Politicizing Islam in Central Asia: from the Russian revolution to the Afghan and Syrian jihads
"The introduction sets forth the two sets of questions that motivate this book. First, under what conditions does Islam become the language and the defining character of political opposition movements? Why has this Islamist mobilization taken place in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, whereas in Kyrgy...
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| Zusammenfassung: | "The introduction sets forth the two sets of questions that motivate this book. First, under what conditions does Islam become the language and the defining character of political opposition movements? Why has this Islamist mobilization taken place in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, whereas in Kyrgyzstan, civil Islam-rather than Islamism-has predominated? And why have three distinct waves of Islamist organizations and movements emerged and mobilized from the 1980s through the 2010s? Second, why do some Islamist organizations achieve relatively high mobilization, attracting a mass following, whereas many others remain fringe groups, or disappear altogether? What strategies do Islamists employ to win a social base? Are ordinary people attracted to any of the multiple Islamist movements that have surfaced? The chapter also reviews the book's country cases and the Islamist movements within each country, as well as the research methodology"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xxiv, 556 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780197685075 9780197685068 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "The introduction sets forth the two sets of questions that motivate this book. First, under what conditions does Islam become the language and the defining character of political opposition movements? Why has this Islamist mobilization taken place in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, whereas in Kyrgyzstan, civil Islam-rather than Islamism-has predominated? And why have three distinct waves of Islamist organizations and movements emerged and mobilized from the 1980s through the 2010s? Second, why do some Islamist organizations achieve relatively high mobilization, attracting a mass following, whereas many others remain fringe groups, or disappear altogether? What strategies do Islamists employ to win a social base? Are ordinary people attracted to any of the multiple Islamist movements that have surfaced? The chapter also reviews the book's country cases and the Islamist movements within each country, as well as the research methodology"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents List ofFigure List ofImages List of Tables List ofMaps Acknowledgments Technical Note List ofAcronyms ix xi xiii xv xvii xxi xxiii PART I: UNDERSTANDING ISLAMISM Introduction: An Overview of Islamism in Central Asia 1: Secular Authoritarianism, Ideology, and Islamist Mobilization 3 23 PARTII: THE USSR POLITICIZES ISLAM 2: The Russian Revolution and Muslim Mobilization 49 3: The Atheist State: Repressing and Politicizing Islam 76 4: Muslim Belief and Everyday Resistance - 104 PART III: TAJIKISTAN: FROM MODERATE ISLAMISTS TO MUSLIM DEMOCRATS 5: The Islamic Revival Party Challenges Communism 137 6: A Democratic Islamic Party Confronts an Extremist Secular State 179 7: Society and Islamist Ideas in Tajikistan 215 PART IV: UZBEKISTAN: FROM SALAFISTS TO SALAFI JIHADISTS 8: Seeking Justice and Purity: Islamists against Communism and Karimov 243
viii CONTENTS 9: Making Extremists:. The Uzbek Jihad Moves to Afghanistan 10: Society and Islamist Ideas in Uzbekistan 277 322 PART V: KYRGYZSTAN: CIVIL ISLAM AND EMERGENT ISLAMISTS 11: Religious Liberalization and Civil Islam in Kyrgyzstan 12: Emergent Islamism in Kyrgyzstan 13: Society and Islamist Ideas in Kyrgyzstan 355 381 410 PART VI: FROM CENTRAL ASIA TO SYRIA: TRANSNATIONAL SALAFI JIHADISTS 14: Central Asians Join the Syrian Jihad 441 15: From Central Asia to Afghanistan, Syria, and Beyond 489 Appendix : Qualitative Research Method and Sources Glossary Index 511 523 529
Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one ofthose pages. Tables and figures are indicated by t and ƒ following the page number 9/11 terrorist attacks (United States, 2001) Chinas suppression of Islamic practices following, 506 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 282, 296,311-12 public opinion in Central Asia regarding, 327,334,418-19,428 US policymaking emphasis on Islamism following, 24-25 Abbasid dynasty, 50-51 Abd-al-Hakim, Umar, 283-84 Abdulhakim Qori Marg’iloni (Hakimjon Qori), 247-48,250-51,362-63,497-98 Abdullo (Mullah Abdullo Rahimov), 200-1, 212-13,298-99 Abdurahim, Rustam, 170,174 Abdurasulova, Aziza, 376-77 Abdusalom, Holidi, 143 Abdusamadov, Husayn, 480-81 Abduvali Qori disappearance and possible murder (1995) of, 254,264/ 267-69,282,307,309,391-92 Mujaddidiya and, 248 online presence of, 262-63 photo of, 264/ Rafiq Qori and, 363 sacred authority of, 44,262-63 Salafism and, 250-53,338, 344 Soviet regime criticized by, 252-53 Abu Daoud Tojiki, 472 Abu Dher al Barmi, 319-20 AbuHanifa, 190 Abu Husayn, 449-50 Abu Saloh al-Uzbeki (Sirojiddin Muxtorov) al-Qaeda and, 456 death by Russian airstrike of, 455 on hijab wearing, 463,465-66 Jabhat Ansar al Din and, 456 Kyrgyzstan attacks by, 455 on martyrdom, 463-65 militant jihad and, 441,455,466-69 photos of, 460/, 466/, 467/ Rafiq Qori and, 453 Russia May Day attack plot (2017) and, 455-56 sacred authority and, 460-61,487,493 Syrian civil war and, 453-54,457, 465,468-69 transcommunal networks and, 458 on US policy in the Middle East, 463 Abu
Usama Noraki, 472,480-81 Academy of Sciences, 93-94 adat (customary law), 51,119-20. See also urfadat (national and tribal custom) Adep Bashaty, 375 Adolat anticommunism and, 256,323-24 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 244, 277-78,285,305-6,313 Islamic Revival Party of Uzbekistan and, 259-60 Islom Lashkarlari militia and, 7,8t, 254-55, 256-59,273-74 members’ exile in Tajikistan and Afghanistan, 275-76,277-78,280,491 membership levels in, 256,262, 275,493-94 origins in 1970s underground circles of, 7, 244,255 protests against Karimov regime (1991-92) and, 257-59, 262 Salafism and, 256 shariat law and, 256-59,323-24 transcommunal networks and, 493 United States and, 297 urf-adat condemned by, 323-24 Uzbek government suppression of, 267,275 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 265,331 32,341-42 Afghani, Sayed Jamaluddin, 148
530 INDEX Afghanistan “Afghan Arab” foreign fighters in, 279,441-43 Afghan National Army and, 200,299-300, 305-6,319,501-3 al-Qaeda in, 43,176-77, 283-84,501,503-5 associational space in, 278-79 Basmachi movement and, 67,71 Central Asian fighters in, 244,277-78,281, 285,289-91,299-304,444 civil war (1990s) in, 180-81 fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 447t International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in, 200,299-302,304,306, 316,319 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan in, 7,27576,277-78,285,289-91,300-2,303-4 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan exiles in, 172,491 Islamic State-Khorasan Province in, 449, 452-53,478-80,501-4,505 mass migration from Uzbekistan (1990s) to, 172 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan exiles in, 172-73 Operation Enduring Freedom (2001) in, 297 secular authoritarian regimes in history of, 41 Soviet migration during World War II to, 84,88-89 Soviet-Afghan War (1979-89), 6-7,13,9697,149-50,154-56,174-75,178,24950,279,282-84,370-71,506 Tajikistan Civil War and, 174-76 Tajikpopulation in, 84,154-55 US war (2001-21) in, 7,26,221,224,230, 235,236,292,297-98,314-15,317,341, 351,406,411,418-19,422-23,432,435, 478,501-2 Uzbek exiles in, 20-21,278-79,281 Ahli Hadith, 246-47 Ahli Qur’an, 246-47 Aitmatov, Chyngyz, 370-71,377 Akayev, Askar corruption and, 358-59,417-18,430-31 electoral manipulation by, 358 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Isami and, 359 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 289 religious freedom and, 123-24,358-59,362, 363,379,381,382-83,491 Sodiqjon Kamoluddin and, 361-62 Tulip Revolution (2005) ousting, 382 Uzbek
population in Kyrgyzstan and, 362 Akhtaev, Akhmedkadi, 159 Akromiya Andijon massacre (2005) and, 294-96,326, 391-92,402-3 Islamic banking and, 293 trial (2005) against members of, 293-94,490 Uzbek government suppression of, 280 Uzbek government terrorism charges against, 296 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 334,338-39 Aksy crisis (Kyrgyzstan, 2002), 398 al-Azhar University, 265-66,372 alcohol Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 367, 418,431 in the Soviet Union, 245,260,327-28,34142,369-70 Tajik public opinion regarding, 221-22,235 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 333,335, . 337,338,341-42,344 Algeria, 41,203,447t,507 Ahev, Ajik, 173 All-Union Islamic Revival Party (AUIRP), 15960,259-60 All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, 87 Almatov, Zakirjon, 295-96 al-Nusra Front for the People of the Levant (ANF), 449-51,453 al-Qaeda (also known as al-Qa’ida) ' in Afghanistan, 43,176-77,283-84, 501,503-5 al-Nusra Front for the People of the Levant and, 449-50 Central Asian public opinion regarding, 233,426 Central Asian recruits of, 21,283-84,444, 445-46,448-49,494 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, 7,40, Τ1Ί78, 285,292,297-301,309,312,314, 318-19,321,324,449-50,504 militant jihad and, 13,24-25,282-83 in Pakistan, 297-98 Salafism and, 20-21 in Sudan, 43 suicide bombings and, 226 Tajikistan Civil War and, 176-77 The Taliban and, 283-84,502 US war in Afghanistan and, 297-98 al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), 469-70 Anderson, John, 96-97 Andijon (Uzbekistan) Bolshevik Party’s process of consolidating control in, 73-74
INDEX Gorbachev era suppression of Islam in, 122-23 Islamic Jihad Union attacks in, 315 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan attacks in, 298-99 massacre (2005) in, 4,294-96,309, 324,326, 340,391-92,402-4,430,489 namaz prayer rituals and, 112-13 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 81, 84-85,86-88 transcommunal networks in, 264,313 underground hurjas during Soviet era in, 99-100 uprising (1898) in, 64-65,249-50 Andropov, Yuri, 96-97,122-23,173 Arab Spring (2011), 24-25,40,190-91,203-4, 394,443 Arafat, Yassir, 236 Asad, Talal, 29, 33,108-9 Asimov, Anushervon, 472 Askarov, Azimjon, 387,408 Aslonov, Kadriddin, 167-68 al-Assad, Bashar Aleppo siege (2016) and, 454-55 Arab Spring and, 443 Central Asians in jihad against regime of, 441-42,494 death toll in Syrian civil war and, 451 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 407,411 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 450-51 Katibat al-Tawhid wal Jihad and, 455-56 associational space Bolshevik Revolution era in Central Asia and, 58-62 Brezhnev era and, 41,141 Gorbachev era and, 41,97,132-33 Islamism’s fate in Central Asia and, 9-10,34, 35/, 40-41,137-38,142 Khrushchev era and, 91-92,103,141 in Kyrgyzstan, 357-59, 373,381,390,398, 452,491 secular authoritarian states and, 40-41 Soviet Unions collapse and, 141-42 Stalin’s eradication of, 41,74,76-77,103 in Tajikistan, 41,182-83,184,213,452 in Uzbekistan, 244-45,265-67 Astrakhan (Russia), 72-73 Atambayev, Almazbek, 387-89,404, 408,430-31 Ata Meken (Reform Party; Kyrgyzstan), 379 Ataturk Airport attack (Istanbul, 2016), 483-84 531 atheism Communist Party membership and, 119-20, 121,124-26 Komsomol and,
81 -82,111,119,120,124,125 military service and, 120 Pioneers and, 119-20 professional advancement and, 12022,124-26 school instruction and, 118-19,120 university education and, 120 Atovalixon To’ra Mosque (Namangan, Uzbekistan), 255 Azerbaijan, 37-38,446-48,4471 Azimov, Abror, 455-56 Azzam, Abdullah, 38-40,279,282-83 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 318,319-20,470,47374,485,487 Bahouddin Naqshbandi shrine, 266-67 Bakir-Uluu, Tursunbai, 406,424,426 Bakiyev, Kurmanbek Aksy crisis (2002) and, 398 antiterrorism policies of, 382-83,453,492 corruption and, 382,417-18,423,430-31 Islam and Islamist organizations suppressed under, 7-9,381-85,390,393,397,404, 408-9,410,423,436,492 ouster (2010) of, 386 protests against, 417-18 secularism and, 421 Baici, Bayram, 462n.67 al-Banna, Hassan, 11-12, 39-40,148 Bannu Prison attack (Pakistan, 2012), 302-3 Barnoyev, Abdulahat, 255,261 Bashir, Qari Ayyub, 304,313-14 Bashkiriya (Russia), 72-73 Basmachi movement in Afghanistan, 67,71 Bolshevik Party suppression of, 67,369-70 Ferghana Valley and, 65-67,68-69,246 Red Terror era repression of Islam and, 71,86 regional strongholds of, 65-67,68-69 shariat law and, 66-67 Soviet government’s suppression of, 69, 70,73-74 Soviet suppression of Islamic life as motivating factor in, 66-68,74,83-84 in Tajik SSR, 70-71,83-84,138-39 ulama and, 66-67,68-69 Batken (Kyrgyzstan) Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami in, 400 Islamism and, 429 mosques in, 356
532 INDEX Battle of Badr, 407 Beria, Lavrenti, 71-72 Biden, Joe, 502 Bin Laden, Osama in Afghanistan, 279 Central Asian public opinion regarding, 226, 230-31,233,235,327,418-19,426 on jihad in Central Asia, 176-77,284 Birlik and Erk, 261,267,310-11 Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan attacks in, 298-99 Islamism in, 423-24,426-29 mosques built during post-Soviet period in, 355-56,364-65,370/ Bleuer, Christian, 163,170-71 Bobonazarova, Oynihol, 194-95 Boboxon ibn Abdulmajidxon, Eshon, 89-90 Boboxonov, Ziyovuddinxon ibn Eshon, 246-47 Boboyorov, Hafiz, 473 Bobrovnikov, Vladimir, 96 Bolshevik Party (Soviet Union). See also Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) antireligious policies and suppression of Islam by, 5-6,59-61,74 atheist propaganda and indoctrination of, 81-82 Central Asia Bureau of, 70 nationalities policies and, 57-58 New Economic Policy and, 56,60-61 seizure of religious properties by, 60 “war communism” (1918-21) and, 56 ’ Bolshevik Revolution era (1917-26) associational space in Central Asia during, 58-62 atheist and antireligious goals of, 5-6,49, 50-51,74 Muslim activism during the era (1917-26) of, 49-50,58-68 Red Army conquests in Central Asia and, 55-56 Bosnia War (1990s), 441-42,452 Bourdieu, Pierre, 31-32 Brezhnev, Leonid antireligious policies and suppression of Islam under, 76-77,95-96,98,102-3, 122,138,140-41 associational space under, 41,141,360 Buhoriy, Shaykh Abdulloh, 451-52,497-98 Bukhara (Uzbekistan). See also Bukharan Emirate Arab conquest (709 CE) of, 50-51 Basmachi movement in, 65-67,69-70 Bolshevik Party’s process of
consolidating control in, 73-74 Bolshevik Revolution era and suppression of Islamic life in, 50,61,69-71 Gorbachev era and suppression of Islam in, 151-52 Islamic civilization before twentieth century in, 50-52 Khrushchev’s suppression of Islam in, 92-93 People’s Soviet Republic of Bukhara and, 57-58,61 Red Terror era and repression of Islam in, 80-81,139 Silk Road and, 5-6 Soviet conquest (1920) of, 55-56,65-66 ulama’s influence in, 58,61-62 Bukharan Communist Party, 61 Bukharan Emirate as Russian imperial protectorate, 54-55 shariat law and, 54 Soviet conquest and incorporation (1920s) of, 57-58,61 Sufism in, 204-5 ulama’s influence in, 37 al-Burmi, Abu Zar, 300-1 Bush, George W., 311-12 al-Buxoriy, Abu Ismoil, 50-51,266-67,308 Buzruhonov, Umarkhon, 267 Caucasus Emirate, 196 Chatayev, Ahmed, 483-84 Chechnya. See also Chechnya War (1994-2009) All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 159 Bolshevik Revolution era suppression of Islam in, 69 ISIS recruits from, 476-77,483-84,485-86 Islamist mobilization in, 41,505-6 jihadi wives in Syria from, 470-71 Khrushchev’s suppression of Islam in, 93 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 77-78,83 Russian antiterrorism policies and, 184-85 Russian suppression of Islam in, 37-38,41 World War II era deportations from, 94,505-6 Chechnya War (1994-2009) death toll in, 177-78,505-6 foreign fighters in, 441-42,452 jihad and, 230,233,235,236,312,335,34345,351 number of combatants in, 203 public opinion in Central Asia about, 435 suicide bombings in, 226,230-31,34345,435
INDEX China atheist and antireligious policies in, 36 Cultural Revolution in, 36 secular authoritarian regime in, 33 Shanghai Cooperation Agreement with Central Asian intelligence services and, 292-93,382-83 Uyghurs suppressed by government of, 36, 499,506 Chokaev, Mustafa, 64-65 Christians Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 404-5, 411,431-32 ISIS and, 470,476-77 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 312 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 372, 404-5,413,416,418,419,421,424,42627,428,429,431-32,436 as missionaries in Central Asia, 228,231,336, 405,416,418,419,424,426-27,436 Tajik public opinion regarding, 220,224,228, 230,231,236-37 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 332-33, 336,338,341-42,352 circumcision rites, 81,92-93,111,124, 127,231 civil Islam, 7-9, 15-16,21,356,373,379,380, 390,411,491,492 Committee for State Security (KGB, Soviet Union) arrest of Soviet Muslim citizens by, 112-13, 156-57,218,369-70 infiltration of Islamic organizations by, 139-40 Islamic organizations and rituals surveilled by, 92,122-23,146-48,153,156-57 Communist Party of Tajikistan (PCT), 167-68 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). See also Bolshevik Party (Soviet Union) atheism as criterion for membership in, 11920,121,124-26 atheist and antireligious propaganda of, 93-94 professional advancement and, 121-22 surveillance of members of, 329 conversion from Islam to other religions Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 404, 416,418,426-27,436 Salafi views of, 251-52 Tajik public opinion regarding, 227,236-37 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 332-35, 336,341-42,344 533 corruption Kyrgyzstani public
opinion regarding, 404-5, 413,414,415,416-18,419-20,421-22, 423-24,425,427,430-31,436-37 nepotism and, 225,227,339,341-42,415 shariat law and, 237,335,343,344,346,37778,414,417,421,424 Tajik public opinion regarding, 219,221-22, 225,227,230,232,234, 235,237-38 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 333,335, 339, 341-42,343,344,351-52 Council of Ulama (Tajikistan), 184-85, 189 Council on Religious Affairs (CRA), 184-85 Crimea, 56-57,72-73,94 Dagestan All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 159 Bolshevik Revolution era suppression of Islam in, 69 ISIS recruits from, 476-77,483-84,485-86 Islamist mobilization in, 41,505-6 jihadi wives in Syria from, 470-71 Putins antiterrorism policies and, 505-6 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 7778,83 Russian suppression of Islam in, 37-38,41 Damulla, Shami, 246-47 da'wat (call to Islam) Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 397,4056,430-31 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 145,188-89 in Kyrgyzstan, 364-65,368,371,377-78 Uzbekistan’s state ban on, 274 Declaration of the Rights of Nations and Russia (1917), 55-56 Demirtaş, İrfan, 313-14 democracy. See also Muslim democracy Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 355, 378-79,410,413,414,416,418,419, 422,423,424,428-29,433 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 328,335, 338, 339,343,345-46 Democratic Party of Tajikistan (DPT), 167-69 Deobandism anticolonialism and, 54 puritanism and, 12 Taliban and, 20-21,177,278-79,282-83,320 "the young mullahs” and, 146 De-Stalinization campaigns (1950s), 91-92 DeWeese, Devin, 29,51,106,108-9 Dinov, Salah Kadhim, 403-4 Diyanet Foundation, 369
534 INDEX Domla Abdurashid, 101 Domullo Hikmatullo, 94-95,101 Dostum, Abdul Rashid, 297 Dudoignon, Stéphane, 94-95 Dukchi Ishan (Dukchi Eshon), 64-65,249-50 Dushanbe (Tajikistan) Basmachi movement’s seizure (1922) of, 67 hurjas during Soviet era in, 99-100,141 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan attacks in, 298-99 mosque registration data from Soviet era in, 97-98 protests against Soviet regime (1990) in, 167 protests against Tajik regime (1991-1992) in, 168-71 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 139 Tajikistan Civil War and, 171-72,175 East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), 504,506 Edgar, Adrienne, 73 Egypt, 33,34-36,190-91,203-4,447t Egyptian Islamic Jihad, 443-44 Eickelman, Dale, 14-15 Eid-al-Adha celebrations, 127-28, 220,223, 393,404 Eid-al-Fitr celebrations in Kyrgyzstan, 366, 383-84,393,404 national identity and, 127-28 protests against Tajik regime ( 1992) and, 170 Soviet-era bans on, 122 Soviet-era engagement in, 130-31, 223,226-27 EkoIslamikBank, 367 Eloqi, Abdurahim, 101-2 Engels, Friedrich, 59 Ennahda Party, 14,34-36,40,190-91,203-4 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 190-91, 369 Eshonism (sacred authority of Sufi masters), 77-78 Eshonzoda, Nematullah, 143 Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA, Pakistan), 298-99 Ferghana Valley Andijon uprising (1898) and, 64-65 Basmachi movement and, 65-67,68-69,246 Bolshevik Party’s process of consolidating control in, 73-74 Bolshevik Revolution era and suppression of Islamic life in, 50,60-61,68,70-71, 72-73,75 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami in, 244,400,4012,404-5 hujras during Soviet era, 99-101,247-48, 255,261,275,491 mosque construction
in, 356 mosque registration data from Soviet era in, 98 Muslim activism during the Bolshevik Revolution era (1917-26) in, 64-65 persistence of Islam during Soviet era in, 111, 122-23,130-31 Red Terror era and repression of Islam in, 80-81,83-88 Russian imperial control (1876-1917) over, 54-55,64-65 Salafism and, 248 transcommunal networks in, 313,400 Uzbekistani state suppression of Islam in, 23,273 “war communism” and refugee exodus (1914-22) from, 56 Fitrat, Abdurauf, 56-57 foreign fighters, See Abdullah, Azzam; Afghanistan; Chechnya; Syria Frankfurt International Airport attack plot (2007), 315-16 Frontbek kyzy, Jamal, 373-74, 377-78 Gadoev, Sayidibrohim All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 159-60 education of, 102 hujras in Soviet Union and, 144 Iranian Revolution and, 155 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 145, 159,163, 165 Nuri visited in prison by, 157 on Red Terror period of Soviet history, 139-40 Soviet-Afghan War and, 154-55 on Sufism’s persistence during Soviet era, 102 Tajikistan Civil War and, 174,180-81 Gasprinskiy, Ismail Bey, 56-57 Germany, 310-11,315-16,317-18,343,484 Ghafurov, Bobojon, 150-51 Ghani, Ashraf, 501-2 Ghannouchi, Rachid, 190-91 Gharm (Tajikistan) Basmachi movement and, 67 forced migration and migrant networks from, 143,210-12,226-27 hurjas during Soviet era in, 99-101,141 Islamic republic declared (1992-93) in, 173 religious entrepreneurs in, 141
