The middle kingdoms: a new history of Central Europe
"Central Europe has long been infamous as a region beset by war, a place where, historically, empires clashed and sieges from the east toppled kingdoms and enslaved peoples. Many view the region-comprising present-day Germany, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Slovenia, and Romania, among other countri...
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New York, NY
Basic Books
2023
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| Zusammenfassung: | "Central Europe has long been infamous as a region beset by war, a place where, historically, empires clashed and sieges from the east toppled kingdoms and enslaved peoples. Many view the region-comprising present-day Germany, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Slovenia, and Romania, among other countries-as united only by the shared experience of invasions launched by foreign powers, from the Huns of the fourth century, to the Swedes of the seventeenth, to the Russians of the twentieth and twenty-first. Sandwiched between hostile neighbors, Central Europeans have indeed contended with conquest for centuries. But the full story of region encompasses far more than its battles. In The Middle Kingdoms, Martin Rady offers the definitive history of Central Europe, highlighting how the region's preoccupation with invasion has led not only violent conflicts but also tremendous accomplishments in politics, society, and culture. In the Middle Ages, Central Europe was distinguished by its assemblies of noblemen, self-governing cities, and strong village communities. The region's peoples viewed their land as the home of knightly chivalry and great Gothic cities, vigilantly protecting Europe from alien incursion. In the early modern period, dynasties of ambitious rulers such as the Austrian Habsburgs crushed these communities in their quest to assemble sprawling empires. Eager to conquer external foes, they turned duchies, lordships, and kingdoms into family possessions, and for much of the modern era Central Europe served as the seat of European empire. Fierce rivalries over land and power made the region's experience of nation-building intense and often violent, from the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars to the atrocities of the Third Reich. But even as Central Europe engaged in hostilities with its neighbors, it reshaped trends from surrounding nations and exported its own. Central Europeans launched the Reformation, developed the philosophy of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, originated the Romantic movement, and advanced some of the twentieth century's most important trends in art and cinema, from Expressionism to absurdist drama. More than simply the faultline between Western and Eastern Europe, the region has long possessed a cohesive identity of its own, even as its nations have remained diverse and enduringly distinct from each other. Sweeping in scope, The Middle Kingdoms draws on a lifetime of research and scholarship to tell as never before the panoramic and captivating story of Central Europe's rich, complex past and its enduring influence on world affairs"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xi, 617 Seiten 10 Karten 24,3 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781541619784 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction: Central Europe, the Dogmen, and the Oak Woods of Berehove -- The Roman Empire, the Huns, and the Nibelungenlied -- The Franks and Charlemagne: The View from Lake Constance -- Avars and Slavs: Destruction and Conversion -- The Return of the Huns, Slave States, and the Shaping of Central Europe -- The Making of the Holy Roman Empire and Central Europe's Wild East -- The Mongol-Tatars, New Cities, and New Knights -- Dynastic Change, Charles IV of Bohemia, the the Prophets of the Antichrist -- Councils, Diets, and the Confusion of the Laws -- Cities, Villages, and Freedoms: From Frisia to Transylvania -- Old Prussia, the Adventures of Henry Bolingbroke, and the Union of Poland and Lithuania -- Merchants, the Hanseatic League, and the Fuggers -- The Dragon in the China Shop and the Habsurg Imagination -- Central Europe's Renaissance, Roman Law, and the Library of the Raven King -- Luther's Reformation, the Badlands of Thuringia, and the Court Painter of Saxony -- The Ottoman Turks and Central Europe's Long Frontier -- Toleration, the Magus, and the Alchemist as Emperor -- Calendars, the Catholic Recovery, and Central Europe's Thirty Years' Civil War -- The Condition of the Countryside: Peasants, Gypsies, Jews, and Others -- Cameralism, Ottoman Endgame, and the Human Laboratory | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Bureaucrats, Sarmatians, and Little Landscapes -- The Prussian Way: Cemetery Marionettes and the Machine State -- Dissecting Europe's Orang-utan: The Partitions of Poland and Lithuania -- Napoleon and the Map of Central Europe -- The Gallant World of Tomcat Murr: Romanticism, the Grimms, and the Hanover Handbook -- 1848 and the Coming of Revolution -- The Revenge of the Generals and the Making of Nations -- Bismarck, Khuen-Hedervary's Croatia, and the Presumption of the Law -- Assimilation, Biology, and the Skull Measurers -- 1914-1918: The War Against Central Europe -- Violence, the City, and 'The Blue Angel' -- The Second World War, Ordinary Central Europeans, and Industrial Murder -- Matyas Rakosi, Stalinist Central Europe, and Its Discontents -- Communist Central Europe and Its Collapse -- Post-Communism: Slavoj Zizek and the Lesson of Laibach | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "Central Europe has long been infamous as a region beset by war, a place where, historically, empires clashed and sieges from the east toppled kingdoms and enslaved peoples. Many view the region-comprising present-day Germany, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Slovenia, and Romania, among other countries-as united only by the shared experience of invasions launched by foreign powers, from the Huns of the fourth century, to the Swedes of the seventeenth, to the Russians of the twentieth and twenty-first. Sandwiched between hostile neighbors, Central Europeans have indeed contended with conquest for centuries. But the full story of region encompasses far more than its battles. In The Middle Kingdoms, Martin Rady offers the definitive history of Central Europe, highlighting how the region's preoccupation with invasion has led not only violent conflicts but also tremendous accomplishments in politics, society, and culture. | |
| 520 | 3 | |a In the Middle Ages, Central Europe was distinguished by its assemblies of noblemen, self-governing cities, and strong village communities. The region's peoples viewed their land as the home of knightly chivalry and great Gothic cities, vigilantly protecting Europe from alien incursion. In the early modern period, dynasties of ambitious rulers such as the Austrian Habsburgs crushed these communities in their quest to assemble sprawling empires. Eager to conquer external foes, they turned duchies, lordships, and kingdoms into family possessions, and for much of the modern era Central Europe served as the seat of European empire. Fierce rivalries over land and power made the region's experience of nation-building intense and often violent, from the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars to the atrocities of the Third Reich. But even as Central Europe engaged in hostilities with its neighbors, it reshaped trends from surrounding nations and exported its own. | |
