party bodies or the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslo vakia and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Slovakia the last resort to solve their problems. The submitted letters dealt with numerous problems. The party bodies divided these into requests, complaints, reports and suggestions. Natu rally, people also turned to other state bodies, from whom they expected a decision in their favour. As many citizens did not trust the state bodies, they communicated with several institutions. The highest party authorities frequently pointed out that the complaining citizens did not know the applicable laws and regulations. According to the citizens, there were severe problems, especially in business, healthcare, social security, and education. The citizens were not satisfied with the availability of flats and telephone lines, low-quality radio and television signals, 319
looting of the socialistic properties and non-fulfilment of proclaimed plans in pro duction and property development. They also pilloried the incompetence of peo ple working in higher positions, abuse of positions, suppression of criticism, and bossing. At the end of the 1980s, they further criticised shopping tourism, religious and political freedom, corruption, the state of the environment, etc. They called to review the history. The state representatives knew about the everyday problems ordinary citizens had to deal with. However, they were probably also aware of the system’s limits as the measures applied to improve the constantly deteriorating situation failed. Consequently, the citizens tried to find any means to satisfy their needs. The citizens’ dissatisfaction gradually increased and peaked in November 1989, when a peaceful power transfer occurred under the social-political system. This led to the establishment of governments of national understanding. • Norbert Kmeť One Policy of the State and Party. A Letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from February 1983 to Enhance the Effectiveness of the Fight against Violating the Principles of Socialist Legality, Morality and Discipline The then-used term violating the principles of socialist legality, morality and dis cipline covers a broad spectrum of phenomena, such as the theft of socialist-own property, corruption, favouritism, sloppiness, or misuse of power/ position. The abuses mentioned above were a part of the communist society since its beginning. Many such cases of abuse
were interlinked with the actual essence of the system, especially the country’s economy, namely with the shortage of goods and services and significant problems in the supply-demand sphere. In the normalisation peri od, these problems became bigger, especially in connection with the general crisis of the communist regime peaking at the end of the eighties, and such abuses, to some extent, undermined the system internally. The leading representatives of the state bodies and the Communist Party railed against them, minimally verbally, as such abuses were viewed as anti-socialistic, an ti-social, and obsolete bourgeois behaviour. Even the communists themselves, in cluding the high-ranking representatives, who were supposed to fight against such abuses, very often committed them themselves, which can be succinctly illustrated in the case of the “King of Orava”, Stanislav Babinský. The study deals with the perhaps most complex attempt to suppress such abus es. This was done by the letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in February 1983, which tried to enhance the effectiveness of the 320
fight against violating the principles of socialist legality, morality and discipline hand in hand with a related set of state measures. The study examines the genesis of the document and the essentially unsuccessful attempt to apply the suggested measures, pointed out by several party and state analyses and by letters from sever al citizens. The impact of the measures mentioned above was reduced as the letter of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from 1983 was only published in April 1986. • Jaroslav Pažout III. COMPLAINTS IN FILM AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION The Perspectives of Manifestation of Dissent in the First Half of the 60s: the Czechoslovakian Film “The Hero Is Afraid” The paper focuses on the early career of the screenwriter Jaroslav Dietl, who, in the first half of the 60s, wrote relatively polemical plays and films. The paper prima rily examines the satirical comedy Nehoda (1963) [Accident] and its consequent film adaptation, The Hero Is Afraid (directed by František Filip, 1965). Comparative motif analysis was conducted on both the play and the film, mainly concerning the ob served topic of the publication, i.e., a complaint, a manifestation of dissent or dissat isfaction with a decision of fictitious authorities. The text informs that a complaint in the given play and film has no real chance of being successfully solved as the entire process of dealing with it is, at the managerial level, too and only formal. Both the works Accident and The Hero Is Afraid are broadly contextualised with then-contemporary discussions about the so-
