Dagestan - history, culture, identity:
Dagestan – History, Culture, Identity provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of Dagestan, a strategically important republic of the Russian Federation which borders Chechnya, Georgia and Azerbaijan, and its people. It outlines Dagestan’s rich and complicated history, from 5th c ACE to pos...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge
[2024]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe series
109 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | Dagestan – History, Culture, Identity provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of Dagestan, a strategically important republic of the Russian Federation which borders Chechnya, Georgia and Azerbaijan, and its people. It outlines Dagestan’s rich and complicated history, from 5th c ACE to post USSR, as seen from the viewpoint of the Dagestani people. Chapters feature the new age of social media, urban weddings, modern and traditional medicine, innovative food cultivation, the little-known history of Mountain Jews during the Soviet period, flourishing heroes of sport and finance, emerging opportunities in ethno-tourism and a recent Dagestani music revival. In doing so, the authors examine the large number of different ethnic groups in Dagestan, their languages and traditions, and assess how the people of Dagestan are coping and thriving despite the changes brought about by globalisation, new technology and the modern world: through which swirls an increasing sense of identity in an indigenous multi-ethnic society |
| Beschreibung: | x, 240 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781032483429 |
Internformat
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| 520 | |a Dagestan – History, Culture, Identity provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of Dagestan, a strategically important republic of the Russian Federation which borders Chechnya, Georgia and Azerbaijan, and its people. It outlines Dagestan’s rich and complicated history, from 5th c ACE to post USSR, as seen from the viewpoint of the Dagestani people. Chapters feature the new age of social media, urban weddings, modern and traditional medicine, innovative food cultivation, the little-known history of Mountain Jews during the Soviet period, flourishing heroes of sport and finance, emerging opportunities in ethno-tourism and a recent Dagestani music revival. In doing so, the authors examine the large number of different ethnic groups in Dagestan, their languages and traditions, and assess how the people of Dagestan are coping and thriving despite the changes brought about by globalisation, new technology and the modern world: through which swirls an increasing sense of identity in an indigenous multi-ethnic society | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of maps List offigures Preface 1 Introduction - what is Dagestan? 2 Shaitans, monsters, magic places and substances vii viii ix 1 4 3 The Sasanian walls against the Huns 14 4 Trade with the Kievan Russ and the Golden Horde 18 5 Trade with the Moscow Tsardom XV-XVI centuries 26 6 Trade with Muscovy XVII-XVIII centuries 34 7 Under Russian governance 1801-1859 42 8 XIX Century historical consciousness 53 9 Shamil’s Ethno-religious Imamate 60 10 Legal systems under the Russian government 73 11 Repression and Sovietization 80 12 Language policy of the USSR 93 13 Schools, literacy and publishing under the Tsar and Soviets 100
14 Poems written in Avar and Archi languages 108 15 Re-Islamization of public consciousness 118 16 Pre-Soviet and contemporary cultures 127 17 New traditions in urban weddings 132 18 Social media - the XXI century 144 19 Surviving Covid and traditional medicine 152 20 Traditional medicine of mountain Dagestan 164 21 Dagestan mountain-valley horticulture 174 22 About Mountain Jews 183 23 Meat and Fish of the Mountain Jews 188 24 Heroes of sport and finance 192 25 Monetizing the Mountains 201 26 A virtual tour to Archi 206 27 In Dagestan, as they say, everyone sings and everyone dances 221 Index
Index Note: Numbers in italics indicate figures on the corresponding page. Abakarhaji (Qadi Muhammad Akushi son) 63 Abd al-Mutallib. ‘ho (song) 110-11 abreks (raiding system) 55 Absally 6 Abubakarov, Said Muhammad Haji 123 Abu Bakr (sacrifices) 61 accordion (Dagestan) 224-5 ‘Actual Problems of Combating ReligiousPolitical Extremism (All-Russian Conference) 120 adat, impact 74, 77 ad-Din, Rashid 2 a dlu, commitment 75 advice (nasiha) 114 Afanasy Nikitin of Tver 24 afterlife (akhirah) 68 agach-komuz (lute) 141 agi (group of people) 70 Aglarov, Mamaykhan 109 Aglu-Dagistan, humanity 121 Agularin Khabarar (Agulskiye Vesti) 97 Agui language, dialects 96 Aguis, education 97 Ahvakh Edin (rural community) 148 Aimaki, Abubakar 67 a/ami(Arabic texts) 109 Ajam literature 116-17 Akaev, Abusufyan 69 Akavov, Rashid 145 akhirah (afterlife) 68 aksakal (white-bearded elders), embracing 155, 192 Akusha Confederation 43 Akushi, Qadi Muhammad 63 al-Baghdadi, Muhammad 67 al-Baghini, Mar-Apandi 109 al-Baghini, shu aybAfandi 109 al-Bagini, Sheikh Shuayb 64 al-Bagini, Shuayb 213 Albasty 6 al-Bukhti, Ramadan-hajji 109 al-Doroni, Muhammad ‘Umar 109 aleikum salaam (peace to you) 194 al-ghachadi, hajji-Muhammad 109 al-Ghazighumuqi, Jamal al-Din 111 al-ghumuqi, Budaychi-hajji 109 al-Ghumuqi, Jamal al-Din 112 al-Hakim, Lukman 165 Alham (Koran sura) 10 al-Hamahi, Muhammad 67 Alibekova, Raisa 146 Alikaraev, Abusufyan 223 Alikhanov-Avarsky, A.M. 56 Alikhanov, Μ. 81 alim: attitudes 64-5; ‘Islamic scholar’ 64 Aliyev, M.G. 123 al-Khurukhi, Da ud 109 Allah Almighty, equality 70 al-Lekzi, Suleiman Sadreddin
(Lak) 23-4 All-Russian Centre for Spiritual Administration, creation 120 All-Russian Congresses of Muslims 95 All-Russian Islamic Cultural Centre, creation 120 All-Russian Social and Political Movement (Nur), creation 120 All-Union Census of 1926 100 All-Union Communist Party (VKP: bolsheviks): property confiscation 85; resolution 84 al-Mazandarani, Muhammad al-Dailami (Tukhfatal-Muminin) 165 al-Nitsovkri, Sayfullah-Qadi 109
228 Index Alpab 6 Al-Qaida, links (denial) 123 al-Rochi, Kharda 110, 113 al-Rochi, Muhammad 113 al-Rochi, Sheikh Kharda 70 al-Rochi, Sheikh Mamma-Dibir 109 al-Suguri, Sheikh Abdurahman-Haji 72 al- Uradi, Undal-hajji 109 amal (characters) 70 amal (habit/behaviour) 65-6 amanat (hostages): execution 56; taking 44 amanat (loyalty) 60 amirul’mu ’minin (Shamil name) 56 Ananias of Shirak (Pseudo-Moses of Khorene) 16 Anasimov, Ilya 184 Andalal (rural community) 148 andargi, making 207 Andi Koysu river 209 Andiyskiy, Umakhan 149 Andreusi, Labazan 61 Andyreusi, Idris (Effendi) 63, 64 animal products, usage 169-70 anti-kolkhoz (state farm) uprisings 82 anti-Semitism, impact 90 apotropaic metal amulets, usage 158 apotropaic symbols 222 Arabic, literary language 108 Arab-Muslim transnational cultural tradition 128 AravoiKushey 186 arba (transportation) 75 arbabash (ox-cart covers) 118-19 arbabashs (felt-carpets), confiscation 76 arbakesh (driver) 75 Archi: Bedeku (folk ensemble) 217, 218 , Bedeku (sacred mount) 215; Bidi/ Klala river (confluence) 214; bride, gifts (display) 219; climate 209; costumes 211; customs, agronomic cycle (association) 212; dried meat/sausage 216; economy 210; education 213; family life 212-13; felt mosaic carpets 217; flowers 220; folk ensemble (Bedeku) 217, 218; food 211-12; Gurkkimey sausage 216; highland dancers 217; houses 210-11; Khvatli 219; language, usage 108; Mount Kaklik (sheep/shepherd) 215; nature 209; old literacy 213; people 210; photo tour 214-20; self-governing villages 208-9; social life 212-13; topography 207-9; travel 206;
villages/mountains/rivers 208; virtual tour 206; wedding feast 218; wool shepherd, checking/ bargaining 216 Archib (rural community) 148 artel (cooperative), dissolution 83 artisans (social class) 71 Aselt Shavuot 186 Ashkenazi Jews, cradling process 161 Ashkharatsuyts 16 associated spirits 5-13 Astrakhan: conquest 30; settlement 39-40 Astrakhan Khanate, subordination 27 auctoritas 42 autochthonous languages 127-8 Avar grammar, creation 109 Avari, Hadji Murat 62 Avar Khanate, acceptance 42-3 Avar Khan, resistance 45-6 Avar Koysu river 209 Avar language, usage 108 Avar Magals (rural communities) 54 Avars: Avar Kolkhoz woman/baby 181; Facebook (Maglarul matzl, tarikh wa madaniyat) 148; healers 165; helmets 20; ruler 42 Avicenna 165 Avshalumova, L. 183 Ayuli 6 Azhdaha (serpent/dragon) 7 Azov, Don Cossacks capture 36 Baanov, Alexander 1 Badarkhan (ambassador) 37-8 Bailey, Harold 5 Bakhchisaray, Don Cossacks (impact) 36 bakhl (dried sausage) 211 Baktlukhi, Muhammad 63, 64 Ьакь il zaman (‘adat time’) 93 balaban (aerophone) 222 Balakhani, Musa 61 barakat (blessedness) 69 Barrow, Christopher 32 Basdyryk 6 Bashlarov, Sheikh Sayfullah 68 Bashlarov, Sheikh Sayfullah-kadi 69 Batak 63 batrakkom (landless seasonal agricultural hired workers) 82 Batsadi, Kurbanalimuhammed 62 Batsadi, Muhammad 62 batsI (speed of the wolf) 12
Index 229 Bayrambekov, Ali 147 beauty, description 156 Bedeku: folk ensemble (Archi) 217, 218; sacred mount 215 bedkom (poor peasants) 82 beekeeping 169 beggars (fukara), social class 71 Bela Anchaba Tlo Gyini 6 Bezhta udarnaya shock group, counterattack 84 Bidi/Klala river (confluence) 214 big bosses (social class) 70-1 bimushur (real man) 213 Bin Laden, links (denial) 123 birthing room, family (gathering) 158 bitlonnol (real woman) 213 black balaclavas, wearing 153 blessedness (barakat) 69 blood feud 65; krovomoscheniya, cessation 74; Soviet response 78; trivial reasons 74-5 Bohmer, Harald 203 boklo (norm/rule/permission) 93 Bolshevism, fall 82 book of table etiquette (Qilik kitap) 64 Botlikhsy, military operations 122—3 Boz-bash. components 190 Brezhnev. Leonid 78 bride: choice, parental initiative 133; gifts, display 219; kidnapping 185; wedding obligations 141-2; wedding preparations, differences 138; wedding salon visits 139 bridc/groom, collusion 133-4 bridegroom, female mentor (meeting) 142 bride-price (kalym) 119 brigands, impact 75 Budallaba 6 bugleme (cooked fish dish) 188 Burkikhan (Agui language dialect) 95 Burnaya (Stormy) fortress 45 businesses, development 95 Bustan Avaristan/Rim, versification 116 Byzantium, bilateral treaty 15-16 “Canon of Medicine, The” (Avicenna) 165 caravanserais, presence 30 Caspian-Moscow, Volga route 27 Caucasian defensive line, Left Flank command 48 Caucasian identity, concept 130 Caucasian nationality, discrimination 201-2 Caucasus; ethnic situation 127; history, shaping 127-8 Caucasus Committee, governing body (creation) 50