| 520 | 3 | |a Central Europeans launched the Reformation, developed the philosophy of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, originated the Romantic movement, and advanced some of the twentieth century's most important trends in art and cinema, from Expressionism to absurdist drama. More than simply the faultline between Western and Eastern Europe, the region has long possessed a cohesive identity of its own, even as its nations have remained diverse and enduringly distinct from each other. Sweeping in scope, The Middle Kingdoms draws on a lifetime of research and scholarship to tell as never before the panoramic and captivating story of Central Europe's rich, complex past and its enduring influence on world affairs"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | List ofMaps A Note on Names Introduction: Central Europe, the Dogmen, and the Oak Woods of Berehove ix xi 1 1 The Roman Empire, the Huns, and the Nibelungenlied 10 2 The Franks and Charlemagne: The View from Lake Constance 23 з Avars and Slavs: Destruction and Conversion 36 4 The Return of the Huns, Slave States, and the Shaping of Central Europe 48 The Making of the Holy Roman Empire and Central Europe’s Wild East 62 6 The Mongol-Tatars, New Cities, and New Knights 77 7 Dynastic Change, Charles IV of Bohemia, and the Prophets of the Antichrist 89 5 8 Councils, Diets, and the Confusion of the Laws 104 9 Cities, Villages, and Freedoms: From Frisia to Transylvania 116 Old Prussia, the Adventures of Henry Bolingbroke, and the Union of Poland and Lithuania 131 11 Merchants, the Hanseatic League, and the Fuggers 147 12 The Dragon in the China Shop and the Habsburg Imagination 161 13 Central Europe’s Renaissance, Roman Law, and the Library of the Raven King 176 Luther’s Reformation, the Badlands of Thuringia, and the Court Painter of Saxony 192 15 The Ottoman Turks and Central Europe’s Long Frontier 208 16 Toleration, the Magus, and the Alchemist as Emperor 223 10 14
Contents viii Calendars, the Catholic Recovery, and Central Europe’s Thirty Years’Civil War 238 The Condition of the Countryside: Peasants, Gypsies, Jews, and Others 254 19 Cameralism, Ottoman Endgame, and the Human Laboratory 269 20 Bureaucrats, Sarmatians, and Little Landscapes 281 21 The Prussian Way: Cemetery Marionettes and the Machine State 294 Dissecting Europe’s Orang-utan: The Partitions of Poland and Lithuania 311 23 Napoleon and the Map of Central Europe 325 24 The Gallant World of Tomcat Murr: Romanticism, the Grimms, and the Hanover Handbook 340 25 1848 and the Coming of Revolution 355 26 The Revenge of the Generals and the Making of Nations 369 27 Bismarck, Khuen-Héderváry’s Croatia, and the Presumption of the Law 383 28 Assimilation, Biology, and the Skull Measurers 398 29 1914-1918: The War Against Central Europe 414 ЗО Violence, the City, and ‘The Blue Angel’ 431 31 The Second World War, Ordinary Central Europeans, and Industrial Murder 448 32 Mátyás Rákosi, Stalinist Central Europe, and Its Discontents 465 33 Communist Central Europe and Its Collapse 480 34 Post-Communism: Slavoj Žižek and the Lesson of Laibach 495 Conclusion 509 Acknowledgements Further Reading Abbreviations Notes Index 517 519 531 533 589 17 18 22
Index A Abodrites, 73, 76 Adolf of Nassau, German King, 91 AEIOU acrostic of Frederick III, 170, 171 Albertil of Habsburg, 167, 174, 176 Albert ‘the One-Eyed’ of Habsburg, 91 Albrecht III, Duke of Saxony, 125 Albrecht V, Duke of Bavaria, 227, 243-245 Albrecht of Hohenzollern, 202, 294-295 Albrecht the Bear, 75-76, 89, 126 alchemy, 230-236, 308 Aleichem, Sholem, 267 Alemanns, 25, 27, 28, 36, 53 Alexander I, Tsar, 330 Alexander Nevsky (film), 137 Alexander the Great, 2-3, 48, 53, 95,230, 515 Altdorfer, Albrecht, 171, 183 Andrew II, King of Hungary, 107, 134,135 Angevins of Naples, kings of Hungary, 90 Anna, Empress of Russia, 314-315 Anne of Bohemia, Queen of England, 138 Antemurale. See rampart antisemitism history of Jewish prejudice, 220, 222, 262-268, 309, 316, 357, 411 new virulence (starting late 1800s), 412-413 older traditions and, 410-411 in post-communist Central Europe, 508 race concept and, 411-412, 454, 464 in Russian-occupied Poland, 409, 412,413 Zionism and, 413 See also Jedwabne; Kielce; Jews; numerus clausus-, World War II Antonescu, General, 459 Antwerp School, 183 April Laws, 363—364, 370—372, 388-389 Arcimboldo, Giuseppe, 232 Arianism, 23-25, 32, 211 589
590 Aristotle, 281, 291 Armenians, 10, 141, 261-262, 277, 380 armies conscription beginnings, 296, 297, 299, 306 Cossack, 209 Hungarian, 209, 371 Matthias Corvinus and, 177 Napoleonic, 331 Ottoman, 208 Polish winged hussars, 289 Prussian, 296, 297 rulers’ tax raising powers and, 285 social hierarchies in, 297 tenth-century, 63 See also grenadiers; World War I; World War II Arndt, Ernst Moritz, 338, 382, 387-388 Arpád, Prince and dynasty, Hungary, 53, 57, 89 Arthur, legendary king, 21, 68, 138, 151, 172, 337 Attila, 18, 19, 20-22, 53, 120, 337 Augustus, Roman Emperor, 10, 315 Augustus II, King of PolandLithuania, 314 Augustus III, King of PolandLithuania, 314—315 Austria fable and, 169-172, 174-175 interwar period, 434, 435 origins, 55 World War II and, 449 See also Carinthia; Carniola; Styria; Tyrol Index Austria, Empire Hungary and, 388-389 Poland-Lithuania and, 317, 318 (map), 319, 322 revolutions of 1848, 360-363, 369,370-371 Settlement (Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867), 388 See also Austria; Bosnia; Habsburgs Austria-Hungary before World War I, 389, 393, 396, 402, 407, 409,418 World War I, 418, 420-425, 427, 429, 430, 431 See also Cisleithania automaton, 303-305, 443. See abo robots Avars, 4, 33, 38-41 В Babenberg family, 89, 169 Bach, J. S„ 377 bacteriology, 405-406, 413 Bakócz Chapel, 181 Baltic area descriptions (classical and medieval), 14, 73, 131, 132 See also Livonia; Lithuania; Teutonic Knights Banat Cameralism and, 271—273, 274-280 immigration of people into, 275-276, 277 in Middle Ages, 274-275 religion and, 275, 278-280 Work ofInstauration and, 274, 275, 276-277
Index banking, accounting (overview), 154-159. See also Schwarz, Matthäus Barbara of Cilii, 162 Barnim VI, Duke, Pomerania, 147 Bartók, Béla, 40 Basil II, Tsar, 216 Bathory, Stephen, King of Poland, 290 Batu Khan, 80-81 Bavaria censorship, 307 Charlemagne, Merovingian kings and, 32-33, 36, 39 diets, 109, 110, 244, 292 expansion, 40, 52, 55 Hungarians, 52, 53 Jews, 263 law, 105, 109 Napoleon, 326, 330, 342 nationalism, 374-375 nobility, 252 peasants, 254 religion and, 42, 203, 224, 227, 236-237, 239, 243-245, 247 secret societies, 308, 310 Wittelsbachs, 70, 90, 92, 103, 244 World War I and, 428 ‘Bavarian Geographer, the’, 41 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 331, 337 Béla IV, King of Hungary, 80—84, 85,144 Belarus dictatorship today, 514 Gypsies, 260 Jews, 265 Lithuanians, 137, 241 language, 425 591 Soviet Union, 471 White Ruthene, 425 World War I and, 425, 427, 435 See also Uniate Church Berehove, Ukraine, 8—9, 261, 460 Berengar of Friuli, 51 Berlin: The Symphony ofthe Metropolis (Ruttmann), 440, 441 Bismarck,, Otto von anti-Catholic, anti-Polish policies and, 399-400 background and youth, 383, 384 as chancellor of new German Empire, 387 description, 383-384 German Confederation and, 384-385, 387 Germany unification, 4, 386-387, 513 wife and, 383-384 Black Death, 85—86, 100 Blue Angel, The (film), 445—446 Blum, Robert, 369 Bocskai, Stephen, 236 Bogusław I of Pomerania, 76 Bohemia Black Death, 100 descriptions, 77, 92—93 diets, 109, 110, 112, 225,227, 236, 246, 248 Jews, 412-413, 456-457 law, 105, 109, HO, 112 mining, 152, 154 nationalism, 367, 379, 402 nobility, 127 Přemyslids
dynasty, 55, 89, 92, 94 Protectorate, 450, 456
592 Bohemia {continued) religion, 57,61, 122, 138, 161, 201,225, 246 Thirty Years’ War, 246—248, 251, 252 Bolesław I, the Bold, the Brave, 55, 60 Bolesław III, the Wry-Mouthed, 74 Bolingbroke, Henry (Henry IV, King of England), 138, 140, 144 Bonaventura, 304-305, 306, 442-443 Bonfini, Antonio, 176-177,178-179 Boniface, Saint, 29 Bosch, Hieronymus, 123 Bosnia, 132, 163, 166, 208, 393, 497, 513 Brahe, Tycho, 235, 236 Brand, Max, 440—441 Brandenburg, 75, 89, 91, 98, 203, 286, 294, 295,317,319 Brandt, Willy, 489 Brecht, Bertolt, 440, 442, 443 Brezhnev, Leonid, 482, 492 brothels, 99, 100, 196, 414 Brožek, Artur, 406 Bruegel, Pieter, the Elder, 123 Brumowski, Godwin von, 422 Buda palace, 178-180 Bulgaria, 36, 41, 43, 45, 52, 208, 277, 423, 424, 431 bureaucracy communism, 473-474 Croatia and, 397 government and, 286, 287-288, 293, 299, 311 growth of, 7, 168, 285, 297, 299, 310 Index Staatenkunde and, 293 world wars and, 426, 429, 461^464 See also Cameralism; Hanover; Seckendorff; Weber, Max; World War I Burgkmair, Hans, 157 Burke, Edmund, 324, 495 Burns, Robert, 323 Byzantine Empire, 33, 36, 38-39, 43, 46, 54-55, 58, 78 C Cabaret (film), 446 Cabinet ofDr. Caligari, The, 443 calendar (Julian-Gregorian) conflict, 238-240 Calvinism, 210-211, 221, 224, 225, 226, 246, 258, 295 Calvin, John, 210 Cameralism Banat, 271-273, 274-280 ideas, 268, 269-270, 278 privileges of nobility and, 270, 274, 278 regulation and, 270, ЦЅ-ТП Work ofInstauration, 274, 275, 276, 278 Čapek, Karel, 443—444 Carantania, 39 Carinthia, 55, 69, 110, 158, 227, 237 Carloman, 27, 28 Carniola, 55, 76, 227, 237, 245,