INDEX Stalin era and Khrushchev era deportations from, 94-95 Tajikistan Civil War (1992-97) and, 172 Ghodsee, Kristen, 25-26 glasnost (openness policy to reform the Soviet Union during the Gorbachev era), 97, 166-67,246-47,254,491 Gorbachev, Mikhail associational space under, 41,97,132-33 democratization reforms of, 157-58, 159,166-67 glasnost policy under, 97,166-67 Orthodox Christianity and, 97-98 perestroika pohcy under, 97,113 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan and, 255 suppression of Islam under, 98,102-3,12223,125-26,156-58,166-67 Gorno-Badakhshan (Tajikistan), 71-72 Gbziy, Usmon, 318-19,497-98 Great Terror (Soviet Union, 1937-38), 77,494-95 Gulag (Soviet Union prison camps) Great Terror purges (1937-38) and, 77,494-95 Khrushchev’s reduction of, 141 Red Terror era Muslim prisoners (1927-41) in, 79,81,115-16,138-39 sedentarization and collectivization campaigns and, 73 “The Thaw” (1950s) and release of prisoners from, 91 ulama as prisoners in, 6,81,100-1, US16,138-39 Gillen movement, 369,377-78 Gulamov, Kadyr, 295-96 Habibulloh Qori, 361 Hakimjon Qori. See Abdulhakim Qori Marg’iloni (Hakimjon Qori ) Halilov, Zoir, 455 Halimov, Gulmurod in Afghanistan, 479-80 ISIS leadership position of, 472,474,48081,487 Tajik government denounced by, 475,47980,487 Tajik Interior Ministry position of, 472 Hamadov, Sulton, 147 Hamraz, Khalil, 502-3 Hanafi Islam Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century in, 51 535 Kyrgyzstani government support for, 388-89 political quietism and, 5-6 syncretism and, 28-29,43,180,372 as Tajikistan’s
official interpretation, 184-86, 190,213 underground hujras in Soviet Union and, 100-1 Haqqani network, 302-3,316 Hasan, Dadaxon, 245-46 al-Hashimi al-Qurayshi, Abu Ibrahim, 480 Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), 449-50,456-57 Hayit, Mahmadali Basmachi movement and, 139 forced migration during 1950s, 94-95 imprisonment of, 196-97 on the Iranian Revolution, 154 on KGB infiltration of Islamic organizations, 139-40,148 Nuri and, 205 on protests against Tajik regime ( 1992), 170 on Rahmon regime’s suppression of Islam, 186 on Red Terror era in Tajik SSR, 139,186 Soviet-Afghanistan War and, 146-47,154 Tajikistan Civil War and, 174 Tajik national identity and, 150-51,192 on World War II and Soviet attitudes toward Islam, 137 Head WaqfDirectorate (GVU, Soviet Union), 60-61 Hefner, Robert, 15,373 Hegghammer, Thomas, 38-40,486-87 “hidden transcripts” . Communist Party members and, 124 everyday resistance and, 105-6,110,115, 127,141 Islam’s persistence in Soviet Union and, 105-6 Scott (James C.) and, 37,132-33 hijab wearing in Kyrgyzstan, 365-66,372,388-89,413,418, 425,427-28,496 in the Soviet Union, 129-30 in Tajikistan, 185-86,189,216,218-19, 231֊ 32,234,238 in Uzbekistan, 3-4,269,275,333-34,336, 337-38,341-42, 349-50,495 Hikmatulloh Qori, 319 Himmatzoda, Muhammadsharif biographical background of, 144 death of, 207, 208/ Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 144, 160,163,164-65,205,493
536 INDEX Himmatzoda, Muhammadsharif (conf.) Nahzat-i Islami and, 159 protests against Tajik regime (1992) and, 170-71 sacred authority of, 205,209-10,493 secularism rejected by, 193-94 Soviet regime opposed by, 156-57 Tajik regime’s suppression of Islam and, 189 “the young mullahs” and, 144 Hindustoniy, Domla Muhammadjon Gulag imprisonment of, 100-1,148 hujras in Soviet Union and, 100-1,141,143, 145,155-56 political quietism of, 142,148,155-56,24748,249-50,358-59 sacred authority of, 205 Wahhabism criticized by, 248-49 “the young mullahs” and, 142,149 Hisari, Domla Sharif, 155-56 Hitler, Adolf, 88-89 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-lslami (HTI, Islamic Liberation Party) Akayev and, 359 anti-Christian views in, 404-5,411,431-32 anticorruption and, 349,411,430-31,436-37 anti-Semitism of, 12,324,405,409, 411,431-32 caliphate goal of, 7,12,186-87,198-99,226, 270,271-72,324,349, 364,402-3,4056,407,409,411,430-31 clandestine cells in, 397 decline after 2015 of, 444 democracy opposed by, 413 establishment during 1950s of, 180,198,270 former Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan members in, 187-88 ideological adaptation by, 43,402-7 imprisonment in Uzbekistan of members of, 270-71,274-75 Islamic Movement óf Uzbekistan and, 406 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and, 407 jihad and, 406,411 in Kyrgyzstan, 363-64,381, 384-85,391, 397-406,408-9,410,411,413,414,415, 420,422,424,426,427-35,436-37,491 Kyrgyzstani government campaign against, 383-84, 393 membership levels in, 212,398-99 Muslim Brotherhood and, 198 nonviolence and, 23-24,180,186-87,351, 398,405-6,407,409,411,413,43031,432 Palestine and,
198,236,324,402 as religious entrepreneurs, 38-39,18687,198-99 sacred authority and, 212,271-72,381-82, 401-2,409,493 shariat law and, 12,198-99, 350,401-2, 431,434-35 Syrian Civil War and, 407 Tajikistan government’s targeting of, 196,199 Tajik public opinion regarding, 218,221, 222-23,226,230,231,236 terrorism charges against, 296 transcommunal networks and, 271-72,38182,400-1,409,493 . US presence in Middle East and, 406 Uyghur population in China and, 405-6 Uzbekistan as regional base ( 1990-2005) of, 186-87,199,244,270,271,275-76, 324,397 Uzbekistan’s torture ofMuslims as a focus of, 402-4,405-6 Uzbekpublic opinion regarding, 270-72,323, 325,328-29,331-32,334,335,336-37, 338-39,340,341-42,343,348-51 Uzbek state suppression of, 7,272,273-74, 277-78,280 Hoffman, Bruce, 504 Hojiyev, Jumaboy. See Namanganiy, Juma . huãud penalties adultery penalties and, 216-17,230,233, 336-37,427-28 alcohol/drug use penalties and, 233 homosexuality, fornication, prostitution, and, 233 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 417, 424,427-28,436 Tajik public opinion regarding, 225-26,22728, 230,233 theft penalties and, 216-17,225-26,227-28, 329,334,336-37,340,344, 346,347, 417,427-28 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 3-4,329, 330-31,334,336-37, 340, 341,344, 346,347-48 hujras (religious study circles) Brezhnev era and, 140-41,490 expansion after Red Terror era of, 91 Gorbachev era suppression of, 122-23, 138 Khrushchev era and, 93,141 Red Terror era repression of, 81 religious entrepreneurs and, 100-1,103, 142,490-91 Soviet-Afghan War and, 155-56 transcommunal networks and, 32,210
INDEX underground circles in Soviet Union and, 99-101,104-5,117,122-23 hujum (assâult on religion). See Red Terror (Soviet Union, 1927-41) Huntington, Samuel, 24-25 Hussein, Saddam, 235,469,502-3 Ibn Sino, 117-18 Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, 24648,453-54 Ibrohim bek, 66-67 Ibronov, Haji Mirzo, 473-74 Igmen, Ali, 93-94 Ikhwan al-Muslimin. See Muslim Brotherhood Imam Sarakhsi Mosque (Bishkek), 369,370/ Indonesia, 507-8 Inoyatov, Rustam, 295-96,403-4,494-95 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 200,299-302,304,306,316, 319. See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Ioffe, A. A., 68-69 Iqbal, Muhammad, 150-51 Iran Iranian Revolution (1979) and, 6-7,96-97, 147,149-50,153-54,155,228,490 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 177,181 Muslim democracy and, 215,221 radio broadcasts in Central Asia from, 9192,147 secular authoritarian regimes in history of, 37 Tajikistan peace accords (1997), 181 Tajik public opinion regarding life in, 220-21, 222,226,227-28,232-33 Iraq Central Asian fighters in, 21,244,441 -42, 443,444,445-49,447t, 448t, 452-53 Islamic State in Iraq and Syria in, 443,477-78 secular authoritarian regimes in history of, 33 US war (2003-12) in, 26,219,224,230, 31415,335,341,343-44,351,372,378-79, 406,411,418-19,422-23,432,435, 443,469 . Islamic Defenders Front, 507-8 Islamic Institute of Imam al-Bukhari„90 Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) Afghanistan operations of, 316 al-Qaeda and, 315-16 caliphate goal of, 324 decline after 2015 of, 444 fatwas circulated by, 317 Germany terrorism plots (2007) of, 315-16 537 Karimov’s suppression of,
20-21 martyrdom and, 314-15,317 militant jihad and, 314-15,317 al-Nusra and, 450-51 recruitment by, 316-18,320 split from Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan by, 314 suicide bombings and, 314-15 The Taliban and, 316, 320 terrorist attacks in Uzbekistan by, 314-15 transcommunal networks and, 493 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 351,352 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) Adolat and, 244,277-78,285,305-6,313 in Afghanistan, 7,275-76,277-78,285,28991,300-2,303-4 al-Qaeda and, 7,40,277-78,285,292,297301, 309,312,314,318-19, 321,324, 449-50,504 caliphate goal of, 287,291,310,324 decline after 2015 of, 444 establishment of, 180 factionalism in, 304-5 former Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan members in, 187-88 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 406 hudud penalties and, 216-17 ideological adaptation and, 10,43, 278,309-13 Islamic Jihad Union’s split from, 314 Islamic State-Khorasan and, 306,31820,501-2 Jamoati Ansorulloh and, 202 Karimov regime overthrow as goal of, 244, 286-88,299,312 Karimov’s suppression of, 20-21 kidnappings by, 303 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 410, 413,436-37 Kyrgyzstan targets attacked by, 289-90,29899,382-83 martyrdom and, 290,299-300,310, 324 membership levels in, 212,305-6,493-94 militant jihad and, 13,23-24,180,186-87, 199,212,216-17,277-78,285-87,290, 297,311-13,321,324,436-37 al-Nusra and, 450-51 online presence of, 303/, 308-9,311-13 in Pakistan, 277-78,297-303,306,313 recruitment stories and, 291-92 religious entrepreneurship and, 38-39 sacred authority and, 278,307-9,320 Salafism and, 45-46,324
538 INDEX Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) (cont.) Seyfuddin Uzbek Jamaat and, 449-50 shariat law and, 287,290-91 suicide bombings and, 301-2 Tajikistan targets struck by, 298-99 The Taliban and, 7,278-79,290-91, 292,298-99,302-3, 306,309,312, 314,318-20 transcommunal networks and, 10,213,278, 313-14,320,493 United Tajik Opposition and, 200-1 US and NATO forces targeted by, 277-78, 299-300,301-2,304 US-based terrorist plots by, 304 US war in Afghanistan and, 292,297-98, 299-300,305-6 Uzbek government terrorism charges against, 296 Uzbekistan’s military engagements with, 289-90 Uzbekistan targets struck by, 280-82,289, 290,298-99 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 323,325, 340,341,349-50,351,352 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan (IRPT) Afghan Arabs and, 176-77 All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 160 anticommunism and, 161 anticorruption emphasis of, 237-38 banning (2015) of, 20,196-97,211-12,21314,451 decision to not compete in presidential elections during 2000s by, 182-83 decline after 2015 of, 444 election (1991) and, 168 election (2015) and, 195-96,203-4 exile in Afghanistan (1992) of members of, 172,491 founding congress (1991) of, 160-61,167-68 Gorbachev era reforms and, 141-42 growth during 2000s of, 194-95 ideological adaptation by, 10,14,43,179-80, 189-94,215-16,237,239,492,493 Islamic education rights and, 162,171,237 Jihad and, 173-75,186 legalization (1999) of, 20,179-80,181 membership levels in, 203 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 172-73 Muslim democracy and, 161,164,191,19293,213-14,216,237 Nahzat-i Islami and, 7,158-60 nonviolence
affirmed by, 216 online presence of, 194,195-96,2089,211-12 polygyny and, 193-94 property rights and, 161-62 protests against Soviet regime (1990) and, 167,206 protests against Tajik regime (1991-92) and, 168-71,203-4 regional offices opened (2006) by, 188-89 sacred authority and, 180,204-10,214, 215,493 Saudi Arabia and, 166-67,206 second wave of Islamist mobilization during 2000s and, 187-98 shariat law and, 162-63,164-65,171,189, 192,193-94,216,492 Soviet Communist regime opposed by, 7, 137,167 Soviet government suppression of, 156-57 splits following Tajikistan Civil War in, 187-88 Tajik government suppression of, 185-86, 195-98,202 Tajikistan Civil War (1992-97) and, 7,17172,173-75,176-77,187,192,219,226, 259,278-79 Tajik national identity and, 150-51,191-92, 216,237 Tajik public opinion regarding, 219,221, 222-24,226,228,229,232,237-39 transcommunal networks and, 45,180,21012,214,215,493 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 344 womens education and, 188-89 Islamic Revival Party of Uzbekistan (IRPU) Adolat and, 259-60 All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 259-60 decline after 1992 of, 324,343 membership levels of, 262 Mufti Muhammad Sodiq Muhammad Yusuf’s opposition to, 260-61 protests (1991) organized by, 260-61,262 shariat law and, 260-61 Tavba militia and, 8t, 18t, 254,260-61 Uzbek government suppression of, 261,267 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 262,265, 331-32,343,344 Islamic State. See Islamic State-Khorasan Province (ISIS-K); Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) Islamic State-Khorasan Province (ISIS-K) in Afghanistan, 449,452-53,478-80,5014,505
INDEX caliphate goal of, 324 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 306, 318-20,501-2 Kyrgyzstan and, 482-83 membership levels in, 501 -3 in Pakistan, 478 suicide bombings by, 285,395 Tajikistan and, 480-81 Taliban and, 319,501-3 Uzbekistan and, 319,483,502-3 Voice ofKhorasan and, 502 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) caliphate goal of, 324,451-52 Central Asian fighters in, 4-5,7,21,201-2, 345,441-42,444-46,449-51,470-73, 477-78,491,494,508 Christians killed by, 470,476-77 fall of caliphate (2017) of, 441-42,456,47778,500,501-2 Halimov, Gulmurod and, 472,474,48081,487 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 407 hudud penalties and, 216-17 ideological adaptation and, 10,43,47477,494 in Iraq, 443,477-78 jews killed by, 470,476-77 martyrdom and, 475-76,494 militant jihad and, 13,23-24,216-17 Mosul conquered (2014) by, 443 sacred authority and, 473-74,493 Salafism and, 21 Syrian Civil War and, 443,470,475,477-78 Tajikistan attacks (2018) by, 441,480-81 territory under caliphate of, 443,470 transcommunal networks and online networks utilized by, 10,471-77, 487,493 US-led military campaign against, 448-49 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 352 Western targets of attacks by, 483-88 Islamism anticolonialism and, 26 the caliphate and,11-12 Central Asia’s first wave (1975-95) of, 4-5, 6-7,8t, 76-77,137 Central Asia’s second wave (1995-2005) of, 6-7,8t Central Asia’s third wave (2010-22) of, 6-7, 8t, 443-49,486 constructivist approach to, 29-31,33 defining elements of, 11-12 economic-oriented explanations of, 25-26 539 emergence and mobilization processes in, 34-36,35/ explanations for non-
emergence of, 42 ideology and, 6-7,9-11 Iranian Revolution and, 153-54 jihad and, 39-40 levels of mobilization in, 42-46 modernization theory and, 25-26 Muslim Brotherhood and, 11-12,164 Orientalist perspectives on, 24-25 political Islam and, 4-5,6,10-14 Qutb (Sayyid) and, 39-40,148-50,282-83 shariathw and, 14 social movement perspective on, 31,33 state repression of Islam as a factor motivating, 36-38,42,45-46,490 Islom Lashkarlari (Armies of Islam), 7,8t, 25455,256-59,273-74 Israel. See also Palestine conspiracy theories regarding Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 401 establishment (1948) of, 198,310-11 jihad and, 230 Kyrgyzstani public opinion and, 372 Tajik public opinion regarding, 236 United States and, 26,372 Jadidism Basmachi movement and, 66 Bolshevik Revolution and, 58-59,61-62,68 emergence during 1920s of, 56-57 Kokand Autonomy and, 64-65 modernity-oriented reform as goal in, 5658,61-62 Red Terror era and purges of, 79 as religious entrepreneurs, 61-62 Turkic identity and, 56-57 ulama’s powers restricted under, 57-58 in Uzbekistan, 266-67 in Uzbek SSR, 57-58,73-74 Jalalabat (Kyrgyzstan) Aksy crisis (2002) in, 398 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami in, 381,398,400 Islamism and, 415-16 mosques in, 356 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 83-84 repression of Islam after 2005 in, 385 Uzbekpopulationin, 131 Jalilov, Akbarjon, 455-56 Jalilov, Chubakajy, 375-77,388,411,412,461 Jamaat-i Islami, 24,39-40,490
540 INDEX Jamoati Ansorulloh (JA, Tajikistan) al-Qaeda and, 504 former IRPT members in, 187-88 hudud penalties and, 216-17 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 202 Islamic State-Khorasan and, 478-79, 501-2 Islamism and, 213 leadership of, 201-2 membership levels in, 212 militant jihad and, 180,186-87,199, 212,216-17 online presence of, 202,213 sacred authority and, 213 schisms in, 202 suicide bombings and, 201-2 transcommunal networks and, 213 janaza (funeral rights) Khrushchev’s suppression of, 92-93 Red Terror era repression of, 81,91 Soviet era engagement in, 104-5,109-10, 111,119-20,122,124,125-26 in Tajikistan, 375-76 Japarov, Sadyr, 498-99 Jasliq Prison (Uzbekistan), 274-75,317,494-95 Jeenbekov, Sooronbay, 408 Jews Bolshevik Revolution era restrictions against, 70-71 closings of clubs in the Ferghana Valley, 87-88 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 12,324,405, 409,411,431-32 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, 470,476-77 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 372, 413,416,418,419,421,424,425,42627,428,429,431-32,435 militant Islamists’ denunciations of, 216-17, 312,323-24 Salafist views of, 251-52,253 Tajik public opinion regarding, 220,225,227, 229-31,236-37 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 332-35, 336,338,341-42,344,352 jihad Chechen War and, 230,233,235,236,312, 335,343-45,351,378-79,406 fatwa and, 233 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 17375,186 kafir orkuffarand, 414-15 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 37879,410,414-16,418-19,420,422-23, 424,426,428,432,435,436-37 Palestine and, 224,230,233,235,236,31415,343-45,351,422-23,432,435 Salafism and, 13,40,444 Soviet-
Afghan War ( 1979-89) and, 13, 2021,155-56 suicide bombing and, 13,224,344-45 Syrian Civil War and, 411 Tajikistan Civil War and, 173-76 Tajik public opinion regarding, 219,221, 222-23,224,226,228-29,230-31,233, 235-36,239 US War in Afghanistan (2001-21) and, 221, 224,230,235,236,314-15, 341,351, 406,411,418-19,422-23,432 US-Iraq War (2003-12) and, 219,221,224, 230,314-15,335,341,343-45,351, 378-79,406,411,418-19,422-23,432 , Uyghurs and, 233 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 327,32829, 334,335,336-37,338-39,340-41, 343-45,350-51,352 Jinnah airport attack (Pakistan, 2014), 302-3 Jo’raboyev, Abdurasul Hasan, 484-85 Jordan, 447í, 448 Junud al-Sham, 454-55 Justice and Development Party (AKP, Turkey), 40,190-91,422 Kabiri, Muhiddin biographical background of, 208-9 democracy approval and, 179,191 government charges against, 196-98 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami condemned by, 212,401 ideological adaptation by, 40 IRPT leadership of, 207-10 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 201 on Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and Islamism, 192-94 on Khrushchev era forced migrations from Tajik SSR, 94-95 Muslim form of democracy and, 179,191 online presence of, 208-9 photos of, 208/, 209/ on protests in Tajikistan (1991), 168-69 sacred authority of, 207-10 on Tajik fighters in Syrian Civil War, 444-45 on Tajik government’s cooptation of Islam, 190 on Tajik government’s repression of Islam, 189,500 Tajikistan Civil War and, 192 transcommunal networks and, 211-12,493 on underground Islamic literature in the Soviet Union, 149-50 on women’s education, 188-89 on the young mullahs’ theological
influences, 149
INDEX Kabul Airport terrorist attack (2021), 502 Kalinovsky, Artemy, 96-97 Kalonzoda, Haji, 234 Kalyvas, Stathis, 36. Kamolov, Muhammad Rafiq, 393,404 Kamoluddin, Muhammad Rafiq. See Rafiq Qori Kamp, Marianne, 27-28,84-85 Karagiannis, Emmanuel, 398-99 Kara-Suu (Kyrgyzstan) Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami in, 391-92,400 Islamism and, 419-23 mosques in, 356 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 83-84 Uzbek population in, 357 Karimov, Islom Adolat confrontation and, 257-59,262 Andijon massacre (2005) and, 295, 340,402-3 anti-Uzbek violence in Kyrgyzstan (2010) and, 386-87 death of, 272,494-95 efforts to coopt Islam by, 266-67 election (1992) and, 259 Gorbachev era restrictions on Islam and, 98 marriage of, 251-52 Namangan visit (1991) and protests against, 257-59,295-96 post-Soviet repression of Islam and, 7,20-21, 23,41,46,172,244-45, 259,261-62, 265-66,267-69,270-71,275-76,27778,279-81,285,320,322-23,324,326, 391-92,402-4,411,415 Salafist critics of, 253-54 secularism and, 4,243-44,253-54, 345,351-52 terrorist attack (1999) targeting, 280-82 US strategic partnership (2002) with, 298 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 3-4,326, 327-28,331-32 Karshi-Khanabad Air Base (K2, Uzbekistan), 298,312 Kasimov, Dilhayot, 484-85 Katibat Imam al-Bukhari (KIB) (also known as Imam Buxoriy Katibasi) in Afghanistan, 504 caliphate, goal of, 324 Central Asian recruits of, 442 origins of, 8t Syrian Civil War and, 442,449-50,504 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 352 Katibat al-Tawhid wal Jihad (KTJ; formerly known as Jannat Oshiklari). See also Abu Saloh al-Qaeda and, 436-37,442,453,454-55, 456,462 541
caliphate, goal of, 324,487 Central Asian recruits of, 436-37, 442,454-55 ideological rhetoric of, 43,462-69,494 jihad and, 23-24,324,463-65,469 Kyrgyzstan attacks by, 455 origins of, 453-55 sacred authority and, 442,460-62, 487 Salafism and, 45-46 social media presence of, 459-60,459/ Syrian Civil War and, 436-37,442,449-50, 453,454-55,454/, 457,466-67,469, 487,491,499,504 transcommunal networks and, 458-69, 487,493 Uyghur fighters in, 454-55 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 352 Kazakh SSR. See also Kazakhstan moderate level of religious repression in, 37-38,77-78 mosque registration data from, 98ŕ Red Terror era suppression of Islam in, 88 sedentarization campaign in, 73 Soviet consolidation of control during 1920s in, 72-73 territorial delimitation (1936) of, 57-58 Kazakhstan fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 441-42,444-48, 447f, 450-51,477-78 Islamic civilization before twentieth century in, 51,53 . Sufism and, 52 Keller, Shoshana, 27-28,60-61,81 Kenjaev, Safarali, 171 Kenney, Michael, 38-39 Kepei, Gilles, 25-26 Khalid, Adeeb, 27-28,57-58,74,106 al-Khattab, Ibn, 176-77,281,283-84,505-6 Khivan Khanate, 51,54-55,66 Khoja Ahmad Yassaviy shrine (Uzbekistan), 72-73,339 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 26,155,209-10,232 Khrushchev, Nikita antireligious policies and repression of Islam under, 76-77,92-93,98,102-3, 111, 117,140-41 associational space under, 91-92,103,141 De-Stalinization campaigns and, 91-92 forced migration of Tajiks and Uzbeks under, 94-95,138 Gulag reforms under, 141 Sufism repressed by, 92-93 “The Thaw” under, 76-77,91-92,95-96,
103,140-41
542 INDEX Khudonazar, Davlat, 168 Khujand (Tajikistan), 85-86,201-2,237,481 Kokand (Uzbekistan) Bolshevik Party’s process of consolidating control in, 73-74 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century in, 51-52,54-55 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, SO81,84-85 underground hurjas during Soviet era, 99-100 “young mullahs” during late Soviet period in,255 Kokand Autonomy (KA), 8f, 61-62,6465,66,74 Kokand Khanate Russian Empires conquest (1876) of, 54-55 Soviet conquest (1918) of, 55-56,65-66 ulamas influence in, 37,62 Komsomol (Communist youth organization) atheism and, 81-82, 111, 119,120,124,125 marriage rituals and, 111-12 Muslim religious practices among members of, 86-87 Muslims removed from, 104,120,125-26 professional advancement and, 121-22 Koni-zar (Uzbekistan), 313 Koshifi, Husayn Voizi, 223 kuffar (nonbelievers, infidels), 230,267-69, 291-92,310,392,425 Kulmirzaev, Kadyrali Raimzhanavich, 404 Kunduz (Afghanistan), 301-2, 304, 316,479-80 Kylym Shamy, 376-77 Kyrgyz SSR (Soviet sociahst republic). See also Kyrgyzstan atheist propaganda in, 93-94 Gorbachev era restrictions on Islam in, 12324,125-26 hujras in, 360 mosque registration data from, 97-98,98t Muslim identity in, 130-33 nationalities policy and national identity in, 127,130-32 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 77-78, 86,87-88 religious freedoms in, 357 Soviet consolidation of control during 1920s in, 72-73 .Sufism and, 114 territorial delimitation (1936) of, 57-58 Uzbekpopulationin, 130-32 womens rights in, 93-94 Kyrgyzs.tan. See also Kyrgyz SSR (Soviet socialist republic) anti-