called cult of personality. The paper further points to the variable perception of the film and play at the time of their release. The text summarises the essential features of Jaroslav Dietl’s authorial persona lity, which are significantly different from his later, prevailingly serial work during the so-called normalisation period. • Jan Bárta The Theme of Complaints in Normalisation Period TV Series The study examines the topic of complaints in TV series produced by Czechoslovak television during the normalisation period. Several examples are used to identify the representation of complaints that were a part of a plot. The most considerable attention is devoted to the series Muž na radnici [A Man at the Townhall]. Jaroslav Dietl created a series on a Municipal committee chairman in Kunštát. Czechoslovaki an television produced the series to support the local councils’ elections, which took 321
part in October 1976. The main character, František Bavor, is the chairman and mem ber of the local municipal committee. The series created an image of elected repre sentatives who would hear citizens’ complaints and immediately try to solve them. The viewer was supposed to get the idea that no one in the socialistic society needed to be afraid to lodge complaints. On the contrary, the complaints helped improve cities/ municipalities when citizens exposed shortcomings since it was in every one’s interest to create the best possible living conditions in a particular place. The series Žena za pultem [A woman behind the counter], situated in a grocery self-ser vice shop, aimed to create an image of a working environment where all employees fulfilled their responsibilities flawlessly and had an amicable relationship with the customers. Therefore, there was no reason to complain. If so, the complaints were looked into immediately. The study examines some other series written by Jaro slav Dietl (Plechová kavalerie [Tin Cavalry], Okres na severu [Region in the North]), where a party representative was used as a wise politician who knew when and how to solve a problem smoothly. The motif of complaints was also used in series from the hospital environment (Nemocnice na kraji města [Hospital in Suburbia], Sanitka [Emergency Response]). • Petr Bednařík Openness to Normalisation or Normalisation to Openness: Complaints from the Perspective of the Czechoslovakian Television Archives The forms of complaints the Czechoslovakian television audience was exposed to during the
normalisation period were mostly portrayed as uncommitted protests on banal everyday problems. Slight local criticism focused on the complaints about the lack of goods and the unprofessional behaviour of the staff. It did not hint that they could be connected with the shortcomings of the political system. The resigned undertone of the complaints changed towards the end of the normalisation. The criticism became more explicit and ironic, exposing the difference between de clared reality and real life in real socialism. Above all, it committedly and honestly connects problems with the incompetence of the country’s political representatives; consequently, it directly or indirectly calls for more than just a generational change. • Jaroslav Kratochvíl 322
VI. COMPLAINTS AT EDUCATION Why and How to Work with Complaints of the Czechoslovakian Citizens at School The didactic-methodological paper examines how Czechoslovakian citizens used complaints in schools in the 80s of the 20th century. Initially, it tries to identify in terfaces in the curriculum documents for upper elementary and grammar school education. Then, it suggests possibilities which the categories of complaints imply. It further focuses on various educational activities such as short training of acade mic skills, entire teaching units, or implied possibilities of student, class or school projects. The didactic potential is presented in four case studies utilising complaints in education. The didactic potential of the Czechoslovakian citizens’ complaints is summarised at the end. In addition, attention is drawn to the need to suitably me thodically deal with complaints in the school environment. • Iva Vachková 323