292, 293, 381. See ako Valvasor, Johann Weichard von Carniolan (Slovene) literature, 335, 336 Carolingian Renaissance, 34
Index Carolus, mayor of the palace (Charles the Hammer, Charles Martel), 27, 28-29 Casimir, John, King of Poland, 295 Casimir the Great (Casimir IV) of Poland, 112, 141, 144, 176 Catherine the Great, 315, 316, 319, 320, 322 Catholicism Latin language and, 42, 46 New World and, 241 rivalry with Orthodox Christianity, 42-47 Catholicism, recovery, and Counter-Reformation beginnings (1560s), 236—237 changes, 240-241 diets and, 244, 245, 246, 248 education of clergy, 240—241 rulers and, 244-248 Thirty Years’ War and, 248, 250-253 See also calendar (JulianGregorian) conflict; Uniate Church Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 479, 494 Celtis, Conrad, 187 censorship Communist, 481-483, 487 eighteenth century, 306—307, 309, 327 following World War I, 437 French Revolutionary Wars and, 326, ЪИ nineteenth century, 344—346, 359, 373 Central Europe becoming more Western, 20, 80, 82-88 593 boundaries (by tenth century), 60-61 commercial trade routes (BalticBlack Sea, ninth/tenth century), 55-56 definitions, 4-5, 491-492 descriptions, 14, 77-80, 414 1810, ЪТӀ (map) first international partition, 41 history (overview), 3—4, 6—7, 509-515 legends and, 21-22 location, 2 1945, 470 (map) 1914, 415 (map) political boundaries, changing (summary), 5 population, 37, 260-261 western law codes and, 86 Central Europe post-communism corruption, 506-507 discrimination, 506—507 economy, 501-506 elections and, 507 music, 496-501 Western capitalism and, 495-496 Central Europe, western vs. eastern parts capital and, 159 cities and population density (around 1500), 159 colonial dependency, 160 law and government, 126—130
Chagall, Marc, 263 Chamberlain, Neville, 449—450 Charlemagne animal gnawing at, 35 biographies, 336
594 Charlemagne (continued.) brother and, 29 Christianity and, 32 Courtiers, praise for, 32, 35 cultural legacy, 34 description, 29-30, 32, 35, 94, 335 empire of, 31 (map) Franks, Saxons, Italy and, 34 name, origins and, 29 papal coronation, 33—34, 58 reputation 29, 32, 33, 35, 58, 59, 68,91,94, 124, 151,205 Roman Empire and, 33-34, 35 Slavonic lands and, 73 successors of, 41, 49, 50, 51, 53 tomb, 34, 59 wars, 29—30, 31 (map), 32—33, 34 Charles, Duke of Styria, 227, 244-245 Charles IV, King of Bohemia crowns, 93, 98 Golden Bull (1356), 96, 112 Prague brothels and, 99-100 relics and, 93-94, 98 Slavonic connection, 94—95 successors, 101—103, 161 territorial expansion, 96, 98, 174 Charles the Hammer (Carolus, Charles Martel), 27, 28-29 Charles V, Emperor, 195, 197-198, 203,205-206 Charles VI, Emperor, 273, 298 Charles XII, King of Sweden, 313 child sculptures, Polish, 184, 185 Childeric, King, 24 Childers, Erskine, 416 Childrens and Household Tales (Grimm brothers), 352 Index Chlodwig (Clovis), 24-25, 26 Chopin, Fryderyk, 377, 379 Chronicle ofthe Bohemians (Marignolli), 95-96 Chronicle ofthe Ninety-Five Lords, 170-171 Church and state (Middle Ages), 63-67 Churchill, John, Duke of Marlborough, 272 Churchill, Winston, 450-451 Chytilová, Vera, 481 Cimino, Michael, 381 cinema, early, 417 Cisleithania, 389—390, 391—392, 400-401,402-403, 426 Clovis (Chlodwig), 24-25, 26 Columbanus, Saint, 25, 26 Common Market, 490, 492. See aho European Union communism bureaucracy, 473-474 in Central Europe, 464-468, 473, 474-479, 480-483, 484-495, 510-511 fall of Berlin Wall and, 493, 495 party
loyalists and, 473—474 post-communist Central Europe, 496-508 Soviet economic model and Central Europe, 472-474 Confederation of Bar, 316, 319 Confederation of the Rhine, 329, 330, 331,336, 341 Congress Poland, 342, 343-344, 346 Conrad I, King of Germany, East Francia, 54 Conrad IV, King of Germany, 71, 90
Index Conradin, son of Conrad IV, 71 Conrad of Masovia (Polish duke), 134,135 Copernicus, heliocentric universe, 188, 234, 235,236, 320 Cornwall, Richard of, German king, 90 Corvin, John, 180 Cosmographie (Münster), 201 Cossacks, 219-222, 242-243, 266—267, 316, 512. See also Khmelnytsky, Bohdan; Wild Plain; Zaporizhzhian Sich councils Church, 66, 101, 144, 145, 165, 203, 240, 509 city, 86, 99, 117, 118, 149, 181, 202, 285 Cossack, 220 Frisian, 124 Jewish, 265 local, 125-127, 362 royal, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110, 113,288,290 Cranach, Lucas, 184, 196, 199, 199-200 craniometry, 405, 409, 452, 513 Crimea, 3, 81, 215-218, 261, 515 Croatia bureaucracy, 397 Christianity, 146 expansion, 55 Hungary and, 393—394, 397 language, 393—394 Nagodba, 393 population (1860), 392 Sabor (parliament), 389, 394-396 World War II and, 457, 459 595 Yugoslavia, 497, 513 See also Khuen-Héderváry, Charles; Strossmayer, Josip crusades, 74-75, 132, 133-136, 145-146, 205 Cumans, 80-81, 88, 134-135 Cyrillic alphabet, 45, 137, 395 Cyril, Saint, 43-44, 45, 51 Czartoryski, Adam, 330, 343—344 Czartoryski family, 315-316 Czartoryski, Joseph, 266 Czechs, Czechoslovakia antisemitism, 455 censorship and, 481, 482—483, 484 communism, 468-469, 480-483, 484, 493-494 interwar period, 432, 433, 436-437 ‘Prague Spring’, 484 split of Czechoslovakia, 497 Western pop culture in Communist Czechoslovakia, 480-481 World War II and, 449, 450, 455 See also Bohemia; Moravia; Lusatia; Silesia Czech Brethren, 225, 227 D Dadaism, 440 Daisies (Chytilová), 481 Danse Macabre, 184 Dante, 92 Dantiscus (Jan Dantyszek), 228 Darwin and
‘Darwinism’, 403-404, 408,418 Dávid, Ferenc, 226
596 Deák, Ferenc, 363, 389 Dee, John, 232 Deer Hunter, The (film), 381 ‘Deluge’, Polish (1650s), 313 Dialogue ofPolicarp with Death, 184-185 Dietrich, Marlene, 445-446 diets committees and. 111, 284, 292 decline, 248, 264, 283, 284, 288, 292, 297, 306,311,389 descriptions, 108-111, 113-114, 116-117 Hanseatic, 150, 151 imperial diets, 110-113, 197, 205,208 origins, 104—108 purpose of, 108-109, 113, 116, 283 religion and, 197, 224, 227, 245 taxation, 109, 227, 283 Disraeli, Benjamin, 386 Dix, Otto, 434, 439 dogmen idea, 1-4, 18, 515 Dominican friars, 194 Dracula, 164 Dragon, Order of the, 162, 164, 165,172 Dubček, Alexander, 482, 483 Dürer, Albrecht, 157, 171, 182-183, 184 dynasties overview, 89-90, 103 See also Arpád; Babenberg family; Habsburgs; Luxembourg dynasty; Hohenstaufen dynasty; Hohenzollerns; Piast dynasty; Přemyslid dynasty; Wittelsbachs Index E East Germany, 490, 493, 502-503 Eastern Question, 273. See also Ottoman Turks, Turkey Economics (Aristotle), 281 economy books on economics (before 1750), 281 Central Europe second half of seventeenth century, 269 post-communism Central Europe, 501-506 See also Cameralism; feudal, feudalism; merchants; mining; peasantry; railways; serfs; Varga, Eugen Eden, Anthony, 449 Edict of Restitution (1629), 250, 251 Eichmann, Adolf, 463 Enlightenment descriptions, 300 machine state and, 303-306, 310 Natural Law and, 300, 301, 512 Poland-Lithuania (1770s onward) and, 320 state-subject relationship and, 301-303 See also freemasonry; Frederick II; Joseph II; Justi, J. H. G.; Kant, Immanuel; Maria Theresa; Montesquieu; Rousseau, Jean-
Jacques; Stanislaw I Poniatowski; Voltaire; Wolff, Christian Erasmus, 145, 229 Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, 346-352, 354, 387
Index Ernst-August Stollen, 349 Ernst, Duke of Saxe-Gotha, 281, 282-283, 284-285, 287 Eroica (Beethoven), 337 Eugene of Savoy, 272, 273-274, 275, 276 eugenics, 406-407 European Union, 490, 492, 501, 503, 505-506, 514. See abo Common Market Eyck, Jan van, 182 F Ferdinand I, Emperor and Archduke of Austria, 197, 201, 209-210, 225, 227, 235, 244, 370 Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, 361—362, 363 Ferdinand II, Emperor becoming emperor, 246 Bohemia and, 246, 247-248 Catholicism and, 245, 246, 247-248, 250, 253 description, 245, 246 Protestant coup of 1618, 246—247 Roman Law and, 245, 247-248, 250 sovereign rights and, 245, 247-248,250,253 Thirty Years’ War, 248, 250, 251, 252 Ferdinand III, Emperor, 252—253, 271 Ferdinand of Styria. See Ferdinand II, Emperor feudal, feudalism, 84, 87, 109, 511. See also vassalage Fiddler on the Roof, 267 Fiorentino, Francesco, 181 597 Firemens Ball, The (Forman), 481 Foolish Sage, The (Gnapheus), 188 forgeries, literary, 337 Forman, Miloš, 481 Forster, Georg, 323-324 Fosse, Bob, 446 Four Seasons and Four Elements (Arcimboldo), 232 Francis II (I), Emperor, and Napoleon, 325, 326 Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Emperor, 316 Franconia, 28, 42, 53, 63, 69, 71, 72, 102, 111, 187, 244, 254, 263, 264 Frankenstein, Count, 362 Frank, Hans, 453, 456 Franks, Frankish Empire Bulgarians, 36 descriptions, 24, 50 disintegration, 49-51, 53-55, 56-57, 58-61 Hungarians and, 53, 54 Huns and, 19 Irish monks and, 28-29 kings as sacred beings, 24, 26—27 language divisions, 50 mayors of the palace, Carolingians, 27—30, 32—35 Merovingian rulers, 24, 26—27, 33 origins, 18,