Caucasus Emirate, terrorism 124-5 Caucasus Mountain Range, defensive line 44-5 Caucasus Mountains, silver/copper search 40 cell phones (mobiles) 145; range 144-5 Central State Archive of Republic of Dagestan, materials (usage) 89 cereals, disappearance 174-5 ceremonial bread, apotropaic powers 11 Chabanmakhi, military operations 122-3 chabrets mountain thyme, impact 189 chagana (lute) 141 challah (mattress), usage 157 Chancellor, Richard 31 Charbili, Naib Giada 61 Charodinsky reserve (zapovednik ’) 209 chauvinism, increase 103 Chebotarev, Sergey V. 204 Chechen-Ingush ASSR, multi nationality 89 Chechen rebels, impact 124 Chechen Republic, broadband connection 146 Chechnya, Shamil governance 65 Chenciner, Robert 40, 221 Cheremisinov, impact 27 Cherkhal Gyarulele Giamalal 66 Chernyi, Yehuda 184 chiecken, preparation 190 children: character traits, fear 156; physical deformity, fear 156; protection 9-10; soul, belief 155 Chirkeyi, Miklik Murutazali 62 Chirkeyi, Shahmandaril Hajiyav 64 Chirkeyi, Sheikh Jamal 61 Chokhi, Abdullah 69 Chokhi, Musahadzhiyav 61 chudu, creation 189 chudu (pizza), serving 140 chungur (lute) 141 Chursin, G.F. 4 cladulhlam (cldudilma) (cludlhlam) 11 Ciscaucasia, silver/copper search 40 city weddings, cost 142 Civil War (1918-1921) 77, 179 clean places, medicinal/edible herbs (storage) 167 clergy, public life (relationship) 81
230 Index climate (Archi) 209 clinical medicine, impact 155 clothes (traditional material) 67 clubs, development 95 collective dances 141 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), interethnic relations 201-2 Communist Party of Society Union (CPSU) 78, 102, 103, 129 companions/commanders (naibs) 60-4 Constantinople: conquest 26; English hostile ally (perception) 32 contemporary cultures 127 cornelian twigs (bilikly) 8 Cossack Mountain Republic, creation 82 Cossack villages, exclusion 34 costumes (Archi) 211 cough, usage 159-61 Council of People’s Commissars of Dagestan (CPCD), establishment 82 Council of People’s Commissars (CEC), resolution 85 courses, network (supply/development) 95 Covid-19 153-5; levels 154; surviving, traditional medicine (usage) 152 crime, crackdown 77-8 crushed stone, usage 170 culture: contemporary culture 127; homogenisation 104; pre-Soviet cultures 127 Dagestan: accordion 224-5; agricultural/ manufactured products, trading 20; animal products, usage 169-70; beekeeping 169; clothes (traditional material) 67; conquest 49; cultural sphere 128; dancing 221; defining 1, 2; description (IX-XIV centuries) 2; digital ethnography 146; eating, proper method 69; economy, interdependence 66; ethnic lands 47; Facebook, impact 203; free societies, attraction 44; fruit trees, planting 179; grooms, European tradition (adoption) 138; healers, ethnoecological perspective 165; herbs, selection/avoidance 168-9; horticultural cultivation 180-1; industrial production, increase 180; infectious diseases, transmission 166; insects, cures 170; Islamic identity, assessments
125; Islamization 123; knotted pile carpets 50-1 ; large-scale orchards, rarity 177; Lezginka dancers 225; life statistics, quality 201; literacy 106; location 4-5; major rivers 206; marriage, heterosexual alliance 132; minerals, usage/importance 171; mountain Dagestan, traditional medicine (usage) 164; mountain valley horticulture 174; non Mountain Jewish Tats, presence 184; paradoxical treatments 165-6; people, ethno-cultural/ ethno-psychological characteristics, suppression 121; percussion 223; plants, supernatural properties 166-8; public life 68-9; rebels, impact 124; regions (nahiya) 2; rulers, attraction 44; secular republic 122; singing 221; social classes 70-2; social structure, tribal/patriarchal nature 80; Soviet rule, repression 118; stringed instruments 222-3; surgeons, treatment 164; terracing / 76; territory, perception 2; topography 180; unification 57; unusual recipes, usage 170-1 ; war region (dar al-harb) 2; water, private ownership (absence) 178; wind reeded instruments, usage 222; wormwood, heat treatment 169 Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) (DASSR) 87-8; districts, annexation 88; ethnic population, literacy 105; rulers, impact 80 Dagestan Commissars, farm resettling 88 Dagestan Khans, loyalty 48 Dagestan Regional Party Conference 86 Dagestan Region, Russia establishment 55 Dagestan Scientific Centre Russian Academy of Sciences 1 Dagestanskaya oblast ’ (administration) 73 Dagh bari (mountain wall) 16 DagTelecom 145 Dargins, healers 165 Daryal pass 14 dayan, impact 186 Day of Judgement 162 death cult 10 Debirov, Paruk 193
Declaration of the Rights of Peopls of Russia 81
Index 231 Decree of the People’s Commissariat (RSFSR) 102 decrees (firmans) 53 Deep packet inspection (DPI) technology, requirement 150 demons 5-13; Kumyk demonic female character 6 Den Pobedi (Victory Day) concert 223 Denton. Andy 221 deportees, origin 77 Derbent (program launch) 50 Derbent Gate 14 Derbent walls 15 derkhap 11 dhimmi 114 dialectical materialism 53 disadvantaged (zuglafa), social class 71 diseases, children (protection) 9-10 disinterested protector (zuhdaidiya) 68 divide and rule’ policy, adat/sharia (impact) 74 diyat (ransom) 74 djin-kapura (infidels) 7 Djinss, representation 7 Djuhurum, classification 90 DOBAG project (Ayvacuk Western Anatolia) 203 dolma, serving 137 dragon: stylized dragon (Kaitag silk embroidery, detail) 9; woollen knotted carpet (detail) 9 dried meat/sausage (Archi) 216 dum tapestry-woven carpets 28 dyes, Great Russian merchant purchases 32 dyush-pere, rice (addition) 190 Dzutsev, Hasan 222 Dzutsev, Valery 126 Early Bronze Age, pagan settlement 210 eating, proper method 69 echelons (military groups), impact 85 economy (Archi) 210 education (Archi) 213 Eid al-Adha 132 Eid Uraza Bayram, performing 155 engagement, differentiation 135 English transport ship, value (estimation) 32 enjoyment (keyfi 69 equals, self-rule 81 estate-land commission 53-4 ethnic culture sites 148 ethnicity, suppression 103 ethnic languages, erosion 104 ethnic (national) self-consciousness, growth 129 ethnic self-identification, preservation 203 ethno-cultures, cross-generational transmission (decrease) 103 ethno-entrepreneurship 203 ethno-religious Imamate
(Shamil) 60 Europe, gendarme 44 evil eye: children, protection 9-10; impact 159 evil spirits: habitats 6; impact 166 fajiruna 2 false sheikhs, damnation 65 family life (Archi) 212-13 farsh, performing 70 Farsi-Tat translation, usage 184 fatal reality, enforcement (perception) 76-7 fate 67-8 Federal Information Resource Government of Russia, comparisons 153 Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare 153 Federal Veterinary and Phytosanitary Oversight Service (Rosselkhoznadzor) 175 felt mosaic carpets (Archi) 217 Fight Nights Global 195 finance, heroes 192 fire, spring festival (relationship) 12 firmans (decrees) 53 First Furrow, celebration 212-13 fish, consumption 188 Fitinsky (Agui language dialect) 95 flowers (Archi) 220 folk ensemble (Bedeku) (Archi) 217, 218 folk medicine, usage 155-62 food (Archi) 211-12 free people (Uzden) 54 free societies (vol’nye obshchestva) 42 Free Society 39 free will 67-8 fruit trees, planting 179 Gadzhiev, Murtazali 1 Gadzhiibragimov, Dzhamaludin 154 Gadziev, Tagir 198-9,199 Gaethjue, Justin 198 gamgi, making 207 Gammer, Moshe 1 Gamzatov, G.G. 102
232 Index Gamzatov, Rasul 89-90, 128, 130 Garunova. Saida 1 Gazikumukhi. Bukmammad 61 Gazimuhammad (Imam) 61; innovations 66; Shamil ally 66 Genibikh (pear-cutter-in-half) 62 Genovese e diinque mercato 23 Georgian Military Highway, construction 18 Ghan, P.V, 49; program, implementation 50 Ghilghilchay (defensive long wall) 14-16 glabid (pilgrim) 62 gladlu (society) 70-1 Giamal kvesh 66 giavam (society) 64 Gielmn lalel glalimal glodoreglanlun gari 64 Gilmii-I-Basharia (socio-ethnology) 68 godekan (bench), meeting 155 God, fear 70 Godunov, Boris (reign) 29-30 Golden Horde: diplomacy 23; trade 18 good character, Shamil promotion 65-6 goods, accumulation 66 Goryana-coat 119 Goryanka: emancipation 120; liberation 119 Grand Princes of Kiev, dominance 20 Great Russian merchants, Constantinople ban 34 Great Russia, survival 21 Great Silk Road (GSR) 18, 22; access 26, 34-5 groom: gift-giving, delay 136; party, preparation 138-9; presentation 137; wedding preparations, differences 138 GuducI 6 Gulistan Peace Treaty (1813) 44 Gumbet district, deportee origin 77 guofer (rocking cradle), usage 157 Gurkkimey sausage (Archi) 216 Gurzhistan mountains 3 Gusatii-l-mutatlawigati-Allagase glolo gazavat gabulel chagli rugo (veteran fighters) 68 Gyomunu Purim 186 hadiths 65 Hannal Murad (Damadan) medical guide 165 Harahi, Muhammadamin 61, 63 hasiyat (character) 65-6 Hawa lech (Apple of Eve) 167 healers: ethnoecological perspective 165; impact 165; recipes, control 168 heat treatment 169 herbal medicines, administration 168 herbs/spices: selection/avoidance 168-9; trading 212 hermeosh,
preparation 190 Hiamal klodoli 66 highland dancers (Archi) 217, 218 Highland feudalism 53 hijab, wearing 135 hirs (gluttony) treatment 69 historical consciousness (XIX century) 53 hnafarnsh (Persian title) 50 holy buildings, destruction 76 homogeneous Socialism 102 honey, beekeeping 169 honey-derived wax, usage 169 horticultural cultivation 180-1 horticulture, small mechanization 180-1 horticulture/winemaking, jamaat regulation 176 hostages (amanat): execution 56; taking 44 houbal (supernatural beings) 5 ‘ho, untamed body’(Qasida) 115-16 houses (Archi) 210-1 humanity, supreme values 94, 128 human rights, Russian regulation 149-51 Human Rights Watch (HRW) report 149 Huns, Sasanian wall protection 14 Ibn Rushd 10 ibn Sina, Abu Ali (Avicenna) 165 Ibnu-sabil (traveller on his journey) 68 Ibragimov, Magomed-Rasul 1 Ichkeria, secession 125 igbi (seeing off winter) 12 ignorant (social class) 71 Igor (Grand Prince) 20 Ikhilov, Mikhail 190 Ilisui, Daniyalbek 62 Ilyasova, Elmira 147 Imamate: ethno-religious Imamate (Shamil) 60; fall 65 imams, political trustworthiness 119 industrial production, increase 180 infectious diseases, transmission 166 Ingarapol 189 Ingushetia, broadband connection 146 Inholi, Aligaji 66-8 insects, cures 170