LGBT sentiments in, 496 anti-Uzbekviolence (2010) in, 386-87,408-9 associational space in, 357-59,373,381,390, 398,452,491 civil Islam in, 7-9,15-16,21,356,373,379, 380, 390,411,491,492 elections (2021) in, 498-99 fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 441-42,444-51, 447í, 470,472-73,477-78 hajj participants from, 366,387 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami in, 363-64,381, 384-85,391,397-406,408-9,410,411, ՜ 413,414,415,420,422,424,426,42735,436-37,491 Islam and Islamist organizations repressed after 2005 in, 7-9,381-85,388-90,393, 397,404,408-9,410,423,436,492 Islamic civilization before twentieth century in,51,53 Islamic missionaries in, 364-65,410,415, 419,426,436 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan attacks (1999-2000) in, 289-90,298-99,382-83 Islamic revival after 1990 in, 364-68, 380 Islamic State-Khorasan Province and, 482-83 Muslim politics in, 15,21,356,373,375-78, 381,411,414,416,423,491-92 North Atlantic Treaty Organization and, 289-90 religion law (2008) in, 385,394,404 religion law (2012) in, 389-90 religious entrepreneurs in, 360-64,38182, 390 religious freedom in, 42,123-24, 355-56, 357-59,363,373,379-80,381,386-87, 412,415-16,418,431-32,436,491, 496,498-99 revolution (2010) in, 386-87 Salafism in, 372, 383,413-14,419,420֊ 21,424-26 Shanghai Cooperation Agreement and, 382-83 State Commission on Religious Affairs in, 368,388-90 State Committee on National Security in, 359,382,383-85,388-90,393,398, 455,482 Sufism and, 52,361 three waves of Islamism (1975-2022) in, 8t, 16-17
INDEX Tulip Revolution (2005) in, 382 urf-adat in, 128,415,419,436 Uyghur population in, 389-90 Uzbek population in, 358,362,364-65, 381-82,383-84,386-87,389-90, 391-96,397,400,401-2,403-5,408-9, 491-92,499 women’s rights in, 367,372,413,418,42425,428-29 Kyrgyzstan Islamic University, 372 Lal’i Badakhshon, 167-68 Law on Countering Extremist Activity (Kyrgyzstan, 2005), 383 Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations (Uzbekistan, 2021), 496 Lemon, Edward, 184-85 Lenin, Vladimir antireligious policies and repression of Islam under, 5,27-28,59 on “emancipation of the Peoples of the East,” 55-56,59-60 Leninism and, 25-26,74,76,87-88,132 on Russian imperialism in Central Asia, 49 state-sponsored atheism and, 119,120,12425,335-36,369-70 “war communism” (1918-21) and, 56 LGBTQ rights, 376-77 Libya, 447t lifecycle rituals, 61,91,108-9,111-12,128,394. See also specific rituals al-Logari, Abdul Rahman, 502 Lyons, Deborah, 502-3 mahalla (neighborhood) leaders, 106-7, 217, 235,348 Mahkamov, Qahhor, 156-58,167-68 Mahmood, Saba, 30,33, 128 mainstream Islamism, 14 Malikov, Kadyr, 375-76,389,461,482 Malkawi, Mohamad, 270 Mamajonov, Bahodir, 313 Mansoor, Abbas, 301-2 Mansur, Alauddin, 113,357,358-59 Maqsum, Fazei, 67 Marg’ilon (Uzbekistan) mosque registration data from Soviet era in, 97-98 persistence of Islam during Soviet era in, 130-31 Red Terror repression of Islam in, 80-81 underground hurjas during Soviet era, 99-100 543 Uzbek state suppression of Islam in, 273 Marva TV, 367 Marx, Karl, 49,59,253-54,269, 369 Marxism, 25-26, 74,76,119,132 Massell, Gregory, 27-28 Massoud,
Ahmed Shah, 154-55,175-76,177, 278, 305-6 Mawdudi, Sayyid Abu al- Ala, 11-12, 39-40,90, 144,148-49,247-48,360 mazars (shrines), 53,80-81, 92-93,11314,146-47 McBrien, Julie, 367 McChesney, Robert, 53 McChrystal, Stanley, 478 McGlinchey, Eric, 367 Meddock, Cameron, 478 Mehl, Damon, 302-3,478-80 Mehsud, Baitullah, 299-300 Mir i’Arab madrasa, 90 Mirziyoyev, Shavkat, 494-95,496-97 Mirzo, Rajab, 99-100,154,156-57,164,174 Morocco, 475-76 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan (MIRT) Akbar Turajonzoda and, 172-73 dissolution during 2000s of, 187 Iranand, 177,181 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 172-73 jihad and, 174 Pakistan and, 177 Tajik members in exile and, 172-73 Tajik government’s repression of, 173 Tajik Islamists in Afghanistan and, 175-76 Tajikistan Civil War and, 174,175-76,177 Taliban and, 177,180-81 United Tajik Opposition and, 172-73 Muhammad (The Prophet) black battle flag of,.308 European caricatures of, 328,336,425 Hudaybiyyah, battle of and, 308 martyrdom of, 463-65 Uhud, battle of, 310 Muhammadjon Qori, 143 Muhammad Qori, 391-92 Muhammad Sodiq Muhammad Yusuf education of, 90 exile (1993) of, 267 government surveillance of, 277 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami condemned by, 401 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 307 Islamist organizations opposed by, 261,265
544 INDEX Muhammad Sodiq Muhammad Yusuf (cont.) mosque openings in Uzbek SSR during 1980s and, 245 role as mufti of SADUM on underground hurjas in Soviet Union, 99-100 al-Muhojir, Abdurahmon, 479 Mujaddidiya (the Renewers), 248-51,265,293, 361,363 Muslim Board of Uzbekistan (OMI), 26667, 274 Muslim Brotherhood anticorruption emphasis of, 43 cultivation of Muslim identity in Egyptian society and, 34-36 Egyptian election (2005) and, 203-4 Egyptian election (2009) and, 190-91 founding of, 39-40,49-50 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 198 ideological adaptation and, 43 international expansion during mid twentieth century of, 90 Islamismand, 11-12,164 Tajikistan government’s targeting of, 196 the young mullahs and, 149 Muslim Congress of 1926,77-78 Muslim democracy. anticorruption and, 340 Iranand, 215,221 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 37879,384,405,410,414,417,418,422, 424,425-26,427 limited set of religious claims on the state and,492-93 shariat and, 418 Tajik public opinion regarding, 219,224,227, 232-33,235-37,238-39 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 330,340, 343,344,346-47 Muslim politics in Central Asia under Soviet rule, 49-50 defining elements of, 14-15 in Kyrgyzstan, 15,21,356,373,375-78,381, 411,414,416,423,491-92 ulama's role in society and, 49-50 Muslim Spiritual Directorates, 82-83 Musulmonchilik (Muslimness) Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 9-10,55 lifecycle rituals and, 111 -12 mazars and, 114 national identity and, 127-28 persistence during Soviet era of, 104-5,132 Mutakallim, 373-74,390,411-12 Muxtorov, Sirojiddin. See Abu
Saloh Myrzakmatov, Melis, 386-87,408 an-Nabhani, Taqiuddin, 198-99 Nabiev, Rahmon, 156-57,167-68,170-71 Nahdlatul Ulama, 507-8 Nahzat-i Islami (Islamic Revival). See also “the young mullahs” All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 159 imprisonment of members of, 157 Iranian Revolution and, 153-54,155 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 7,158-60 KGB surveillance of, 153,156-57 opposition to Soviet regime and, 148 origins of, 20,137,142-43, 145 protests against Soviet regime (1990) and, 157-58 Soviet-Afghan Warand, 154-55 Soviet repression of Islam and, 156-57 Tajik national identity and, 150-51 theological influences on, 146-47,148 Nahzat-i Javonon (Islamic Youth), 142-43 An-Na'im, Abdullahi Ahmed, 12 Najot (journal), 194 Namangan (Uzbekistan) Bolshevik Party’s process of consolidating control in, 73-74 Bolshevik Revolution era repression of Islam and, 70-71 Karimov visit and protests (1991) in, 25759,295-96 mosque registration data from Soviet era in, 97-98 namaz prayer rituals and, 112 protests against Karimov regime (1992) in, 259 Red Terror era repression of Isiäni and, 86-88 transcommunal networks in, 264,313 underground hurjas during Soviet era, 99-100 Uzbek state repression of Islam in, 273 Namangoniy, Juma (Jumaboy Hojiyev) Adolat leadership of, 256 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 285,304-5 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 413,424 Namagan attacks (1997) and, 272 shariat law and, 285 Tajikistan Civil War and, 259,285 US airstrike (2001) killing, 297
INDEX namaz (ritual prayer) national identity and, 128 Red Terror era repression of, 81,87-88 Soviet era engagement in, 104,108-9, 112-13,118-19,120,122-23,126, 130-31,132,166-67,218,-229,231-32, 322,420-21 Soviet era obstacles to engaging in, 118,119, 121,123-26, 129,335-36,342,36263,427 Thaw era of Soviet history and, 92 Uzbekistan state restrictions on, 274 Naqshbandiya tariqat,. 52-54 National Security Service (MXX, Uzbekistan) corruption in, 339 human rights abuses by, 274-75,291,292-93, 309,325-26 infiltration of Islamist organizations by, 274 mosque membership lists maintained by, 273 reforms in past decade at, 494-95 Shanghai Cooperation Agreement and, 292-93' surveillance of Islamist organizations by, 267-69,291,292-93,329 Uzbek population in Kyrgyzstan and, 391-92 National Territorial Delimitation (Soviet Union, 1936), 57-58 Nazarov, Nusrat, 473-74 Nazarov, Obidxon Qori. See Obidxon Qori Nazarov, Tursun, 293-94 New Economic Policy (NEP, Soviet Union), 56, 60-61,77-78 New York City terrorist attack (2017), 485 nikoh (Islamic marriage rites), 111-12,119-20, 122,127-28,222,330 Niyazov, Saparmurat, 98 Nizomboyev, Muhammadjon, 267 Nookat protests (Kyrgyzstan, 2008), 383-85,398 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Afghanistan War (2001-21) and, 235,297-98, 299-300,317,501 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan’s targeting of soldiers from, 277-78,299-300, 301-2,304 Kyrgyzstan and, 289-90 North Caucasus, 210 Northern Alliance, 285,297-98 Northrop, Douglas, 27-28,83 North Waziristan (Pakistan), 298 Nourzhanov, Kirill, 163,170-71 Nuri, Sayid Abdullohi biographical background
of, 143,147,205 545 death of, 207-10 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 212 hujras in the Soviet Union and, 143,205 ideological adaptation by, 40 imprisonment of, 152,157,178 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 149, 163-64,173-74,490,493 jihad and, 173-75 KGB surveillance of, 153 kidnapping of, 153,178 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 172-73 Nahzat-i Islami and, 142-43,145-46,147, 153,157,159,490 photo of, 182/ Rahmon regime’s restrictions on, 185-86 as religious entrepreneur, 38-39 sacred authority of, 44,205,209-10, 232,493 Soviet-Afghan War and, 155 Soviet regime opposed by, 156-57 Tajikistan Civil War and, 173-75,176-78 Tajikistan peace accords (1997) and, 179, 180-81,219 Tajiknational identity and, 150-51 The Taliban and, 177 Turajonzodaand, 152-53 “the young mullahs” and, 143-44 Nuriddinjon, Eshon, 205-7 Nursi, Said, 296 Nursi movement, 296,369,377-78 Obama, Barack, 443,484-85 Obidxon Qori Karimov regime criticized by, 253-54 life in forced hiding of, 263,269,282, 296 Mujaddidiya and, 248 online presence of, 263 sacred authority of, 262-63 Salafism and, 250-53 Soviet regime criticized by, 252-53 Taliban and, 253 To’xtaboy mosque and, 250-51,269 on Uzbek government restrictions on Muslim religious practices, 269 Octobrists, 120 Odil, Usmon, 300-1 Olimov, Muzaffar, 204-5 Olimova, Saodat, 163,238 Omar, Mullah, 278-79,318-19 Oqilov, Rahmat, 484 oqsoqols (elders), 19,109-10 Ordzhonikidze, G. K„ 69
546 INDEX Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 182-83,191 Orientalism, 24-25,59-60,68,131 Orthodox Christians, 59-60,97-98,166-67 Osh (Kyrgyzstan) anti-Uzbek violence in, 362,386-87,451 forced confessions in, 389-90 hijab wearing in, 365-66 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami in, 381,400 ■ . interethnic pogroms ( 1989-90) in, 254 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan attacks in, 298-99 Islamism and, 413,425-26 mosques in, 356 persistence of Islam during Soviet era in, 130-31 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 8384,87-88 Uzbekpopulationin, 131,389-90 Osh University, 369 Ottoman Empire, 37 Otunbayeva, Roza, 386 O’zbekchilik (“Uzbekness”), 111-12,122,12728,330 Pakistan Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in, 298-99 fighters in müitant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 447t, 470 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 27778,297-303,306,313 Islamic State-Khorasan Province (ISIS-K) in, 478 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 177 shariat law and, 144 suicide bombings in, 300-1 Tajik students in, 183-84 Taliban and, 200,278-79,297-98 Palestine. See also Israel Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 198,236, 324,402 jihad and, 224,230,233,235,236,314-15, 343-45,351,422-23,432,435 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 372, 402,418,422-23,431-32 suicide bombings in, 226,230-31 Tajik public opinion regarding, 224,230,233, 235,236 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 343-45,351 Pamiri autonomous movement, 167-68 Panjakent district (Tajikistan), 85-86 Pannier, Bruce, 289-90 paranji (body veil for women) Bolshevik Party views regarding, 59-60 Islamic
civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 53 in Kyrgyzstan, 413-14,427-28 “Red Terror” campaign in Soviet Union and efforts to eliminate, 79-80,84-85,86-87 Soviet International Women’s Day celebrations and, 363 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 331-32,344 Yakin inkar and, 365-66 Parpiyev, Qobuljon, 294-95 Parwan Prison (Afghanistan), 501-2 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD, Soviet Union), 71-72,73-74, 78-79,88-90,369-70 People’s Soviet Republic of Bukhara (BNSR), 57-58,61 perestroika (reform policies in Soviet Union) associational space established by, 97,245, 254,358 mosque communities and, 113,123-24 religious freedom and, 123-24,156-57, 245-46,344 religiously framed opposition to Soviet regime during, 132-33,156-57, · 167,491 Pioneers (Soviet children’s organization), 11920,124-25,328 Piscatori, James, 14-15 polygyny Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 193-94 Khrushchev’s restrictions against, 93 Kyrgyzstani public opinion and, 376-77, 418,427-28 Red Terror and Soviet era ban and persistence of, 87-88 Tajik public opinion regarding, 195,218-19, 224,226,230,233 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 330-31,333 Prophet Muhammad. See Muhammad (The Prophet) Pul-e-Charkhi prison (Afghanistan), 501-2 Putin, Vladimir, 184-85,451-52,455-56,485֊ 86,494,505-6 Qadiri tariqat, 52 Qala-i Jangi uprising (Afghanistan, 2001), 297 Qalandar, Sayyid Ahmad, 94-95 Qarotegin Valley, 94-95,101,172,210-11 Qashqadaryo (Uzbekistan), 84-85,111-12,270
INDEX Qatar, 184 Qiyomiddin, Mullah, 143,170-71 Qodirov, Ulug’bek, 304 Qori Nosir, 480-81 Qur’an marriage rites and, 111-12 Sovietbanningof, 116-18,123-24 suicide bombings and, 226 underground circulation in Soviet Union of, 101,149-50 underground family religious education during Soviet era and, 109,117-18, 122-23,223,243 Qurbonov, Fazliddin, 304 Qurghonteppa (Tajikistan) hujra study circles in, 141 Khrushchev era deportations and, 94-95 migrant networks from, 210-12 protests against the Soviet regime (1990) in, 157-58 religious entrepreneurs in, 141 Tajikistan Civil War and, 172 Qutb, Muhammad, 148 Qutb, Sayyid hujras in the Soviet Union and, 360 Ibn Taymiyyah and, 246-47 overthrow of secular regimes advocated by, 39-40,149,282-83 “the young mullahs” and, 148-50 Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 154-55,175-76,177 radical Islamism (also extremist, violent and nonviolent forms) 12,13 Rafiq Qori (Muhammad Rafiq Kamoluddin) Abduvali Qori and, 363 caliphate goal of, 392-93 democracy condemned by, 392,412 education of, 362-63 Hanafi Islam criticized by, 363 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 363,393,396, 401-2,409 International Womens Day condemned by, 363 on Islam and justice, 421 Kyrgyzstani government’s killing of, 383,393, 398,404,490,497-98 militant jihad and, 393 photo of, 383/ as political candidate, 363 Salafism and, 392,393 Saraxsi Mosque and, 362-63 secularism condemned by, 392 Rahim, Fazal, 313-14 Rahman al-Logari, Abdul, 502 547 Rahmatullayev, Mannapjon, 292-93 Rahmatulloh Alloma Qori death of, 249, 254,261,262 Islamism and, 249-50 jihad and, 249-50 Mujaddidiya and, 248 shariat law
and, 249 Rahmon, Imomali antiterrorism rhetoric of, 184-86 authoritarian regime of, 179-80 corruption and, 404-5 election (1994) and, 179 election (2020) and, 499-500 Islamic religious practices suppressed by, 185-86,195,218,226-27 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan banned (2015) by, 20,213-14 Islamist organizations suppressed by, 41,46, 499-501 manipulation of electoral process by, 188,213-14 mosque building sponsored by, 184 president-for-life referendum (2016) affirming power of, 197-98 Tajikistan peace accords (1997) and, 179,180-81 Tajik public opinion regarding, 221-22,225 United Tajik Opposition leaders in the government of, 182 Rahmonova, Ro’zixon, 86-87 Rahnamo, Abdullo Hakim, 171-72,173-74 Ramadan. See also Eid al-AdhcĄcelebrations; Eid-al-Fitr celebrations fasting and, 81,86-88,96,104, 111, 118-19, 120-21,124-25,128,129,130-31,333, 334-35,366 national identity and, 127-28,333 Red Terror era restrictions on, 81 Soviet era obstacles to observing, 118-19, 122, 124-25,129,231-32 Ramstein Air Base attack plot (2007), 315-16 Rashidov, Sharof, 95-96 Rashod Qori Arab Spring and, 394 caliphate goal of, 395-96 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 401-2,409 imprisonment of, 395-96,497-98 ISIS and, 395-96,444-45,473 KTJand,460 online presence of, 394,395,396 s/inrintlawand, 394 as successor to imam father of, 394 Syrian Civil War and, 394-96
548 INDEX Rasht Valley (Tajikistan), 94-95,200-1,21213,231-32 Rastokhez, 157-58,167,168-69 Red Army (Soviet Union), 55-56,61,65, 67,88-90 Red Terror (Soviet Union, 1927-41) Arabic language ban during, 82-83 Basmachi movement as a target of, 71,86 Central Asian collective memories regarding, 115-16 collectivization of agriculture during, 77 Cultural Revolution and, 77,79,83,88-89 hajj banned during, 81 mosques destroyed during, 80-81,138-39 prayer rights suppressed during, 81,87-88 religious schools closed during, 78-79, 82-83,84 resistance against, 83-89,102-3 sedentarization campaign and, 73 ulama repressed and killed during, 80-81, 84,138-39 unveiling of women and, 79-81,83-86,88 World War II and the end of, 88-90 religious entrepreneurs associational space utilized by, 19-20,45-46 atheist legacy of Soviet Union and, 132-33 Bolshevik Revolution era (1917-26) and, 61-62 hujras and, 100-1,103,142,490-91 ideological adaptation by, 42-43 Islamism’s fate in Central Asia and, 9-10,34, 35/38-40,42 in Kyrgyzstan, 360-64,381-82,390 sacred authority utilized by, 44 transcommunal networks utilized by, 44-46 ulama as, 38-39 in Uzbekistan, 244-45,246-49 “the young mullahs” and, 142-45 Roche, Sophie, 175,205 Romiti, Abdukarim, 101-2 Roy, Olivier, 25-26 Roziq, Zubaydullohi, 144,145-47,14950,156-57 Rumsfeld, Donald, 312,403-4 Russia. See also Chechen War (1994-2009) Islamic State of Iraq and Syria attacks in, 485-86 May Day attack plot (2017) and, 455-56 migrant laborers who became fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 447t, 448-49,450-51,
452,458-59,470,487,493 Muslim population in, 6-7 Saint Petersburg bombing (2017) and, 455-56 Shanghai Cooperation Agreement with Central Asian intelligence services and, 292-93,382-83 Syrian Civil War and, 441-42 Tajikistan peace accords (1997), 181 Russian Orthodox Church, 59-60,9798,166-67 sacred authority definition of, 31-32 foreign education and, 417 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 51-52,54-55 religious entrepreneurs’ use of, 44 social trust and, 31-32 sources of, 44 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan and, 92-93 sadaqa (voluntary charity), 113,218-19, 222,231-32 Sadriddinov, Qalandar, 143 Sadur, Valiakhmed, 159 Safarov, Sangak, 170-71 Said, Edward, 25 Saifutdinov, Rahmatulloh, 496 Saipov, Sherali, 485 Salafism. See also Wahhabism jihad and (Salafi jihadism), 13,40,444 in Kyrgyzstan, 372,383,413-14,419,42021,424-26 puritanism and, 12 shariat and, 13 Sufism rejected in, 248,251-52 in Tajikistan, 185-86,196-97,202,22728,231 University ofMedina and, 265-66 in Uzbekistan, 20-21,246-48,250-53,265, 275,321,341-42 Saliyeva, Urkuya, 86 Samarqand (Uzbekistan) Arab conquest in eighth century of, 50-51 Bolshevik Party’s process of consolidating control in, 73-74 Islamic civilization before twentieth century in,50-51 Khrushchev’s suppression of Islamic practices in, 92-93 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 79-80, 83,139 Russian Empire’s conquest (1868) of, 54-55 Silk Road and, 5-6
INDEX Samarqandiy, Shaykh Abdushukur, 317,497-98 Sartori, Paolo, 113-14 Saudi Arabia fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 447t, 475-76 Hanbafi Islam and, 90 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 16667,206 Kyrgyzstan! public opinion regarding life in, 413,425,426-27,434-35 missionaries in Central Asia from, 265-66 shariat law and, 344 Tajikistan’s Islamic institutions funded by, 184 ■Tajik public opinion regarding life in, 221 The Taliban and, 278-79 Uzbekistan’s Islamic institutions funded by, 245 Uzbek public opinion regarding life in, 33031,333-34,338,340,344 Sayfullozoda, Hikmatullo on Gorbachev era suppression of Islam, 156-57 Iranian Revolution and, 154 on Islam and Tajik national identity, 191-92 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 162 on Islam’s persistence through Soviet era, 103 on KGB infiltration of Islamic organizations, 139-40 on Soviet war in Afghanistan, 154 Tajikistan Civil War and, 174-75 on the young mullahs’ theological influences, 149 Sayidibrohim, Muhammadnazar, 158 Scheuer, Michael, 176 Scott, James C., 37,105,132-33 secularism authoritarian regimes’ repression of religion and, 33,36-37,38-39 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 193-94 Karimov regime and, 4,243-44,253-54, 345,351-52 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 37475,384,388-89,421,428-29 modernity and, 33 as Soviet Union’s official ideology, 16-17, 28-29,33 Uzbek popular opinion regarding, 34546,351-52 September 11 terrorist attacks (2001). See 9/11 terrorist attacks (2001) Seyfuddin Uzbek Jamaat (SUJ), 449-50 549 shahada (Muslim profession of