Použité prameny a literatura Prameny a) archivní dokumenty Archiv bezpečnostních složek Hlavní správa tiskového dohledu Ministerstva vnitra Objektové svazky StB Organizační a vnitřní správa FMV (A 6/3) Sekretariát MV (A 2/1) Správa kontrarozvědky - II. správa (A 34) Správa SNB hlavního města Prahy a Středočeského kraje Zpravodajské informace Federálního ministerstva vnitra Archiv České národní banky Státní banka československá Archiv České televize Archiv hlavního města Prahy Komunistická strana Československa - městský výbor KSČ Archiv Kanceláře prezidenta republiky Kancelář prezidenta republiky Archiv Poslanecké sněmovny Parlamentu České republiky Česká národní rada Federální shromáždění Spisy orgánů Archív Ústavu pamäti národa spis Štefan Kůstek Federální statistický úřad Ústav pro výzkum veřejného mínění 329
Národní archiv Generální prokuratura ČSSR Komunistická strana Československa - ústřední výbor, 1945-1989 dopisy a dálnopisy kancelář generálního (prvního) tajemníka ÚV KSČ Gustáva Husáka všeobecné oddělení, dopisy pracujících 02/1 - předsednictvo 02/3 - organizační sekretariát 02/4 - sekretariát 10/5 - Ideologická komise ÚV KSČ 1958-1968 Ministerstvo státní kontroly ČSR Úřad předsednictva vlády ČSSR/ČSFR Úřad předsednictva vlády, Praha Úřad vlády ČSR/ČR Ústřední komise lidové kontroly a statistiky Ústřední úřad státní kontroly a statistiky Výbor lidové kontroly ČSSR Slovenský národný archív Generálna prokuratúra SSR/SR Úrad vlády SSR/SR Ústredný výbor Komunistickej strany Slovenska 03 - predsedníctvo Výbor ľudovej kontroly SSR Vojenský ústrední archív - Vojenský historický archiv Ministerstvo národní obrany - Úřad Zmocněnce vlády ČSSR pro záležitosti dočasného pobytu sovětských vojsk v ČSSR Všeodborový archiv Informace b) periodika Film a divadlo Film a doba Kulturní tvorba Lidová demokracie Literárni noviny 330
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ŠTOCHL, Miroslav - ČIŽMÁŘ, Zeno: Benzina v proměnách času. Benzina, Praha 2008 TOMEK, Prokop: Sovětská základna uprostřed Čech. Milovice v době sovětské vojen ské přítomnosti na území Československa (1968-1991). Soudobé dějiny, 2018, roč. 25, č. 3-4, s. 433-489 TOMEK, Prokop: Úřad Zmocněnce vlády ČSSR pro záležitosti dočasného pobytu sovětských vojsk v ČSSR 1968-1990. Historie a vojenství, 2018, roč. 67, č. 3, s. 4-31 TOMEK, Prokop - PEJČOCH, Ivo: Černá kniha sovětské okupace. Sovětská armáda v Československu a její oběti 1968-1991. Svět křídel, Cheb 2018 TUČEK, Jan: Legendární Škoda 100/110 a její sourozenci. Grada, Praha 2019 ULVR, Michal: AZNP a expanze výroby osobních a lehkých užitkových automobilů na Slovensko 1945-1989. In: Československá historická ročenka 2017-2018. VEDA, Bratislava 2018, s. 303-318 VILÍMEK, Tomáš: „Kdo řídí - kontroluje!“. Podnikový management a úskalí „socia listické kontroly “ v československých podnicích v osmdesátých letech 20. století. Soudobé dějiny, 2017, roč. 24, č. 3, s. 361-388 VILÍMEK, Tomáš: Mladoboleslavská Škodovka v období normalizace (1969-1989). In: TŮMA, Oldřich - VILÍMEK, Tomáš: Česká společnost v 70. a 80. letech: sociální a ekonomické aspekty. Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR, Praha 2012, s. 63-175 VILÍMEK, Tomáš: Podnikový management v Československu. Od socialismu ke kapitalismu. In: KOPEČEK, Michal: Architekti dlouhé změny. Expertní kořenypostsocialismu v Československu. Argo, Praha 2019, s. 103-153 VILÍMEK, Tomáš: Projevy rezistenčního chování v Československu v letech 1969 až 1989. In: VILÍMEK, Tomáš - TŮMA, Oldřich:
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Jmenný rejstřík Černěnko Konstantin Ustinovič 189 Černík Oldřich 142,144 A Adamec Jiří 288 Adamec Ladislav 28,43 Adamovská Zlata 288 Anežka Přemyslovna 174 D DeyI ml. Rudolf 271 Dietl Jaroslav 260-262,268-269,271, 273-274,278,279,282-283,284-285, 286-287,288 Dohnal Milan 15,16,42 Dubček Alexander 135,172,177-178,184, 185,187,188,190,191,292,293 Dudáš Koloman 177 Dudášek Stanislav 215 Dudek Jaroslav 284,286,287 Dvořák František 283-284 В Babinský Stanislav 31,169,172-173,176, 177,179,184,186,188,214-217,252 Barák Rudolf 78,79,80,82 Barčák Andrej 129 Barker Lex 310 Beňo Mikuláš 203 Bil'ak Vasil 182,197 Biškojiří 210-211 Bizup Ondřej 179 Bláha Josef 279 E Eco Umberto 295 Boďa Miloslav 166,167 BohdalováJiřina 282 Bourdieu Pierre 272 Bren Paulina 260,269 Brežněv Leonid Iljič 143,188-189 Brice Pierre 310 Brilajan 40 Brodský Vlastimil 268,271 Brousek Otakar ml. 285 Buchvaldek Zdeněk 279,289 F FeješJánaoo Ferencei Štefan 208,219 Filip František 271,273-274 Fišer Stanislav 310 Fousková Bohuslava 297 Frantál František 41 Fulbrook Mary 21 C Cajthamlová Monika 309 Ceausescu Nicolae 186 Císař Čestmír 185 Colotka Peter 176,184,203,216-217 G Gogo Dezider 188 Gorbačov Michail Sergej evič 107,172, Č Čalfa Marián 219 Čarnogurskýján 188 H Hajn Jaroslav 211 187,189,192,295 Gottwald Klement 184,189 Hanzlík Jaromír 288 335