Index Institutionalized lying, repression (comparison) 90 interethnic mixing 104 inter-ethnic relations, risk 130 internal self-government/status, recognition 44 Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, RKN blockage 150 Internet, usage 146-149 Iranian languages, Jewish language (relationship) 184 irrigation system, self-regulation 178-9 Isfahan: encroachment 40; flourishing, reforms 36 Ish al-yavma ka annaka tamutu gadan 68 Islam: Puritans of Islam, denials 121-2; religion, comparison 118; revival 120 ’Islamic scholar’ 64 Israel, Mountain Jews emigration 186-7 •1 was enchanted by this transient world’ (Qasida) 115 Izudinov, Gamzat 222 jamaat 42 jamaats: horticulture/winemaking regulation 176; permission, absence 178 jamaats, split 56-7 Jenkinson, Anthony 31 Jewish food culture, slaughtering (usage) 190-1 Jewish refugees/immigrants, descendants 183 Jewish-Tat 90 Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) 83 kachaglar 75 Kadinaylo, Abdurahman 147 Kadis 65 Kadis, nominal subjects 43 Kadiyate, abolishment 46 Kaitago-Tabasaran District 77 Kaitag silk embroideries 8 Kaitag Utsmi: agent 40; nominal subjects 43 Kakabadze, Zurab 129 Kaliningrad Stadium, construction 195 kalym (bride-price) 119 Karachay-Cherkessia (Klaukhorsky/ Sapcharsky passes) 18 Kara-Koysu River 209 Karamakhi, military operations 122-3 Karati, Galbatsdiber 62 233 Kartlis Tskhovreba (compilation) 130 kaurma (fried meat pieces) 189 Kazan, conquest 30 Kazan Khanate, conquest 27 Kazikumukh, Aslan-khan (power transfer) 46 Kazikumukh Khan, nominal subjects 43 Kazi-Kumukh Koysu river 209 Kazikumukhsky, Jamalutdin 213 kekul (one
strand), preservation 161-2 kemenche 223 Kerimov, Suleiman 194,196, 9β-Ί £ey/(enjoyment) 69 Khabib (The Eagle) Nurmagomedov 154 Khachaburov, Ruslan 123 khachag ’al 75 khachagatal 75 Khadzhimuhammad-Musalav 67 Khal 6 khalai, making 207 Khalilov, Minkail 77 Khan, Abu Sultan-Nutsal (power transfer) 46 Khanate of Derbent, income usage 43 Khanate of Mehtuli, natural rulers (jurisdiction) 49-50 khanates, split 55-6 Khans: alliance 48; reciprocal rights 39; social class 70-1 Khappoulaev, Ramazan 221 kharakter (temperament) 66 Khasavyurt district party committee, responsible officers (ovetstvennie rabotniki) impact 87-8 Khasavyurt raion, convening 83 Khatar-Ris Or river 209 Khilmi, Sheikh Hassan 68 khinkal 19 khinkal (four dumping) 137 Khoye-gusht, components 190 Khuduchl 6 khulurkhus 212 Khunzakhi, Akhberdilmuhammad 61, 63 Khushtadi, Musalav 61 Khushtadi, Zakariyahadzhiyav 61 khuyurma, making 207 Khvarshin spirits 5-6 Khvatli (Archi) 219 Kievan Rus: collapse 21; contacts 18-19; influence 21 Kievan Russ, trade 18 kings (social class) 70-1 kinjal (silver-mounted daggers) 28
234 Index kinjals (daggers), usage 49 kinship, degree 136 Kish Kaftar 6 kishki intestines, preparation 189 Kizilov (Cornelian cherry dogwood) 8 Kizilyurt fortification, completion 45 Klaukhorsky pass 18 klub (kosher) restrictions 186 Klyuchevsky, Vasily Osipovich 1 Kochap Mamma (Magomed) (SaliSuleiman), fame 192-3 kolkhoz: collective farm system 201; dissolution 84 Kolupaev, impact 27 Köppen-Geiger CSA 177 Koshan (Agui language dialect) 95 Kosven, M.O. 125 Kovalevsky, Μ.Μ. 125 KPSS members, state fund appropriation 202 krai 132 Krasnaya Svoboda 186-7 krestkom (peasant committees), land transfer 82 krovomoscheniya (blood feud), cessation 74 Krygyzstan, relatives (transportation) 87 Kudali, Hassan 67 Kudutli, Maxlahlajiyav 62 Kudutli, Musa 67 kulaks: production, termination 85; rights, restoration 83 kulak, vilification 82 Kultsansturm (1928) 96 Kultsansturm (cultural revolution slogan) 95 Kumyk demonic female character 6 kunakskaya 184 Kupriyanovich, Leonid Ivanovich 144-5 Kurakh-Kazikumukh Khanate, division 46 Kurakh Khanate, annex 43-4 Kurbanilali (Batsadi Muhammad son) 62 kurdyuk (fat tail sheep fat), usage 169 Kurze raviolis, preparation 211 kurze (dumplings), serving 140-1 kutum, usage 188 Laks, healers 165 landlords (pomeshiki) 82 Land of Mountains, inhabitants 29 land, privatization 174 language policy 93 large-scale orchards, rarity 177 Latin Crusader Empire, existence 22-3 layer of important people (Tabakat al-hwajakan) 64-5 layette, preparation (absence) 157 leeches, usage 170 leisure, Gazimuhammad innovations 66 Lekhi Mountains (kuh-i Leksi) 33 Lenin 53,82, 152
Lezginka dancers 225 Lezgin line, completion 45 Lezgin Sumak rungs 40 Lezistan, term (usage) 2 lichen, treatment usage 171 Limes Caspius 16 literacy, Tsar/Soviets (impact) 100 Livonian War 30 local ethnic language, omission 128 Lowe, Adam 194 loyalty (amanat) 60 Luguev, Sergey Abdulkhalikovich 11 lula (afterbirth), treatment 159 Maglarul matzl, tarikh v. a madaniyat (Avars Facebook) 148 magic 5-13; wedding rites 10-11 magic places 4 maglishatl, social economics 66 Magomedkhan (Khere) 210 Magomedmirzayev, Abdula 223 Magomedova, Malvina 147 Magomedova, R. 183 Magomedov, Magomed Abdulgamidovich 174 Magomedov, M.M. 98 Magomedov, Ziyavudin 194-6, 195 Makhachkala 192, 207; ‘Actual Problems of Combating ReligiousPolitical Extremism (All-Russian Conference) 120; hospital, quarantine 153; Javatkhan arrival 78; land redistribution 89 Makhachklaa, Novoe Delo 1 Makhmudov, Rustam 148 malik 2 Mamma-Dibir al-Rochi 111-12 Manifesto of the Union of Farmers, founding 82-3 manti (kurze), serving 141 marriage: civil registration, fixation 137; collective dances 141; common ground, finding 135; conspiracy 133; dance groups, invitation 141; religious weddings 137-8; ring, presentation 136
Index Marx, Karl 102 Matatov, Μ. 183 matchmaking: ceremony, initiation 137; engagement, differentiation 135-6 maternity rites, folk medicine (usage) 155-62 matzah, preparation 186 Mavraev, Μ. 101 МаГаруЛ МаЦ1 ТарИх Ba МаДаНИЯТ (rural community) 148 McGregor. Conor 197 Meade, Kylie 197 meat: consumption 188; preservation 190 Megafon PJSC 145 Mehtulinsky. Akhmed Khan (power transfer) 46 Mengu-Timur: empire, collapse 26; privileges/attack 23-4 mental illness, sulphur (impact) 7 merchant Disaporas, emulation 91 merchants (social class) 71 Michael VIII Palaiologos 22-3 migrant Dagestanis. repression 91 migrants, bailiff charge 48 Mikailov, Mikail 148 Mikhailov, A.Μ. 101 milin-khitin. making 207 milo (circumcision) 160-1 minerals, usage/importance 171 mishiravi (hand of Moses), decoration 158 mobiles, see cell phones monsters 4 moral social relations, decline 4 Moscow-Europe, trading routes 31 Moscow Tsardom, trade (XV-XVI centuries) 26 Moskva, Nafta 196 Mountain Botanical Garden Institute 174 mountain Dagestan, traditional medicine (usage) 164 mountaineers, lifestyle 166 mountain gardening, tradition 175 Mountain Jews 140, 183; census 90; emigration 186; material culture 185; maternity rites 155; meat/fish, consumption 188; relocation, history 184; swaddled cradle, belief 161 Mountain Jews (Tats) 90 mountains, monetization 201 mountain-valley horticulture 174 mountain women, liberation 119 Mount Kaklik (sheep/shepherd) 215 mudir (mystic) 62 235 Mudirs 65 Muftis 65 muftis, political trustworthiness 119 Muhammad-Paqir 110, 114 Mukhtasibs 65 Murat, Hadji (denunciation) 62 muridism
(national liberation struggles) 57 murshids (presence) 65 Musaeva, Maysarat 1 Muscovy Company, foothold (attempt) 32 Muscovy, trade (XVII-XVIII centuries) 34 Muslim brotherhood, slogans 120 Muslim clergy, power (paralysis) 74 Muslim Russian Empire, religion (fate) 76 Muslim Spiritual Board 123 muta’allims, education 81 myarkushi 11 Nabiev, Khadzhimurad 147 nafs (egos): combatting 71 ; education 69 nä ib (assistant, deputy head) 73 naibs (companions/commanders) 60-4 namaz, performing 167 namus (sense of dury, shyness) 213 narcotic plants, application 168 Narodniy vrach Dagestana (Peoples’ Doctor of Dagestan), title 152 narodnosti (nationality), Djuhurum classification 90 narzans (healing springs) 171 nasiha (advice) 114 national culture, writing 101 nationalism, increase 103 national languages/cultures, promotion 104 national liberation struggles (muridism) 57 National Policy Strategy (NPS), implementation 204 native language, developing/ strengthening 95 natsionalnost (ethnos), pejorative term 90 natural assimilation, phenomena 101-2 nature (Archi) 209 Nazhmudinov, Shamil 223 Nazim ofDurghili 110 Nazm Kvanil adab-Sunnatab (Food Culture following Sunnah) (Sirazhudin) 69 “Necklace of Pearls from the Depth of the Seas” 213 newborns: birth, preparation 158; cradle, laying 161; hygiene 160-1; midwife examination 159; milo (circumcision) 160-1; mortality 159
236 Index New Millennium banquet hall, usage 137 Niesonu/Passover 186 nikah (religious service) 212 nilfarush (Persiantitle) 50 nizam 60 NKGB secret police, impact 88 nof(umbilical cord), washing/drying 159 non-clipping tarif-free trade, conducting 36 non-Great Russian peoples: assistance 95; labouring masses, assistance 95 non-Mountain Jewish Tats, presence 184 North Caucasian caravans, arrival 37 North Caucasian republics, survival problems 120 North Caucasus, strategic positions (seizure) 35-6 Novolaksky, military operations 122-3 Novoye Dello Dagestan 153 nubo hunde, presence 185-6 ma: (religious rite), performing 185-6 Nurmagomedov, Abdulmanap 197, 198 Nurmagomedov, Khabib 146,195, 197-8, 1979 NVF Buinaksk, wanted poster 124 obedience, piety (association) 133 obkom (regional committee) 80 Oboda, Sirazhudin 116 Obodi, Sirazhudin 69 October Revolution (1917) 77 Odnoklassniki (OK), LinkedIn (comparison) 145-6 offal fat, roasting 190 official Islam 119 ointments, preparation 168 old literacy (Archi) 213 “On Logic for a Travelling Companion” 213 On the Languages of the Peoles of the Russian Federation’ law 97-8 Opera (anonymiser), usage 149-50 order, traditional commitment 75-76 Orthodox Georgia, annexation 42 Osmann, Murad 146 Ottomans: commerce, mastery 39-40 Ottomans, control 26-7 ovungez (gold jewellery) 158 Pankil kulgyu, kyolol bertin (‘for a funeral a cake, for a wedding a toast’) sto gram (Russian for a hundred grams i.e. a measure of vodka) 68 paradoxical treatments 165-6 Park, Robert Ezra 91 Parteigenosse (Member of the Party) 78 Paskevich-Erivansky (Governor
Count), complaint 48 patronimiya 80 pear-cutter-in-half (Genibikh) 62 Pechenegs 20 people (Archi) 210 pepepai (peshepay) 11 percussion (Dagestan) 223 Persia, Caspitan traffic 32 personal vengeance, obligation 76 pervaya borozda (First Furrow) 12; watering, initiation 179 Peysach (Passover) 188 Peysakh (Paskha), fast-period 191 Pies, N.I. 164 piety, obedience (association) 133 pilaf, serving 141 plants, supernatural properties 166-8 Plenum of the Dagestan Regional Committee, Turkic (state language) 103 plov, preparation 190 poems, Avar/Archi languages (usage) 108 Poirier, Dustin 197 poisonous plants, application 168 political trustworthiness 119 Polovtsy, impact 20 polygamy, support 119 pomeshiki (landlords) 82 pood 38-9 poor (miskin), social class 71 possessions, abolishing/redrawing 45-6 pregnant women: actions 156; contractions, ease 158; hygiene 160-1; isolation 160; layette, preparation (absence) 157; newborns, mortality 159; uncleanliness, consideration 157 pre-historical meaning 80 pre-Soviet cultures 127 press, development 95 prioritisation, compromise 130 procession circles 140 Prophet Muhammad (sacrifices) 61 propolis, usage 169 Pskov 21 public consciousness: poisoning 119; re-Islamization 118 public life 68-9 publishing, Tsar/Soviets (impact) 100 pupils (social class) 71 Puritans of Islam, denials 121-2