faith), 222,308 Shakirov, Bahrom, 294-95 Shamsuddinov, Shamsuddin, 195 Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 29293,382-83 shariat law. See also hudud All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 159 anticorruption and, 237,335,343,344,346, 377-78,414,417,421,424 Basmachi movement and, 66-67 family obligations and, 119-20 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 12,198-99, 350,401-2,431,434-35 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 51-52,54 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 162-63,164-65,171,189,192,193-94, 216,492 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 367,376-79,380,384-85,411,413, 414,415-16,417,418,420,421,423, 424,425,426,427-29,431,434-35, 436,491-92 national identity and, 128 polygyny and, 193-94 Red Terror era restrictions on, 7981,138-39 Soviet bans on, 60 Tajik public opinion regarding, 219,222-23, 224,225-26,227-28,229-30,232-34, 235-37,238 ulama and, 51-52,63 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 3-4,265, 325,327-31,334,335, 338,342-43, 345-48, 350-52 women’s rights and, 234 shirk (polytheism), 12,146-47,363 Shishani, Muslim, 454-55 Shura (journal), 246-47 Siberia, 72-73 Silk Road, 5-6 Sirhindi, Ahmad, 54,146-47,248 Smele, Jonathan, 65-66 Sodiqjon Kamoluddin, 361-63,399 Sodirov, Rizvon, 173 Somalia, 441-42 South Waziristan (Pakistan), 298 Soviet Union Afghanistan War (1979-89) and, 6-7,13, 96-97,149-50,154-56,174-75,178, 249-50,279,282-84,370-71,506 Arabic language restrictions in, 6,82-83
550 INDEX Soviet Union (cont.) collapse (1991) of, 41,104-5,110,141-42, 165-66,167,397 constitution (1918) of, 60 coup attempt (1991) in, 167 glasnost policies in 1980s and, 97,166-67, 246-47,254,491 Great Terror (1937-38) in, 77,494-95 Head WaqfDirectorate (GVU) in, 60-61 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding legacy of, 355,357,369-71,427 nationalities policy in, 4-5,55-56,57-58, 106,127-28 National Territorial Delimitation (1936) in, 57-58 New Economic Policy in, 51-52,6061,77-78 Red Army in, 55-56,61,65,67,88-90 secret police in, 68,70-72,73-74,77-81, 88-90,369-70 secularism as official ideology in, 16-17, 28-29,33 Tajik public opinion regarding legacy of, 218, 220,222,223,226-27,229,231-32, 234,235-36 Uzbek public opinion regarding legacy of, 327-28,333,335-36,337,342, 344, 351-52 women’s rights in, 60,73,333 Spann, Mike, 297 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (SADUM) associational space and, 89-90 establishment (1943) of, 89-90, 139 Hindustoniy and, 100-1 Islamic education and, 90 Islamic Institute of, 139-40,151-52 Islamic practices sanctioned under supervision of, 89-90,106 KGB infiltration of, 140 perestroika era reforms and, 255 sacred authority and, 92-93 Salafi literature distributed by, 246-47 Sufism opposed by, 92-93,102,151 TajikQoziyotand, 139-40 Turajonzoda, Qozikalon Akbar and, 142,151-53 World War II and, 89-90 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Kyrgyzstan (SAMK), 358,362,368,375 Stalin, Josef antireligious policies and repression of Islam under, 5,27-28,41,68 associational space eliminated by, 41,74, 76-77,103
collectivization of agriculture under, 77 on “culturally backwards people” in the East, 68 death of, 91 Great Terror purges (1937-38) and, 77,494-95 Red Terror era repression of Islam (1927-41) under, 16,71,76-77,79,89,102-3,11516,137-38,139,178,490 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan and, 89-90,139 World Warll and, 76-77,88-89,139 Stanishev, A. V., 71 State Commission on Religious Affairs (SCRA, Kyrgyzstan), 368,388-90 State Committee on National Security (GKNB, Kyrgyzstan’s security services), 359,382, 383-85,388-90,393,398,455,482 Stepan, Alfred, 30-31 Stockholm (Sweden) terrorist attack (2017), 484 Sufism Basmachi movement and, 66 Bolshevik Revolution era (1917-26) and, 64-65 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 51-53,55 Khrushchev’s repression of, 92-93,95 mazars and, 53,92-93,113-14,140-41 persistence during Soviet era of, 1013,113-14 Red Terror era repression of, 81 sacred authority and, 77-78 Salafi rejection of, 248,251-52 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan’s opposition to, 92-93,102,151 syncretism and, 28-29,43,180,372 Tajikistan and, 10,204-5,218 “Thaw” period of Soviet history and, 91 transcommunal networks and, 211 Uzbekistan and, 334-35,336,339 zikr recitations and, 52,113-14 Suharto, 507-8 Suhayl, Mansur, 314 suicide bombings al-Qaeda and, 226 Chechen War and, 226,230-31,343-45,435 economic-oriented explanations of, 26 female suicide bombers and, 301-2,314-15 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 301-2
INDEX Islamic State-Khorasan Province and, 285,395 Jamoati Ansorulloh and, 213-14 jihad and, 13,224, 344-45 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 41415,418-19,422-23,426,428,432,435 in Pakistan, 300-1 Palestine and, 226,230-31 Qur’an and, 418-19 in Tajikistan,199,215 Tajik public opinion regarding, 215,221, 222-23,224,226,230-31,236, 239 US-Iraq war and, 343-45 in Uzbekistan, 315 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 322,327, 336-37,338-39,341,343-45,352 Sumbulak massacre (Tajikistan, 1993), 173-74 Sunni Islam Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century in, 51 Kyrgyz identity and, 426 Tajik public opinion regarding, 229-30 Uzbek identity and, 336 Syria, 33,41. See also Syrian Civil War (2011-) Syrian Civil War (2011-) Abu Saloh and, 453-54,457,465,468-69 Aleppo siege (2016) and, 454-55 al-Ñusra Front for the People of the Levant and, 449 Arab Spring and, 443 ■Central Asian fighters in, 4-5,6-9,21,244, 351,394-95,407,441-42,443,444-49, 447f,448t, 452-53 death toll from, 451 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-lslami and, 407 Idlib bombings and, 441-42 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and, 443,470, 475,477-78 Katibat Imam al-Bukhari and, 442,44950,504 Katibat al-Tawhid wal Jihad and, 436-37, 442,449-50,453,454-55,454/, 457, 466-67,469,487,491,499,504 Tabarov, Amriddin, 201-2,213 Tablighi Jamaat Ata Meken and, 379 Islamic dress standards advocated by, 371 in Kyrgyzstan, 369-70,389,408,411 membership numbers of, 371 shariat law and, 378-79 Tajik government suppression of, 202 Yakin inkar and, 365-66 551 al-Tajiki, Ahmad, 479 Tajikistan. See also Tajikistan Civil War; Tajik SSR (Soviet
socialist republic) associational space in, 41,182-83,184, 213,452 authoritarian consolidation under Rahmon in, 179-80 constitution (1999) in, 181 election (1991) in, 168 election (1992) in, 141-42 election (1994) in, 179 election (1999) in, 182-83 election (2000) in, 182-83 election (2015) in, 195-96,203-4 fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 441-42,444, 445-48,447t, 449-51,470-71,472,474, 475-76,477-78,500 Government of National Reconciliation (GNR) in, 170-71 Hanafi Islam as officially endorsed interpretation in, 184-86,190,213 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 53 Islamic State in Iraq and Syria attack on foreign tourists (2018) in, 441,480-81 Islamic State-Khorasan Province in, 480-81 kinship networks in, 211 national identity in, 150-51,192,218, 229,231 protests (1991) in, 168-71 Salafism in, 185-86,196-97,202,22728,231 Saudi funding for Islamic institutions in, 184 second wave of Islamism (2000-10) in, 17980,182-202,213 state repression of Islam in, 37-38,41,18486,189,195-98,213,215,218,220, 226-27,229,231-32,235-36,239,489, 491,499-501 Sufism and, 10,204-5,218 three waves of Islamism (1975-2022) in, 8t, 16-17,137 Uzbekpopulationin, 199 women’s rights in, 218-19,220-21,229-30, 234-35,236-37 Tajikistan Civil War (1992-97) "Afghan Arabs” and, 176-77 ál-Qaeda and, 176-77 death toll from, 6-7,177-78 demobilization following, 179,202 election (1994) during, 179
552 INDEX Tajikistan Civil War (1992-97) (cont.) Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 7, 171-72,173-75,176-77,187,192,219, 226,259,278-79 jihad and, 173-76 martyrdom and, 175 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 174,175-76,177 noncombatants targeted in, 175,177-78 peace accords (1997) ending, 179, ISO81,219 peace negotiations and, 176-78 refugees from, 177-78 Sumbulak massacre (1993) and, 173-74 Tajikistan Project of al-Qaeda, 176 Tajik SSR (Soviet socialist republic) All-Union Islamic Revival Party banned (1990) in, 160 associational space in, 41 Basmachi movement in, 70-71,8384,138-39 Bolshevik Party’s difficulty consolidating control through World War II in, 71-72 Bolshevik Revolution era and suppression of Islam in, 50,68-73,75,138 Brezhnev era suppression of Islam in, 138,140-41 Communist Party elites in, 141-42,167 coup ( 1991) in, 141 ֊42,167-68 first wave oflslamism (1975-1991) in, 6-7, 153-71,178 Gorbachev era restrictions on Islam in, 122, 126,138 Khrushchev era deportations from, 94-95,138 Khrushchevs suppression of Islam in, 92-93, 138,140-41 Law of the Tajik SSR on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations (1990) and, 160 mosque registration data from, 97-98,98t Muslim lifecycle rituals in, 111 nationalities policy in, 127-28 protests against regime (1990) in, 157-. 58,167-68 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 36,76, 77-78,79-81,83-88,138-40 Sufism in, 94-95,113-14,140-41 teahouse mosques in, 113 territorial delimitation (1936) of, 57-58 World War II and, 86-87,88-90 Takhti Sulayman shrine (Kyrgyzstan), 356,369 Taliban Afghan
government (1996-2001) of, 278-79 Afghan government (2021-) of, 320,493, 500, 501-5 ֊ al-Qaeda and, 283-84,502 Deobandism and, 20-21,177,278-79,28283,320 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 7,27879,290-91,292,298-99,302-3,306, 309,312,314,318-20 Islamic State-Khorasan Province and, 319,501-3 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 177,180-81 Pakistan and, 200,278-79,297-98 Saudi Arabia and, 278-79 Tajik fighters allied with, 500-1 US war in Afghanistan and, 297-98,478 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 327 taloq (divorce), 333 Tasar, Eren, 27-28,92-93,95-96,106 Tashkent (Uzbekistan) associational space during Bolshevik Revolution era in, 58-59 Basmachi movement and, 69 Bolshevik Party’s process of consolidating control in, 73-74 duma elections (1917) in, 63 ISIS flags in, 444-45 Kokand Autonomy and, 65 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 7980,83 Russian Empire’s conquest (1865) of, 54-55 secularism and, 243-44 Soviet consolidation of control (1917) in, 63-64 Tashkent Islamic University, 266-67 Tatarstan, 72-73,115-16,159,210 Tavba (armed wing of Islamic Revival Party of Uzbekistan), 8t, 18t, 254,260-61 Tavildara region (Tajikistan), 94,187-88,200, 259,289-90 Taylor, Charles, 30-31 Tehrik-i-Taliban of Pakistan (TTP), 298,302-3, 314,319 terrorism. See also suicide bombings; specific attacks Bakiyev’s policies to combat, 382-83, 453,492 economic-oriented explanations of, 26 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 41819,422-23 martyrdom and, 418-19 Putin’s policies to combat, 505-6
INDEX Rahmon’s policies to combat, 184-86 US forces in Uzbekistan and, 298 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 335 “The Thaw” (Khrushchev era), 76-77,91-92, 95-96,103,140-41 theft penalties. See under hudud penalties Thibault, Hélène 184-85 Tohir Foruq, Mohammad. See Yo’ldosh, Tohir (also known as Yuldashev) Tojikobod, Hikmatullo, 228-29 Transoxiana, 50-51,53-54 Trump, Donald, 320,502 Tuğal, Cihan, 25-26 Tulip Revolution (Kyrgyzstan, 2005), 382 Tunisia, 40,190-91,203-4 Turajon, Eshoni, 101-2 Turajonzoda, Haji Akbar biographical background of, 151,205-6 as deputy prime minister of Tajikistan, 184,187-88 education of, 90 election (1991) and, 168 Hindustoniyand, 100-1 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 212,401 international ties established in Muslim world during twenty-first century by, 183-84 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 158, ■ 165,168,172,184,187-88,206-7,21112,490,493 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 172-73 Muslim Brotherhood and, 151-52 Nuri and, 152-53 online presence of, 206-7 photo of, 206/ protests against Soviet regime (1990) and, 157-58,167,206 protests against Tajik regime (1992) and, 170 Rahmon regime’s restrictions against, 185-86 on Red Terror period of Soviet history, 138-39 religious freedom advocacy by, 166-67 sacred authority of, 44,170,205-7,20910,493 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan and, 142,151-53 Tajikistan Civil War and, 177,228 Tajikistan peace accords (1997) and, 180-81 Tajik public opinion regarding, 228-29,231-32 as Tajik SSR’s Qozikalon, chiefMuslim official, 151,152-53,206,211 553 on Thaw
period of Soviet history, 92 transcommunal Sufi networks of, 211,216 on underground hurjas in Soviet Union, 99-100 TurkBiuro (Turkestan Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party), 49-75 Turkestan associational space in, 58 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 53,246-47 Jadidism in, 56-57 Kokand Autonomy and, 64-65 Russian imperial control (1865-1917) over, 54-55 Soviet consolidation of control during 1920s in, 58-59,72-75 Sufism and, 52 ulama during Bolshevik Revolution era in, 63-64 Turkey Islamic State of Iraq and Syria attacks in, 483-84 Kyrgyzstan! public opinion regarding life in, 377-78,422 migrant laborers who became fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 447t, 450-51,452, 487,493 secular authoritarian regimes in history of, 33, 37 Tajik public opinion regarding life in, 220,222 Türkistan Islamic Party, 454-55,504 Turkmenistan, 441-42,444,445-46,447t, 448 Turkmen SSR (Soviet socialist republic) Bolshevik Revolution era restrictions on Islam in, 57-58,73 Gorbachev era restrictions on Islam in, 98 mosque registration data from, 98t Red Terror era restrictions on Islam in, 88 Tyson, David, 245-46,256,297 Ukraine, 83 ulama (Muslim religious scholars) Basmachi movement and, 66-67,68-69 Bolshevik Revolution era restrictions on, 60,61,74 Central Asian societies before twentieth century and, 50-52,54 as Gulag prisoners in Soviet era, 6,81,100-1, 115-16,138-39 Islamic revival in Soviet Union and, 99
554 INDEX ulama (Muslim religious scholars) (cont.) Jadidism and, 57-58 Muslim politics and debates regarding role of, 49-50 Red Terror era killing and repression of, 8081,84,138-39 as religious entrepreneurs, 38-39 Russian colonial rule in Central Asia (18651917) and, 54-55 shariat law and, 51 -52,63 Ulama Jamiyati and, 63,74 underground activities during Soviet era by, 109-10 Umayyad caliphate, 50-51 Union of Mihtant Godless, 81-82 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 422,425 United States Afghanistan War (2001-21) and, 7,26,221, 224,230,235, 236,292,297-98,314-15, 317,341,351,406,411,418-19,422-23, 432,435,478,501-2 Central Asian public opinion regarding, 230, 236,334,431-32 Iraq War (2003-12) and, 26,219,224,230, 314-15,335,341,343-44,351, 372, 378-79,406,411,418-19,422-23,432, 435,443,469 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria attacks in, 484-85 Israel and, 26,372 United Tajik Opposition (UTO), 172-73,175, 180-82,199-202,213 University of Medina, 265-66 urf-adat (national and tribal custom) Adolat’s condemnation of, 323-24 in Kyrgyzstan, 128,415,419,436 religious rituals’ coexistence with, 127-28 in Tajikistan, 234 in Uzbekistan, 327,330,333, 335-36 Urganch (Uzbekistan), 325,345-46,350 Urlayeva, Yelena, 292-93 Usmon, Davlat All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 159-60 Basmachi movement and, 139 as deputy premier of Tajikistan, 170-71 election (1999) and, 182-83 hujras in the Soviet Union and, 145 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 164-65 on Khrushchev era forced migration from Tajik SSR, 90 Nahzat-i Islami and, 146,153 on secret religious schools in Soviet Union, 139-40 Soviet-
Afghan War and, 155 on the young mullahs’ theological influences, 148 Uta, Abdulla, 259-61 Uyghurs Chinese government repression of, 36, 499, 506 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 405-6 jihad and, 233 Katibat al-Tawhid wal Jihad and, 454-55 in Kyrgyzstan, 389-90 Türkistan Islamic Party and, 454-55 al-Uzbeki, Salohiddin, 497-98 Uzbekistan. See also Uzbek SSR (Soviet socialist republic) Andijon uprising and massacre in, 294-96, 326,391-92,402-3 associational space in, 41,279-81,452 civil Islam in, 15-16,352 election (1992) in, 259 fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 441-42,444,44548,447t, 449-50,477-78 international coalition against ISIS and,318-19 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 53 Islamic State-Khorasan Province and, 319, 483,502-3 mass migration to Afghanistan (1990s) from, 172 Ministry of Internal Affairs in, 279-80, 482,496 national identity in, 245-46 religion law (1998) in, 272-75 religious entrepreneurs in, 244-45,246-49 religious liberalization after 2015 in, 495,497 Salafism in, 20-21,246-48,250-53,265,275, 321,341-42 second wave oflslamism (2000-10) and, 27076,285-92,320 secularism in, 4,243-44,253-54, 345,351-52 Shanghai Cooperation Agreement and, 29293,382-83 state repression of Islamic religious practices in, 23,244,272-74,277-78,334,33738,351-52,424 state repression of Islamist groups in, 7,2021,23,41,46,172,244-45,259,261-62, ■ 265-66,267-69,270-71,272-74,
INDEX 275-76,277-78,279-81,285,320, 322-23,324,326,334,337-38,351-52, 391-92,402-4,411,415,424 Sufism and, 334-35,336,339 three waves of Islamism (1975-2022) in, 8t, 16-17,20-21,244 US counterterrorism forces in, 298 “Uzbek Gulag” and, 296,451 women’s rights in, 323,325-27,332-35, 344,495 Uzbek SSR (Soviet socialist republic) Basmachi movement in, 70-71 Bolshevik Revolution era suppression of Islam in, 50,68,69-71,74 first wave oflslamism (1970-90) in, 6-7, 245-65,275 Gorbachev era restrictions on Islam in, 98, 122-23,126 hujras in, 247-48,249,360 Khrushchev era deportations from, 9495,138 Khrushchev’s suppression of Islam in, 9293,243 mosque registration data from, 97-98,98í Muslim lifecycle rituals in, 111 -12 nationalities policy in, 127 Red Terror era and repression of Islam in, 36, 77-78,79-81,82-84,86-87,327-28 Salafism in, 248 territorial delimitation (1936) of, 57-58 traditional Uzbek songs in, 245-46 World War II and, 86-87 Vakhsh River Valley, 94-95,143 al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abd, 24849,453-54 Wahhabism. See also Salafism Ibn Taymiyyah and, 248-49 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 435 origins of, 248-49 Soviet government campaigns against, 156-57 Tajik government campaigns against, 173,185-86 Tajik public opinion regarding, 221,222-23, 228,231,236 Uzbek government campaigns against, 3-4, 231,272,273-74,280,292-93 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 325-26, 327,334,335 waqf (religious endowments), 53,60-61,68-69, 161-62,260 555 Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky, 38-39 women’s rights Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 53 in the Kyrgyz SSR,
93-94 in Kyrgyzstan, 367,372,413,418,42425,428-29 radical Islamists’ eschewing of, 12,14 shariat law and, 234 Soviet Union and, 60,73,333 in Tajikistan, 218-19,220-21,229-30,23435,236-37 unveiling of women and, 79-81,83-86,88 in Uzbekistan, 323,325-27, 332-35, 344,495 World War II deportation of Muslims from the Caucasus region during, 94 Islamic religious practices in Soviet Union during, 86-87,99 migration from Soviet Union to Afghanistan during, 84,88-89 Muslims’ feeling of Soviet patriotism during, 128-29 Red Terror era restrictions on Islam curtailed by, 88-90 Spiritual Administration ofthe Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan and, 89-90 Xo’jayev, Fayzulla, 67,68-69 Xurosoniy, Muhammad, 483-84 Yakin inkar, 365-66,390,408 Yaroslavsky, E. Μ., 78-79 Yassaviy, Ahmad, 52,72-73, 114,336,339 Yazidis, 470 Yeltsin, Boris, 505-6 Yo’ldosh, Akrom, 293-95 Yo’ldosh, Tohir (also known as Yuldashev) Adolat leadership of, 256,275 al-Qaeda and, 297-98 on caliphate goal versus umma goal, 310-11 death of, 299-301 ideological adaptation by, 40 imprisonment of family members of, 267 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 28182,285,290,304-6 Karimov confronted duringprotests (1991) led by, 257-59,258/, 262-64 Karimov regime overthrow as goal of, 287-88 on martyrdom, 283 militant jihad and, 282,283,285,286-87, 290,297,308,310,311-12
556 INDEX Yo’ldosh, Tohir (also known as Yuldashev) (cont.) Pakistan Taliban and, 299-300 photo of, 307/ sacred authority and, 262,307-9,320,493 Salafism and, 256 shariat law and, 285,287 Tajikistan Civil War and, 259,285 terrorist attack against Karimov (1999) and, 281 US war in Afghanistan and, 297-98 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 264-65 Yorov, Buzurgmehr, 197 “the young mullahs” Hindustoniy and, 142,149 hujras founded by, 142 Muslim Brotherhood and, 149 as religious entrepreneurs, 142-45 Tajik national identity and, 150-51 theological influences on, 146-47,148-49 Yugoslavia Wars (1990s), 351,441-42,452 Yurchak, Alexei, 104-5,107 Yusuljonova, Zamira, 84-85 Yusupov, Asliddin and Jafar, 472 zakat (compulsory religious donation), 81,113, 337,341,462-63 Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, 38-39 al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab, 469 al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 279,282-83,287,300-1, 455-56,503-4 zikr (devotional recitations), 52,9293, 113-14 Zubayr ibn Abdul Raheem, 282,286,288,291 |
| adam_txt |
Contents List ofFigure List ofImages List of Tables List ofMaps Acknowledgments Technical Note List ofAcronyms ix xi xiii xv xvii xxi xxiii PART I: UNDERSTANDING ISLAMISM Introduction: An Overview of Islamism in Central Asia 1: Secular Authoritarianism, Ideology, and Islamist Mobilization 3 23 PARTII: THE USSR POLITICIZES ISLAM 2: The Russian Revolution and Muslim Mobilization 49 3: The Atheist State: Repressing and Politicizing Islam 76 4: Muslim Belief and Everyday Resistance - 104 PART III: TAJIKISTAN: FROM MODERATE ISLAMISTS TO MUSLIM DEMOCRATS 5: The Islamic Revival Party Challenges Communism 137 6: A Democratic Islamic Party Confronts an Extremist Secular State 179 7: Society and Islamist Ideas in Tajikistan 215 PART IV: UZBEKISTAN: FROM SALAFISTS TO SALAFI JIHADISTS 8: Seeking Justice and Purity: Islamists against Communism and Karimov 243
viii CONTENTS 9: Making Extremists:. The Uzbek Jihad Moves to Afghanistan 10: Society and Islamist Ideas in Uzbekistan 277 322 PART V: KYRGYZSTAN: CIVIL ISLAM AND EMERGENT ISLAMISTS 11: Religious Liberalization and Civil Islam in Kyrgyzstan 12: Emergent Islamism in Kyrgyzstan 13: Society and Islamist Ideas in Kyrgyzstan 355 381 410 PART VI: FROM CENTRAL ASIA TO SYRIA: TRANSNATIONAL SALAFI JIHADISTS 14: Central Asians Join the Syrian Jihad 441 15: From Central Asia to Afghanistan, Syria, and Beyond 489 Appendix : Qualitative Research Method and Sources Glossary Index 511 523 529
Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one ofthose pages. Tables and figures are indicated by t and ƒ following the page number 9/11 terrorist attacks (United States, 2001) Chinas suppression of Islamic practices following, 506 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 282, 296,311-12 public opinion in Central Asia regarding, 327,334,418-19,428 US policymaking emphasis on Islamism following, 24-25 Abbasid dynasty, 50-51 Abd-al-Hakim, Umar, 283-84 Abdulhakim Qori Marg’iloni (Hakimjon Qori), 247-48,250-51,362-63,497-98 Abdullo (Mullah Abdullo Rahimov), 200-1, 212-13,298-99 Abdurahim, Rustam, 170,174 Abdurasulova, Aziza, 376-77 Abdusalom, Holidi, 143 Abdusamadov, Husayn, 480-81 Abduvali Qori disappearance and possible murder (1995) of, 254,264/ 267-69,282,307,309,391-92 Mujaddidiya and, 248 online presence of, 262-63 photo of, 264/ Rafiq Qori and, 363 sacred authority of, 44,262-63 Salafism and, 250-53,338, 344 Soviet regime criticized by, 252-53 Abu Daoud Tojiki, 472 Abu Dher al Barmi, 319-20 AbuHanifa, 190 Abu Husayn, 449-50 Abu Saloh al-Uzbeki (Sirojiddin Muxtorov) al-Qaeda and, 456 death by Russian airstrike of, 455 on hijab wearing, 463,465-66 Jabhat Ansar al Din and, 456 Kyrgyzstan attacks by, 455 on martyrdom, 463-65 militant jihad and, 441,455,466-69 photos of, 460/, 466/, 467/ Rafiq Qori and, 453 Russia May Day attack plot (2017) and, 455-56 sacred authority and, 460-61,487,493 Syrian civil war and, 453-54,457, 465,468-69 transcommunal networks and, 458 on US policy in the Middle East, 463 Abu