К Kaiser Oldřich 298 Klán Jarmil 122 Klein Dušan 129 Klícha Bohumil 19 Kofnovec Václav 284 Komárek Karel 90 Koldovský Mil. 122 Kopecký Miloš 287 Korbela Martin 105 Korčák Josef 203 Korec Ján Chryzostom 179 Kořínková Lenka 311 Kováč Ján 173,215 Kováč Michal 208 Kovář Ludvík 131 Kratochvíl Pavel 124 Kriegel František 19 Krůta Ferdinand 287 Kubišová Marta 274,292-293 Kučera Stanislav 130 Kudlička Z. 122 Kundera Milan 272 Kusý Miroslav 188 Kuštek Štefan 168-169 Kyman Pavol 215,216 Hartl Jan 282,286 Harus Jan 19 Hašek Jaroslav 293 Hausman Jaroslav 136 Havel Václav 44,184-185,189,308,315 Hlinka Andrej 179,191 Holý Ladislav 294 Hošek Otakar 116 Hradílek Tomáš 186 Hrdlička Petr 128 Hrivňák Pavol 174 Hrušínský Rudolf 271,272-273,274 Hubač Jiří 288 Hubeňáková Svatava 279 Husák Gustáv 105,108-109,142,143, 153,165,168,194,197,201,203,218, 219,315 Ch Chlupáč Martin 296 Chňoupek Bohuslav 176,216-217 Chruščov Nikita Sergejevič 185,270 Chudík Ladislav 287 I Indra Alois 37,182 Ištván Július 169 L Lábus Jiří 298 Laco Karol 200,204 Landovský Pavel 310 Lazar Štefan 208 J Jahelka Ivo 298 Jakeš Miloš 109,165,176,180,182,183, 184,186,188,203,204,205,217, Jakoubková Eva 282 Janák Ignác 165 Lenárt Jozef 165,182,197,208 Lenin Vladimír Iljič 286 Lér Leopold 203 Liehm Antonín Jaromír 273 Linhart Petr 123 Litvajová Elena 188 Jandejsek Václav 126 Janžurová Iva 287,292,293 Javorský Lubomír 127-128 Jelínková Vlasta 279 336
Pešek Ladislav 271 Pešta Karel 197-198,199,221 Petrus Jaroslav 179 Pirošík Vladimír 173,179 Pittermannjiří 273 PješčakJán 208 Podlešák Jiří 114-115 Μ Maciuchová Hana 284 Machonin Sergej 268-270 Majling Pavol 16 Malenovský Vlastimil 296,298,299 Marko Ján 144 Marvan Jaroslav 310 Marx Karel Г14 Martiňák Ladislav 188 Masaryk Tomáš Garrigue 44,177,315 Matuška Waldemar 310 May Karl 310 Menšík Vladimír 284 Menzel Jiří 117 Merl Stephan 19 Milý Zdeněk 120 Minárik Štefan 215 Mlynář Zdeněk 187,270 Podlipný Jiň 296 Podolec Anton 174 Podskalský Zdeněk 271,272 Pokorný Stanislav 142 Polanský Ivan 179,181 Poledník Jindřich 203 Potáč Svatopluk 160 Prachař Ilja 271 Preiss Viktor 287 Procházková Helena 296,297 Pužej Lubomír 108,109 Morávková Consuela 311 Moučka Jaroslav 263,281,286 Moudrý Karel 290 Murgaš Vojtěch 124 Murína Juraj 215 R Rain Jaroslav 122 Remek Jozef 108 Richter Milan 142 Rosecký Karel 297 Roško Robert 188 Růžek Martin 280 N Němcová Dana 186 Němec František 282 Nová (Novotná?) Eva 179 Novotný Antonín 189,271,293 Ř Řehoř Zdeněk 285,286 O S Sádovský Ladislav 208 Skalický Ladislav 172 Skalný Pavel 23 Skalský Štěpán 262 Ondřej Josef 200 Ondřich František 30,39,220 P Palach Jan 218 Patrasová Dagmar 131 Pavel Josef 142 Pelnář Jan 142,144 Sklenčka Ota 280 Skopeček,Jan3io Smola Josef 216,252 Sokolovský Evžen 278,286 337
Solecký Vladimír 273 Sovákjiří 271 Stalin Josef Vissarionovič 174,184,185, 188-189,270 Steinmasslová Milena 282 Svoboda Ludvík 293,315 Votoček Josef 109-110 Vyskočil Pavel 115 W Werich, Jan 310,311 Z Zázvorková Stela 287 Zapadlo Miroslav 173 Zápotocký Antonín 189 Zedníček Pavel 129 Zelenkajan278,294 Zeman Miloš 187,315 Zilizi Tihamér 181 Š ŠálJ. 116 Šalgovič Viliam 164,165,188 Šindelář Antonín 297-298 Široký Viliam 16 ŠkvoreckýJosef 262 Šlapka Gejza 188 Štěpánek, Martin 310 Štěpnička Jiří 279 Štrougal Lubomír 168,200,203,204, 219 Švorcová Jiřina 284 T TaláčekJan 114 Tiso Jozef 191 Tříska, Jan 310 Tůma Adolf 136 Tvrzníková, Jaroslava 310 U Urbánek Karel 29 Urbanová Alena 268 V Vachek Karel 293 Vedra Vladimír 17 Velímská Eliška 279 Vinklář Josef 288 Vodička Ladislav 112 Vondra Alexandr (Saša) 186 Voskovec, Jiří 310,311 338 |
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| author2 | Pažout, Jaroslav 1974- Vilímek, Tomáš 1976- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| era | 1948-1989 gnd |
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| geographic_facet | Tschechoslowakei |
| id | DE-604.BV049103603 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:33:20Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:55:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788075160270 9788074946493 |
| language | Czech Slovak |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034365086 |
| oclc_num | 1418710038 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| physical | 338 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20240110 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
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| publisher | Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů Technická univerzita v Liberci |