Index 237 QadiAli67 Qasidas: ’ho, untamed body’ 115-16; ‘I was enchanted by this transient world’ 115; sheikh Mamma-Dibir al-Rochi 111-12; ‘This transient universe’ (Sulen Muhammad) 116 Qasvini. Hamdallah 3 Qazi 76 c/iadrab glamal 66 Qilik Kitap (Akaev) 69 Oilik kitap (book of table etiquette) 64 Qirmizi Qesebe (Krasnaya Svoboda) 186-7 Quba Uyezd (program launch) 50 Rafi. Muhammad 2 raiding system (abreks) 55 raikrestkom (regional citizens committee) 83 rain rituals 11 Ramazanova. Zoya 1 ranginfarush (Persian title) 50 ransom (diyat) 74 raw silk cost (pood) 38 Red Heb, The (Soldatov) 150 re-Islamization 118 religion: fate 76; fight, relaxation 118-19 religious weddings 137-8 repression 80 RF Administrative Code 149 Richin (Agui language dialect) 95 ring, presentation 136 Risis (creature) 8 Ris-Or river 206 robbery 75 Rodrigue, B.H. 1 Romanov, Mikhail Fedorovich 34 Roskomnadzor (RKN) 149-50 royal jelly, usage 169 rural communities, ethnic pages 148-49 rural societies, civil self-government 76-7 Rush gyo-Shone Rosh Hashana/New Year 186 Russia: agreed obligations 36; Avar Khanate protection 42-3; governance (1801-1859) 42; prosody rules, deviations 109 Russian Empire, population (census) 94 Russian-European educated bourgeoisie 57-8 Russian government, legal systems 73 Russian language, cultural integration/ political consolidation (full-scale functioning) 99 Russian painted boxes/caskets/sieves/ dishes/chests, demand 37 Russian power, armed opposition 55 Russian Revolution (1905-1907) 77 Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, Second Congress 81 Russian State, military-
political alliance 35 Russian state xenophobia 145-6 Russia-Persia rout, protection (inability) 35 Russification 102-3 Rustam-kadi, support 46 Rustam Khan, Kaitag Utsmi 37 saadak 65 Saadullah 63 sacred trees 12 sadan (unclean forces) 158; hiding 160-1 Sadovoy, A.N. 1 Safat-Girey (Crimean Khan) 36 Safavid Persia, tirade (re-establishment) 34 Safavids, ouster 30 saints (Glubad, Zttgiad, Mukhlis), social class 71 salaam aleikum (peace to you) 194 sala-uzden (class) 54 Salti, Umar 63 Samur Lezgins, social structure 54 Sapcharsky pass 18 Saray-Berke, destruction 24 Sasanian walls, protection 14 sausages, boiling 189 savdagars 37 Saypudinova, Zarema 147 sazan, usage 188 Schilling, E. 4 schools: Decree of the People’s Commissariat (RSFSR) 102; network, supply/development 95; Tsar/Soviets, impact 100 scientific process, principles 155 scriptless languages, culture (absence) 109 scripts, creation 95-6 self-assimilation, objective necessity 97 self-determination, freeing 81 self-rule 81 selkhozarteli collective farm, demonstration 83 Sergei Posad, destruction 30 sericulture, usage 185 serif line 36 Shabbat (Saturday), cradle (laying) 161 Shah Abbas I the Great, reforms 36 Shahanshah Yazdegerd I 14-15
238 Index Shaitans (negative spirits) 4 Shamil 57; Chechnya governance 65; Dagestan unification 57; epidemics, combatting 166; ethno-religious Imamate 60; Gazimuhammad (Imam) ally 66; good character promotion 65-6; maglishatl, social economics 66; naibs (companions/ commanders) 60-4; name 60; opponents 50; picture postcards, sale 192 Shamkhalstvo possessions, control 45 Shamkhalstvo Tarkovsky: natural rulers, jurisdiction 49-50; threat 45; transfer 43 Sharafutdinova, Rukiya 108 Sharh al-Muhazzaba 66 Shariah Council, impact 84 sharia, impact 74 sharia, Wahhabi introduction 122 shashki (sabres) 28 shashlik (religious feast) 188 shawls, gift 138 Sheikh Ali Khan: independence/ sovereignty/ouster 43; removal 43-4; support 46 Shikhsaidov, Amri 3 Shodrodi, Hajiyav 63 Shulani, Ismaildiber 117 shuttle trading 202 Siberia, exile 49 sipat (qualities) 70 Sistema Venture Capital 145 skin diseases, curing 171 Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) 202-3 SMERSH, impact 88 “Social and Economic Development of Mountain Territories of the Republic of Dagestan for 2014-2018” 202 social bloggers 147 social classes 70-2 social life (Archi) 212-13 social media (XXI century) 144 social networks, impact 136 social self-affirmation, encouragement 129 society (gladlu) 70-1 socio-ethnology (Gilmu-l-Basharia) 68 Sogratli, Khursh 62 Sogratlinsky, Abdurahman 213 Soldatov, Andrei 150 Sordo-koyal kwanase kven rokob bougev chiyas, Chiyadasa jo gari, kurab jo badib chlvayi 68 sore throat (zhuzam baras) 69 sorochene 37 Sounds of the Caucasus conference 221 sovereign bins, goods storage 38 sovereign feasts
38 sovereign service 36 Soviet ethnography, creation 53 Sovietization 80 Soviet Man, beliefs 103 Soviet people, collective 99 Soviet power: establishment 128-9; neutralization 84 Soviet Power, establishment 179 Soviet statehood, developing/ strengthening 95 Sovkhoz collective farm system 201 spavochnik (directory) 144 spirits: associated spirits 5-13; evil spirits, habitats 6; evil spirits, impact 166; Khvarshin spirits 5-6 sport, heroes 192 spring festival, fire (relationship) 12 Stalin 83; picture postcards, sale 192 state language, Federal Law (superseding) 98 state-owned warehouses, goods storage 38 Stavropol Territory borders, interethnic mixing 104 stringed instruments (Dagestan) 222-3 strugs, usage 37 students (social class) 71 stylized dragon (Kaitag silk embroidery, detail) 9 Sublime Porte 26; protest 29 substances 4 success, achievement 129 Sufis, Salafis (religious conflict) 123 Sugum (celebration) 189 Sukhayb 62 Sulag 6 Sullen Muhammad (Qasida) 116 sultans (social class) 70-1 sumakhs (weft-float brocades) 50-1 sunduk (chest) 138 sunna 69 supernatural beings (houbal) 5 Surkhab-bek Bek, support 46 Surkhay-khan: devotion, absence 45-6; nominal rule 46; possessions, deprivation 46
Index 239 surroundings 5-13 Suv-anasy 6 Svyatoslav (Grand Prince) 20 Syutkatyn 6 Tabakat al-hwajakan (layers of important people) 64-5 Tabasaran Maysumate, abolishment 46 Tabasaran Maysum, nominal subjects 43 Tabasaran rayon (Soviet administrative unit), demonstration 83 Takho-Godi, Alibek 86-7, 119 Talhis al-maa Ifft tahrib Muhammad ‘GZan/(Khilmi) 68 tarfa (theological disputes) 103 Tarki. threatening 45 Tarkovsky, Ildar 37 Tarkovsky. Shamkhal 36 Tats 90; census 90-1 Taylor. George 164 Telegram Open Network (anonymiser) 149-50 Teletli. Kebdmuhammed 62, 64 Temir-Khan-Shura, judgements 73 Terki, securing 29-30 terracing 176 Tersky, location 35 Tersky Settlements, markets 30 textile symbols 8 ’This transient universe’ (Sulen Muhammad) 116 Tindi village (Risis) 8 titular peoples 99, 104 tmin (mountain caraway), impact 189 Tokhtamysh 23 topography 180 topography (Archi) 207-9 Tor (anonymiser) 149-50 ‘torment-relieving elixir, A’ (Kharda al-Rochi) 112-15 Tpig (Agui language dialect) 95 traditional medicine, usage 152, 164 Transcaucasians, imprisonment 85 Transcaucasus, premature interference 29-30 tribal frameworks 125 tribunes (social class) 71 Tsar, Khan resistance/submittance 45 tslugyaduleb glamal 66 Tsubutli, Rajab 63 Tsumadinsky, military operations 122-3 tukkhum 80 tukkhum (clan), representative (actions) 11 Turkish-Crimean troops, free passage (ensuring) 35-6 udarnaya shock group, counterattack 84 Ulus Magal (program launch) 50 Uman (security services) AAG (social class) 71 umma, extoling 114 Ummah Khan of Avar, village taxation 176 Ummul Bayan (Old Lady) (Chokhi) 69
unhappy/sick (social class) 71 Union of Muslims of Russia 120 United State of North Caucasus Mountain Peoples, creation 81 Unkrak (rural community) 148 unusual recipes, usage 170-1 urban life, pressures 134 urban weddings, traditions 132 urbech (highland chocolate) 168 urtilunchov 11 USM 145 Usmanov, Alisher 145 USSR, language policy 93 Uzden (free people) 54 Vakhabism (Wahhabism transliteration) 124 vakuf (religious charitable foundation) property, appropriation 82 Vasilij, Abaev I. 130 Vasilyev, Vladimir 153 Vatan (newspaper) 186 Vechekhur 156 Veliky Novgorod 21, 24 Veon 145 vezirs (ministers), social class 71 videophones, usage 144 villages, life (peacefulness) 57 virtual private networks (VPNs): operation 150; usage 149-50 voenno-narodnoe upravleniye (military national government) 73 voinstvuyushii ateizm (militant atheism) 90 Volga-Astrakhan-Shirvan route 27 Volga-Capsian trade artery, focus 31-2 Volga route 27 vol nye obshchestva (free societies) 42 Volozh, Arkady 145 von Uslar, Peter 109 Wahhabis: propaganda 121; sharia, introduction 122 •waqfs 65
240 Index IVastyrdjy (St George festival) 221 watering, initiation 179 water, private ownership (absence) 178 water rites, usage 11 websites, blocking 150 wedding: city weddings, cost 142; expenses, reduction 142-3; First Visit 142; preparations, differences 138; ritual songs 143; waiters, arrival 140 wedding banquet hall (interior) 138 wedding feast (Archi) 218 wedding-mawlid 137-8 Wedding Planner (TV program) 139 WhatsApp 150 Whewell, Tim 221 White Sea ports, opening 32-3 Williamson-Fa, Stefan 1,223, 224 wind reeded instruments, usage (Dagestan) 222 wirds (mystic categories) 70 wisdom, seekers (social class) 71 witnesses, reluctance 76-7 wolves 12-13 women (social class) 71 wooden utensils, demand 37 wool shepherd, checking/bargaining (Archi) 216 Words about Igor s Regiment (Vernadsky) 20 worker-peasant Union, destruction 82-3 worldly life, renunciation 70 worldly matters, transience 67-8 wormwood, heat treatment 169 wrestling, seriousness 192-4 Yagni, components 190 yah (will/conscience) 213 Yandex.ru search engine, usage 145 Yarovaya amendments 149 yasti balaban (oboe) 222 Yazdegerd I (Shahanshah) 14-15 Yeltsin, Boris N 97-8 yeshiva (religious school), presence 185 Yom Kippur/Judgement Day 186 Young Ahvakh (rural community) 148 zagyids 70 Zakatala okrug, deportee origin 77 zamzam 65 zastoy stagnation 201 Zasulak Kumyk possessions, internal management 42 Zhalki, Usman 63 Zhirinovsky 152 Zhiut-Katta (Jewish Gorge) 183-84 zhuzam baras (sore throat) 69 Zirichgeran 2 ziyarats (holy shrines) 119 Zubair (“Khusro”) 63 zuhd auliya (disinterested protector) 68 Zulak Kumyk
possessions 42 Zunsi, Ummah 63 zurna (reed instrument) 6 Baysrieche Staatsbibliothek О0Й®