20, 24 paganism, 23, 24 partible inheritance, 26, 50, 53-54 Franz Ferdinand, murder of, 418 Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria/ Austria-Hungary, 370—371, 372-373, 382, 386, 387, 388-389, 394
598 Franz Karl, Archduke, 370 Frederick I Barbarossa (‘Red Beard’), Emperor, 70-71 Frederick I, King of Prussia, 294 Frederick II (‘the Great’), King of Prussia Catherine the Great and, 315 on machine metaphor, 305 philosophers and, 300-301, 304 Poland-Lithuania, 317, 319, 322 on predecessors, 295, 298 Silesia, 298-299 Frederick II, Emperor, 71, 81, 90, 92, 105-106, 135 Frederick III, Emperor AEIOU acrostic, 170, 171 background, 167 death, 171 description, 167 Habsburg dynasty, mystique of, 168, 170-171, 174-175, 206 Holy Roman Empire and, 167 Matthias Corvinus and, 176, 177 private feuding and, 168-169 Frederick V of the Palatinate, 246, 247 Frederick the Wise of Saxony, 193-194, 195, 199 Frederick William I, Prussia, 264, 295-296, 298. See also grenadiers, giant Frederick William II, Prussia, 327 Frederick William III, Prussia, 327, 345 Frederick William IV, Prussia, 358-359,365, 369-370 freemasons, 308-310, 327, 328 Free Voice, A (Leszczyński), 315 Index French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789), 391 French Revolution, 322, 495, 510 Freud, Sigmund, 444, 445 Friedrich, Caspar David, 354 Frisia, Frisians, 23, 27, 36, 123-125, 127-128, 188, 224, 263, 381. See ako gallows wheels Fugger family, 154-156, 157, 264 Fugger, Jacob, 157-159 G Galicia insurrection (1846), 355, 356-357 origin as kingdom, 319, 330, 343 World War I, 421,423, 428 gallows wheels, 123—124 Gall, Saint, 25, 26 Garden Party, The (Havel), 482 Genghis Khan, 80, 81 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (Loos), 7 George I, King of Great Britain (Elector Georg Ludwig of Hanover), 347 George III, King of Great Britain,
346-347 George V, King of Hanover, 387 German Confederation, 343, 344, 352, 354, 358, 359, 365, 367, 382, 384, 385, 387 German dictionary (Grimm brothers), 353 German Navy League, 416-417 German Peasants War (1525), 196, 257 German Princely State (Seckendorf!), 281-282
Index German tribes Arianism, 23 descriptions, 13, 14-15 language, 14-15 Roman Empire and, 13, 14 Germany assimilation of Poles, 399-400 birth rate (late 1800s/early 1900s), 416 changes with unification, 416-417 colonialism, 408-409, 413, 416, 513 culture and identity, 352-354 ethnography, 405 Germanization (late 1800s/early 1900s), 400 government (nineteenth century), 389-390 interwar period, 433-434 language, 353 police notices, 391-392 postwar, 488, 489. 490, 501-503 Reichstag (parliament), 390 socialism, 429—430 unity, Bismarck and, 387—388 Versailles, Peace of, and, 432-433 Weimar Germany, 431-446 World War I, 419-420, 421-423, 424-427, 431 World War II, 448-450, 451-454, 456-458, 459-464 Géza, Hungarian Prince, 57 Gierek, Edward, 487—488 Gilbert, Lizzie (Montez, Lola), 360, 377 Glagolitic language, 44, 45, 94-95 599 Glory ofthe Duchy ofCarniola, The (Valvasor), 293, 335 Gnapheus, Gulielmus (Willem van de Voldersgraft), 188, 190 Goebbels, Josef, 446, 447, 451, 489 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 308, 331,351,353 Gog and Magog (Old Testament), 3, 16, 53 Golden Bull (1356), 96, 112 Golden Bull of Rimini (1226), 135 Golden Fleece, Order of, 172 Golden Liberty, 290, 291, 312, 316, 498 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 492, 493 Gorgoryos, Abba, 282-283 Gospel Book of Otto III, 60, 509, 515 Goths, 4, 16, 17, 18-19, 23, 37, 258, 323,515 Göttingen Seven, 351-352, 366 government, power of Amt, Amtmann, 286 armies and, 287-288 bureaucracy, growth of, 286, 287-288, 293, 299,311 censorship, 306—307 civil service idea and, 285 Enlightenment and, 306 nobility absorbed by government, 286, 306,311,512
public sphere development and, 306-310 Saxe-Gotha vs. Poland-Lithuania, 291 ‘state’ idea and, 282, 285 state regulation, 301—302 ‘territorial sovereignty’ idea, 282
600 government, power of {continued) variations in, 292-293 See abo bureaucracy, Cameralism; Enlightenment; feudal and feudalism; law; vassalage Great Northern War, 313 Great Ravensburg Company, 149 Green Cadres, 428, 429 Gregorian calendar, 238-240 Greiser, Arthur, 456-457 grenadiers, giant, 264, 296 Grien, Hans Baldung, 183—184 Grimm brothers (Jacob and Wilhelm), 351-353 Grimm, Jacob, 128, 331, 353, 366 Grosz, Georg, 434, 439 guilds, 117, 119, 149, 263, 271, 334, 414. See also Society of the Holy Trinity Gül Baba, 210 Gullivers Travels (Swift), 326 Gypsies, 258, 259, 260, 261, 270, 406-407, 452-453. See abo Holocaust H Habsburg Europe (1550), 204 (map) Habsburgs, dynasty competition and, 7, 91, 271-273 empire and, 175 females as successors, 298 music, 307, 377 myth-making and, 169-172, 174-175 as new dynasty, 90, 103 revenues, 212 ‘Haidamaky’ (Shevchenko), 221-222 Index Halifax, Lord, 449, 450 Handó, George, library, 180-181 Hanka, Vaclav, 337 Hanover Britain, rulers and, 347-348 Court and State Handbook for the Kingdom ofHanover (1846), 350, 352 following Napoleons defeat, 348 See also, Ernest Augustus; ErnstAugust Stollen Hanseatic League, 149-152, 154 Hasidism, 267, 410 Hassel, Georg, 4 Havel, Václav, 475-476, 482, 484, 494 Haydn, Joseph, 377 heliocentrism, 235—236 Henlein, Konrad, 449 Henry II, Emperor, 63 Henry III, Emperor, 64-66, 105 Henry IV, Emperor, 65—66, 67, 69 Henry IV, King of England (Henry Bolingbroke), 138, 140, 144 Henry V, Emperor, 66 Henry V, King of England, 165 Henry VI, Emperor, 71 Henry VII, German King, 105-106 Henry VII, of Luxembourg, Emperor,
91-92 Henry of Saxony, German King, 54 Henry of Valois, King of Poland, 290 Henry the Lion, 69, 70 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 306, 336, 352 Herero people, 408 heretics, heresies, 23, 100, 122, 193-194,211,225, 235,242, 509
Index Hermann von Salza, 135 Herzl, Theodor, 412-413 Hevellian Slavs, 75 Heydrich, Reinhard, 456 Himmler, Heinrich, 457, 458, 459, 461-462 Hindenburg, Paul von, 420, 427, 436 Hitler, Adolf chancellor, 436, 449, 453-454 World War II and, 449, 450, 451, 452, 459, 469, 471 Hoffmann, E. T. A, 340, 351 Hohenstaufen dynasty, 69, 70, 71, 90 Hohenzollerns, dynasty, 202, 294, 295, 512. See abo Germany; Prussia Holbein, Hans (the Younger), 184 Holocaust, 456—464, 469, 513; Roma Holocaust {Porajmos), 453 Holy Roman Empire coronation, 33, 54, 58, 62, 65, 91, 174 courts, 169, 172, 252 dissolution (1806), 96, 326 extent in Middle Ages, 92, 169 fragmentation in Middle Ages, 69, 71, 72, 76 ‘Holy’ addition, 35, 65 imperial office, meaning of, 35, 96, 165, 166, 174, 205, 206, 245, 253 See abo Austria; Bavaria; Brandenburg; Charlemagne; diets; Golden Bull of 1356; Mecklenburg; Palatinate; Peace of Westphalia; Pomerania; SaxeGotha; Saxony; Thuringia 601 Honecker, Erich, 493 Hörnigk, Philip von, 269 Horthy, Miklós, 434-435, 459 humanists, humanism, 186-189, 195, 228-229, 232, 236. See abo Bonfini, Antonio; Dantiscus; Erasmus Humbert of Romans, 509—510 Hume, David, 323 Hungary antisemitism, 455, 469 Bavarian chieftains, feasting with, 53 calendar conflict, 239 Christianity, 54-55, 57, 60, 146 communism, 465-468, 474-475, 476-478, 484, 493 counties, 121, 257, 280, 288, 373,462 Czechs and Slovaks (1919), 431 descriptions, 52-53, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84 dietsand, 108, 110, 114, 122, 154, 176, 209, 369, 372 effects on Central Europe, 55 following World War I, 433 government descriptions (nineteenth
century), 389-390 Gypsies, 261 Huns, 52-53 immigration, 82-83, 85 interwar period, 434-435 language, 51—52, 364—365, 398-399 law, 105, 107, 108, 114 Magyarization, 398-399, 403-404 mining, 152-154, 157-159