Usama Noraki, 472,480-81 Academy of Sciences, 93-94 adat (customary law), 51,119-20. See also urfadat (national and tribal custom) Adep Bashaty, 375 Adolat anticommunism and, 256,323-24 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 244, 277-78,285,305-6,313 Islamic Revival Party of Uzbekistan and, 259-60 Islom Lashkarlari militia and, 7,8t, 254-55, 256-59,273-74 members’ exile in Tajikistan and Afghanistan, 275-76,277-78,280,491 membership levels in, 256,262, 275,493-94 origins in 1970s underground circles of, 7, 244,255 protests against Karimov regime (1991-92) and, 257-59, 262 Salafism and, 256 shariat law and, 256-59,323-24 transcommunal networks and, 493 United States and, 297 urf-adat condemned by, 323-24 Uzbek government suppression of, 267,275 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 265,331 32,341-42 Afghani, Sayed Jamaluddin, 148
530 INDEX Afghanistan “Afghan Arab” foreign fighters in, 279,441-43 Afghan National Army and, 200,299-300, 305-6,319,501-3 al-Qaeda in, 43,176-77, 283-84,501,503-5 associational space in, 278-79 Basmachi movement and, 67,71 Central Asian fighters in, 244,277-78,281, 285,289-91,299-304,444 civil war (1990s) in, 180-81 fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 447t International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in, 200,299-302,304,306, 316,319 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan in, 7,27576,277-78,285,289-91,300-2,303-4 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan exiles in, 172,491 Islamic State-Khorasan Province in, 449, 452-53,478-80,501-4,505 mass migration from Uzbekistan (1990s) to, 172 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan exiles in, 172-73 Operation Enduring Freedom (2001) in, 297 secular authoritarian regimes in history of, 41 Soviet migration during World War II to, 84,88-89 Soviet-Afghan War (1979-89), 6-7,13,9697,149-50,154-56,174-75,178,24950,279,282-84,370-71,506 Tajikistan Civil War and, 174-76 Tajikpopulation in, 84,154-55 US war (2001-21) in, 7,26,221,224,230, 235,236,292,297-98,314-15,317,341, 351,406,411,418-19,422-23,432,435, 478,501-2 Uzbek exiles in, 20-21,278-79,281 Ahli Hadith, 246-47 Ahli Qur’an, 246-47 Aitmatov, Chyngyz, 370-71,377 Akayev, Askar corruption and, 358-59,417-18,430-31 electoral manipulation by, 358 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Isami and, 359 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 289 religious freedom and, 123-24,358-59,362, 363,379,381,382-83,491 Sodiqjon Kamoluddin and, 361-62 Tulip Revolution (2005) ousting, 382 Uzbek
population in Kyrgyzstan and, 362 Akhtaev, Akhmedkadi, 159 Akromiya Andijon massacre (2005) and, 294-96,326, 391-92,402-3 Islamic banking and, 293 trial (2005) against members of, 293-94,490 Uzbek government suppression of, 280 Uzbek government terrorism charges against, 296 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 334,338-39 Aksy crisis (Kyrgyzstan, 2002), 398 al-Azhar University, 265-66,372 alcohol Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 367, 418,431 in the Soviet Union, 245,260,327-28,34142,369-70 Tajik public opinion regarding, 221-22,235 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 333,335, . 337,338,341-42,344 Algeria, 41,203,447t,507 Ahev, Ajik, 173 All-Union Islamic Revival Party (AUIRP), 15960,259-60 All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, 87 Almatov, Zakirjon, 295-96 al-Nusra Front for the People of the Levant (ANF), 449-51,453 al-Qaeda (also known as al-Qa’ida) ' in Afghanistan, 43,176-77,283-84, 501,503-5 al-Nusra Front for the People of the Levant and, 449-50 Central Asian public opinion regarding, 233,426 Central Asian recruits of, 21,283-84,444, 445-46,448-49,494 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, 7,40, Τ1Ί78, 285,292,297-301,309,312,314, 318-19,321,324,449-50,504 militant jihad and, 13,24-25,282-83 in Pakistan, 297-98 Salafism and, 20-21 in Sudan, 43 suicide bombings and, 226 Tajikistan Civil War and, 176-77 The Taliban and, 283-84,502 US war in Afghanistan and, 297-98 al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), 469-70 Anderson, John, 96-97 Andijon (Uzbekistan) Bolshevik Party’s process of consolidating control in, 73-74
INDEX Gorbachev era suppression of Islam in, 122-23 Islamic Jihad Union attacks in, 315 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan attacks in, 298-99 massacre (2005) in, 4,294-96,309, 324,326, 340,391-92,402-4,430,489 namaz prayer rituals and, 112-13 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 81, 84-85,86-88 transcommunal networks in, 264,313 underground hurjas during Soviet era in, 99-100 uprising (1898) in, 64-65,249-50 Andropov, Yuri, 96-97,122-23,173 Arab Spring (2011), 24-25,40,190-91,203-4, 394,443 Arafat, Yassir, 236 Asad, Talal, 29, 33,108-9 Asimov, Anushervon, 472 Askarov, Azimjon, 387,408 Aslonov, Kadriddin, 167-68 al-Assad, Bashar Aleppo siege (2016) and, 454-55 Arab Spring and, 443 Central Asians in jihad against regime of, 441-42,494 death toll in Syrian civil war and, 451 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 407,411 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 450-51 Katibat al-Tawhid wal Jihad and, 455-56 associational space Bolshevik Revolution era in Central Asia and, 58-62 Brezhnev era and, 41,141 Gorbachev era and, 41,97,132-33 Islamism’s fate in Central Asia and, 9-10,34, 35/, 40-41,137-38,142 Khrushchev era and, 91-92,103,141 in Kyrgyzstan, 357-59, 373,381,390,398, 452,491 secular authoritarian states and, 40-41 Soviet Unions collapse and, 141-42 Stalin’s eradication of, 41,74,76-77,103 in Tajikistan, 41,182-83,184,213,452 in Uzbekistan, 244-45,265-67 Astrakhan (Russia), 72-73 Atambayev, Almazbek, 387-89,404, 408,430-31 Ata Meken (Reform Party; Kyrgyzstan), 379 Ataturk Airport attack (Istanbul, 2016), 483-84 531 atheism Communist Party membership and, 119-20, 121,124-26 Komsomol and,
81 -82,111,119,120,124,125 military service and, 120 Pioneers and, 119-20 professional advancement and, 12022,124-26 school instruction and, 118-19,120 university education and, 120 Atovalixon To’ra Mosque (Namangan, Uzbekistan), 255 Azerbaijan, 37-38,446-48,4471 Azimov, Abror, 455-56 Azzam, Abdullah, 38-40,279,282-83 al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 318,319-20,470,47374,485,487 Bahouddin Naqshbandi shrine, 266-67 Bakir-Uluu, Tursunbai, 406,424,426 Bakiyev, Kurmanbek Aksy crisis (2002) and, 398 antiterrorism policies of, 382-83,453,492 corruption and, 382,417-18,423,430-31 Islam and Islamist organizations suppressed under, 7-9,381-85,390,393,397,404, 408-9,410,423,436,492 ouster (2010) of, 386 protests against, 417-18 secularism and, 421 Baici, Bayram, 462n.67 al-Banna, Hassan, 11-12, 39-40,148 Bannu Prison attack (Pakistan, 2012), 302-3 Barnoyev, Abdulahat, 255,261 Bashir, Qari Ayyub, 304,313-14 Bashkiriya (Russia), 72-73 Basmachi movement in Afghanistan, 67,71 Bolshevik Party suppression of, 67,369-70 Ferghana Valley and, 65-67,68-69,246 Red Terror era repression of Islam and, 71,86 regional strongholds of, 65-67,68-69 shariat law and, 66-67 Soviet government’s suppression of, 69, 70,73-74 Soviet suppression of Islamic life as motivating factor in, 66-68,74,83-84 in Tajik SSR, 70-71,83-84,138-39 ulama and, 66-67,68-69 Batken (Kyrgyzstan) Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami in, 400 Islamism and, 429 mosques in, 356
532 INDEX Battle of Badr, 407 Beria, Lavrenti, 71-72 Biden, Joe, 502 Bin Laden, Osama in Afghanistan, 279 Central Asian public opinion regarding, 226, 230-31,233,235,327,418-19,426 on jihad in Central Asia, 176-77,284 Birlik and Erk, 261,267,310-11 Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan attacks in, 298-99 Islamism in, 423-24,426-29 mosques built during post-Soviet period in, 355-56,364-65,370/ Bleuer, Christian, 163,170-71 Bobonazarova, Oynihol, 194-95 Boboxon ibn Abdulmajidxon, Eshon, 89-90 Boboxonov, Ziyovuddinxon ibn Eshon, 246-47 Boboyorov, Hafiz, 473 Bobrovnikov, Vladimir, 96 Bolshevik Party (Soviet Union). See also Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) antireligious policies and suppression of Islam by, 5-6,59-61,74 atheist propaganda and indoctrination of, 81-82 Central Asia Bureau of, 70 nationalities policies and, 57-58 New Economic Policy and, 56,60-61 seizure of religious properties by, 60 “war communism” (1918-21) and, 56 ’ Bolshevik Revolution era (1917-26) associational space in Central Asia during, 58-62 atheist and antireligious goals of, 5-6,49, 50-51,74 Muslim activism during the era (1917-26) of, 49-50,58-68 Red Army conquests in Central Asia and, 55-56 Bosnia War (1990s), 441-42,452 Bourdieu, Pierre, 31-32 Brezhnev, Leonid antireligious policies and suppression of Islam under, 76-77,95-96,98,102-3, 122,138,140-41 associational space under, 41,141,360 Buhoriy, Shaykh Abdulloh, 451-52,497-98 Bukhara (Uzbekistan). See also Bukharan Emirate Arab conquest (709 CE) of, 50-51 Basmachi movement in, 65-67,69-70 Bolshevik Party’s process of
consolidating control in, 73-74 Bolshevik Revolution era and suppression of Islamic life in, 50,61,69-71 Gorbachev era and suppression of Islam in, 151-52 Islamic civilization before twentieth century in, 50-52 Khrushchev’s suppression of Islam in, 92-93 People’s Soviet Republic of Bukhara and, 57-58,61 Red Terror era and repression of Islam in, 80-81,139 Silk Road and, 5-6 Soviet conquest (1920) of, 55-56,65-66 ulama’s influence in, 58,61-62 Bukharan Communist Party, 61 Bukharan Emirate as Russian imperial protectorate, 54-55 shariat law and, 54 Soviet conquest and incorporation (1920s) of, 57-58,61 Sufism in, 204-5 ulama’s influence in, 37 al-Burmi, Abu Zar, 300-1 Bush, George W., 311-12 al-Buxoriy, Abu Ismoil, 50-51,266-67,308 Buzruhonov, Umarkhon, 267 Caucasus Emirate, 196 Chatayev, Ahmed, 483-84 Chechnya. See also Chechnya War (1994-2009) All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 159 Bolshevik Revolution era suppression of Islam in, 69 ISIS recruits from, 476-77,483-84,485-86 Islamist mobilization in, 41,505-6 jihadi wives in Syria from, 470-71 Khrushchev’s suppression of Islam in, 93 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 77-78,83 Russian antiterrorism policies and, 184-85 Russian suppression of Islam in, 37-38,41 World War II era deportations from, 94,505-6 Chechnya War (1994-2009) death toll in, 177-78,505-6 foreign fighters in, 441-42,452 jihad and, 230,233,235,236,312,335,34345,351 number of combatants in, 203 public opinion in Central Asia about, 435 suicide bombings in, 226,230-31,34345,435
INDEX China atheist and antireligious policies in, 36 Cultural Revolution in, 36 secular authoritarian regime in, 33 Shanghai Cooperation Agreement with Central Asian intelligence services and, 292-93,382-83 Uyghurs suppressed by government of, 36, 499,506 Chokaev, Mustafa, 64-65 Christians Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 404-5, 411,431-32 ISIS and, 470,476-77 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 312 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 372, 404-5,413,416,418,419,421,424,42627,428,429,431-32,436 as missionaries in Central Asia, 228,231,336, 405,416,418,419,424,426-27,436 Tajik public opinion regarding, 220,224,228, 230,231,236-37 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 332-33, 336,338,341-42,352 circumcision rites, 81,92-93,111,124, 127,231 civil Islam, 7-9, 15-16,21,356,373,379,380, 390,411,491,492 Committee for State Security (KGB, Soviet Union) arrest of Soviet Muslim citizens by, 112-13, 156-57,218,369-70 infiltration of Islamic organizations by, 139-40 Islamic organizations and rituals surveilled by, 92,122-23,146-48,153,156-57 Communist Party of Tajikistan (PCT), 167-68 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). See also Bolshevik Party (Soviet Union) atheism as criterion for membership in, 11920,121,124-26 atheist and antireligious propaganda of, 93-94 professional advancement and, 121-22 surveillance of members of, 329 conversion from Islam to other religions Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 404, 416,418,426-27,436 Salafi views of, 251-52 Tajik public opinion regarding, 227,236-37 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 332-35, 336,341-42,344 533 corruption Kyrgyzstani public
opinion regarding, 404-5, 413,414,415,416-18,419-20,421-22, 423-24,425,427,430-31,436-37 nepotism and, 225,227,339,341-42,415 shariat law and, 237,335,343,344,346,37778,414,417,421,424 Tajik public opinion regarding, 219,221-22, 225,227,230,232,234, 235,237-38 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 333,335, 339, 341-42,343,344,351-52 Council of Ulama (Tajikistan), 184-85, 189 Council on Religious Affairs (CRA), 184-85 Crimea, 56-57,72-73,94 Dagestan All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 159 Bolshevik Revolution era suppression of Islam in, 69 ISIS recruits from, 476-77,483-84,485-86 Islamist mobilization in, 41,505-6 jihadi wives in Syria from, 470-71 Putins antiterrorism policies and, 505-6 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 7778,83 Russian suppression of Islam in, 37-38,41 Damulla, Shami, 246-47 da'wat (call to Islam) Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 397,4056,430-31 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 145,188-89 in Kyrgyzstan, 364-65,368,371,377-78 Uzbekistan’s state ban on, 274 Declaration of the Rights of Nations and Russia (1917), 55-56 Demirtaş, İrfan, 313-14 democracy. See also Muslim democracy Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 355, 378-79,410,413,414,416,418,419, 422,423,424,428-29,433 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 328,335, 338, 339,343,345-46 Democratic Party of Tajikistan (DPT), 167-69 Deobandism anticolonialism and, 54 puritanism and, 12 Taliban and, 20-21,177,278-79,282-83,320 "the young mullahs” and, 146 De-Stalinization campaigns (1950s), 91-92 DeWeese, Devin, 29,51,106,108-9 Dinov, Salah Kadhim, 403-4 Diyanet Foundation, 369
534 INDEX Domla Abdurashid, 101 Domullo Hikmatullo, 94-95,101 Dostum, Abdul Rashid, 297 Dudoignon, Stéphane, 94-95 Dukchi Ishan (Dukchi Eshon), 64-65,249-50 Dushanbe (Tajikistan) Basmachi movement’s seizure (1922) of, 67 hurjas during Soviet era in, 99-100,141 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan attacks in, 298-99 mosque registration data from Soviet era in, 97-98 protests against Soviet regime (1990) in, 167 protests against Tajik regime (1991-1992) in, 168-71 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 139 Tajikistan Civil War and, 171-72,175 East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), 504,506 Edgar, Adrienne, 73 Egypt, 33,34-36,190-91,203-4,447t Egyptian Islamic Jihad, 443-44 Eickelman, Dale, 14-15 Eid-al-Adha celebrations, 127-28, 220,223, 393,404 Eid-al-Fitr celebrations in Kyrgyzstan, 366, 383-84,393,404 national identity and, 127-28 protests against Tajik regime ( 1992) and, 170 Soviet-era bans on, 122 Soviet-era engagement in, 130-31, 223,226-27 EkoIslamikBank, 367 Eloqi, Abdurahim, 101-2 Engels, Friedrich, 59 Ennahda Party, 14,34-36,40,190-91,203-4 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 190-91, 369 Eshonism (sacred authority of Sufi masters), 77-78 Eshonzoda, Nematullah, 143 Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA, Pakistan), 298-99 Ferghana Valley Andijon uprising (1898) and, 64-65 Basmachi movement and, 65-67,68-69,246 Bolshevik Party’s process of consolidating control in, 73-74 Bolshevik Revolution era and suppression of Islamic life in, 50,60-61,68,70-71, 72-73,75 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami in, 244,400,4012,404-5 hujras during Soviet era, 99-101,247-48, 255,261,275,491 mosque construction
in, 356 mosque registration data from Soviet era in, 98 Muslim activism during the Bolshevik Revolution era (1917-26) in, 64-65 persistence of Islam during Soviet era in, 111, 122-23,130-31 Red Terror era and repression of Islam in, 80-81,83-88 Russian imperial control (1876-1917) over, 54-55,64-65 Salafism and, 248 transcommunal networks in, 313,400 Uzbekistani state suppression of Islam in, 23,273 “war communism” and refugee exodus (1914-22) from, 56 Fitrat, Abdurauf, 56-57 foreign fighters, See Abdullah, Azzam; Afghanistan; Chechnya; Syria Frankfurt International Airport attack plot (2007), 315-16 Frontbek kyzy, Jamal, 373-74, 377-78 Gadoev, Sayidibrohim All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 159-60 education of, 102 hujras in Soviet Union and, 144 Iranian Revolution and, 155 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 145, 159,163, 165 Nuri visited in prison by, 157 on Red Terror period of Soviet history, 139-40 Soviet-Afghan War and, 154-55 on Sufism’s persistence during Soviet era, 102 Tajikistan Civil War and, 174,180-81 Gasprinskiy, Ismail Bey, 56-57 Germany, 310-11,315-16,317-18,343,484 Ghafurov, Bobojon, 150-51 Ghani, Ashraf, 501-2 Ghannouchi, Rachid, 190-91 Gharm (Tajikistan) Basmachi movement and, 67 forced migration and migrant networks from, 143,210-12,226-27 hurjas during Soviet era in, 99-101,141 Islamic republic declared (1992-93) in, 173 religious entrepreneurs in, 141
INDEX Stalin era and Khrushchev era deportations from, 94-95 Tajikistan Civil War (1992-97) and, 172 Ghodsee, Kristen, 25-26 glasnost (openness policy to reform the Soviet Union during the Gorbachev era), 97, 166-67,246-47,254,491 Gorbachev, Mikhail associational space under, 41,97,132-33 democratization reforms of, 157-58, 159,166-67 glasnost policy under, 97,166-67 Orthodox Christianity and, 97-98 perestroika pohcy under, 97,113 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan and, 255 suppression of Islam under, 98,102-3,12223,125-26,156-58,166-67 Gorno-Badakhshan (Tajikistan), 71-72 Gbziy, Usmon, 318-19,497-98 Great Terror (Soviet Union, 1937-38), 77,494-95 Gulag (Soviet Union prison camps) Great Terror purges (1937-38) and, 77,494-95 Khrushchev’s reduction of, 141 Red Terror era Muslim prisoners (1927-41) in, 79,81,115-16,138-39 sedentarization and collectivization campaigns and, 73 “The Thaw” (1950s) and release of prisoners from, 91 ulama as prisoners in, 6,81,100-1, US16,138-39 Gillen movement, 369,377-78 Gulamov, Kadyr, 295-96 Habibulloh Qori, 361 Hakimjon Qori. See Abdulhakim Qori Marg’iloni (Hakimjon Qori ) Halilov, Zoir, 455 Halimov, Gulmurod in Afghanistan, 479-80 ISIS leadership position of, 472,474,48081,487 Tajik government denounced by, 475,47980,487 Tajik Interior Ministry position of, 472 Hamadov, Sulton, 147 Hamraz, Khalil, 502-3 Hanafi Islam Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century in, 51 535 Kyrgyzstani government support for, 388-89 political quietism and, 5-6 syncretism and, 28-29,43,180,372 as Tajikistan’s
official interpretation, 184-86, 190,213 underground hujras in Soviet Union and, 100-1 Haqqani network, 302-3,316 Hasan, Dadaxon, 245-46 al-Hashimi al-Qurayshi, Abu Ibrahim, 480 Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), 449-50,456-57 Hayit, Mahmadali Basmachi movement and, 139 forced migration during 1950s, 94-95 imprisonment of, 196-97 on the Iranian Revolution, 154 on KGB infiltration of Islamic organizations, 139-40,148 Nuri and, 205 on protests against Tajik regime ( 1992), 170 on Rahmon regime’s suppression of Islam, 186 on Red Terror era in Tajik SSR, 139,186 Soviet-Afghanistan War and, 146-47,154 Tajikistan Civil War and, 174 Tajik national identity and, 150-51,192 on World War II and Soviet attitudes toward Islam, 137 Head WaqfDirectorate (GVU, Soviet Union), 60-61 Hefner, Robert, 15,373 Hegghammer, Thomas, 38-40,486-87 “hidden transcripts” . Communist Party members and, 124 everyday resistance and, 105-6,110,115, 127,141 Islam’s persistence in Soviet Union and, 105-6 Scott (James C.) and, 37,132-33 hijab wearing in Kyrgyzstan, 365-66,372,388-89,413,418, 425,427-28,496 in the Soviet Union, 129-30 in Tajikistan, 185-86,189,216,218-19, 231֊ 32,234,238 in Uzbekistan, 3-4,269,275,333-34,336, 337-38,341-42, 349-50,495 Hikmatulloh Qori, 319 Himmatzoda, Muhammadsharif biographical background of, 144 death of, 207, 208/ Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 144, 160,163,164-65,205,493
536 INDEX Himmatzoda, Muhammadsharif (conf.) Nahzat-i Islami and, 159 protests against Tajik regime (1992) and, 170-71 sacred authority of, 205,209-10,493 secularism rejected by, 193-94 Soviet regime opposed by, 156-57 Tajik regime’s suppression of Islam and, 189 “the young mullahs” and, 144 Hindustoniy, Domla Muhammadjon Gulag imprisonment of, 100-1,148 hujras in Soviet Union and, 100-1,141,143, 145,155-56 political quietism of, 142,148,155-56,24748,249-50,358-59 sacred authority of, 205 Wahhabism criticized by, 248-49 “the young mullahs” and, 142,149 Hisari, Domla Sharif, 155-56 Hitler, Adolf, 88-89 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-lslami (HTI, Islamic Liberation Party) Akayev and, 359 anti-Christian views in, 404-5,411,431-32 anticorruption and, 349,411,430-31,436-37 anti-Semitism of, 12,324,405,409, 411,431-32 caliphate goal of, 7,12,186-87,198-99,226, 270,271-72,324,349, 364,402-3,4056,407,409,411,430-31 clandestine cells in, 397 decline after 2015 of, 444 democracy opposed by, 413 establishment during 1950s of, 180,198,270 former Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan members in, 187-88 ideological adaptation by, 43,402-7 imprisonment in Uzbekistan of members of, 270-71,274-75 Islamic Movement óf Uzbekistan and, 406 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and, 407 jihad and, 406,411 in Kyrgyzstan, 363-64,381, 384-85,391, 397-406,408-9,410,411,413,414,415, 420,422,424,426,427-35,436-37,491 Kyrgyzstani government campaign against, 383-84, 393 membership levels in, 212,398-99 Muslim Brotherhood and, 198 nonviolence and, 23-24,180,186-87,351, 398,405-6,407,409,411,413,43031,432 Palestine and,
198,236,324,402 as religious entrepreneurs, 38-39,18687,198-99 sacred authority and, 212,271-72,381-82, 401-2,409,493 shariat law and, 12,198-99, 350,401-2, 431,434-35 Syrian Civil War and, 407 Tajikistan government’s targeting of, 196,199 Tajik public opinion regarding, 218,221, 222-23,226,230,231,236 terrorism charges against, 296 transcommunal networks and, 271-72,38182,400-1,409,493 . US presence in Middle East and, 406 Uyghur population in China and, 405-6 Uzbekistan as regional base ( 1990-2005) of, 186-87,199,244,270,271,275-76, 324,397 Uzbekistan’s torture ofMuslims as a focus of, 402-4,405-6 Uzbekpublic opinion regarding, 270-72,323, 325,328-29,331-32,334,335,336-37, 338-39,340,341-42,343,348-51 Uzbek state suppression of, 7,272,273-74, 277-78,280 Hoffman, Bruce, 504 Hojiyev, Jumaboy. See Namanganiy, Juma . huãud penalties adultery penalties and, 216-17,230,233, 336-37,427-28 alcohol/drug use penalties and, 233 homosexuality, fornication, prostitution, and, 233 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 417, 424,427-28,436 Tajik public opinion regarding, 225-26,22728, 230,233 theft penalties and, 216-17,225-26,227-28, 329,334,336-37,340,344, 346,347, 417,427-28 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 3-4,329, 330-31,334,336-37, 340, 341,344, 346,347-48 hujras (religious study circles) Brezhnev era and, 140-41,490 expansion after Red Terror era of, 91 Gorbachev era suppression of, 122-23, 138 Khrushchev era and, 93,141 Red Terror era repression of, 81 religious entrepreneurs and, 100-1,103, 142,490-91 Soviet-Afghan War and, 155-56 transcommunal networks and, 32,210