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Contents List of maps List offigures Preface 1 Introduction - what is Dagestan? 2 Shaitans, monsters, magic places and substances vii viii ix 1 4 3 The Sasanian walls against the Huns 14 4 Trade with the Kievan Russ and the Golden Horde 18 5 Trade with the Moscow Tsardom XV-XVI centuries 26 6 Trade with Muscovy XVII-XVIII centuries 34 7 Under Russian governance 1801-1859 42 8 XIX Century historical consciousness 53 9 Shamil’s Ethno-religious Imamate 60 10 Legal systems under the Russian government 73 11 Repression and Sovietization 80 12 Language policy of the USSR 93 13 Schools, literacy and publishing under the Tsar and Soviets 100
14 Poems written in Avar and Archi languages 108 15 Re-Islamization of public consciousness 118 16 Pre-Soviet and contemporary cultures 127 17 New traditions in urban weddings 132 18 Social media - the XXI century 144 19 Surviving Covid and traditional medicine 152 20 Traditional medicine of mountain Dagestan 164 21 Dagestan mountain-valley horticulture 174 22 About Mountain Jews 183 23 Meat and Fish of the Mountain Jews 188 24 Heroes of sport and finance 192 25 Monetizing the Mountains 201 26 A virtual tour to Archi 206 27 In Dagestan, as they say, everyone sings and everyone dances 221 Index
Index Note: Numbers in italics indicate figures on the corresponding page. Abakarhaji (Qadi Muhammad Akushi son) 63 Abd al-Mutallib. ‘ho (song) 110-11 abreks (raiding system) 55 Absally 6 Abubakarov, Said Muhammad Haji 123 Abu Bakr (sacrifices) 61 accordion (Dagestan) 224-5 ‘Actual Problems of Combating ReligiousPolitical Extremism (All-Russian Conference) 120 adat, impact 74, 77 ad-Din, Rashid 2 a 'dlu, commitment 75 advice (nasiha) 114 Afanasy Nikitin of Tver 24 afterlife (akhirah) 68 agach-komuz (lute) 141 agi (group of people) 70 Aglarov, Mamaykhan 109 Aglu-Dagistan, humanity 121 Agularin Khabarar (Agulskiye Vesti) 97 Agui language, dialects 96 Aguis, education 97 Ahvakh Edin (rural community) 148 Aimaki, Abubakar 67 a/ami(Arabic texts) 109 Ajam literature 116-17 Akaev, Abusufyan 69 Akavov, Rashid 145 akhirah (afterlife) 68 aksakal (white-bearded elders), embracing 155, 192 Akusha Confederation 43 Akushi, Qadi Muhammad 63 al-Baghdadi, Muhammad 67 al-Baghini, 'Mar-Apandi 109 al-Baghini, shu aybAfandi 109 al-Bagini, Sheikh Shuayb 64 al-Bagini, Shuayb 213 Albasty 6 al-Bukhti, Ramadan-hajji 109 al-Doroni, Muhammad ‘Umar 109 aleikum salaam (peace to you) 194 al-ghachadi, hajji-Muhammad 109 al-Ghazighumuqi, Jamal al-Din 111 al-ghumuqi, Budaychi-hajji 109 al-Ghumuqi, Jamal al-Din 112 al-Hakim, Lukman 165 Alham (Koran sura) 10 al-Hamahi, Muhammad 67 Alibekova, Raisa 146 Alikaraev, Abusufyan 223 Alikhanov-Avarsky, A.M. 56 Alikhanov, Μ. 81 alim: attitudes 64-5; ‘Islamic scholar’ 64 Aliyev, M.G. 123 al-Khurukhi, Da ud 109 Allah Almighty, equality 70 al-Lekzi, Suleiman Sadreddin
(Lak) 23-4 All-Russian Centre for Spiritual Administration, creation 120 All-Russian Congresses of Muslims 95 All-Russian Islamic Cultural Centre, creation 120 All-Russian Social and Political Movement (Nur), creation 120 All-Union Census of 1926 100 All-Union Communist Party (VKP: bolsheviks): property confiscation 85; resolution 84 al-Mazandarani, Muhammad al-Dailami (Tukhfatal-Muminin) 165 al-Nitsovkri, Sayfullah-Qadi 109
228 Index Alpab 6 Al-Qaida, links (denial) 123 al-Rochi, Kharda 110, 113 al-Rochi, Muhammad 113 al-Rochi, Sheikh Kharda 70 al-Rochi, Sheikh Mamma-Dibir 109 al-Suguri, Sheikh Abdurahman-Haji 72 al-'Uradi, Undal-hajji 109 amal (characters) 70 amal (habit/behaviour) 65-6 amanat (hostages): execution 56; taking 44 amanat (loyalty) 60 amirul’mu ’minin (Shamil name) 56 Ananias of Shirak (Pseudo-Moses of Khorene) 16 Anasimov, Ilya 184 Andalal (rural community) 148 andargi, making 207 Andi Koysu river 209 Andiyskiy, Umakhan 149 Andreusi, Labazan 61 Andyreusi, Idris (Effendi) 63, 64 animal products, usage 169-70 anti-kolkhoz (state farm) uprisings 82 anti-Semitism, impact 90 apotropaic metal amulets, usage 158 apotropaic symbols 222 Arabic, literary language 108 Arab-Muslim transnational cultural tradition 128 AravoiKushey 186 arba (transportation) 75 arbabash (ox-cart covers) 118-19 arbabashs (felt-carpets), confiscation 76 arbakesh (driver) 75 Archi: Bedeku (folk ensemble) 217, 218', Bedeku (sacred mount) 215; Bidi/ Klala river (confluence) 214; bride, gifts (display) 219; climate 209; costumes 211; customs, agronomic cycle (association) 212; dried meat/sausage 216; economy 210; education 213; family life 212-13; felt mosaic carpets 217; flowers 220; folk ensemble (Bedeku) 217, 218; food 211-12; Gurkkimey sausage 216; highland dancers 217; houses 210-11; Khvatli 219; language, usage 108; Mount Kaklik (sheep/shepherd) 215; nature 209; old literacy 213; people 210; photo tour 214-20; self-governing villages 208-9; social life 212-13; topography 207-9; travel 206;
villages/mountains/rivers 208; virtual tour 206; wedding feast 218; wool shepherd, checking/ bargaining 216 Archib (rural community) 148 artel (cooperative), dissolution 83 artisans (social class) 71 Aselt Shavuot 186 Ashkenazi Jews, cradling process 161 Ashkharatsuyts 16 associated spirits 5-13 Astrakhan: conquest 30; settlement 39-40 Astrakhan Khanate, subordination 27 auctoritas 42 autochthonous languages 127-8 Avar grammar, creation 109 Avari, Hadji Murat 62 Avar Khanate, acceptance 42-3 Avar Khan, resistance 45-6 Avar Koysu river 209 Avar language, usage 108 Avar Magals (rural communities) 54 Avars: Avar Kolkhoz woman/baby 181; Facebook (Maglarul matzl, tarikh wa madaniyat) 148; healers 165; helmets 20; ruler 42 Avicenna 165 Avshalumova, L. 183 Ayuli 6 Azhdaha (serpent/dragon) 7 Azov, Don Cossacks capture 36 Baanov, Alexander 1 Badarkhan (ambassador) 37-8 Bailey, Harold 5 Bakhchisaray, Don Cossacks (impact) 36 bakhl (dried sausage) 211 Baktlukhi, Muhammad 63, 64 Ьакь 'il zaman (‘adat time’) 93 balaban (aerophone) 222 Balakhani, Musa 61 barakat (blessedness) 69 Barrow, Christopher 32 Basdyryk 6 Bashlarov, Sheikh Sayfullah 68 Bashlarov, Sheikh Sayfullah-kadi 69 Batak 63 batrakkom (landless seasonal agricultural hired workers) 82 Batsadi, Kurbanalimuhammed 62 Batsadi, Muhammad 62 batsI (speed of the wolf) 12
Index 229 Bayrambekov, Ali 147 beauty, description 156 Bedeku: folk ensemble (Archi) 217, 218; sacred mount 215 bedkom (poor peasants) 82 beekeeping 169 beggars (fukara), social class 71 Bela Anchaba Tlo Gyini 6 Bezhta udarnaya shock group, counterattack 84 Bidi/Klala river (confluence) 214 big bosses (social class) 70-1 bimushur (real man) 213 Bin Laden, links (denial) 123 birthing room, family (gathering) 158 bitlonnol (real woman) 213 black balaclavas, wearing 153 blessedness (barakat) 69 blood feud 65; krovomoscheniya, cessation 74; Soviet response 78; trivial reasons 74-5 Bohmer, Harald 203 boklo (norm/rule/permission) 93 Bolshevism, fall 82 book of table etiquette (Qilik kitap) 64 Botlikhsy, military operations 122—3 Boz-bash. components 190 Brezhnev. Leonid 78 bride: choice, parental initiative 133; gifts, display 219; kidnapping 185; wedding obligations 141-2; wedding preparations, differences 138; wedding salon visits 139 bridc/groom, collusion 133-4 bridegroom, female mentor (meeting) 142 bride-price (kalym) 119 brigands, impact 75 Budallaba 6 bugleme (cooked fish dish) 188 Burkikhan (Agui language dialect) 95 Burnaya (Stormy) fortress 45 businesses, development 95 Bustan Avaristan/Rim, versification 116 Byzantium, bilateral treaty 15-16 “Canon of Medicine, The” (Avicenna) 165 caravanserais, presence 30 Caspian-Moscow, Volga route 27 Caucasian defensive line, Left Flank command 48 Caucasian identity, concept 130 Caucasian nationality, discrimination 201-2 Caucasus; ethnic situation 127; history, shaping 127-8 Caucasus Committee, governing body (creation) 50
Caucasus Emirate, terrorism 124-5 Caucasus Mountain Range, defensive line 44-5 Caucasus Mountains, silver/copper search 40 cell phones (mobiles) 145; range 144-5 Central State Archive of Republic of Dagestan, materials (usage) 89 cereals, disappearance 174-5 ceremonial bread, apotropaic powers 11 Chabanmakhi, military operations 122-3 chabrets mountain thyme, impact 189 chagana (lute) 141 challah (mattress), usage 157 Chancellor, Richard 31 Charbili, Naib Giada 61 Charodinsky reserve (zapovednik ’) 209 chauvinism, increase 103 Chebotarev, Sergey V. 204 Chechen-Ingush ASSR, multi nationality 89 Chechen rebels, impact 124 Chechen Republic, broadband connection 146 Chechnya, Shamil governance 65 Chenciner, Robert 40, 221 Cheremisinov, impact 27 Cherkhal Gyarulele Giamalal 66 Chernyi, Yehuda 184 chiecken, preparation 190 children: character traits, fear 156; physical deformity, fear 156; protection 9-10; soul, belief 155 Chirkeyi, Miklik Murutazali 62 Chirkeyi, Shahmandaril Hajiyav 64 Chirkeyi, Sheikh Jamal 61 Chokhi, Abdullah 69 Chokhi, Musahadzhiyav 61 chudu, creation 189 chudu (pizza), serving 140 chungur (lute) 141 Chursin, G.F. 4 cladulhlam (cldudilma) (cludlhlam) 11 Ciscaucasia, silver/copper search 40 city weddings, cost 142 Civil War (1918-1921) 77, 179 clean places, medicinal/edible herbs (storage) 167 clergy, public life (relationship) 81
230 Index climate (Archi) 209 clinical medicine, impact 155 clothes (traditional material) 67 clubs, development 95 collective dances 141 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), interethnic relations 201-2 Communist Party of Society Union (CPSU) 78, 102, 103, 129 companions/commanders (naibs) 60-4 Constantinople: conquest 26; English hostile ally (perception) 32 contemporary cultures 127 cornelian twigs (bilikly) 8 Cossack Mountain Republic, creation 82 Cossack villages, exclusion 34 costumes (Archi) 211 cough, usage 159-61 Council of People’s Commissars of Dagestan (CPCD), establishment 82 Council of People’s Commissars (CEC), resolution 85 courses, network (supply/development) 95 Covid-19 153-5; levels 154; surviving, traditional medicine (usage) 152 crime, crackdown 77-8 crushed stone, usage 170 culture: contemporary culture 127; homogenisation 104; pre-Soviet cultures 127 Dagestan: accordion 224-5; agricultural/ manufactured products, trading 20; animal products, usage 169-70; beekeeping 169; clothes (traditional material) 67; conquest 49; cultural sphere 128; dancing 221; defining 1, 2; description (IX-XIV centuries) 2; digital ethnography 146; eating, proper method 69; economy, interdependence 66; ethnic lands 47; Facebook, impact 203; free societies, attraction 44; fruit trees, planting 179; grooms, European tradition (adoption) 138; healers, ethnoecological perspective 165; herbs, selection/avoidance 168-9; horticultural cultivation 180-1; industrial production, increase 180; infectious diseases, transmission 166; insects, cures 170; Islamic identity, assessments