602 Hungary {continued) minorities, national, 371, 372, 398-399, 403-404, 405 modernization, 373 Mongol-Tatars destruction, 81—84 nobility, 83, 87-88, 288-289 origins, 51 Reformation effects, 210-211 religion, 54—55, 57, 60, 146, 246, 365 Revolution of 1956, 477-478 revolutions of 1848, 357, 363-364, 369, 371-373 serfdom, 79, 363, 369, 373 succession problems, 176, 180, 209-210 World War II, 450, 455, 457, 459-461 See also April Laws; AustriaHungary; Transylvania Huns, 15-16, 17-18, 19, 20-22, 61 Hunyadi family, Transylvania, 121 Hunyadi, John, 176 Hus, Jan (John), 101-102, 193-194, 201 Hussitism, Hussites, 102-103, 122, 161,210, 225, 235. See aho Utraquism I Ignjatovič, Jakov, 375-376 Illuminati, 308, 310 indulgences, 194 Innocent III, Pope, 132 Invasion of 1910, The (Le Queux), 416 Isherwood, Christopher, 445 Ivan III, Tsar, 216 Ivan IV, ‘the Terrible’, 217, 223 Index J Jacobins, 326, 328, 346 Jadwiga, Queen of Poland, 142, 143 Jagiellon dynasty, 103, 173-174, 290 Janáček, Leoš, 45 Jaquet-Droz, Pierre, 304 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, General, 488, 492-493 Jedwabne, 455 Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah), 409-410 Jews Berehove, 8, 9, 460 Cabbala, 230 Cossacks and, 221, 222, 266-267, 316 court Jews, 264 emigration, 413 expulsions, 263-264, 309 finances and, 262, 264 integration and, 409, 410, 411 merchants, 56, 73, 262, 263, 266 population, 262, 410 poverty, 267—268 situation in Central Europe (1800s), 409-411 vulnerability, 263-265 work, 262, 263, 266, 410, 454 See aho antisemitism; Hasidism; Holocaust; Jewish Enlightenment; numerus clausus Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania/ King of
Poland, 142, 143-144, 173, 290 John, Archduke, as regent, 366 John I Zápolya, King of Hungary, 209,210
Index John II Sigismund, King of Hungary, 210 John of England, King, 90, 132 John of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia, 92, 93, 138 John Paul II, Pope, 485, 488 Joseph II, Emperor, 302, 309, 409 Julian calendar, 238-240 Julius Caesar, 14, 77, 169-170, 238 Junker, Junkerdom, terms, 297, 384, 417 Justi, J. H. G., 305 Justinian, Byzantine Emperor, 189 К Kádár, János, 478, 480, 483 Kant, Immanuel, ЗОЇ, 307—308, 353, 402-403, 463 Kara Mustafa, 271—272 Karinthy, Frigyes, 443 Karl, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 430 Karlstadt, Andreas, 196 Karl Theodor of the Palatinate, 302 Károlyi, Michael, 430, 431 Kehrrad, 158, 159 Kepler, Johannes, 235 Kertész, Mihály (Michael Curtiz), 443 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, 220—221, 222,266-267, 317 Khrushchev, Nikita, 476 Khuen-Héderváry, Charles, 394—397 Kielce, 469 Kiesinger, Kurt, 489 Klapka, George, 388 Kohl, Helmut, 501 Kornyilova, Feodora, 466—467 Korsakov, General, 332 603 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 322 Kosovo, 279, 497, 514 Kossuth, Louis, 345-346, 357, 363, 364-365, 371-372, 373, 379 Kun, Béla, 465 Kundera, Milan, 491 Kuroń, Jacek, 486 L Laibach (Neue Slowenische Kunst), 498-501, 508 La Mettrie, Julien OiFray de, 304 Lang, Fritz, 441 language census and, 380-382 nationalism and, 379—382, 393-394, 398-399 significance, 336, 352-354, 365, 367 law charters of liberty, 105-107 citizenship, 117-118 communal government and law making, 116—130, 511—512 confusion of the law, 114, 115 consent, 106 copying by hand, 114 customary law, 114, 126, 127, 128, 226, 248, 254 descriptions, 104-105, 108, 115 Habsburg dynasty and, 169, 172-173 nose of wax, 105 ordinances and
decrees, 7, 96, 106, 115, 191,207, 248, 297, 301,302,311,391,392, 395, 426, 436, 512 presumption of the law, 390, 391, 395-397,512
604 law {continued) Roman Law, 189, 190, 191, 207, 226, 245, 248, 250, 255, 282, 512 Schöffen, 118, 126 self-government in western vs. eastern Central Europe, 126-130 village headman and, 126—127 Weistiimer, 128-130, 191, 254, 255 written rights, 105-107 See aho councils; diets lawofLiibeck, 118 law of Magdeburg, 118 League of Nations, 448-449 leagues, 117-119 Leopold I, Emperor, 271-272, 278-279 Leopold II, King of Belgium, 417 leprosy, 40 Le Queux, William, 416 Leszczyński, Stanislaw, 314, 315 L’Homme-Machine (La Mettrie), 304 liberalism, 339, 341 libraries, 26, 34, 170, 178-181, 233, 302, 336, 400, 458 Linguistic Map ofthe Prussian State based on the 1861 Census, 381-382 Liszt, Franz, 377, 379 Lithuania crusades, 140-141, 143, 144 descriptions, 132, 137-138 Gypsies, 260 Jagiellon rulers, 103 Jews, 262-263, 267 Livonia, 217 Index religion, 137—138 Russia, 216, 221, 241 Teutonic Knights and, 137-144 World War II, 455,460 See also Poland-Lithuania Livonia, 132, 217, 317, 319 Locarno treaties (1925), 448 Lombards, 25, 34, 62 Loos, Anita, 7 Lothar I, 50 Lothar II, 50 Louise Dorothea, Duchess of SaxeGotha-Altenburg, 287 Louis I, Hungary, 142-143, 162 Louis II, Hungary, 174, 209, 210 Louis-Philippe, King of the French, 357 Louis the German, 50 Louis the Pious, 41, 49-50 Louis VII, King of France, 78 Louis XIV, King of France, 271, 285, 295, 338,510 Louis XV, King of France, 314, 315 Louvre, 286—287, 332 Ludendorff, Erich, 420, 430 Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, 360, 377 Lusatia, 112, 177, 251 Lutheranism, 194, 197, 198, 200, 202, 207,210,211,224, 226, 227, 282, 294, 383 popularity,
196-197, 198, 226, 227 Luther, Martin background, 193 Cranach and, 199-200 description, 198, 199-200, 511 Erasmus and, 229 literacy and, 198 music, 195-196
Index stagedabduction, 192—194, 195 support of princes, 193, 197, 207 theology, 192-194, 198 usury and, 281 writings, 194, 198—201 Luxembourg, duchy, 91, 387 Luxembourg dynasty, 90, 91, 92-96, 98-103 Μ Machiavelli, Niccolò, 145 machines (interwar years), 440—441, 442-444. See also robots machine state and Enlightenment, 303-306, 310 Mackensen, August von, 422-424 Macpherson, James, 337 Magdeburg law, 86, 118, 136 Malmström, Cecilia, 506 Man Equals Man (Brecht), 442 Marcomanni, 15 Maria Anna of Bavaria, 244-245 Maria Theresa, Empress Enlightenment, 309 family, 316 Frederick II and, 298, 316 freemasonry and, 308-309, 310 intolerance, 309 territorial changes, 280, 316, 317, 319,343 regulation and decrees, 299, 301-302, 307 succession and Pragmatic Sanction, 298, 316 Marignolli, Giovanni de’, 95-96 Marlborough. See Churchill, John Marmont, Auguste de, 335 Martel, Charles (Carolus, Charles the Hammer), 27, 28-29 605 Mary, Queen of Hungary, 162 Masaryk, Tomáš, 436 Maschinist Hopkins (Brand), 440-441 Master ofthe World (Piel), 443 Matthias Corvinus (‘Matthias the Raven), 121, 176, 177-179, 180-181. See also Buda palace Matthias, Emperor, 236, 245—246 Mauro, Fra, 151-152 Maximilian I, Emperor, 168, 171-175, 197, 206 Maximilian II, 214, 227, 232, 244, 290 Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria, 247 Maximilian II, Duke of Bavaria, 360 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 492-493 Medici family, Florence, 152, 154 Melancthon, Philip, 200 Memorandum, The (Havel), 482 Mendel, Gregor, 403 Mendelssohn, Moses, 409 Mennonites, 228 merchants alliances and guilds, 149-152 mining products and, 152—154, 156,157-159 of
Nuremberg, 152-153, 154 robbery of, 147 serfs and, 160 tolls and, 148-149 See also Fuggers; Hanseatic League; Great Ravensberg Company; Jews; Medici family; Nuremberg merchant cartel; Rhineland League; Society of the Holy Trinity; Swabian League
Index 606 Mercy, Comte de (Florimund, Claude, Comte de Mercy), 274, 275, 276, 277, 279 Merkel, Angela, 490 Methodius, 43, 44-45, 57 Metropolis (Dix), 439 Metropolis (Lang), 441 Metternich, Austrian chancellor, 342-343, 344, 345-346, 356, 361 Michael I, King of Romania, 459 Michael II Apafi, Prince of Transylvania, 272 Michael III, Emperor (Constantinople), 43 Michelangelo, 185 Mickiewicz, Adam, 376 Mieszko, dynasty of, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 89 Milič, Jan, 99-100, 101 Military Frontier Cossacks, 218, 219-220 dissolution, 392, 393 Habsburg policy, 214, 512 Napoleon, 334 troops, 212-214 Turks, 215, 217-218, 271 See also Wild Plain; Zaporizhzhian Sich mining copper liquation, 153-154, 158 flooding of mine shafts and, 152, 158-159, 303 merchants, 152-154, 156, 157-159 See also Fuggers; Kehrrad; merchants; Newcomen engine ministerials, 68-69, 71 Minnelli, Liza, 446 Mirabeau, Comte de, 305 Mojmir, 42-43 Moltke, Helmut von (the elder), 387 Moltke, Helmut von (the younger), 419 Monas Hieroglyphica (Dee), 232 Mongol-Tatars, 2-3, 80-88, 137, 141, 144 Monitor, The (newspaper), 320 Monte, Herkus, 136 Montesquieu, 311, 320—321 Montez, Lola, 360, 377 Moravia, 41, 43, 44, 52, 55, 57, 112, 118, 177, 225, 246, 247, 367, 369, 380, 381,403, 428, 450 Moryson, Fynes, 227, 261 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 377 Münster, Sebastian, 201 music, 34, 307, 323, 331, 376-379, 410, 438, 440, 480-482, 484, 496-500. See aho Bach, J. S.; Bartók, Béla; Beethoven, Ludwig v.; Chopin, Fryderyk; Haydn, Joseph; Janáček, Leoš; Laibach; Liszt, Franz; Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus; Plastic People of the Universe; Reed, Dean;