INDEX underground circles in Soviet Union and, 99-101,104-5,117,122-23 hujum (assâult on religion). See Red Terror (Soviet Union, 1927-41) Huntington, Samuel, 24-25 Hussein, Saddam, 235,469,502-3 Ibn Sino, 117-18 Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, 24648,453-54 Ibrohim bek, 66-67 Ibronov, Haji Mirzo, 473-74 Igmen, Ali, 93-94 Ikhwan al-Muslimin. See Muslim Brotherhood Imam Sarakhsi Mosque (Bishkek), 369,370/ Indonesia, 507-8 Inoyatov, Rustam, 295-96,403-4,494-95 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 200,299-302,304,306,316, 319. See also North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Ioffe, A. A., 68-69 Iqbal, Muhammad, 150-51 Iran Iranian Revolution (1979) and, 6-7,96-97, 147,149-50,153-54,155,228,490 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 177,181 Muslim democracy and, 215,221 radio broadcasts in Central Asia from, 9192,147 secular authoritarian regimes in history of, 37 Tajikistan peace accords (1997), 181 Tajik public opinion regarding life in, 220-21, 222,226,227-28,232-33 Iraq Central Asian fighters in, 21,244,441 -42, 443,444,445-49,447t, 448t, 452-53 Islamic State in Iraq and Syria in, 443,477-78 secular authoritarian regimes in history of, 33 US war (2003-12) in, 26,219,224,230, 31415,335,341,343-44,351,372,378-79, 406,411,418-19,422-23,432,435, 443,469 . Islamic Defenders Front, 507-8 Islamic Institute of Imam al-Bukhari„90 Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) Afghanistan operations of, 316 al-Qaeda and, 315-16 caliphate goal of, 324 decline after 2015 of, 444 fatwas circulated by, 317 Germany terrorism plots (2007) of, 315-16 537 Karimov’s suppression of,
20-21 martyrdom and, 314-15,317 militant jihad and, 314-15,317 al-Nusra and, 450-51 recruitment by, 316-18,320 split from Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan by, 314 suicide bombings and, 314-15 The Taliban and, 316, 320 terrorist attacks in Uzbekistan by, 314-15 transcommunal networks and, 493 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 351,352 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) Adolat and, 244,277-78,285,305-6,313 in Afghanistan, 7,275-76,277-78,285,28991,300-2,303-4 al-Qaeda and, 7,40,277-78,285,292,297301, 309,312,314,318-19, 321,324, 449-50,504 caliphate goal of, 287,291,310,324 decline after 2015 of, 444 establishment of, 180 factionalism in, 304-5 former Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan members in, 187-88 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 406 hudud penalties and, 216-17 ideological adaptation and, 10,43, 278,309-13 Islamic Jihad Union’s split from, 314 Islamic State-Khorasan and, 306,31820,501-2 Jamoati Ansorulloh and, 202 Karimov regime overthrow as goal of, 244, 286-88,299,312 Karimov’s suppression of, 20-21 kidnappings by, 303 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 410, 413,436-37 Kyrgyzstan targets attacked by, 289-90,29899,382-83 martyrdom and, 290,299-300,310, 324 membership levels in, 212,305-6,493-94 militant jihad and, 13,23-24,180,186-87, 199,212,216-17,277-78,285-87,290, 297,311-13,321,324,436-37 al-Nusra and, 450-51 online presence of, 303/, 308-9,311-13 in Pakistan, 277-78,297-303,306,313 recruitment stories and, 291-92 religious entrepreneurship and, 38-39 sacred authority and, 278,307-9,320 Salafism and, 45-46,324
538 INDEX Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) (cont.) Seyfuddin Uzbek Jamaat and, 449-50 shariat law and, 287,290-91 suicide bombings and, 301-2 Tajikistan targets struck by, 298-99 The Taliban and, 7,278-79,290-91, 292,298-99,302-3, 306,309,312, 314,318-20 transcommunal networks and, 10,213,278, 313-14,320,493 United Tajik Opposition and, 200-1 US and NATO forces targeted by, 277-78, 299-300,301-2,304 US-based terrorist plots by, 304 US war in Afghanistan and, 292,297-98, 299-300,305-6 Uzbek government terrorism charges against, 296 Uzbekistan’s military engagements with, 289-90 Uzbekistan targets struck by, 280-82,289, 290,298-99 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 323,325, 340,341,349-50,351,352 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan (IRPT) Afghan Arabs and, 176-77 All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 160 anticommunism and, 161 anticorruption emphasis of, 237-38 banning (2015) of, 20,196-97,211-12,21314,451 decision to not compete in presidential elections during 2000s by, 182-83 decline after 2015 of, 444 election (1991) and, 168 election (2015) and, 195-96,203-4 exile in Afghanistan (1992) of members of, 172,491 founding congress (1991) of, 160-61,167-68 Gorbachev era reforms and, 141-42 growth during 2000s of, 194-95 ideological adaptation by, 10,14,43,179-80, 189-94,215-16,237,239,492,493 Islamic education rights and, 162,171,237 Jihad and, 173-75,186 legalization (1999) of, 20,179-80,181 membership levels in, 203 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 172-73 Muslim democracy and, 161,164,191,19293,213-14,216,237 Nahzat-i Islami and, 7,158-60 nonviolence
affirmed by, 216 online presence of, 194,195-96,2089,211-12 polygyny and, 193-94 property rights and, 161-62 protests against Soviet regime (1990) and, 167,206 protests against Tajik regime (1991-92) and, 168-71,203-4 regional offices opened (2006) by, 188-89 sacred authority and, 180,204-10,214, 215,493 Saudi Arabia and, 166-67,206 second wave of Islamist mobilization during 2000s and, 187-98 shariat law and, 162-63,164-65,171,189, 192,193-94,216,492 Soviet Communist regime opposed by, 7, 137,167 Soviet government suppression of, 156-57 splits following Tajikistan Civil War in, 187-88 Tajik government suppression of, 185-86, 195-98,202 Tajikistan Civil War (1992-97) and, 7,17172,173-75,176-77,187,192,219,226, 259,278-79 Tajik national identity and, 150-51,191-92, 216,237 Tajik public opinion regarding, 219,221, 222-24,226,228,229,232,237-39 transcommunal networks and, 45,180,21012,214,215,493 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 344 womens education and, 188-89 Islamic Revival Party of Uzbekistan (IRPU) Adolat and, 259-60 All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 259-60 decline after 1992 of, 324,343 membership levels of, 262 Mufti Muhammad Sodiq Muhammad Yusuf’s opposition to, 260-61 protests (1991) organized by, 260-61,262 shariat law and, 260-61 Tavba militia and, 8t, 18t, 254,260-61 Uzbek government suppression of, 261,267 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 262,265, 331-32,343,344 Islamic State. See Islamic State-Khorasan Province (ISIS-K); Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) Islamic State-Khorasan Province (ISIS-K) in Afghanistan, 449,452-53,478-80,5014,505
INDEX caliphate goal of, 324 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 306, 318-20,501-2 Kyrgyzstan and, 482-83 membership levels in, 501 -3 in Pakistan, 478 suicide bombings by, 285,395 Tajikistan and, 480-81 Taliban and, 319,501-3 Uzbekistan and, 319,483,502-3 Voice ofKhorasan and, 502 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) caliphate goal of, 324,451-52 Central Asian fighters in, 4-5,7,21,201-2, 345,441-42,444-46,449-51,470-73, 477-78,491,494,508 Christians killed by, 470,476-77 fall of caliphate (2017) of, 441-42,456,47778,500,501-2 Halimov, Gulmurod and, 472,474,48081,487 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 407 hudud penalties and, 216-17 ideological adaptation and, 10,43,47477,494 in Iraq, 443,477-78 jews killed by, 470,476-77 martyrdom and, 475-76,494 militant jihad and, 13,23-24,216-17 Mosul conquered (2014) by, 443 sacred authority and, 473-74,493 Salafism and, 21 Syrian Civil War and, 443,470,475,477-78 Tajikistan attacks (2018) by, 441,480-81 territory under caliphate of, 443,470 transcommunal networks and online networks utilized by, 10,471-77, 487,493 US-led military campaign against, 448-49 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 352 Western targets of attacks by, 483-88 Islamism anticolonialism and, 26 the caliphate and,11-12 Central Asia’s first wave (1975-95) of, 4-5, 6-7,8t, 76-77,137 Central Asia’s second wave (1995-2005) of, 6-7,8t Central Asia’s third wave (2010-22) of, 6-7, 8t, 443-49,486 constructivist approach to, 29-31,33 defining elements of, 11-12 economic-oriented explanations of, 25-26 539 emergence and mobilization processes in, 34-36,35/ explanations for non-
emergence of, 42 ideology and, 6-7,9-11 Iranian Revolution and, 153-54 jihad and, 39-40 levels of mobilization in, 42-46 modernization theory and, 25-26 Muslim Brotherhood and, 11-12,164 Orientalist perspectives on, 24-25 political Islam and, 4-5,6,10-14 Qutb (Sayyid) and, 39-40,148-50,282-83 shariathw and, 14 social movement perspective on, 31,33 state repression of Islam as a factor motivating, 36-38,42,45-46,490 Islom Lashkarlari (Armies of Islam), 7,8t, 25455,256-59,273-74 Israel. See also Palestine conspiracy theories regarding Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 401 establishment (1948) of, 198,310-11 jihad and, 230 Kyrgyzstani public opinion and, 372 Tajik public opinion regarding, 236 United States and, 26,372 Jadidism Basmachi movement and, 66 Bolshevik Revolution and, 58-59,61-62,68 emergence during 1920s of, 56-57 Kokand Autonomy and, 64-65 modernity-oriented reform as goal in, 5658,61-62 Red Terror era and purges of, 79 as religious entrepreneurs, 61-62 Turkic identity and, 56-57 ulama’s powers restricted under, 57-58 in Uzbekistan, 266-67 in Uzbek SSR, 57-58,73-74 Jalalabat (Kyrgyzstan) Aksy crisis (2002) in, 398 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami in, 381,398,400 Islamism and, 415-16 mosques in, 356 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 83-84 repression of Islam after 2005 in, 385 Uzbekpopulationin, 131 Jalilov, Akbarjon, 455-56 Jalilov, Chubakajy, 375-77,388,411,412,461 Jamaat-i Islami, 24,39-40,490
540 INDEX Jamoati Ansorulloh (JA, Tajikistan) al-Qaeda and, 504 former IRPT members in, 187-88 hudud penalties and, 216-17 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 202 Islamic State-Khorasan and, 478-79, 501-2 Islamism and, 213 leadership of, 201-2 membership levels in, 212 militant jihad and, 180,186-87,199, 212,216-17 online presence of, 202,213 sacred authority and, 213 schisms in, 202 suicide bombings and, 201-2 transcommunal networks and, 213 janaza (funeral rights) Khrushchev’s suppression of, 92-93 Red Terror era repression of, 81,91 Soviet era engagement in, 104-5,109-10, 111,119-20,122,124,125-26 in Tajikistan, 375-76 Japarov, Sadyr, 498-99 Jasliq Prison (Uzbekistan), 274-75,317,494-95 Jeenbekov, Sooronbay, 408 Jews Bolshevik Revolution era restrictions against, 70-71 closings of clubs in the Ferghana Valley, 87-88 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 12,324,405, 409,411,431-32 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, 470,476-77 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 372, 413,416,418,419,421,424,425,42627,428,429,431-32,435 militant Islamists’ denunciations of, 216-17, 312,323-24 Salafist views of, 251-52,253 Tajik public opinion regarding, 220,225,227, 229-31,236-37 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 332-35, 336,338,341-42,344,352 jihad Chechen War and, 230,233,235,236,312, 335,343-45,351,378-79,406 fatwa and, 233 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 17375,186 kafir orkuffarand, 414-15 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 37879,410,414-16,418-19,420,422-23, 424,426,428,432,435,436-37 Palestine and, 224,230,233,235,236,31415,343-45,351,422-23,432,435 Salafism and, 13,40,444 Soviet-
Afghan War ( 1979-89) and, 13, 2021,155-56 suicide bombing and, 13,224,344-45 Syrian Civil War and, 411 Tajikistan Civil War and, 173-76 Tajik public opinion regarding, 219,221, 222-23,224,226,228-29,230-31,233, 235-36,239 US War in Afghanistan (2001-21) and, 221, 224,230,235,236,314-15, 341,351, 406,411,418-19,422-23,432 US-Iraq War (2003-12) and, 219,221,224, 230,314-15,335,341,343-45,351, 378-79,406,411,418-19,422-23,432 , Uyghurs and, 233 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 327,32829, 334,335,336-37,338-39,340-41, 343-45,350-51,352 Jinnah airport attack (Pakistan, 2014), 302-3 Jo’raboyev, Abdurasul Hasan, 484-85 Jordan, 447í, 448 Junud al-Sham, 454-55 Justice and Development Party (AKP, Turkey), 40,190-91,422 Kabiri, Muhiddin biographical background of, 208-9 democracy approval and, 179,191 government charges against, 196-98 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami condemned by, 212,401 ideological adaptation by, 40 IRPT leadership of, 207-10 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 201 on Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and Islamism, 192-94 on Khrushchev era forced migrations from Tajik SSR, 94-95 Muslim form of democracy and, 179,191 online presence of, 208-9 photos of, 208/, 209/ on protests in Tajikistan (1991), 168-69 sacred authority of, 207-10 on Tajik fighters in Syrian Civil War, 444-45 on Tajik government’s cooptation of Islam, 190 on Tajik government’s repression of Islam, 189,500 Tajikistan Civil War and, 192 transcommunal networks and, 211-12,493 on underground Islamic literature in the Soviet Union, 149-50 on women’s education, 188-89 on the young mullahs’ theological
influences, 149
INDEX Kabul Airport terrorist attack (2021), 502 Kalinovsky, Artemy, 96-97 Kalonzoda, Haji, 234 Kalyvas, Stathis, 36. Kamolov, Muhammad Rafiq, 393,404 Kamoluddin, Muhammad Rafiq. See Rafiq Qori Kamp, Marianne, 27-28,84-85 Karagiannis, Emmanuel, 398-99 Kara-Suu (Kyrgyzstan) Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami in, 391-92,400 Islamism and, 419-23 mosques in, 356 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 83-84 Uzbek population in, 357 Karimov, Islom Adolat confrontation and, 257-59,262 Andijon massacre (2005) and, 295, 340,402-3 anti-Uzbek violence in Kyrgyzstan (2010) and, 386-87 death of, 272,494-95 efforts to coopt Islam by, 266-67 election (1992) and, 259 Gorbachev era restrictions on Islam and, 98 marriage of, 251-52 Namangan visit (1991) and protests against, 257-59,295-96 post-Soviet repression of Islam and, 7,20-21, 23,41,46,172,244-45, 259,261-62, 265-66,267-69,270-71,275-76,27778,279-81,285,320,322-23,324,326, 391-92,402-4,411,415 Salafist critics of, 253-54 secularism and, 4,243-44,253-54, 345,351-52 terrorist attack (1999) targeting, 280-82 US strategic partnership (2002) with, 298 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 3-4,326, 327-28,331-32 Karshi-Khanabad Air Base (K2, Uzbekistan), 298,312 Kasimov, Dilhayot, 484-85 Katibat Imam al-Bukhari (KIB) (also known as Imam Buxoriy Katibasi) in Afghanistan, 504 caliphate, goal of, 324 Central Asian recruits of, 442 origins of, 8t Syrian Civil War and, 442,449-50,504 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 352 Katibat al-Tawhid wal Jihad (KTJ; formerly known as Jannat Oshiklari). See also Abu Saloh al-Qaeda and, 436-37,442,453,454-55, 456,462 541
caliphate, goal of, 324,487 Central Asian recruits of, 436-37, 442,454-55 ideological rhetoric of, 43,462-69,494 jihad and, 23-24,324,463-65,469 Kyrgyzstan attacks by, 455 origins of, 453-55 sacred authority and, 442,460-62, 487 Salafism and, 45-46 social media presence of, 459-60,459/ Syrian Civil War and, 436-37,442,449-50, 453,454-55,454/, 457,466-67,469, 487,491,499,504 transcommunal networks and, 458-69, 487,493 Uyghur fighters in, 454-55 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 352 Kazakh SSR. See also Kazakhstan moderate level of religious repression in, 37-38,77-78 mosque registration data from, 98ŕ Red Terror era suppression of Islam in, 88 sedentarization campaign in, 73 Soviet consolidation of control during 1920s in, 72-73 territorial delimitation (1936) of, 57-58 Kazakhstan fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 441-42,444-48, 447f, 450-51,477-78 Islamic civilization before twentieth century in, 51,53 . Sufism and, 52 Keller, Shoshana, 27-28,60-61,81 Kenjaev, Safarali, 171 Kenney, Michael, 38-39 Kepei, Gilles, 25-26 Khalid, Adeeb, 27-28,57-58,74,106 al-Khattab, Ibn, 176-77,281,283-84,505-6 Khivan Khanate, 51,54-55,66 Khoja Ahmad Yassaviy shrine (Uzbekistan), 72-73,339 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 26,155,209-10,232 Khrushchev, Nikita antireligious policies and repression of Islam under, 76-77,92-93,98,102-3, 111, 117,140-41 associational space under, 91-92,103,141 De-Stalinization campaigns and, 91-92 forced migration of Tajiks and Uzbeks under, 94-95,138 Gulag reforms under, 141 Sufism repressed by, 92-93 “The Thaw” under, 76-77,91-92,95-96,
103,140-41
542 INDEX Khudonazar, Davlat, 168 Khujand (Tajikistan), 85-86,201-2,237,481 Kokand (Uzbekistan) Bolshevik Party’s process of consolidating control in, 73-74 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century in, 51-52,54-55 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, SO81,84-85 underground hurjas during Soviet era, 99-100 “young mullahs” during late Soviet period in,255 Kokand Autonomy (KA), 8f, 61-62,6465,66,74 Kokand Khanate Russian Empires conquest (1876) of, 54-55 Soviet conquest (1918) of, 55-56,65-66 ulamas influence in, 37,62 Komsomol (Communist youth organization) atheism and, 81-82, 111, 119,120,124,125 marriage rituals and, 111-12 Muslim religious practices among members of, 86-87 Muslims removed from, 104,120,125-26 professional advancement and, 121-22 Koni-zar (Uzbekistan), 313 Koshifi, Husayn Voizi, 223 kuffar (nonbelievers, infidels), 230,267-69, 291-92,310,392,425 Kulmirzaev, Kadyrali Raimzhanavich, 404 Kunduz (Afghanistan), 301-2, 304, 316,479-80 Kylym Shamy, 376-77 Kyrgyz SSR (Soviet sociahst republic). See also Kyrgyzstan atheist propaganda in, 93-94 Gorbachev era restrictions on Islam in, 12324,125-26 hujras in, 360 mosque registration data from, 97-98,98t Muslim identity in, 130-33 nationalities policy and national identity in, 127,130-32 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 77-78, 86,87-88 religious freedoms in, 357 Soviet consolidation of control during 1920s in, 72-73 .Sufism and, 114 territorial delimitation (1936) of, 57-58 Uzbekpopulationin, 130-32 womens rights in, 93-94 Kyrgyzs.tan. See also Kyrgyz SSR (Soviet socialist republic) anti-
LGBT sentiments in, 496 anti-Uzbekviolence (2010) in, 386-87,408-9 associational space in, 357-59,373,381,390, 398,452,491 civil Islam in, 7-9,15-16,21,356,373,379, 380, 390,411,491,492 elections (2021) in, 498-99 fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 441-42,444-51, 447í, 470,472-73,477-78 hajj participants from, 366,387 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami in, 363-64,381, 384-85,391,397-406,408-9,410,411, ՜ 413,414,415,420,422,424,426,42735,436-37,491 Islam and Islamist organizations repressed after 2005 in, 7-9,381-85,388-90,393, 397,404,408-9,410,423,436,492 Islamic civilization before twentieth century in,51,53 Islamic missionaries in, 364-65,410,415, 419,426,436 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan attacks (1999-2000) in, 289-90,298-99,382-83 Islamic revival after 1990 in, 364-68, 380 Islamic State-Khorasan Province and, 482-83 Muslim politics in, 15,21,356,373,375-78, 381,411,414,416,423,491-92 North Atlantic Treaty Organization and, 289-90 religion law (2008) in, 385,394,404 religion law (2012) in, 389-90 religious entrepreneurs in, 360-64,38182, 390 religious freedom in, 42,123-24, 355-56, 357-59,363,373,379-80,381,386-87, 412,415-16,418,431-32,436,491, 496,498-99 revolution (2010) in, 386-87 Salafism in, 372, 383,413-14,419,420֊ 21,424-26 Shanghai Cooperation Agreement and, 382-83 State Commission on Religious Affairs in, 368,388-90 State Committee on National Security in, 359,382,383-85,388-90,393,398, 455,482 Sufism and, 52,361 three waves of Islamism (1975-2022) in, 8t, 16-17
INDEX Tulip Revolution (2005) in, 382 urf-adat in, 128,415,419,436 Uyghur population in, 389-90 Uzbek population in, 358,362,364-65, 381-82,383-84,386-87,389-90, 391-96,397,400,401-2,403-5,408-9, 491-92,499 women’s rights in, 367,372,413,418,42425,428-29 Kyrgyzstan Islamic University, 372 Lal’i Badakhshon, 167-68 Law on Countering Extremist Activity (Kyrgyzstan, 2005), 383 Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations (Uzbekistan, 2021), 496 Lemon, Edward, 184-85 Lenin, Vladimir antireligious policies and repression of Islam under, 5,27-28,59 on “emancipation of the Peoples of the East,” 55-56,59-60 Leninism and, 25-26,74,76,87-88,132 on Russian imperialism in Central Asia, 49 state-sponsored atheism and, 119,120,12425,335-36,369-70 “war communism” (1918-21) and, 56 LGBTQ rights, 376-77 Libya, 447t lifecycle rituals, 61,91,108-9,111-12,128,394. See also specific rituals al-Logari, Abdul Rahman, 502 Lyons, Deborah, 502-3 mahalla (neighborhood) leaders, 106-7, 217, 235,348 Mahkamov, Qahhor, 156-58,167-68 Mahmood, Saba, 30,33, 128 mainstream Islamism, 14 Malikov, Kadyr, 375-76,389,461,482 Malkawi, Mohamad, 270 Mamajonov, Bahodir, 313 Mansoor, Abbas, 301-2 Mansur, Alauddin, 113,357,358-59 Maqsum, Fazei, 67 Marg’ilon (Uzbekistan) mosque registration data from Soviet era in, 97-98 persistence of Islam during Soviet era in, 130-31 Red Terror repression of Islam in, 80-81 underground hurjas during Soviet era, 99-100 543 Uzbek state suppression of Islam in, 273 Marva TV, 367 Marx, Karl, 49,59,253-54,269, 369 Marxism, 25-26, 74,76,119,132 Massell, Gregory, 27-28 Massoud,
Ahmed Shah, 154-55,175-76,177, 278, 305-6 Mawdudi, Sayyid Abu al- Ala, 11-12, 39-40,90, 144,148-49,247-48,360 mazars (shrines), 53,80-81, 92-93,11314,146-47 McBrien, Julie, 367 McChesney, Robert, 53 McChrystal, Stanley, 478 McGlinchey, Eric, 367 Meddock, Cameron, 478 Mehl, Damon, 302-3,478-80 Mehsud, Baitullah, 299-300 Mir i’Arab madrasa, 90 Mirziyoyev, Shavkat, 494-95,496-97 Mirzo, Rajab, 99-100,154,156-57,164,174 Morocco, 475-76 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan (MIRT) Akbar Turajonzoda and, 172-73 dissolution during 2000s of, 187 Iranand, 177,181 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 172-73 jihad and, 174 Pakistan and, 177 Tajik members in exile and, 172-73 Tajik government’s repression of, 173 Tajik Islamists in Afghanistan and, 175-76 Tajikistan Civil War and, 174,175-76,177 Taliban and, 177,180-81 United Tajik Opposition and, 172-73 Muhammad (The Prophet) black battle flag of,.308 European caricatures of, 328,336,425 Hudaybiyyah, battle of and, 308 martyrdom of, 463-65 Uhud, battle of, 310 Muhammadjon Qori, 143 Muhammad Qori, 391-92 Muhammad Sodiq Muhammad Yusuf education of, 90 exile (1993) of, 267 government surveillance of, 277 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami condemned by, 401 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 307 Islamist organizations opposed by, 261,265