125; Islamization 123; knotted pile carpets 50-1 ; large-scale orchards, rarity 177; Lezginka dancers 225; life statistics, quality 201; literacy 106; location 4-5; major rivers 206; marriage, heterosexual alliance 132; minerals, usage/importance 171; mountain Dagestan, traditional medicine (usage) 164; mountain valley horticulture 174; non Mountain Jewish Tats, presence 184; paradoxical treatments 165-6; people, ethno-cultural/ ethno-psychological characteristics, suppression 121; percussion 223; plants, supernatural properties 166-8; public life 68-9; rebels, impact 124; regions (nahiya) 2; rulers, attraction 44; secular republic 122; singing 221; social classes 70-2; social structure, tribal/patriarchal nature 80; Soviet rule, repression 118; stringed instruments 222-3; surgeons, treatment 164; terracing / 76; territory, perception 2; topography 180; unification 57; unusual recipes, usage 170-1 ; war region (dar al-harb) 2; water, private ownership (absence) 178; wind reeded instruments, usage 222; wormwood, heat treatment 169 Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) (DASSR) 87-8; districts, annexation 88; ethnic population, literacy 105; rulers, impact 80 Dagestan Commissars, farm resettling 88 Dagestan Khans, loyalty 48 Dagestan Regional Party Conference 86 Dagestan Region, Russia establishment 55 Dagestan Scientific Centre Russian Academy of Sciences 1 Dagestanskaya oblast ’ (administration) 73 Dagh bari (mountain wall) 16 DagTelecom 145 Dargins, healers 165 Daryal pass 14 dayan, impact 186 Day of Judgement 162 death cult 10 Debirov, Paruk 193
Declaration of the Rights of Peopls of Russia 81
Index 231 Decree of the People’s Commissariat (RSFSR) 102 decrees (firmans) 53 Deep packet inspection (DPI) technology, requirement 150 demons 5-13; Kumyk demonic female character 6 Den Pobedi (Victory Day) concert 223 Denton. Andy 221 deportees, origin 77 Derbent (program launch) 50 Derbent Gate 14 Derbent walls 15 derkhap 11 dhimmi 114 dialectical materialism 53 disadvantaged (zuglafa), social class 71 diseases, children (protection) 9-10 disinterested protector (zuhdaidiya) 68 "divide and rule’ policy, adat/sharia (impact) 74 diyat (ransom) 74 djin-kapura (infidels) 7 Djinss, representation 7 Djuhurum, classification 90 DOBAG project (Ayvacuk Western Anatolia) 203 dolma, serving 137 dragon: stylized dragon (Kaitag silk embroidery, detail) 9; woollen knotted carpet (detail) 9 dried meat/sausage (Archi) 216 dum tapestry-woven carpets 28 dyes, Great Russian merchant purchases 32 dyush-pere, rice (addition) 190 Dzutsev, Hasan 222 Dzutsev, Valery 126 Early Bronze Age, pagan settlement 210 eating, proper method 69 echelons (military groups), impact 85 economy (Archi) 210 education (Archi) 213 Eid al-Adha 132 Eid Uraza Bayram, performing 155 engagement, differentiation 135 English transport ship, value (estimation) 32 enjoyment (keyfi 69 equals, self-rule 81 estate-land commission 53-4 ethnic culture sites 148 ethnicity, suppression 103 ethnic languages, erosion 104 ethnic (national) self-consciousness, growth 129 ethnic self-identification, preservation 203 ethno-cultures, cross-generational transmission (decrease) 103 ethno-entrepreneurship 203 ethno-religious Imamate
(Shamil) 60 Europe, gendarme 44 evil eye: children, protection 9-10; impact 159 evil spirits: habitats 6; impact 166 fajiruna 2 false sheikhs, damnation 65 family life (Archi) 212-13 farsh, performing 70 Farsi-Tat translation, usage 184 fatal reality, enforcement (perception) 76-7 fate 67-8 Federal Information Resource Government of Russia, comparisons 153 Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare 153 Federal Veterinary and Phytosanitary Oversight Service (Rosselkhoznadzor) 175 felt mosaic carpets (Archi) 217 Fight Nights Global 195 finance, heroes 192 fire, spring festival (relationship) 12 firmans (decrees) 53 First Furrow, celebration 212-13 fish, consumption 188 Fitinsky (Agui language dialect) 95 flowers (Archi) 220 folk ensemble (Bedeku) (Archi) 217, 218 folk medicine, usage 155-62 food (Archi) 211-12 free people (Uzden) 54 free societies (vol’nye obshchestva) 42 Free Society 39 free will 67-8 fruit trees, planting 179 Gadzhiev, Murtazali 1 Gadzhiibragimov, Dzhamaludin 154 Gadziev, Tagir 198-9,199 Gaethjue, Justin 198 gamgi, making 207 Gammer, Moshe 1 Gamzatov, G.G. 102
232 Index Gamzatov, Rasul 89-90, 128, 130 Garunova. Saida 1 Gazikumukhi. Bukmammad 61 Gazimuhammad (Imam) 61; innovations 66; Shamil ally 66 Genibikh (pear-cutter-in-half) 62 Genovese e diinque mercato 23 Georgian Military' Highway, construction 18 Ghan, P.V, 49; program, implementation 50 Ghilghilchay (defensive long wall) 14-16 glabid (pilgrim) 62 gladlu (society) 70-1 Giamal kvesh 66 giavam (society) 64 Gielmn lalel glalimal glodoreglanlun gari 64 Gilmii-I-Basharia (socio-ethnology) 68 godekan (bench), meeting 155 God, fear 70 Godunov, Boris (reign) 29-30 Golden Horde: diplomacy 23; trade 18 good character, Shamil promotion 65-6 goods, accumulation 66 Goryana-coat 119 Goryanka: emancipation 120; liberation 119 Grand Princes of Kiev, dominance 20 Great Russian merchants, Constantinople ban 34 Great Russia, survival 21 Great Silk Road (GSR) 18, 22; access 26, 34-5 groom: gift-giving, delay 136; party, preparation 138-9; presentation 137; wedding preparations, differences 138 GuducI 6 Gulistan Peace Treaty (1813) 44 Gumbet district, deportee origin 77 guofer (rocking cradle), usage 157 Gurkkimey sausage (Archi) 216 Gurzhistan mountains 3 Gusatii-l-mutatlawigati-Allagase glolo gazavat gabulel chagli rugo (veteran fighters) 68 Gyomunu Purim 186 hadiths 65 Hannal Murad (Damadan) medical guide 165 Harahi, Muhammadamin 61, 63 hasiyat (character) 65-6 Hawa 'lech (Apple of Eve) 167 healers: ethnoecological perspective 165; impact 165; recipes, control 168 heat treatment 169 herbal medicines, administration 168 herbs/spices: selection/avoidance 168-9; trading 212 hermeosh,
preparation 190 Hiamal klodoli 66 highland dancers (Archi) 217, 218 Highland feudalism 53 hijab, wearing 135 hirs (gluttony) treatment 69 historical consciousness (XIX century) 53 hnafarnsh (Persian title) 50 holy buildings, destruction 76 homogeneous Socialism 102 honey, beekeeping 169 honey-derived wax, usage 169 horticultural cultivation 180-1 horticulture, small mechanization 180-1 horticulture/winemaking, jamaat regulation 176 hostages (amanat): execution 56; taking 44 houbal (supernatural beings) 5 ‘ho, untamed body’(Qasida) 115-16 houses (Archi) 210-1 humanity, supreme values 94, 128 human rights, Russian regulation 149-51 Human Rights Watch (HRW) report 149 Huns, Sasanian wall protection 14 Ibn Rushd 10 ibn Sina, Abu Ali (Avicenna) 165 Ibnu-sabil (traveller on his journey) 68 Ibragimov, Magomed-Rasul 1 Ichkeria, secession 125 igbi (seeing off winter) 12 ignorant (social class) 71 Igor (Grand Prince) 20 Ikhilov, Mikhail 190 Ilisui, Daniyalbek 62 Ilyasova, Elmira 147 Imamate: ethno-religious Imamate (Shamil) 60; fall 65 imams, political trustworthiness 119 industrial production, increase 180 infectious diseases, transmission 166 Ingarapol 189 Ingushetia, broadband connection 146 Inholi, Aligaji 66-8 insects, cures 170
Index Institutionalized lying, repression (comparison) 90 interethnic mixing 104 inter-ethnic relations, risk 130 internal self-government/status, recognition 44 Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, RKN blockage 150 Internet, usage 146-149 Iranian languages, Jewish language (relationship) 184 irrigation system, self-regulation 178-9 Isfahan: encroachment 40; flourishing, reforms 36 Ish al-yavma ka annaka tamutu gadan 68 Islam: Puritans of Islam, denials 121-2; religion, comparison 118; revival 120 ’Islamic scholar’ 64 Israel, Mountain Jews emigration 186-7 •1 was enchanted by this transient world’ (Qasida) 115 Izudinov, Gamzat 222 jamaat 42 jamaats: horticulture/winemaking regulation 176; permission, absence 178 jamaats, split 56-7 Jenkinson, Anthony 31 Jewish food culture, slaughtering (usage) 190-1 Jewish refugees/immigrants, descendants 183 Jewish-Tat 90 Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) 83 kachaglar 75 Kadinaylo, Abdurahman 147 Kadis 65 Kadis, nominal subjects 43 Kadiyate, abolishment 46 Kaitago-Tabasaran District 77 Kaitag silk embroideries 8 Kaitag Utsmi: agent 40; nominal subjects 43 Kakabadze, Zurab 129 Kaliningrad Stadium, construction 195 kalym (bride-price) 119 Karachay-Cherkessia (Klaukhorsky/ Sapcharsky passes) 18 Kara-Koysu River 209 Karamakhi, military operations 122-3 Karati, Galbatsdiber 62 233 Kartlis Tskhovreba (compilation) 130 kaurma (fried meat pieces) 189 Kazan, conquest 30 Kazan Khanate, conquest 27 Kazikumukh, Aslan-khan (power transfer) 46 Kazikumukh Khan, nominal subjects 43 Kazi-Kumukh Koysu river 209 Kazikumukhsky, Jamalutdin 213 kekul (one
strand), preservation 161-2 kemenche 223 Kerimov, Suleiman 194,196, \9β-Ί £ey/(enjoyment) 69 Khabib (The Eagle) Nurmagomedov 154 Khachaburov, Ruslan 123 khachag ’al 75 khachagatal 75 Khadzhimuhammad-Musalav 67 Khal 6 khalai, making 207 Khalilov, Minkail 77 Khan, Abu Sultan-Nutsal (power transfer) 46 Khanate of Derbent, income usage 43 Khanate of Mehtuli, natural rulers (jurisdiction) 49-50 khanates, split 55-6 Khans: alliance 48; reciprocal rights 39; social class 70-1 Khappoulaev, Ramazan 221 kharakter (temperament) 66 Khasavyurt district party committee, responsible officers (ovetstvennie rabotniki) impact 87-8 Khasavyurt raion, convening 83 Khatar-Ris Or river 209 Khilmi, Sheikh Hassan 68 khinkal 19 khinkal (four dumping) 137 Khoye-gusht, components 190 Khuduchl 6 khulurkhus 212 Khunzakhi, Akhberdilmuhammad 61, 63 Khushtadi, Musalav 61 Khushtadi, Zakariyahadzhiyav 61 khuyurma, making 207 Khvarshin spirits 5-6 Khvatli (Archi) 219 Kievan Rus: collapse 21; contacts 18-19; influence 21 Kievan Russ, trade 18 kings (social class) 70-1 kinjal (silver-mounted daggers) 28