Schumann, Robert; Smetana, Bedřich N Nagy, Imre, 476, 477, 493 Nagodba, Croatian (1868), 393 Napoleon attitudes towards, 337—338 cultural recruitment and, 331, 332
Index effects on Central Europe, 329, 330-339, 510,513 exile, 339 Frenchification and, 332-335 Habsburgs and, 325-326 ideas as contributing to liberalism, 339 Illyrian Provinces, 333-334, 335, 337 language and, 333-336 Napoleonic Code, 330—331 Napoleonic Wars, 325-326, 329, 330, 331,332 plunder, 331-332 relatives, 329-330, 338 Russia, 324, 330, 332, 515 troops and, 330, 331, 337 Warsaw, Duchy of, 330, 331, 342 Westphalia, Kingdom of, 329, 330, 332-333, 337, 342 Napoleon III, French Emperor, 385, 387 Napoleon Museum, 332 nationalism assimilation, 403-404 choice, 379—380 ‘Darwinism’, 403—404 eugenics, 406-407 following revolutions of 1848, 374-382 identity, 374-382 language, 379—382, 393—394, 398-399 Napoleon and, 337-338, 339 nationalist parties, 402 past and, 374-375 race, 407-409 Natural Law and Enlightenment, 300, 301, 512 607 Nazis Brownshirts, 434 German culture and, 446-447 Jews and Holocaust, 8, 447, 453-459, 460-464, 513 See also Eichmann, Adolf; Goebbels, Josef; Heydrich, Reinhard; Himmler, Heinrich; Hitler, Adolf; World War II Nepomuk, John, Saint, 279 Nero, Emperor,169—170 Nevsky, Alexander, 137 Newcomen engine, 159 Newton, Isaac, Sir, 230—231 Nibelungenlied, 21—22, 169, 336-337, 378 Nightwatches (Bonaventura), 304-305 nobility adapting to the big state, 287-288 decline, 292-293 origins, 68, 83, 84, 86, 87 provincial landscape, 293 state consuming, 288 taking over state, 290—291 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 514 Nuremberg merchant cartel, 152, 153, 154 numerus clausus, 455 О Occult learning. See alchemy Oecolampadius, Johannes, 225 Ogedei, Khan, 80
Olbracht, Jan, King of Poland, 181 Old Prussia, 132-133, 135-136. See also Monte, Herkus Omurtag, Bulgarian Khan, 41
608 Onogurs (Turkic tribe), 51 On the Three Ways ofBookkeeping (Schwarz), 155, 156 Origin ofSpecies, The (Darwin), 403 Orthodox Christianity Catholicism rivalry, 42—47 intellectual tradition, 46-47 Ottoman invasion and, 211 Russia, 216, 241 Transylvania, 226 See ako Uniate Church Ossian (Macpherson), 337 Ostrogoths, 18-20, 21, 40 Ottakar IV of Styria, 105 Otto, Bishop of Bamberg, 74 Otto I, 54, 57, 58, 61 Otto II, 58-59 Otto III, 58—60, 63, 509. See also Gospel Book Ottoman Turks, Turkey, 3, 4, 120, 122, 146, 163, 176-178, 208-216, 271-273, 279-280, 418, 423, 424, 431 Otto of Freising, Bishop, 77, 78-79 Ovid, 10, 14, 34, 187 P Paine, Thomas, 495 Palacký, Frantisek, 367 Palatinate, 67, 91, 98, 102, 203, 224, 246, 247, 250, 302, 370 Palmerston, Lord, 324 Pannonia, 13, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 52, 55, 57 Pan-Slav Congress, Prague, 367, 369 Pan Tadeusz (Mickiewicz), 376 Index paramilitaries, 434, 497, 507. See aho Green Cadres Pavelič, Ante, 459 Peace of Augsburg (1555), 223-224, 226, 245, 250 Peace of Prague (1635), 251 Peace of Westphalia (1648), 253 peasantry descriptions, 257, 258 Jews and, 266-267 landlords and, 129, 255-257 See also serfs Peasants, The (Reymont), 127 Persian Letters (Montesquieu), 320 Peter the Great of Russia, 313 Petőfi, Sándor, 379 Piast dynasty, 55 Pictures ofDeath (Hans Holbein), 184 PidderLiing, 124 Pied Piper, 82-83 Piel, Harry, 443 Pilgrims Progress (Bunyan), 326 Pilsudski, Józef, 432 Pippin, King of the Franks, 27-28, 29 pirates, 118, 124, 147 Plastic People of the Universe, 498 Plato, 306 Pliverić, Josip, 395-396 Poincaré, President of France,
418 Poland agriculture, 254 beginnings, 55 communism, resistance and, 468, 473, 475, 484-490, 492-493 consolidation (thirteenth century), 111-113
Index descriptions, 77-78 dukedoms, 111-112 duke of Cracow, 104 interwar period, 435 Jagiellon rulers of Lithuania and, 103 Jews, 262-263, 265, 266, 268, 455, 469 law, 104, 107, 108, 112, 115 LGBT discrimination, 508 Mongol-Tatars, 81 ‘organic work’, 400, 458, 485 Ottoman Turks and, 215 population movements, 260-262 Reformation, 201-202 religion, 57, 74, 144-145, 201-202, 227-228, 485, 488 Russia, 221, 241, 317, 424-425, 432 Sejm and Sejmiks (diets), 112, 115,216,217, 227, 265,290 serfdom, 79 succession, 84-85, 141-142 Ukraine, 217, 432, 435 West Germany, 488-490 World War II, 448-449, 450-451,453, 458,460 See abo Kuroń, Jacek; Mazowiecki, Tadeusz; Solidarity; Wałęsa, Lech Poland-Lithuania constitution, 311 constitution and separation of powers (1791), 321-322 Golden Age, 319-320 government as not keeping up, 311-312 Henrician Articles (first constitution), 291, 312 609 Krėva agreement (1385), 142, 143 Lublin union (1569), 217, 219 Montesquieu and Rousseau, 321, 322 nobility, power of, 290-291, 311-313,316 partitions, 317, 318 (map), 319-324, 512 peasantry, serfs and, 219, 322 Sarmatianism, 289-290 Sejm and, 311-314, 322 veto, liberum veto, 312-313, 315 Pomerania, 73, 74, 75, 76, 102, 111, 129, 147, 156, 169, 203, 255,286,383,471 Pomeranian dog, 73, 344 population, 37, 63, 81, 82, 86, 100, 137, 159,211,220, 260-262, 267, 269, 275, 285, 297, 313, 364, 381,392, 407, 433, 435, 458, 469, 472, 485 Porajmos. Se ? Holocaust Porsche, Ferdinand, 422 Pragmatic Sanction (1713), 298 Prague Orgy, The (Roth), 465 Přemyslid dynasty, 55, 89, 90, 92, 94 presumption of the law Britain,
France, United States (nineteenth century), 390-391 in Central Europe, 391, 512 Croatia and, 395-397 police notices, 392 Pribina, 42—43 Pribislaw, 75 printing press, 182-183, 198-199
610 Prodigal Student (Gnapheus), 188 Promise, The, 474-475 Protestantism conflict between branches of, 224, 241 origin of name, 197 early popularity, 198, 226, 227 See also Calvinism; Czech Brethren; Lutheranism; Peace of Augsburg; toleration; Unitarianism; Utraquism Prussia Brandenburg and Prussia, 294-295 civilian administration, 297-298 diets, 384 economic rise, 385-386 Habsburgs, conflict with, 298 military conscription, 296, 297 other rulers imitating, 299-300 Poland-Lithuania, 300, 317, 318 (map), 319 revolutions of 1848 and, 360 Silesia, invasion of, 298-299, 316 unification of Germany, 365-368, 383-388 See also Bismarck; Brandenburg; grenadiers; Hohenzollerns; Old Prussia Ptolemy, 13 Putin, Vladimir, 507 Puttkamer, Johanna von, 383-384 R race colonialism, 408-409 ‘Darwinism’ and, 408 Index hierarchy, 408-409 Rasse, meanings, 407-408 See also antisemitism; Gypsies; Herero people railways, 153, 349, 351, 385, 461, 491 Rákóczi, Ferenc, Prince of Transylvania, 272 Rákosi, Mátyás background, 465—466 communism, 465—468, 472, 473, 474-475, 476-477, 478 ‘praise’ for, 474-475 rampart, antemurale, idea of nation as, 145, 146 Rastislav, 43, 44 Rathenau, Walter, 431 Reed, Dean, 496 Reformation early phases of, 196—198 German princes as winners, 206-207 ordinances on morals, 207 spread of, 201-203, 210 See also Calvin, John; Calvinism; Luther, Martin; Lutheranism; Oecolampadius, Johannes; Protestantism; Unitarianism; Vadian, Joachim; Zwingli, Ulrich Renaissance in Central Europe architecture and hybridization of styles, 157, 181-182, 511 art and literature, 182—188 death
imagery, 183—185 humanists, 186-189, 195 libraries, 178-179, 180-181 magnifies the ruler, 190-191
Index religious and spiritual themes, 185-186 Roman law and, 188-191 worldly vs. divine literature, 186-187 See also, Altdorfer, Albrecht; Cranach, Lucas; Dürer, Albrecht; Antwerp School; Arcimboldo, Giuseppe; Bakócz Chapel; Bosch, Hieronymus; Bruegel, Pieter; Buda palace; Celtis, Conrad; Danse Macabre; Eyck, Jan van; Grien, Hans Baldung; Holbein, Hans; humanism; Michelangelo; Vitéz, John; Weyden, Rogier van der Renan, Ernest, 374 revolutions of 1848 (Central Europe) April Laws, 363-364, 370, 371, 372,388-389 course of events, 355—373 demonstrations, 358 economics and, 357-358, 359-360 ideas behind, 355, 357—60, 363-365 insurrections planned (1846), 355-356 publications and political cartoons, 359 ‘revenge’ following, 369-374 Reymont, Władysław, 127 Rhineland League, 118 Richter, J. P. E (Jean Paul), 304, 305 Riddle ofthe Sands (Childers), 416 Riemenschneider, Tilman, 182 611 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 442 Ring cycle (Wagner), 336—337, 378 robots, 443-444 Rökk, Marika, 446 Roma. See Gypsies Roman Empire Celtic populations, 11 Central Europe and, 11 East/West division and capitals, 17 extent, 10-11, 15 Huns and, 15—19 religion, 23, 24 Roman Law. See law Romania communism, 468, 493, 494 interwar period, 433, 435 world wars and, 421, 424, 450, 455,457, 459, 471 See also Transylvania Romanticism descriptions, 340-341, 351 language and, 353—354 See also Arndt, Ernst Moritz; Friedrich, Caspar David; Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von; Grimm Brothers; Grimm, Jacob; Herder, Johann Gottfried; Hoffmann, E. T. A.; Macpherson, James; music; Ossian՛, Tomcat Murr Roosevelt, Eleanor, 472 Roth, Philip,