544 INDEX Muhammad Sodiq Muhammad Yusuf (cont.) mosque openings in Uzbek SSR during 1980s and, 245 role as mufti of SADUM on underground hurjas in Soviet Union, 99-100 al-Muhojir, Abdurahmon, 479 Mujaddidiya (the Renewers), 248-51,265,293, 361,363 Muslim Board of Uzbekistan (OMI), 26667, 274 Muslim Brotherhood anticorruption emphasis of, 43 cultivation of Muslim identity in Egyptian society and, 34-36 Egyptian election (2005) and, 203-4 Egyptian election (2009) and, 190-91 founding of, 39-40,49-50 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 198 ideological adaptation and, 43 international expansion during mid twentieth century of, 90 Islamismand, 11-12,164 Tajikistan government’s targeting of, 196 the young mullahs and, 149 Muslim Congress of 1926,77-78 Muslim democracy. anticorruption and, 340 Iranand, 215,221 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 37879,384,405,410,414,417,418,422, 424,425-26,427 limited set of religious claims on the state and,492-93 shariat and, 418 Tajik public opinion regarding, 219,224,227, 232-33,235-37,238-39 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 330,340, 343,344,346-47 Muslim politics in Central Asia under Soviet rule, 49-50 defining elements of, 14-15 in Kyrgyzstan, 15,21,356,373,375-78,381, 411,414,416,423,491-92 ulama's role in society and, 49-50 Muslim Spiritual Directorates, 82-83 Musulmonchilik (Muslimness) Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 9-10,55 lifecycle rituals and, 111 -12 mazars and, 114 national identity and, 127-28 persistence during Soviet era of, 104-5,132 Mutakallim, 373-74,390,411-12 Muxtorov, Sirojiddin. See Abu
Saloh Myrzakmatov, Melis, 386-87,408 an-Nabhani, Taqiuddin, 198-99 Nabiev, Rahmon, 156-57,167-68,170-71 Nahdlatul Ulama, 507-8 Nahzat-i Islami (Islamic Revival). See also “the young mullahs” All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 159 imprisonment of members of, 157 Iranian Revolution and, 153-54,155 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 7,158-60 KGB surveillance of, 153,156-57 opposition to Soviet regime and, 148 origins of, 20,137,142-43, 145 protests against Soviet regime (1990) and, 157-58 Soviet-Afghan Warand, 154-55 Soviet repression of Islam and, 156-57 Tajik national identity and, 150-51 theological influences on, 146-47,148 Nahzat-i Javonon (Islamic Youth), 142-43 An-Na'im, Abdullahi Ahmed, 12 Najot (journal), 194 Namangan (Uzbekistan) Bolshevik Party’s process of consolidating control in, 73-74 Bolshevik Revolution era repression of Islam and, 70-71 Karimov visit and protests (1991) in, 25759,295-96 mosque registration data from Soviet era in, 97-98 namaz prayer rituals and, 112 protests against Karimov regime (1992) in, 259 Red Terror era repression of Isiäni and, 86-88 transcommunal networks in, 264,313 underground hurjas during Soviet era, 99-100 Uzbek state repression of Islam in, 273 Namangoniy, Juma (Jumaboy Hojiyev) Adolat leadership of, 256 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 285,304-5 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 413,424 Namagan attacks (1997) and, 272 shariat law and, 285 Tajikistan Civil War and, 259,285 US airstrike (2001) killing, 297
INDEX namaz (ritual prayer) national identity and, 128 Red Terror era repression of, 81,87-88 Soviet era engagement in, 104,108-9, 112-13,118-19,120,122-23,126, 130-31,132,166-67,218,-229,231-32, 322,420-21 Soviet era obstacles to engaging in, 118,119, 121,123-26, 129,335-36,342,36263,427 Thaw era of Soviet history and, 92 Uzbekistan state restrictions on, 274 Naqshbandiya tariqat,. 52-54 National Security Service (MXX, Uzbekistan) corruption in, 339 human rights abuses by, 274-75,291,292-93, 309,325-26 infiltration of Islamist organizations by, 274 mosque membership lists maintained by, 273 reforms in past decade at, 494-95 Shanghai Cooperation Agreement and, 292-93' surveillance of Islamist organizations by, 267-69,291,292-93,329 Uzbek population in Kyrgyzstan and, 391-92 National Territorial Delimitation (Soviet Union, 1936), 57-58 Nazarov, Nusrat, 473-74 Nazarov, Obidxon Qori. See Obidxon Qori Nazarov, Tursun, 293-94 New Economic Policy (NEP, Soviet Union), 56, 60-61,77-78 New York City terrorist attack (2017), 485 nikoh (Islamic marriage rites), 111-12,119-20, 122,127-28,222,330 Niyazov, Saparmurat, 98 Nizomboyev, Muhammadjon, 267 Nookat protests (Kyrgyzstan, 2008), 383-85,398 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Afghanistan War (2001-21) and, 235,297-98, 299-300,317,501 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan’s targeting of soldiers from, 277-78,299-300, 301-2,304 Kyrgyzstan and, 289-90 North Caucasus, 210 Northern Alliance, 285,297-98 Northrop, Douglas, 27-28,83 North Waziristan (Pakistan), 298 Nourzhanov, Kirill, 163,170-71 Nuri, Sayid Abdullohi biographical background
of, 143,147,205 545 death of, 207-10 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 212 hujras in the Soviet Union and, 143,205 ideological adaptation by, 40 imprisonment of, 152,157,178 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 149, 163-64,173-74,490,493 jihad and, 173-75 KGB surveillance of, 153 kidnapping of, 153,178 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 172-73 Nahzat-i Islami and, 142-43,145-46,147, 153,157,159,490 photo of, 182/ Rahmon regime’s restrictions on, 185-86 as religious entrepreneur, 38-39 sacred authority of, 44,205,209-10, 232,493 Soviet-Afghan War and, 155 Soviet regime opposed by, 156-57 Tajikistan Civil War and, 173-75,176-78 Tajikistan peace accords (1997) and, 179, 180-81,219 Tajiknational identity and, 150-51 The Taliban and, 177 Turajonzodaand, 152-53 “the young mullahs” and, 143-44 Nuriddinjon, Eshon, 205-7 Nursi, Said, 296 Nursi movement, 296,369,377-78 Obama, Barack, 443,484-85 Obidxon Qori Karimov regime criticized by, 253-54 life in forced hiding of, 263,269,282, 296 Mujaddidiya and, 248 online presence of, 263 sacred authority of, 262-63 Salafism and, 250-53 Soviet regime criticized by, 252-53 Taliban and, 253 To’xtaboy mosque and, 250-51,269 on Uzbek government restrictions on Muslim religious practices, 269 Octobrists, 120 Odil, Usmon, 300-1 Olimov, Muzaffar, 204-5 Olimova, Saodat, 163,238 Omar, Mullah, 278-79,318-19 Oqilov, Rahmat, 484 oqsoqols (elders), 19,109-10 Ordzhonikidze, G. K„ 69
546 INDEX Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 182-83,191 Orientalism, 24-25,59-60,68,131 Orthodox Christians, 59-60,97-98,166-67 Osh (Kyrgyzstan) anti-Uzbek violence in, 362,386-87,451 forced confessions in, 389-90 hijab wearing in, 365-66 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami in, 381,400 ■ . interethnic pogroms ( 1989-90) in, 254 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan attacks in, 298-99 Islamism and, 413,425-26 mosques in, 356 persistence of Islam during Soviet era in, 130-31 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 8384,87-88 Uzbekpopulationin, 131,389-90 Osh University, 369 Ottoman Empire, 37 Otunbayeva, Roza, 386 O’zbekchilik (“Uzbekness”), 111-12,122,12728,330 Pakistan Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in, 298-99 fighters in müitant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 447t, 470 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 27778,297-303,306,313 Islamic State-Khorasan Province (ISIS-K) in, 478 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 177 shariat law and, 144 suicide bombings in, 300-1 Tajik students in, 183-84 Taliban and, 200,278-79,297-98 Palestine. See also Israel Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 198,236, 324,402 jihad and, 224,230,233,235,236,314-15, 343-45,351,422-23,432,435 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 372, 402,418,422-23,431-32 suicide bombings in, 226,230-31 Tajik public opinion regarding, 224,230,233, 235,236 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 343-45,351 Pamiri autonomous movement, 167-68 Panjakent district (Tajikistan), 85-86 Pannier, Bruce, 289-90 paranji (body veil for women) Bolshevik Party views regarding, 59-60 Islamic
civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 53 in Kyrgyzstan, 413-14,427-28 “Red Terror” campaign in Soviet Union and efforts to eliminate, 79-80,84-85,86-87 Soviet International Women’s Day celebrations and, 363 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 331-32,344 Yakin inkar and, 365-66 Parpiyev, Qobuljon, 294-95 Parwan Prison (Afghanistan), 501-2 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD, Soviet Union), 71-72,73-74, 78-79,88-90,369-70 People’s Soviet Republic of Bukhara (BNSR), 57-58,61 perestroika (reform policies in Soviet Union) associational space established by, 97,245, 254,358 mosque communities and, 113,123-24 religious freedom and, 123-24,156-57, 245-46,344 religiously framed opposition to Soviet regime during, 132-33,156-57, · 167,491 Pioneers (Soviet children’s organization), 11920,124-25,328 Piscatori, James, 14-15 polygyny Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 193-94 Khrushchev’s restrictions against, 93 Kyrgyzstani public opinion and, 376-77, 418,427-28 Red Terror and Soviet era ban and persistence of, 87-88 Tajik public opinion regarding, 195,218-19, 224,226,230,233 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 330-31,333 Prophet Muhammad. See Muhammad (The Prophet) Pul-e-Charkhi prison (Afghanistan), 501-2 Putin, Vladimir, 184-85,451-52,455-56,485֊ 86,494,505-6 Qadiri tariqat, 52 Qala-i Jangi uprising (Afghanistan, 2001), 297 Qalandar, Sayyid Ahmad, 94-95 Qarotegin Valley, 94-95,101,172,210-11 Qashqadaryo (Uzbekistan), 84-85,111-12,270
INDEX Qatar, 184 Qiyomiddin, Mullah, 143,170-71 Qodirov, Ulug’bek, 304 Qori Nosir, 480-81 Qur’an marriage rites and, 111-12 Sovietbanningof, 116-18,123-24 suicide bombings and, 226 underground circulation in Soviet Union of, 101,149-50 underground family religious education during Soviet era and, 109,117-18, 122-23,223,243 Qurbonov, Fazliddin, 304 Qurghonteppa (Tajikistan) hujra study circles in, 141 Khrushchev era deportations and, 94-95 migrant networks from, 210-12 protests against the Soviet regime (1990) in, 157-58 religious entrepreneurs in, 141 Tajikistan Civil War and, 172 Qutb, Muhammad, 148 Qutb, Sayyid hujras in the Soviet Union and, 360 Ibn Taymiyyah and, 246-47 overthrow of secular regimes advocated by, 39-40,149,282-83 “the young mullahs” and, 148-50 Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 154-55,175-76,177 radical Islamism (also extremist, violent and nonviolent forms) 12,13 Rafiq Qori (Muhammad Rafiq Kamoluddin) Abduvali Qori and, 363 caliphate goal of, 392-93 democracy condemned by, 392,412 education of, 362-63 Hanafi Islam criticized by, 363 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 363,393,396, 401-2,409 International Womens Day condemned by, 363 on Islam and justice, 421 Kyrgyzstani government’s killing of, 383,393, 398,404,490,497-98 militant jihad and, 393 photo of, 383/ as political candidate, 363 Salafism and, 392,393 Saraxsi Mosque and, 362-63 secularism condemned by, 392 Rahim, Fazal, 313-14 Rahman al-Logari, Abdul, 502 547 Rahmatullayev, Mannapjon, 292-93 Rahmatulloh Alloma Qori death of, 249, 254,261,262 Islamism and, 249-50 jihad and, 249-50 Mujaddidiya and, 248 shariat law
and, 249 Rahmon, Imomali antiterrorism rhetoric of, 184-86 authoritarian regime of, 179-80 corruption and, 404-5 election (1994) and, 179 election (2020) and, 499-500 Islamic religious practices suppressed by, 185-86,195,218,226-27 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan banned (2015) by, 20,213-14 Islamist organizations suppressed by, 41,46, 499-501 manipulation of electoral process by, 188,213-14 mosque building sponsored by, 184 president-for-life referendum (2016) affirming power of, 197-98 Tajikistan peace accords (1997) and, 179,180-81 Tajik public opinion regarding, 221-22,225 United Tajik Opposition leaders in the government of, 182 Rahmonova, Ro’zixon, 86-87 Rahnamo, Abdullo Hakim, 171-72,173-74 Ramadan. See also Eid al-AdhcĄcelebrations; Eid-al-Fitr celebrations fasting and, 81,86-88,96,104, 111, 118-19, 120-21,124-25,128,129,130-31,333, 334-35,366 national identity and, 127-28,333 Red Terror era restrictions on, 81 Soviet era obstacles to observing, 118-19, 122, 124-25,129,231-32 Ramstein Air Base attack plot (2007), 315-16 Rashidov, Sharof, 95-96 Rashod Qori Arab Spring and, 394 caliphate goal of, 395-96 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 401-2,409 imprisonment of, 395-96,497-98 ISIS and, 395-96,444-45,473 KTJand,460 online presence of, 394,395,396 s/inrintlawand, 394 as successor to imam father of, 394 Syrian Civil War and, 394-96
548 INDEX Rasht Valley (Tajikistan), 94-95,200-1,21213,231-32 Rastokhez, 157-58,167,168-69 Red Army (Soviet Union), 55-56,61,65, 67,88-90 Red Terror (Soviet Union, 1927-41) Arabic language ban during, 82-83 Basmachi movement as a target of, 71,86 Central Asian collective memories regarding, 115-16 collectivization of agriculture during, 77 Cultural Revolution and, 77,79,83,88-89 hajj banned during, 81 mosques destroyed during, 80-81,138-39 prayer rights suppressed during, 81,87-88 religious schools closed during, 78-79, 82-83,84 resistance against, 83-89,102-3 sedentarization campaign and, 73 ulama repressed and killed during, 80-81, 84,138-39 unveiling of women and, 79-81,83-86,88 World War II and the end of, 88-90 religious entrepreneurs associational space utilized by, 19-20,45-46 atheist legacy of Soviet Union and, 132-33 Bolshevik Revolution era (1917-26) and, 61-62 hujras and, 100-1,103,142,490-91 ideological adaptation by, 42-43 Islamism’s fate in Central Asia and, 9-10,34, 35/38-40,42 in Kyrgyzstan, 360-64,381-82,390 sacred authority utilized by, 44 transcommunal networks utilized by, 44-46 ulama as, 38-39 in Uzbekistan, 244-45,246-49 “the young mullahs” and, 142-45 Roche, Sophie, 175,205 Romiti, Abdukarim, 101-2 Roy, Olivier, 25-26 Roziq, Zubaydullohi, 144,145-47,14950,156-57 Rumsfeld, Donald, 312,403-4 Russia. See also Chechen War (1994-2009) Islamic State of Iraq and Syria attacks in, 485-86 May Day attack plot (2017) and, 455-56 migrant laborers who became fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 447t, 448-49,450-51,
452,458-59,470,487,493 Muslim population in, 6-7 Saint Petersburg bombing (2017) and, 455-56 Shanghai Cooperation Agreement with Central Asian intelligence services and, 292-93,382-83 Syrian Civil War and, 441-42 Tajikistan peace accords (1997), 181 Russian Orthodox Church, 59-60,9798,166-67 sacred authority definition of, 31-32 foreign education and, 417 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 51-52,54-55 religious entrepreneurs’ use of, 44 social trust and, 31-32 sources of, 44 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan and, 92-93 sadaqa (voluntary charity), 113,218-19, 222,231-32 Sadriddinov, Qalandar, 143 Sadur, Valiakhmed, 159 Safarov, Sangak, 170-71 Said, Edward, 25 Saifutdinov, Rahmatulloh, 496 Saipov, Sherali, 485 Salafism. See also Wahhabism jihad and (Salafi jihadism), 13,40,444 in Kyrgyzstan, 372,383,413-14,419,42021,424-26 puritanism and, 12 shariat and, 13 Sufism rejected in, 248,251-52 in Tajikistan, 185-86,196-97,202,22728,231 University ofMedina and, 265-66 in Uzbekistan, 20-21,246-48,250-53,265, 275,321,341-42 Saliyeva, Urkuya, 86 Samarqand (Uzbekistan) Arab conquest in eighth century of, 50-51 Bolshevik Party’s process of consolidating control in, 73-74 Islamic civilization before twentieth century in,50-51 Khrushchev’s suppression of Islamic practices in, 92-93 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 79-80, 83,139 Russian Empire’s conquest (1868) of, 54-55 Silk Road and, 5-6
INDEX Samarqandiy, Shaykh Abdushukur, 317,497-98 Sartori, Paolo, 113-14 Saudi Arabia fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 447t, 475-76 Hanbafi Islam and, 90 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 16667,206 Kyrgyzstan! public opinion regarding life in, 413,425,426-27,434-35 missionaries in Central Asia from, 265-66 shariat law and, 344 Tajikistan’s Islamic institutions funded by, 184 ■Tajik public opinion regarding life in, 221 The Taliban and, 278-79 Uzbekistan’s Islamic institutions funded by, 245 Uzbek public opinion regarding life in, 33031,333-34,338,340,344 Sayfullozoda, Hikmatullo on Gorbachev era suppression of Islam, 156-57 Iranian Revolution and, 154 on Islam and Tajik national identity, 191-92 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 162 on Islam’s persistence through Soviet era, 103 on KGB infiltration of Islamic organizations, 139-40 on Soviet war in Afghanistan, 154 Tajikistan Civil War and, 174-75 on the young mullahs’ theological influences, 149 Sayidibrohim, Muhammadnazar, 158 Scheuer, Michael, 176 Scott, James C., 37,105,132-33 secularism authoritarian regimes’ repression of religion and, 33,36-37,38-39 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 193-94 Karimov regime and, 4,243-44,253-54, 345,351-52 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 37475,384,388-89,421,428-29 modernity and, 33 as Soviet Union’s official ideology, 16-17, 28-29,33 Uzbek popular opinion regarding, 34546,351-52 September 11 terrorist attacks (2001). See 9/11 terrorist attacks (2001) Seyfuddin Uzbek Jamaat (SUJ), 449-50 549 shahada (Muslim profession of
faith), 222,308 Shakirov, Bahrom, 294-95 Shamsuddinov, Shamsuddin, 195 Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 29293,382-83 shariat law. See also hudud All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 159 anticorruption and, 237,335,343,344,346, 377-78,414,417,421,424 Basmachi movement and, 66-67 family obligations and, 119-20 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 12,198-99, 350,401-2,431,434-35 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 51-52,54 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 162-63,164-65,171,189,192,193-94, 216,492 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 367,376-79,380,384-85,411,413, 414,415-16,417,418,420,421,423, 424,425,426,427-29,431,434-35, 436,491-92 national identity and, 128 polygyny and, 193-94 Red Terror era restrictions on, 7981,138-39 Soviet bans on, 60 Tajik public opinion regarding, 219,222-23, 224,225-26,227-28,229-30,232-34, 235-37,238 ulama and, 51-52,63 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 3-4,265, 325,327-31,334,335, 338,342-43, 345-48, 350-52 women’s rights and, 234 shirk (polytheism), 12,146-47,363 Shishani, Muslim, 454-55 Shura (journal), 246-47 Siberia, 72-73 Silk Road, 5-6 Sirhindi, Ahmad, 54,146-47,248 Smele, Jonathan, 65-66 Sodiqjon Kamoluddin, 361-63,399 Sodirov, Rizvon, 173 Somalia, 441-42 South Waziristan (Pakistan), 298 Soviet Union Afghanistan War (1979-89) and, 6-7,13, 96-97,149-50,154-56,174-75,178, 249-50,279,282-84,370-71,506 Arabic language restrictions in, 6,82-83
550 INDEX Soviet Union (cont.) collapse (1991) of, 41,104-5,110,141-42, 165-66,167,397 constitution (1918) of, 60 coup attempt (1991) in, 167 glasnost policies in 1980s and, 97,166-67, 246-47,254,491 Great Terror (1937-38) in, 77,494-95 Head WaqfDirectorate (GVU) in, 60-61 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding legacy of, 355,357,369-71,427 nationalities policy in, 4-5,55-56,57-58, 106,127-28 National Territorial Delimitation (1936) in, 57-58 New Economic Policy in, 51-52,6061,77-78 Red Army in, 55-56,61,65,67,88-90 secret police in, 68,70-72,73-74,77-81, 88-90,369-70 secularism as official ideology in, 16-17, 28-29,33 Tajik public opinion regarding legacy of, 218, 220,222,223,226-27,229,231-32, 234,235-36 Uzbek public opinion regarding legacy of, 327-28,333,335-36,337,342, 344, 351-52 women’s rights in, 60,73,333 Spann, Mike, 297 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (SADUM) associational space and, 89-90 establishment (1943) of, 89-90, 139 Hindustoniy and, 100-1 Islamic education and, 90 Islamic Institute of, 139-40,151-52 Islamic practices sanctioned under supervision of, 89-90,106 KGB infiltration of, 140 perestroika era reforms and, 255 sacred authority and, 92-93 Salafi literature distributed by, 246-47 Sufism opposed by, 92-93,102,151 TajikQoziyotand, 139-40 Turajonzoda, Qozikalon Akbar and, 142,151-53 World War II and, 89-90 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Kyrgyzstan (SAMK), 358,362,368,375 Stalin, Josef antireligious policies and repression of Islam under, 5,27-28,41,68 associational space eliminated by, 41,74, 76-77,103
collectivization of agriculture under, 77 on “culturally backwards people” in the East, 68 death of, 91 Great Terror purges (1937-38) and, 77,494-95 Red Terror era repression of Islam (1927-41) under, 16,71,76-77,79,89,102-3,11516,137-38,139,178,490 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan and, 89-90,139 World Warll and, 76-77,88-89,139 Stanishev, A. V., 71 State Commission on Religious Affairs (SCRA, Kyrgyzstan), 368,388-90 State Committee on National Security (GKNB, Kyrgyzstan’s security services), 359,382, 383-85,388-90,393,398,455,482 Stepan, Alfred, 30-31 Stockholm (Sweden) terrorist attack (2017), 484 Sufism Basmachi movement and, 66 Bolshevik Revolution era (1917-26) and, 64-65 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 51-53,55 Khrushchev’s repression of, 92-93,95 mazars and, 53,92-93,113-14,140-41 persistence during Soviet era of, 1013,113-14 Red Terror era repression of, 81 sacred authority and, 77-78 Salafi rejection of, 248,251-52 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan’s opposition to, 92-93,102,151 syncretism and, 28-29,43,180,372 Tajikistan and, 10,204-5,218 “Thaw” period of Soviet history and, 91 transcommunal networks and, 211 Uzbekistan and, 334-35,336,339 zikr recitations and, 52,113-14 Suharto, 507-8 Suhayl, Mansur, 314 suicide bombings al-Qaeda and, 226 Chechen War and, 226,230-31,343-45,435 economic-oriented explanations of, 26 female suicide bombers and, 301-2,314-15 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 301-2
INDEX Islamic State-Khorasan Province and, 285,395 Jamoati Ansorulloh and, 213-14 jihad and, 13,224, 344-45 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 41415,418-19,422-23,426,428,432,435 in Pakistan, 300-1 Palestine and, 226,230-31 Qur’an and, 418-19 in Tajikistan,199,215 Tajik public opinion regarding, 215,221, 222-23,224,226,230-31,236, 239 US-Iraq war and, 343-45 in Uzbekistan, 315 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 322,327, 336-37,338-39,341,343-45,352 Sumbulak massacre (Tajikistan, 1993), 173-74 Sunni Islam Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century in, 51 Kyrgyz identity and, 426 Tajik public opinion regarding, 229-30 Uzbek identity and, 336 Syria, 33,41. See also Syrian Civil War (2011-) Syrian Civil War (2011-) Abu Saloh and, 453-54,457,465,468-69 Aleppo siege (2016) and, 454-55 al-Ñusra Front for the People of the Levant and, 449 Arab Spring and, 443 ■Central Asian fighters in, 4-5,6-9,21,244, 351,394-95,407,441-42,443,444-49, 447f,448t, 452-53 death toll from, 451 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-lslami and, 407 Idlib bombings and, 441-42 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and, 443,470, 475,477-78 Katibat Imam al-Bukhari and, 442,44950,504 Katibat al-Tawhid wal Jihad and, 436-37, 442,449-50,453,454-55,454/, 457, 466-67,469,487,491,499,504 Tabarov, Amriddin, 201-2,213 Tablighi Jamaat Ata Meken and, 379 Islamic dress standards advocated by, 371 in Kyrgyzstan, 369-70,389,408,411 membership numbers of, 371 shariat law and, 378-79 Tajik government suppression of, 202 Yakin inkar and, 365-66 551 al-Tajiki, Ahmad, 479 Tajikistan. See also Tajikistan Civil War; Tajik SSR (Soviet