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| spelling | Ze studnice informací příspěvek k problematice stížností v komunistickém Československu = Font of knowledge : complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia Jaroslav Pažout, Tomáš Vilímek (eds.) Font of knowledge Vydání první Praha Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů 2023 Liberec Technická univerzita v Liberci 338 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverzeichnis Seite 329-334 Text tschechisch, teils slowakisch. Englische Zusammenfassungen der Beiträge 1948-1989 gnd rswk-swf Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 gnd rswk-swf Beschwerde Motiv (DE-588)1166161722 gnd rswk-swf Staatssozialismus (DE-588)4182676-0 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf stížnosti občanů / Československo / 1948-1989 veřejné mínění / Československo / 1948-1989 komunistický režim / Československo / 1948-1989 complaints (administrative procedure) / Czechoslovakia / 1948-1989 public opinion / Czechoslovakia / 1948-1989 communist regime / Czechoslovakia / 1948-1989 Československo / dějiny / 1948-1989 Československo / společenské poměry / 1948-1989 Československo / společnost a politika / 1948-1989 Czechoslovakia / history / 1948-1989 Czechoslovakia / social conditions / 1948-1989 Czechoslovakia / society and politics / 1948-1989 1948-1989 sborníky miscellanea Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Beschwerde Motiv (DE-588)1166161722 s Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 s Staatssozialismus (DE-588)4182676-0 s 1948-1989 z DE-604 Pažout, Jaroslav 1974- (DE-588)136620469 edt Vilímek, Tomáš 1976- (DE-588)141460431 edt Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034365086&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034365086&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034365086&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034365086&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister |
| spellingShingle | Ze studnice informací příspěvek k problematice stížností v komunistickém Československu = Font of knowledge : complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 gnd Beschwerde Motiv (DE-588)1166161722 gnd Staatssozialismus (DE-588)4182676-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043152-6 (DE-588)1166161722 (DE-588)4182676-0 (DE-588)4078435-6 |
| title | Ze studnice informací příspěvek k problematice stížností v komunistickém Československu = Font of knowledge : complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia |
| title_alt | Font of knowledge |
| title_auth | Ze studnice informací příspěvek k problematice stížností v komunistickém Československu = Font of knowledge : complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia |
| title_exact_search | Ze studnice informací příspěvek k problematice stížností v komunistickém Československu = Font of knowledge : complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Ze studnice informací příspěvek k problematice stížností v komunistickém Československu = Font of knowledge : complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia |
| title_full | Ze studnice informací příspěvek k problematice stížností v komunistickém Československu = Font of knowledge : complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia Jaroslav Pažout, Tomáš Vilímek (eds.) |
| title_fullStr | Ze studnice informací příspěvek k problematice stížností v komunistickém Československu = Font of knowledge : complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia Jaroslav Pažout, Tomáš Vilímek (eds.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ze studnice informací příspěvek k problematice stížností v komunistickém Československu = Font of knowledge : complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia Jaroslav Pažout, Tomáš Vilímek (eds.) |
| title_short | Ze studnice informací |
| title_sort | ze studnice informaci prispevek k problematice stiznosti v komunistickem ceskoslovensku font of knowledge complaints in communist czechoslovakia |
| title_sub | příspěvek k problematice stížností v komunistickém Československu = Font of knowledge : complaints in Communist Czechoslovakia |
| topic | Öffentliche Meinung (DE-588)4043152-6 gnd Beschwerde Motiv (DE-588)1166161722 gnd Staatssozialismus (DE-588)4182676-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Öffentliche Meinung Beschwerde Motiv Staatssozialismus Tschechoslowakei |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034365086&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034365086&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034365086&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034365086&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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