475 Rothschild, Anselm, 388 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 307, 316, 322 Rudolfil, Emperor, 214, 232—236, 245-246
612 Rudolf of Habsburg, 90, 91, 106 Rudolphine Tables, The (Kepler), 235 Rugila, Hun, 17-18 R.U.R. (Čapek), 443-444 Russia Cossacks, 221 Franz Joseph, 372—373 Livonia, 217, 317, 319 Poland-Lithuania, 317, 318 (map), 319, 324,515 Revolution and civil war (1917), 427,466 as threat in Central Europe, 514-515 tsars, Orthodoxy and, 216 uprising against ruler (1830), 343-344 World War I, 418, 420, 421, 423, 424 Ruthenia, 112, 143, 144, 436 Ruttmann, Walther, 440, 441 s Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, 356 Sachs, Hans, 201 Saint Gallen, abbey Charlemagne, 32-33, 39-40 Charles IV, 93-94 descriptions, 25-26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 40 Saladin, Sultan, 75 ‘Salians’, 63 Sand, George (Amantine Dupin), 377 Sarmatianism, 289, 323 Sarmatian people, 10, 13, 14, 15 as lizards, 14, 289 Index Savonarola, 193 Saxe-Gotha, 281-288, 291, 297, 307 Saxons Charlemagne, 29-30, 32, 33, 34, 36 end of Saxon dynasty, 63, 70, 71 paganism, 23, 32 rebellion, 65-66 See abo Transylvania Saxony, 33, 53, 54, 63, 65, 69,70, 72, 91, 129, 193, 199, 203, 284, 307,314, 330, 342, 385 Sayn-Wittgenstein, Carolyne zu, ЪП Schulz, Bruno, 441—442 Schumann, Robert, 378 Schwarz, Matthäus, 155—156, 157 Schwendi, Lazarus von, 228, 229 science, scientific advancements (Central Europe), 402-406. See also alchemy; bacteriology; Darwin and ‘Darwinism’; eugenics; mining; nationalism; race Scots, 261, 262 Seckendorff, Veit Ludwig von, 281-282, 284-286, 288, 293 secret societies, 307—308, 310, 326, 328. See also freemasons; Illuminati Seklers, 120—121, 122 Serbia, 418, 423, 424, 497, 513, 514 serfs, 6-7, 79, 129, 160, 191, 219-220, 255-256,
269-270, 278, 322, 363, 369, 373,511 Settlement, Austria-Hungary (1867), 389
Index Shakespeare, William, 236, 275 Shevchenko, Taras, 221-222 Sigismund Hall, Buda, 178 Sigismund I, King of Poland, 183, 202-203 Sigismund II, King of PolandLithuania, 217, 290 Sigismund, Emperor, 102, 103, 161-167, 174, 178 Sigismund of the Tyrol, 156—157 Sigismund, Saint, 94 Silesia, 4, 86, 87, 96, 112, 141, 177, 252-253, 298-299, 316, 432, 471 Simmel, Georg, 438—439 slave trade, 3, 38, 56-57, 60-61, 218 Slavs, early area occupied by, 36, 37, 73 Avars and, 41, 42—43 chroniclers on, 73 conversions, 73-74, 75-76 descriptions, 37—38 groups/statelets (around 900), 41-42 origins, 36—37 Pripet Marshes, 37 Samo, 38 ‘slave’ term and, 38 See ako Abodrites; Carantania; Hevellian Slavs; Pomerania; Wends Slezkine, Yuri, 262 Slovakia, 2, 37, 43, 153, 157, 201, 212, 259,317, 432, 436, 450, 454, 457, 459, 460, 504, 505, 506 Slovenia, 5, 11, 38, 39, 146, 162, 292, 401,468, 497, 498,499 613 Smetana, Bedřich, 378 Smith, John, adventurer, 212 Sobieski, Jan, King of PolandLithuania, 313, 314 Society of the Holy Trinity, Lübeck, 149 Solidarity, Poland, 487—488, 492, 498 Sophie, Archduchess, Austria, 361, 370 Sorrows of Young Werther, The (Goethe), 340 Soviet Union labour camps, 471 World War II, 451, 452, 459, 466 See aho Brezhnev, Leonid; Gorbachev, Mikhail; Khrushchev, Nikita; Stalin, Joseph Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 320-321 Stalin, Joseph, 451, 466, 467, 468, 476, 513 Stangl, Franz, 463 Stanislaw I Poniatowski, King of Poland-Lithuania, 308, 315-316, 320, 321-322 Statute in Favour of the Princes, 105-106 steam power, 159, 303, 351, 385. See also Newcomen engine Steelyard,
London, 150 Steiner, George, 495 Stephen, Saint, King of Hungary, 57, 60, 89, 107 Stier, Walter, 462 Stone, Norman, 502 Stresemann, Gustav von, 448
614 Strossmayer, Josip, 393 Sturm and Drang movement, 340 Styria, 70, 105, 177, 214, 227, 237, 245, 380, 402 Styrian Magna Carta (Georgenberg Privilege, 1186), 105 Suleiman, Sultan, 209 Svatopluk, 44 Swabia, 53, 69, 70, 71, 72, 90, 111, 149, 254,256,263, 264 Swabian League, 118 Sweden, 238—239 Switzerland, 25, 90, 92, 119, 120, 225, 226, 239-240, 329, 332, 357, Á59, 5^2- See abo Saint Gallen; Vadian, Joachim; Zwingli, Ulrich Swordbrothers (Brothers of the Knighthood of Christ in Livonia), 134, 136-137, 217 Széchenyi, Stephen, 363-364, 375 szlachta, Polish, 290 T Tacitus, 13, 14 Tempest, The (Shakespeare), 236 Teutonic Knights end of order, 294 foundation, 134 full name, 134 Hanseatic League and, 152 Lithuania and, 137, 138, 140-141, 143, 144 Poland and, 142, 143, 202, 317 Russian principalities and, 137 See also Swordbrothers Theodosius, Emperor, 17 Theophanu, Empress, 58 Thirty Years’ War Index consequences, 250-253 geographic areas involved, 248, 250 religion and, 248, 250-253 rulers’ tax raising powers following, 285 See also Edict of Restitution Three Men on the Bummel (Jerome), 392 Threepenny Opera, The (Brecht), 440 Thuringia, Thuringians, 28, 36, 52, 158, 192, 194, 281. See abo Saxe-Gotha Thurzó, George, 159 Thurzó, John, 157—159 Tilea, Viorel, 450 Tiso, Jozef, 459 toleration, religious, 6, 223, 225-228, 232, 236, 246, 272, 279, 309, 322, 511 Toleration, Edict of (1781), 309 Tomcat Murr (Hoffmann), 341—342, 344-345, 346, 354 Tomislav, Croatian king, 55 Török, Aurél, 405 Transnistria, 514 Transylvania anticommunist insurgents, 468 antisemitism, 455 Avars and
Bulgarians, 38, 41 Csík Chronicle, ЪЪТ deportation of Germans, 471 diet, 121, 122, 211,226 fortified churches, 120 freemasonry, 310 German settlers (Saxons), 82, 83, 120, 122,189 Gypsies, 260 government, 120
Index Habsburg takeover, 272 merger with Hungary, 365 religion, 121, 122, 211, 226, 239, 243,272, 278 Romanians, 121-122, 261, 371 Teutonic Knights, 134, 135 Thirty Years’ War, 246 Treaty of Trianon, 433 underground kingdoms, 78 uprising (1437) and treaty (1459), 122 voivode, 120, 121, 209 Travels ofSir John Mandeville, The, 131,146 Treaty of Karlowitz, 272, 273 Trismegistus, Hermes, 230-231, 234 Trithemius, Abbot of Sponheim, 231 Turbofolk, 497-498 Turner, William, 350 Twelfth Night (Shakespeare), 275 Tyrol, 105, 109, 148, 154, 156, 157, 326, 334,414 U Ugoleto, Taddeo, 180 Ukraine agriculture, 254 Cossacks, 220, 221—222, 242, 266-267 Jews, 262, 265, 266-267 religion, 222, 228, 242-243 Russia, 221,222, 243,515 Uniate Church, 242-243 world wars and, 427, 455, 460 See also Cossacks; Crimea; ‘Haidamaky ; Shevchenko, Taras; Wild Plain; Zaporizhzhian Sich 615 Ulfila (Little Wolf), 23-24 Uniate Church, 242-243, 253, 266, 316, 365 Unitarianism, 211, 226, 228, 241. See also Dávid, Ferenc Utraquism, 225, 227 V Vadian, Joachim, 225—226 Vajk. See Stephen, Saint, King of Hungary Valvasor, Johann Weichard von, 292-293, 335 vampires, 164, 406, 443, 444 Varga, Eugen, 467 Vasaris, Liudas, 441 vassalage, 109—111, 113, 116, 290 Venus in Furs (Sacher-Masoch), 356 Victoria, Queen of England, 347-348 village assemblies, 6, 119, 124, 125, 511 Virgil, 16, 187, 229 Visigoths, 17, 19—20 Vitéz, John, 178, 179, 180 Vlad III, the ‘Impaler’, Romanian Prince, 164 Vodnik, Valentin, 335-336 Vogelweide, Walther von der, 86-87 Vogt, 67—69 voivodes, 120, 121, 122, 209, 260 Voltaire, 292, 307, 323 W Wagner,
Richard, 336—337, 378 Wałęsa, Lech, 487 Walpole, Horace, 323 Wartislaw, ruler of Pomerania, 74, 76
616 Wassermann, Jakob, 411 water, hot running water, 19, 178 watermills, 128, 148, 303 Weber, Max, 429 Weistümer, 128-129, 191, 254, 255 Wellington, Duke of, 347 Wenceslas IV (‘the Idle’), King of Bohemia, 101, 102, 161 Wends, 33, 37, 76, 381, 509 West Germany, 501, 503 Weyden, Rogier van der, 182 Wild Plain, 2,215,217-220 Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany, 417,418, 422, 430 William I, King of Prussia, 386, 387 William of Holland, Count, 90 William Pitt the Younger, 329 Wilson, Woodrow, 432 Wittelsbachs, Bavaria, 70, 90, 92, 103, 244 Wittenberg Nightingale, The (Sachs), 201 Wladislas II Jagiellon, King of Bohemia and Hungary, 112, 177, 180 Władysław IV, King of Poland, 220 Władysław the Elbow-High, 111, 141 Wolff, Christian, 300-301 Wolkenstein, Oswald von, 168 women Enlightenment, 306 holy women, 26, 29 interwar anxieties, 441, 444-447 Jewish, 263, 266, 410, 411, 456 nationalism and, 375, 376, 399, 404, 407 prostitutes, 99, 100, 117, 406, 407, 442-445 Index slaves, 29, 57 Turbofolk, 497 World War Two, 456, 469 Wordsworth, William, 340, 495 Work ofInstauration, 274, 275, 276, 278 World War I aftermath, 428-430 authoritarian politics following, 437-438 background, 416-418 descriptions, 418-429 desertion, 428^129 as ‘first literate war’, 427-428 Green Cadres, 428, 429 Hindenburg Line, 420, 427 Russian Poland and, 424-425 Somme, battle, 420 surrender and, 431 Versailles, Peace of, 432—434 World War II background, 448-450 bureaucracy, 461-464 Central Europe borders, 469, 470 (map), 471 General Government (Poland), 451-452, 453, 456, 457-458 ghettoes and extermination camps,