234 Index kinjals (daggers), usage 49 kinship, degree 136 Kish Kaftar 6 kishki intestines, preparation 189 Kizilov (Cornelian cherry dogwood) 8 Kizilyurt fortification, completion 45 Klaukhorsky pass 18 klub (kosher) restrictions 186 Klyuchevsky, Vasily Osipovich 1 Kochap Mamma (Magomed) (SaliSuleiman), fame 192-3 kolkhoz: collective farm system 201; dissolution 84 Kolupaev, impact 27 Köppen-Geiger CSA 177 Koshan (Agui language dialect) 95 Kosven, M.O. 125 Kovalevsky, Μ.Μ. 125 KPSS members, state fund appropriation 202 krai 132 Krasnaya Svoboda 186-7 krestkom (peasant committees), land transfer 82 krovomoscheniya (blood feud), cessation 74 Krygyzstan, relatives (transportation) 87 Kudali, Hassan 67 Kudutli, Maxlahlajiyav 62 Kudutli, Musa 67 kulaks: production, termination 85; rights, restoration 83 kulak, vilification 82 Kultsansturm (1928) 96 Kultsansturm (cultural revolution slogan) 95 Kumyk demonic female character 6 kunakskaya 184 Kupriyanovich, Leonid Ivanovich 144-5 Kurakh-Kazikumukh Khanate, division 46 Kurakh Khanate, annex 43-4 Kurbanilali (Batsadi Muhammad son) 62 kurdyuk (fat tail sheep fat), usage 169 Kurze raviolis, preparation 211 kurze (dumplings), serving 140-1 kutum, usage 188 Laks, healers 165 landlords (pomeshiki) 82 Land of Mountains, inhabitants 29 land, privatization 174 language policy 93 large-scale orchards, rarity 177 Latin Crusader Empire, existence 22-3 layer of important people (Tabakat al-hwajakan) 64-5 layette, preparation (absence) 157 leeches, usage 170 leisure, Gazimuhammad innovations 66 Lekhi Mountains (kuh-i Leksi) 33 Lenin 53,82, 152
Lezginka dancers 225 Lezgin line, completion 45 Lezgin Sumak rungs 40 Lezistan, term (usage) 2 lichen, treatment usage 171 Limes Caspius 16 literacy, Tsar/Soviets (impact) 100 Livonian War 30 local ethnic language, omission 128 Lowe, Adam 194 loyalty (amanat) 60 Luguev, Sergey Abdulkhalikovich 11 lula (afterbirth), treatment 159 Maglarul matzl, tarikh v. a madaniyat (Avars Facebook) 148 magic 5-13; wedding rites 10-11 magic places 4 maglishatl, social economics 66 Magomedkhan (Khere) 210 Magomedmirzayev, Abdula 223 Magomedova, Malvina 147 Magomedova, R. 183 Magomedov, Magomed Abdulgamidovich 174 Magomedov, M.M. 98 Magomedov, Ziyavudin 194-6, 195 Makhachkala 192, 207; ‘Actual Problems of Combating ReligiousPolitical Extremism (All-Russian Conference) 120; hospital, quarantine 153; Javatkhan arrival 78; land redistribution 89 Makhachklaa, Novoe Delo 1 Makhmudov, Rustam 148 malik 2 Mamma-Dibir al-Rochi 111-12 Manifesto of the Union of Farmers, founding 82-3 manti (kurze), serving 141 marriage: civil registration, fixation 137; collective dances 141; common ground, finding 135; conspiracy 133; dance groups, invitation 141; religious weddings 137-8; ring, presentation 136
Index Marx, Karl 102 Matatov, Μ. 183 matchmaking: ceremony, initiation 137; engagement, differentiation 135-6 maternity rites, folk medicine (usage) 155-62 matzah, preparation 186 Mavraev, Μ. 101 МаГаруЛ МаЦ1 ТарИх Ba МаДаНИЯТ (rural community) 148 McGregor. Conor 197 Meade, Kylie 197 meat: consumption 188; preservation 190 Megafon PJSC 145 Mehtulinsky. Akhmed Khan (power transfer) 46 Mengu-Timur: empire, collapse 26; privileges/attack 23-4 mental illness, sulphur (impact) 7 merchant Disaporas, emulation 91 merchants (social class) 71 Michael VIII Palaiologos 22-3 migrant Dagestanis. repression 91 migrants, bailiff charge 48 Mikailov, Mikail 148 Mikhailov, A.Μ. 101 milin-khitin. making 207 milo (circumcision) 160-1 minerals, usage/importance 171 mishiravi (hand of Moses), decoration 158 mobiles, see cell phones monsters 4 moral social relations, decline 4 Moscow-Europe, trading routes 31 Moscow Tsardom, trade (XV-XVI centuries) 26 Moskva, Nafta 196 Mountain Botanical Garden Institute 174 mountain Dagestan, traditional medicine (usage) 164 mountaineers, lifestyle 166 mountain gardening, tradition 175 Mountain Jews 140, 183; census 90; emigration 186; material culture 185; maternity rites 155; meat/fish, consumption 188; relocation, history 184; swaddled cradle, belief 161 Mountain Jews (Tats) 90 mountains, monetization 201 mountain-valley horticulture 174 mountain women, liberation 119 Mount Kaklik (sheep/shepherd) 215 mudir (mystic) 62 235 Mudirs 65 Muftis 65 muftis, political trustworthiness 119 Muhammad-Paqir 110, 114 Mukhtasibs 65 Murat, Hadji (denunciation) 62 muridism
(national liberation struggles) 57 murshids (presence) 65 Musaeva, Maysarat 1 Muscovy Company, foothold (attempt) 32 Muscovy, trade (XVII-XVIII centuries) 34 Muslim brotherhood, slogans 120 Muslim clergy, power (paralysis) 74 Muslim Russian Empire, religion (fate) 76 Muslim Spiritual Board 123 muta’allims, education 81 myarkushi 11 Nabiev, Khadzhimurad 147 nafs (egos): combatting 71 ; education 69 nä ib (assistant, deputy head) 73 naibs (companions/commanders) 60-4 namaz, performing 167 namus (sense of dury, shyness) 213 narcotic plants, application 168 Narodniy vrach Dagestana' (Peoples’ Doctor of Dagestan), title 152 narodnosti (nationality), Djuhurum classification 90 narzans (healing springs) 171 nasiha (advice) 114 national culture, writing 101 nationalism, increase 103 national languages/cultures, promotion 104 national liberation struggles (muridism) 57 National Policy Strategy (NPS), implementation 204 native language, developing/ strengthening 95 natsionalnost (ethnos), pejorative term 90 natural assimilation, phenomena 101-2 nature (Archi) 209 Nazhmudinov, Shamil 223 Nazim ofDurghili 110 Nazm Kvanil adab-Sunnatab (Food Culture following Sunnah) (Sirazhudin) 69 “Necklace of Pearls from the Depth of the Seas” 213 newborns: birth, preparation 158; cradle, laying 161; hygiene 160-1; midwife examination 159; milo (circumcision) 160-1; mortality 159
236 Index New Millennium banquet hall, usage 137 Niesonu/Passover 186 nikah (religious service) 212 nilfarush (Persiantitle) 50 nizam 60 NKGB secret police, impact 88 nof(umbilical cord), washing/drying 159 non-clipping tarif-free trade, conducting 36 non-Great Russian peoples: assistance 95; labouring masses, assistance 95 non-Mountain Jewish Tats, presence 184 North Caucasian caravans, arrival 37 North Caucasian republics, survival problems 120 North Caucasus, strategic positions (seizure) 35-6 Novolaksky, military operations 122-3 Novoye Dello Dagestan 153 nubo hunde, presence 185-6 ma: (religious rite), performing 185-6 Nurmagomedov, Abdulmanap 197, 198 Nurmagomedov, Khabib 146,195, 197-8, 1979 NVF Buinaksk, wanted poster 124 obedience, piety (association) 133 obkom (regional committee) 80 Oboda, Sirazhudin 116 Obodi, Sirazhudin 69 October Revolution (1917) 77 Odnoklassniki (OK), LinkedIn (comparison) 145-6 offal fat, roasting 190 official Islam 119 ointments, preparation 168 old literacy (Archi) 213 “On Logic for a Travelling Companion” 213 On the Languages of the Peoles of the Russian Federation’ law 97-8 Opera (anonymiser), usage 149-50 order, traditional commitment 75-76 Orthodox Georgia, annexation 42 Osmann, Murad 146 Ottomans: commerce, mastery 39-40 Ottomans, control 26-7 ovungez (gold jewellery) 158 Pankil kulgyu, kyolol bertin (‘for a funeral a cake, for a wedding a toast’) sto gram (Russian for a hundred grams i.e. a measure of vodka) 68 paradoxical treatments 165-6 Park, Robert Ezra 91 Parteigenosse (Member of the Party) 78 Paskevich-Erivansky (Governor
Count), complaint 48 patronimiya 80 pear-cutter-in-half (Genibikh) 62 Pechenegs 20 people (Archi) 210 pepepai (peshepay) 11 percussion (Dagestan) 223 Persia, Caspitan traffic 32 personal vengeance, obligation 76 pervaya borozda (First Furrow) 12; watering, initiation 179 Peysach (Passover) 188 Peysakh (Paskha), fast-period 191 Pies, N.I. 164 piety, obedience (association) 133 pilaf, serving 141 plants, supernatural properties 166-8 Plenum of the Dagestan Regional Committee, Turkic (state language) 103 plov, preparation 190 poems, Avar/Archi languages (usage) 108 Poirier, Dustin 197 poisonous plants, application 168 political trustworthiness 119 Polovtsy, impact 20 polygamy, support 119 pomeshiki (landlords) 82 pood 38-9 poor (miskin), social class 71 possessions, abolishing/redrawing 45-6 pregnant women: actions 156; contractions, ease 158; hygiene 160-1; isolation 160; layette, preparation (absence) 157; newborns, mortality 159; uncleanliness, consideration 157 pre-historical meaning 80 pre-Soviet cultures 127 press, development 95 prioritisation, compromise 130 procession circles 140 Prophet Muhammad (sacrifices) 61 propolis, usage 169 Pskov 21 public consciousness: poisoning 119; re-Islamization 118 public life 68-9 publishing, Tsar/Soviets (impact) 100 pupils (social class) 71 Puritans of Islam, denials 121-2
Index 237 QadiAli67 Qasidas: ’ho, untamed body’ 115-16; ‘I was enchanted by this transient world’ 115; sheikh Mamma-Dibir al-Rochi 111-12; ‘This transient universe’ (Sulen Muhammad) 116 Qasvini. Hamdallah 3 Qazi 76 c/iadrab glamal 66 Qilik Kitap (Akaev) 69 Oilik kitap (book of table etiquette) 64 Qirmizi Qesebe (Krasnaya Svoboda) 186-7 Quba Uyezd (program launch) 50 Rafi. Muhammad 2 raiding system (abreks) 55 raikrestkom (regional citizens committee) 83 rain rituals 11 Ramazanova. Zoya 1 ranginfarush (Persian title) 50 ransom (diyat) 74 raw silk cost (pood) 38 Red Heb, The (Soldatov) 150 re-Islamization 118 religion: fate 76; fight, relaxation 118-19 religious weddings 137-8 repression 80 RF Administrative Code 149 Richin (Agui language dialect) 95 ring, presentation 136 Risis (creature) 8 Ris-Or river 206 robbery 75 Rodrigue, B.H. 1 Romanov, Mikhail Fedorovich 34 Roskomnadzor (RKN) 149-50 royal jelly, usage 169 rural communities, ethnic pages 148-49 rural societies, civil self-government 76-7 Rush gyo-Shone Rosh Hashana/New Year 186 Russia: agreed obligations 36; Avar Khanate protection 42-3; governance (1801-1859) 42; prosody rules, deviations 109 Russian Empire, population (census) 94 Russian-European educated bourgeoisie 57-8 Russian government, legal systems 73 Russian language, cultural integration/ political consolidation (full-scale functioning) 99 Russian painted boxes/caskets/sieves/ dishes/chests, demand 37 Russian power, armed opposition 55 Russian Revolution (1905-1907) 77 Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, Second Congress 81 Russian State, military-
political alliance 35 Russian state xenophobia 145-6 Russia-Persia rout, protection (inability) 35 Russification 102-3 Rustam-kadi, support 46 Rustam Khan, Kaitag Utsmi 37 saadak 65 Saadullah 63 sacred trees 12 sadan (unclean forces) 158; hiding 160-1 Sadovoy, A.N. 1 Safat-Girey (Crimean Khan) 36 Safavid Persia, tirade (re-establishment) 34 Safavids, ouster 30 saints (Glubad, Zttgiad, Mukhlis), social class 71 salaam aleikum (peace to you) 194 sala-uzden (class) 54 Salti, Umar 63 Samur Lezgins, social structure 54 Sapcharsky pass 18 Saray-Berke, destruction 24 Sasanian walls, protection 14 sausages, boiling 189 savdagars 37 Saypudinova, Zarema 147 sazan, usage 188 Schilling, E. 4 schools: Decree of the People’s Commissariat (RSFSR) 102; network, supply/development 95; Tsar/Soviets, impact 100 scientific process, principles 155 scriptless languages, culture (absence) 109 scripts, creation 95-6 self-assimilation, objective necessity 97 self-determination, freeing 81 self-rule 81 selkhozarteli collective farm, demonstration 83 Sergei Posad, destruction 30 sericulture, usage 185 serif line 36 Shabbat (Saturday), cradle (laying) 161 Shah Abbas I the Great, reforms 36 Shahanshah Yazdegerd I 14-15