socialist republic) associational space in, 41,182-83,184, 213,452 authoritarian consolidation under Rahmon in, 179-80 constitution (1999) in, 181 election (1991) in, 168 election (1992) in, 141-42 election (1994) in, 179 election (1999) in, 182-83 election (2000) in, 182-83 election (2015) in, 195-96,203-4 fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 441-42,444, 445-48,447t, 449-51,470-71,472,474, 475-76,477-78,500 Government of National Reconciliation (GNR) in, 170-71 Hanafi Islam as officially endorsed interpretation in, 184-86,190,213 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 53 Islamic State in Iraq and Syria attack on foreign tourists (2018) in, 441,480-81 Islamic State-Khorasan Province in, 480-81 kinship networks in, 211 national identity in, 150-51,192,218, 229,231 protests (1991) in, 168-71 Salafism in, 185-86,196-97,202,22728,231 Saudi funding for Islamic institutions in, 184 second wave of Islamism (2000-10) in, 17980,182-202,213 state repression of Islam in, 37-38,41,18486,189,195-98,213,215,218,220, 226-27,229,231-32,235-36,239,489, 491,499-501 Sufism and, 10,204-5,218 three waves of Islamism (1975-2022) in, 8t, 16-17,137 Uzbekpopulationin, 199 women’s rights in, 218-19,220-21,229-30, 234-35,236-37 Tajikistan Civil War (1992-97) "Afghan Arabs” and, 176-77 ál-Qaeda and, 176-77 death toll from, 6-7,177-78 demobilization following, 179,202 election (1994) during, 179
552 INDEX Tajikistan Civil War (1992-97) (cont.) Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 7, 171-72,173-75,176-77,187,192,219, 226,259,278-79 jihad and, 173-76 martyrdom and, 175 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 174,175-76,177 noncombatants targeted in, 175,177-78 peace accords (1997) ending, 179, ISO81,219 peace negotiations and, 176-78 refugees from, 177-78 Sumbulak massacre (1993) and, 173-74 Tajikistan Project of al-Qaeda, 176 Tajik SSR (Soviet socialist republic) All-Union Islamic Revival Party banned (1990) in, 160 associational space in, 41 Basmachi movement in, 70-71,8384,138-39 Bolshevik Party’s difficulty consolidating control through World War II in, 71-72 Bolshevik Revolution era and suppression of Islam in, 50,68-73,75,138 Brezhnev era suppression of Islam in, 138,140-41 Communist Party elites in, 141-42,167 coup ( 1991) in, 141 ֊42,167-68 first wave oflslamism (1975-1991) in, 6-7, 153-71,178 Gorbachev era restrictions on Islam in, 122, 126,138 Khrushchev era deportations from, 94-95,138 Khrushchevs suppression of Islam in, 92-93, 138,140-41 Law of the Tajik SSR on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations (1990) and, 160 mosque registration data from, 97-98,98t Muslim lifecycle rituals in, 111 nationalities policy in, 127-28 protests against regime (1990) in, 157-. 58,167-68 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 36,76, 77-78,79-81,83-88,138-40 Sufism in, 94-95,113-14,140-41 teahouse mosques in, 113 territorial delimitation (1936) of, 57-58 World War II and, 86-87,88-90 Takhti Sulayman shrine (Kyrgyzstan), 356,369 Taliban Afghan
government (1996-2001) of, 278-79 Afghan government (2021-) of, 320,493, 500, 501-5 ֊ al-Qaeda and, 283-84,502 Deobandism and, 20-21,177,278-79,28283,320 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 7,27879,290-91,292,298-99,302-3,306, 309,312,314,318-20 Islamic State-Khorasan Province and, 319,501-3 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 177,180-81 Pakistan and, 200,278-79,297-98 Saudi Arabia and, 278-79 Tajik fighters allied with, 500-1 US war in Afghanistan and, 297-98,478 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 327 taloq (divorce), 333 Tasar, Eren, 27-28,92-93,95-96,106 Tashkent (Uzbekistan) associational space during Bolshevik Revolution era in, 58-59 Basmachi movement and, 69 Bolshevik Party’s process of consolidating control in, 73-74 duma elections (1917) in, 63 ISIS flags in, 444-45 Kokand Autonomy and, 65 Red Terror era repression of Islam in, 7980,83 Russian Empire’s conquest (1865) of, 54-55 secularism and, 243-44 Soviet consolidation of control (1917) in, 63-64 Tashkent Islamic University, 266-67 Tatarstan, 72-73,115-16,159,210 Tavba (armed wing of Islamic Revival Party of Uzbekistan), 8t, 18t, 254,260-61 Tavildara region (Tajikistan), 94,187-88,200, 259,289-90 Taylor, Charles, 30-31 Tehrik-i-Taliban of Pakistan (TTP), 298,302-3, 314,319 terrorism. See also suicide bombings; specific attacks Bakiyev’s policies to combat, 382-83, 453,492 economic-oriented explanations of, 26 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 41819,422-23 martyrdom and, 418-19 Putin’s policies to combat, 505-6
INDEX Rahmon’s policies to combat, 184-86 US forces in Uzbekistan and, 298 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 335 “The Thaw” (Khrushchev era), 76-77,91-92, 95-96,103,140-41 theft penalties. See under hudud penalties Thibault, Hélène 184-85 Tohir Foruq, Mohammad. See Yo’ldosh, Tohir (also known as Yuldashev) Tojikobod, Hikmatullo, 228-29 Transoxiana, 50-51,53-54 Trump, Donald, 320,502 Tuğal, Cihan, 25-26 Tulip Revolution (Kyrgyzstan, 2005), 382 Tunisia, 40,190-91,203-4 Turajon, Eshoni, 101-2 Turajonzoda, Haji Akbar biographical background of, 151,205-6 as deputy prime minister of Tajikistan, 184,187-88 education of, 90 election (1991) and, 168 Hindustoniyand, 100-1 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 212,401 international ties established in Muslim world during twenty-first century by, 183-84 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 158, ■ 165,168,172,184,187-88,206-7,21112,490,493 Movement for the Islamic Revival of Tajikistan and, 172-73 Muslim Brotherhood and, 151-52 Nuri and, 152-53 online presence of, 206-7 photo of, 206/ protests against Soviet regime (1990) and, 157-58,167,206 protests against Tajik regime (1992) and, 170 Rahmon regime’s restrictions against, 185-86 on Red Terror period of Soviet history, 138-39 religious freedom advocacy by, 166-67 sacred authority of, 44,170,205-7,20910,493 Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan and, 142,151-53 Tajikistan Civil War and, 177,228 Tajikistan peace accords (1997) and, 180-81 Tajik public opinion regarding, 228-29,231-32 as Tajik SSR’s Qozikalon, chiefMuslim official, 151,152-53,206,211 553 on Thaw
period of Soviet history, 92 transcommunal Sufi networks of, 211,216 on underground hurjas in Soviet Union, 99-100 TurkBiuro (Turkestan Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party), 49-75 Turkestan associational space in, 58 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 53,246-47 Jadidism in, 56-57 Kokand Autonomy and, 64-65 Russian imperial control (1865-1917) over, 54-55 Soviet consolidation of control during 1920s in, 58-59,72-75 Sufism and, 52 ulama during Bolshevik Revolution era in, 63-64 Turkey Islamic State of Iraq and Syria attacks in, 483-84 Kyrgyzstan! public opinion regarding life in, 377-78,422 migrant laborers who became fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 447t, 450-51,452, 487,493 secular authoritarian regimes in history of, 33, 37 Tajik public opinion regarding life in, 220,222 Türkistan Islamic Party, 454-55,504 Turkmenistan, 441-42,444,445-46,447t, 448 Turkmen SSR (Soviet socialist republic) Bolshevik Revolution era restrictions on Islam in, 57-58,73 Gorbachev era restrictions on Islam in, 98 mosque registration data from, 98t Red Terror era restrictions on Islam in, 88 Tyson, David, 245-46,256,297 Ukraine, 83 ulama (Muslim religious scholars) Basmachi movement and, 66-67,68-69 Bolshevik Revolution era restrictions on, 60,61,74 Central Asian societies before twentieth century and, 50-52,54 as Gulag prisoners in Soviet era, 6,81,100-1, 115-16,138-39 Islamic revival in Soviet Union and, 99
554 INDEX ulama (Muslim religious scholars) (cont.) Jadidism and, 57-58 Muslim politics and debates regarding role of, 49-50 Red Terror era killing and repression of, 8081,84,138-39 as religious entrepreneurs, 38-39 Russian colonial rule in Central Asia (18651917) and, 54-55 shariat law and, 51 -52,63 Ulama Jamiyati and, 63,74 underground activities during Soviet era by, 109-10 Umayyad caliphate, 50-51 Union of Mihtant Godless, 81-82 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 422,425 United States Afghanistan War (2001-21) and, 7,26,221, 224,230,235, 236,292,297-98,314-15, 317,341,351,406,411,418-19,422-23, 432,435,478,501-2 Central Asian public opinion regarding, 230, 236,334,431-32 Iraq War (2003-12) and, 26,219,224,230, 314-15,335,341,343-44,351, 372, 378-79,406,411,418-19,422-23,432, 435,443,469 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria attacks in, 484-85 Israel and, 26,372 United Tajik Opposition (UTO), 172-73,175, 180-82,199-202,213 University of Medina, 265-66 urf-adat (national and tribal custom) Adolat’s condemnation of, 323-24 in Kyrgyzstan, 128,415,419,436 religious rituals’ coexistence with, 127-28 in Tajikistan, 234 in Uzbekistan, 327,330,333, 335-36 Urganch (Uzbekistan), 325,345-46,350 Urlayeva, Yelena, 292-93 Usmon, Davlat All-Union Islamic Revival Party and, 159-60 Basmachi movement and, 139 as deputy premier of Tajikistan, 170-71 election (1999) and, 182-83 hujras in the Soviet Union and, 145 Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan and, 164-65 on Khrushchev era forced migration from Tajik SSR, 90 Nahzat-i Islami and, 146,153 on secret religious schools in Soviet Union, 139-40 Soviet-
Afghan War and, 155 on the young mullahs’ theological influences, 148 Uta, Abdulla, 259-61 Uyghurs Chinese government repression of, 36, 499, 506 Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami and, 405-6 jihad and, 233 Katibat al-Tawhid wal Jihad and, 454-55 in Kyrgyzstan, 389-90 Türkistan Islamic Party and, 454-55 al-Uzbeki, Salohiddin, 497-98 Uzbekistan. See also Uzbek SSR (Soviet socialist republic) Andijon uprising and massacre in, 294-96, 326,391-92,402-3 associational space in, 41,279-81,452 civil Islam in, 15-16,352 election (1992) in, 259 fighters in militant Islamist organizations in Syria and Iraq from, 441-42,444,44548,447t, 449-50,477-78 international coalition against ISIS and,318-19 Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 53 Islamic State-Khorasan Province and, 319, 483,502-3 mass migration to Afghanistan (1990s) from, 172 Ministry of Internal Affairs in, 279-80, 482,496 national identity in, 245-46 religion law (1998) in, 272-75 religious entrepreneurs in, 244-45,246-49 religious liberalization after 2015 in, 495,497 Salafism in, 20-21,246-48,250-53,265,275, 321,341-42 second wave oflslamism (2000-10) and, 27076,285-92,320 secularism in, 4,243-44,253-54, 345,351-52 Shanghai Cooperation Agreement and, 29293,382-83 state repression of Islamic religious practices in, 23,244,272-74,277-78,334,33738,351-52,424 state repression of Islamist groups in, 7,2021,23,41,46,172,244-45,259,261-62, ■ 265-66,267-69,270-71,272-74,
INDEX 275-76,277-78,279-81,285,320, 322-23,324,326,334,337-38,351-52, 391-92,402-4,411,415,424 Sufism and, 334-35,336,339 three waves of Islamism (1975-2022) in, 8t, 16-17,20-21,244 US counterterrorism forces in, 298 “Uzbek Gulag” and, 296,451 women’s rights in, 323,325-27,332-35, 344,495 Uzbek SSR (Soviet socialist republic) Basmachi movement in, 70-71 Bolshevik Revolution era suppression of Islam in, 50,68,69-71,74 first wave oflslamism (1970-90) in, 6-7, 245-65,275 Gorbachev era restrictions on Islam in, 98, 122-23,126 hujras in, 247-48,249,360 Khrushchev era deportations from, 9495,138 Khrushchev’s suppression of Islam in, 9293,243 mosque registration data from, 97-98,98í Muslim lifecycle rituals in, 111 -12 nationalities policy in, 127 Red Terror era and repression of Islam in, 36, 77-78,79-81,82-84,86-87,327-28 Salafism in, 248 territorial delimitation (1936) of, 57-58 traditional Uzbek songs in, 245-46 World War II and, 86-87 Vakhsh River Valley, 94-95,143 al-Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abd, 24849,453-54 Wahhabism. See also Salafism Ibn Taymiyyah and, 248-49 Kyrgyzstani public opinion regarding, 435 origins of, 248-49 Soviet government campaigns against, 156-57 Tajik government campaigns against, 173,185-86 Tajik public opinion regarding, 221,222-23, 228,231,236 Uzbek government campaigns against, 3-4, 231,272,273-74,280,292-93 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 325-26, 327,334,335 waqf (religious endowments), 53,60-61,68-69, 161-62,260 555 Wickham, Carrie Rosefsky, 38-39 women’s rights Islamic civilization in Central Asia before twentieth century and, 53 in the Kyrgyz SSR,
93-94 in Kyrgyzstan, 367,372,413,418,42425,428-29 radical Islamists’ eschewing of, 12,14 shariat law and, 234 Soviet Union and, 60,73,333 in Tajikistan, 218-19,220-21,229-30,23435,236-37 unveiling of women and, 79-81,83-86,88 in Uzbekistan, 323,325-27, 332-35, 344,495 World War II deportation of Muslims from the Caucasus region during, 94 Islamic religious practices in Soviet Union during, 86-87,99 migration from Soviet Union to Afghanistan during, 84,88-89 Muslims’ feeling of Soviet patriotism during, 128-29 Red Terror era restrictions on Islam curtailed by, 88-90 Spiritual Administration ofthe Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan and, 89-90 Xo’jayev, Fayzulla, 67,68-69 Xurosoniy, Muhammad, 483-84 Yakin inkar, 365-66,390,408 Yaroslavsky, E. Μ., 78-79 Yassaviy, Ahmad, 52,72-73, 114,336,339 Yazidis, 470 Yeltsin, Boris, 505-6 Yo’ldosh, Akrom, 293-95 Yo’ldosh, Tohir (also known as Yuldashev) Adolat leadership of, 256,275 al-Qaeda and, 297-98 on caliphate goal versus umma goal, 310-11 death of, 299-301 ideological adaptation by, 40 imprisonment of family members of, 267 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and, 28182,285,290,304-6 Karimov confronted duringprotests (1991) led by, 257-59,258/, 262-64 Karimov regime overthrow as goal of, 287-88 on martyrdom, 283 militant jihad and, 282,283,285,286-87, 290,297,308,310,311-12
556 INDEX Yo’ldosh, Tohir (also known as Yuldashev) (cont.) Pakistan Taliban and, 299-300 photo of, 307/ sacred authority and, 262,307-9,320,493 Salafism and, 256 shariat law and, 285,287 Tajikistan Civil War and, 259,285 terrorist attack against Karimov (1999) and, 281 US war in Afghanistan and, 297-98 Uzbek public opinion regarding, 264-65 Yorov, Buzurgmehr, 197 “the young mullahs” Hindustoniy and, 142,149 hujras founded by, 142 Muslim Brotherhood and, 149 as religious entrepreneurs, 142-45 Tajik national identity and, 150-51 theological influences on, 146-47,148-49 Yugoslavia Wars (1990s), 351,441-42,452 Yurchak, Alexei, 104-5,107 Yusuljonova, Zamira, 84-85 Yusupov, Asliddin and Jafar, 472 zakat (compulsory religious donation), 81,113, 337,341,462-63 Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, 38-39 al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab, 469 al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 279,282-83,287,300-1, 455-56,503-4 zikr (devotional recitations), 52,9293, 113-14 Zubayr ibn Abdul Raheem, 282,286,288,291 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Collins, Kathleen |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1150243309 |
| author_facet | Collins, Kathleen |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Collins, Kathleen |
| author_variant | k c kc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049092823 |
| classification_rvk | BE 8660 MC 9120 MG 84270 |
| contents | PART I. Understanding Islamism: Introduction, an overview of Islamism in Central Asia -- 1. Secular Authoritarianism, Ideology, and Islamist Mobilization -- PART II. The USSR Politicizes Islam: 2. The Russian Revolution and Muslim Mobilization -- 3. The Atheist State: Repressing and Politicizing Islam -- 4. Muslim Belief and Everyday Resistance -- PART III. Tajikistan: From Moderate Islamists to Muslim Democrats: 5. The Islamic Revival Party Challenges Communism -- 6. A Democratic Islamic Party Confronts An Extremist Secular State -- 7. Society and Islamist Ideas in Tajikistan -- PART IV. Uzbekistan: From Salafists to Salafi-Jihadists: 8. Seeking Justice and Purity: Islamists against Communism and Karimov -- 9. Making Extremists: The Uzbek Jihad Moves to Afghanistan -- 10. Society and Islamist Ideas in Uzbekistan -- PART V. Kyrgyzstan: Civil Islam and Emergent Islamists: 11. Religious Liberalization and Civil Islam in Kyrgyzstan -- 12. Emergent Islamism in Kyrgyzstan -- 13. Society and Islamist Ideas in Kyrgyzstan -- PART VI. From Central Asia to Syria: Transnational Salafi-Jihadists: 14. Central Asians Join the Syrian Jihad -- 15. From Central Asia to Afghanistan, Syria, and Beyond -- Appendix -- Glossary |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1401188297 (DE-599)BVBBV049092823 |
| discipline | Politologie Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| era | Geschichte 1917- gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1917- |
| format | Map |
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| geographic | Mittelasien (DE-588)4039661-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Mittelasien |
| id | DE-604.BV049092823 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:30:19Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T03:50:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780197685075 9780197685068 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034354509 |
| oclc_num | 1401188297 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| physical | xxiv, 556 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230918 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Collins, Kathleen Verfasser (DE-588)1150243309 aut Politicizing Islam in Central Asia from the Russian revolution to the Afghan and Syrian jihads Kathleen Collins New York, NY Oxford University Press [2023] © 2023 xxiv, 556 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent sti rdacontent cri rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "The introduction sets forth the two sets of questions that motivate this book. First, under what conditions does Islam become the language and the defining character of political opposition movements? Why has this Islamist mobilization taken place in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, whereas in Kyrgyzstan, civil Islam-rather than Islamism-has predominated? And why have three distinct waves of Islamist organizations and movements emerged and mobilized from the 1980s through the 2010s? Second, why do some Islamist organizations achieve relatively high mobilization, attracting a mass following, whereas many others remain fringe groups, or disappear altogether? What strategies do Islamists employ to win a social base? Are ordinary people attracted to any of the multiple Islamist movements that have surfaced? The chapter also reviews the book's country cases and the Islamist movements within each country, as well as the research methodology"-- Geschichte 1917- gnd rswk-swf Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd rswk-swf Fundamentalismus (DE-588)4137178-1 gnd rswk-swf Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd rswk-swf Mittelasien (DE-588)4039661-7 gnd rswk-swf Muslims / Asia, Central / Politics and government Islam / Asia, Central / History Islam and politics / Asia, Central Asia, Central / Politics and government Islam Islam and politics Muslims / Politics and government Politics and government Central Asia History Mittelasien (DE-588)4039661-7 g Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 s Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 s Fundamentalismus (DE-588)4137178-1 s Geschichte 1917- z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9780197685082 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034354509&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034354509&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Collins, Kathleen Politicizing Islam in Central Asia from the Russian revolution to the Afghan and Syrian jihads PART I. Understanding Islamism: Introduction, an overview of Islamism in Central Asia -- 1. Secular Authoritarianism, Ideology, and Islamist Mobilization -- PART II. The USSR Politicizes Islam: 2. The Russian Revolution and Muslim Mobilization -- 3. The Atheist State: Repressing and Politicizing Islam -- 4. Muslim Belief and Everyday Resistance -- PART III. Tajikistan: From Moderate Islamists to Muslim Democrats: 5. The Islamic Revival Party Challenges Communism -- 6. A Democratic Islamic Party Confronts An Extremist Secular State -- 7. Society and Islamist Ideas in Tajikistan -- PART IV. Uzbekistan: From Salafists to Salafi-Jihadists: 8. Seeking Justice and Purity: Islamists against Communism and Karimov -- 9. Making Extremists: The Uzbek Jihad Moves to Afghanistan -- 10. Society and Islamist Ideas in Uzbekistan -- PART V. Kyrgyzstan: Civil Islam and Emergent Islamists: 11. Religious Liberalization and Civil Islam in Kyrgyzstan -- 12. Emergent Islamism in Kyrgyzstan -- 13. Society and Islamist Ideas in Kyrgyzstan -- PART VI. From Central Asia to Syria: Transnational Salafi-Jihadists: 14. Central Asians Join the Syrian Jihad -- 15. From Central Asia to Afghanistan, Syria, and Beyond -- Appendix -- Glossary Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Fundamentalismus (DE-588)4137178-1 gnd Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4027743-4 (DE-588)4137178-1 (DE-588)4043649-4 (DE-588)4039661-7 |
| title | Politicizing Islam in Central Asia from the Russian revolution to the Afghan and Syrian jihads |
| title_auth | Politicizing Islam in Central Asia from the Russian revolution to the Afghan and Syrian jihads |
| title_exact_search | Politicizing Islam in Central Asia from the Russian revolution to the Afghan and Syrian jihads |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Politicizing Islam in Central Asia from the Russian revolution to the Afghan and Syrian jihads |
| title_full | Politicizing Islam in Central Asia from the Russian revolution to the Afghan and Syrian jihads Kathleen Collins |
| title_fullStr | Politicizing Islam in Central Asia from the Russian revolution to the Afghan and Syrian jihads Kathleen Collins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Politicizing Islam in Central Asia from the Russian revolution to the Afghan and Syrian jihads Kathleen Collins |
| title_short | Politicizing Islam in Central Asia |
| title_sort | politicizing islam in central asia from the russian revolution to the afghan and syrian jihads |
| title_sub | from the Russian revolution to the Afghan and Syrian jihads |
| topic | Islam (DE-588)4027743-4 gnd Fundamentalismus (DE-588)4137178-1 gnd Opposition (DE-588)4043649-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Islam Fundamentalismus Opposition Mittelasien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034354509&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034354509&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT collinskathleen politicizingislamincentralasiafromtherussianrevolutiontotheafghanandsyrianjihads |