238 Index Shaitans (negative spirits) 4 Shamil 57; Chechnya governance 65; Dagestan unification 57; epidemics, combatting 166; ethno-religious Imamate 60; Gazimuhammad (Imam) ally 66; good character promotion 65-6; maglishatl, social economics 66; naibs (companions/ commanders) 60-4; name 60; opponents 50; picture postcards, sale 192 Shamkhalstvo possessions, control 45 Shamkhalstvo Tarkovsky: natural rulers, jurisdiction 49-50; threat 45; transfer 43 Sharafutdinova, Rukiya 108 Sharh al-Muhazzaba 66 Shariah Council, impact 84 sharia, impact 74 sharia, Wahhabi introduction 122 shashki (sabres) 28 shashlik (religious feast) 188 shawls, gift 138 Sheikh Ali Khan: independence/ sovereignty/ouster 43; removal 43-4; support 46 Shikhsaidov, Amri 3 Shodrodi, Hajiyav 63 Shulani, Ismaildiber 117 shuttle trading 202 Siberia, exile 49 sipat (qualities) 70 Sistema Venture Capital 145 skin diseases, curing 171 Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) 202-3 SMERSH, impact 88 “Social and Economic Development of Mountain Territories of the Republic of Dagestan for 2014-2018” 202 social bloggers 147 social classes 70-2 social life (Archi) 212-13 social media (XXI century) 144 social networks, impact 136 social self-affirmation, encouragement 129 society (gladlu) 70-1 socio-ethnology (Gilmu-l-Basharia) 68 Sogratli, Khursh 62 Sogratlinsky, Abdurahman 213 Soldatov, Andrei 150 Sordo-koyal kwanase kven rokob bougev chiyas, Chiyadasa jo gari, kurab jo badib chlvayi 68 sore throat (zhuzam baras) 69 sorochene 37 Sounds of the Caucasus conference 221 sovereign bins, goods storage 38 sovereign feasts
38 sovereign service 36 Soviet ethnography, creation 53 Sovietization 80 Soviet Man, beliefs 103 Soviet people, collective 99 Soviet power: establishment 128-9; neutralization 84 Soviet Power, establishment 179 Soviet statehood, developing/ strengthening 95 Sovkhoz collective farm system 201 spavochnik (directory) 144 spirits: associated spirits 5-13; evil spirits, habitats 6; evil spirits, impact 166; Khvarshin spirits 5-6 sport, heroes 192 spring festival, fire (relationship) 12 Stalin 83; picture postcards, sale 192 state language, Federal Law (superseding) 98 state-owned warehouses, goods storage 38 Stavropol Territory borders, interethnic mixing 104 stringed instruments (Dagestan) 222-3 strugs, usage 37 students (social class) 71 stylized dragon (Kaitag silk embroidery, detail) 9 Sublime Porte 26; protest 29 substances 4 success, achievement 129 Sufis, Salafis (religious conflict) 123 Sugum (celebration) 189 Sukhayb 62 Sulag 6 Sullen Muhammad (Qasida) 116 sultans (social class) 70-1 sumakhs (weft-float brocades) 50-1 sunduk (chest) 138 sunna 69 supernatural beings (houbal) 5 Surkhab-bek Bek, support 46 Surkhay-khan: devotion, absence 45-6; nominal rule 46; possessions, deprivation 46
Index 239 surroundings 5-13 Suv-anasy 6 Svyatoslav (Grand Prince) 20 Syutkatyn 6 Tabakat al-hwajakan (layers of important people) 64-5 Tabasaran Maysumate, abolishment 46 Tabasaran Maysum, nominal subjects 43 Tabasaran rayon (Soviet administrative unit), demonstration 83 Takho-Godi, Alibek 86-7, 119 Talhis al-maa Ifft tahrib Muhammad ‘GZan/(Khilmi) 68 tarfa (theological disputes) 103 Tarki. threatening 45 Tarkovsky, Ildar 37 Tarkovsky. Shamkhal 36 Tats 90; census 90-1 Taylor. George 164 Telegram Open Network (anonymiser) 149-50 Teletli. Kebdmuhammed 62, 64 Temir-Khan-Shura, judgements 73 Terki, securing 29-30 terracing 176 Tersky, location 35 'Tersky Settlements, markets 30 textile symbols 8 ’This transient universe’ (Sulen Muhammad) 116 Tindi village (Risis) 8 titular peoples 99, 104 tmin (mountain caraway), impact 189 Tokhtamysh 23 topography 180 topography (Archi) 207-9 Tor (anonymiser) 149-50 ‘torment-relieving elixir, A’ (Kharda al-Rochi) 112-15 Tpig (Agui language dialect) 95 traditional medicine, usage 152, 164 Transcaucasians, imprisonment 85 Transcaucasus, premature interference 29-30 tribal frameworks 125 tribunes (social class) 71 Tsar, Khan resistance/submittance 45 tslugyaduleb glamal 66 Tsubutli, Rajab 63 Tsumadinsky, military operations 122-3 tukkhum 80 tukkhum (clan), representative (actions) 11 Turkish-Crimean troops, free passage (ensuring) 35-6 udarnaya shock group, counterattack 84 Ulus Magal (program launch) 50 Uman (security services) AAG (social class) 71 umma, extoling 114 Ummah Khan of Avar, village taxation 176 Ummul Bayan (Old Lady) (Chokhi) 69
unhappy/sick (social class) 71 Union of Muslims of Russia 120 United State of North Caucasus Mountain Peoples, creation 81 Unkrak (rural community) 148 unusual recipes, usage 170-1 urban life, pressures 134 urban weddings, traditions 132 urbech (highland chocolate) 168 urtilunchov 11 USM 145 Usmanov, Alisher 145 USSR, language policy 93 Uzden (free people) 54 Vakhabism (Wahhabism transliteration) 124 vakuf (religious charitable foundation) property, appropriation 82 Vasilij, Abaev I. 130 Vasilyev, Vladimir 153 Vatan (newspaper) 186 Vechekhur 156 Veliky Novgorod 21, 24 Veon 145 vezirs (ministers), social class 71 videophones, usage 144 villages, life (peacefulness) 57 virtual private networks (VPNs): operation 150; usage 149-50 voenno-narodnoe upravleniye (military national government) 73 voinstvuyushii ateizm (militant atheism) 90 Volga-Astrakhan-Shirvan route 27 Volga-Capsian trade artery, focus 31-2 Volga route 27 vol'nye obshchestva (free societies) 42 Volozh, Arkady 145 von Uslar, Peter 109 Wahhabis: propaganda 121; sharia, introduction 122 •waqfs 65
240 Index IVastyrdjy (St George festival) 221 watering, initiation 179 water, private ownership (absence) 178 water rites, usage 11 websites, blocking 150 wedding: city weddings, cost 142; expenses, reduction 142-3; First Visit 142; preparations, differences 138; ritual songs 143; waiters, arrival 140 wedding banquet hall (interior) 138 wedding feast (Archi) 218 wedding-mawlid 137-8 Wedding Planner (TV program) 139 WhatsApp 150 Whewell, Tim 221 White Sea ports, opening 32-3 Williamson-Fa, Stefan 1,223, 224 wind reeded instruments, usage (Dagestan) 222 wirds (mystic categories) 70 wisdom, seekers (social class) 71 witnesses, reluctance 76-7 wolves 12-13 women (social class) 71 wooden utensils, demand 37 wool shepherd, checking/bargaining (Archi) 216 Words about Igor 's Regiment (Vernadsky) 20 worker-peasant Union, destruction 82-3 worldly life, renunciation 70 worldly matters, transience 67-8 wormwood, heat treatment 169 wrestling, seriousness 192-4 Yagni, components 190 yah (will/conscience) 213 Yandex.ru search engine, usage 145 Yarovaya amendments 149 yasti balaban (oboe) 222 Yazdegerd I (Shahanshah) 14-15 Yeltsin, Boris N 97-8 yeshiva (religious school), presence 185 Yom Kippur/Judgement Day 186 Young Ahvakh (rural community) 148 zagyids 70 Zakatala okrug, deportee origin 77 zamzam 65 zastoy stagnation 201 Zasulak Kumyk possessions, internal management 42 Zhalki, Usman 63 Zhirinovsky 152 Zhiut-Katta (Jewish Gorge) 183-84 zhuzam baras (sore throat) 69 Zirichgeran 2 ziyarats (holy shrines) 119 Zubair (“Khusro”) 63 zuhd auliya (disinterested protector) 68 Zulak Kumyk
possessions 42 Zunsi, Ummah 63 zurna (reed instrument) 6 Baysrieche Staatsbibliothek О0Й® |
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| spelling | Chenciner, Robert 1945-2021 Verfasser (DE-588)1300941278 aut Dagestan - history, culture, identity Robert Chenciner and Magomedkhan Magomedkhanov London ; New York Routledge [2024] x, 240 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe series 109 Dagestan – History, Culture, Identity provides an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of Dagestan, a strategically important republic of the Russian Federation which borders Chechnya, Georgia and Azerbaijan, and its people. It outlines Dagestan’s rich and complicated history, from 5th c ACE to post USSR, as seen from the viewpoint of the Dagestani people. Chapters feature the new age of social media, urban weddings, modern and traditional medicine, innovative food cultivation, the little-known history of Mountain Jews during the Soviet period, flourishing heroes of sport and finance, emerging opportunities in ethno-tourism and a recent Dagestani music revival. In doing so, the authors examine the large number of different ethnic groups in Dagestan, their languages and traditions, and assess how the people of Dagestan are coping and thriving despite the changes brought about by globalisation, new technology and the modern world: through which swirls an increasing sense of identity in an indigenous multi-ethnic society Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd rswk-swf Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd rswk-swf Dagestan (DE-588)4070193-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Dagestan (DE-588)4070193-1 g Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 s Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 s Geschichte z DE-604 Magomedchanov, Magomedchan M. 1951- Verfasser (DE-588)1056110783 aut Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-032-48345-0 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-003-38857-9 Routledge contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe series 109 (DE-604)BV019376775 109 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034361873&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034361873&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Chenciner, Robert 1945-2021 Magomedchanov, Magomedchan M. 1951- Dagestan - history, culture, identity Routledge contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe series Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4125698-0 (DE-588)4026482-8 (DE-588)4070193-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Dagestan - history, culture, identity |
| title_auth | Dagestan - history, culture, identity |
| title_exact_search | Dagestan - history, culture, identity |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Dagestan - history, culture, identity |
| title_full | Dagestan - history, culture, identity Robert Chenciner and Magomedkhan Magomedkhanov |
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| title_full_unstemmed | Dagestan - history, culture, identity Robert Chenciner and Magomedkhan Magomedkhanov |
| title_short | Dagestan - history, culture, identity |
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| topic | Kultur (DE-588)4125698-0 gnd Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd |
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