456-457,458,460^64,467 Holocaust, 8, 453-459, 460-464, 467, 513 local antisemitism, 455—456, 460-464 population movements following, 471-472,513 Sudetenland, 449-450 Württemberg, 203, 244, 292, 326, 342, 359, 409 Wyszyński, Cardinal, 485
Index 617 Y Z Yiddish language, 262, 263, 267, 380, 381,410-411 Yugoslavia disintegration in 1990s, 497, 499, 513-514 twentieth century development, 432, 433, 448, 457, 468, 471-472 Zápolya, John, 209-210 Zaporizhzhian Sich, 220, 221 Zimmermann, Johann Christian, 349, 350 Žižek, Slavoj, 499, 500-501, 508 Žižka, Jan, 102 Zwingli, Ulrich, 225-226
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List ofMaps A Note on Names Introduction: Central Europe, the Dogmen, and the Oak Woods of Berehove ix xi 1 1 The Roman Empire, the Huns, and the Nibelungenlied 10 2 The Franks and Charlemagne: The View from Lake Constance 23 з Avars and Slavs: Destruction and Conversion 36 4 The Return of the Huns, Slave States, and the Shaping of Central Europe 48 The Making of the Holy Roman Empire and Central Europe’s Wild East 62 6 The Mongol-Tatars, New Cities, and New Knights 77 7 Dynastic Change, Charles IV of Bohemia, and the Prophets of the Antichrist 89 5 8 Councils, Diets, and the Confusion of the Laws 104 9 Cities, Villages, and Freedoms: From Frisia to Transylvania 116 Old Prussia, the Adventures of Henry Bolingbroke, and the Union of Poland and Lithuania 131 11 Merchants, the Hanseatic League, and the Fuggers 147 12 The Dragon in the China Shop and the Habsburg Imagination 161 13 Central Europe’s Renaissance, Roman Law, and the Library of the Raven King 176 Luther’s Reformation, the Badlands of Thuringia, and the Court Painter of Saxony 192 15 The Ottoman Turks and Central Europe’s Long Frontier 208 16 Toleration, the Magus, and the Alchemist as Emperor 223 10 14
Contents viii Calendars, the Catholic Recovery, and Central Europe’s Thirty Years’Civil War 238 The Condition of the Countryside: Peasants, Gypsies, Jews, and Others 254 19 Cameralism, Ottoman Endgame, and the Human Laboratory 269 20 Bureaucrats, Sarmatians, and Little Landscapes 281 21 The Prussian Way: Cemetery Marionettes and the Machine State 294 Dissecting Europe’s Orang-utan: The Partitions of Poland and Lithuania 311 23 Napoleon and the Map of Central Europe 325 24 The Gallant World of Tomcat Murr: Romanticism, the Grimms, and the Hanover Handbook 340 25 1848 and the Coming of Revolution 355 26 The Revenge of the Generals and the Making of Nations 369 27 Bismarck, Khuen-Héderváry’s Croatia, and the Presumption of the Law 383 28 Assimilation, Biology, and the Skull Measurers 398 29 1914-1918: The War Against Central Europe 414 ЗО Violence, the City, and ‘The Blue Angel’ 431 31 The Second World War, Ordinary Central Europeans, and Industrial Murder 448 32 Mátyás Rákosi, Stalinist Central Europe, and Its Discontents 465 33 Communist Central Europe and Its Collapse 480 34 Post-Communism: Slavoj Žižek and the Lesson of Laibach 495 Conclusion 509 Acknowledgements Further Reading Abbreviations Notes Index 517 519 531 533 589 17 18 22
Index A Abodrites, 73, 76 Adolf of Nassau, German King, 91 AEIOU acrostic of Frederick III, 170, 171 Albertil of Habsburg, 167, 174, 176 Albert ‘the One-Eyed’ of Habsburg, 91 Albrecht III, Duke of Saxony, 125 Albrecht V, Duke of Bavaria, 227, 243-245 Albrecht of Hohenzollern, 202, 294-295 Albrecht the Bear, 75-76, 89, 126 alchemy, 230-236, 308 Aleichem, Sholem, 267 Alemanns, 25, 27, 28, 36, 53 Alexander I, Tsar, 330 Alexander Nevsky (film), 137 Alexander the Great, 2-3, 48, 53, 95,230, 515 Altdorfer, Albrecht, 171, 183 Andrew II, King of Hungary, 107, 134,135 Angevins of Naples, kings of Hungary, 90 Anna, Empress of Russia, 314-315 Anne of Bohemia, Queen of England, 138 Antemurale. See rampart antisemitism history of Jewish prejudice, 220, 222, 262-268, 309, 316, 357, 411 new virulence (starting late 1800s), 412-413 older traditions and, 410-411 in post-communist Central Europe, 508 race concept and, 411-412, 454, 464 in Russian-occupied Poland, 409, 412,413 Zionism and, 413 See also Jedwabne; Kielce; Jews; numerus clausus-, World War II Antonescu, General, 459 Antwerp School, 183 April Laws, 363—364, 370—372, 388-389 Arcimboldo, Giuseppe, 232 Arianism, 23-25, 32, 211 589
590 Aristotle, 281, 291 Armenians, 10, 141, 261-262, 277, 380 armies conscription beginnings, 296, 297, 299, 306 Cossack, 209 Hungarian, 209, 371 Matthias Corvinus and, 177 Napoleonic, 331 Ottoman, 208 Polish winged hussars, 289 Prussian, 296, 297 rulers’ tax raising powers and, 285 social hierarchies in, 297 tenth-century, 63 See also grenadiers; World War I; World War II Arndt, Ernst Moritz, 338, 382, 387-388 Arpád, Prince and dynasty, Hungary, 53, 57, 89 Arthur, legendary king, 21, 68, 138, 151, 172, 337 Attila, 18, 19, 20-22, 53, 120, 337 Augustus, Roman Emperor, 10, 315 Augustus II, King of PolandLithuania, 314 Augustus III, King of PolandLithuania, 314—315 Austria fable and, 169-172, 174-175 interwar period, 434, 435 origins, 55 World War II and, 449 See also Carinthia; Carniola; Styria; Tyrol Index Austria, Empire Hungary and, 388-389 Poland-Lithuania and, 317, 318 (map), 319, 322 revolutions of 1848, 360-363, 369,370-371 Settlement (Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867), 388 See also Austria; Bosnia; Habsburgs Austria-Hungary before World War I, 389, 393, 396, 402, 407, 409,418 World War I, 418, 420-425, 427, 429, 430, 431 See also Cisleithania automaton, 303-305, 443. See abo robots Avars, 4, 33, 38-41 В Babenberg family, 89, 169 Bach, J. S„ 377 bacteriology, 405-406, 413 Bakócz Chapel, 181 Baltic area descriptions (classical and medieval), 14, 73, 131, 132 See also Livonia; Lithuania; Teutonic Knights Banat Cameralism and, 271—273, 274-280 immigration of people into, 275-276, 277 in Middle Ages, 274-275 religion and, 275, 278-280 Work ofInstauration and, 274, 275, 276-277
Index banking, accounting (overview), 154-159. See also Schwarz, Matthäus Barbara of Cilii, 162 Barnim VI, Duke, Pomerania, 147 Bartók, Béla, 40 Basil II, Tsar, 216 Bathory, Stephen, King of Poland, 290 Batu Khan, 80-81 Bavaria censorship, 307 Charlemagne, Merovingian kings and, 32-33, 36, 39 diets, 109, 110, 244, 292 expansion, 40, 52, 55 Hungarians, 52, 53 Jews, 263 law, 105, 109 Napoleon, 326, 330, 342 nationalism, 374-375 nobility, 252 peasants, 254 religion and, 42, 203, 224, 227, 236-237, 239, 243-245, 247 secret societies, 308, 310 Wittelsbachs, 70, 90, 92, 103, 244 World War I and, 428 ‘Bavarian Geographer, the’, 41 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 331, 337 Béla IV, King of Hungary, 80—84, 85,144 Belarus dictatorship today, 514 Gypsies, 260 Jews, 265 Lithuanians, 137, 241 language, 425 591 Soviet Union, 471 White Ruthene, 425 World War I and, 425, 427, 435 See also Uniate Church Berehove, Ukraine, 8—9, 261, 460 Berengar of Friuli, 51 Berlin: The Symphony ofthe Metropolis (Ruttmann), 440, 441 Bismarck,, Otto von anti-Catholic, anti-Polish policies and, 399-400 background and youth, 383, 384 as chancellor of new German Empire, 387 description, 383-384 German Confederation and, 384-385, 387 Germany unification, 4, 386-387, 513 wife and, 383-384 Black Death, 85—86, 100 Blue Angel, The (film), 445—446 Blum, Robert, 369 Bocskai, Stephen, 236 Bogusław I of Pomerania, 76 Bohemia Black Death, 100 descriptions, 77, 92—93 diets, 109, 110, 112, 225,227, 236, 246, 248 Jews, 412-413, 456-457 law, 105, 109, HO, 112 mining, 152, 154 nationalism, 367, 379, 402 nobility, 127 Přemyslids
dynasty, 55, 89, 92, 94 Protectorate, 450, 456
592 Bohemia {continued) religion, 57,61, 122, 138, 161, 201,225, 246 Thirty Years’ War, 246—248, 251, 252 Bolesław I, the Bold, the Brave, 55, 60 Bolesław III, the Wry-Mouthed, 74 Bolingbroke, Henry (Henry IV, King of England), 138, 140, 144 Bonaventura, 304-305, 306, 442-443 Bonfini, Antonio, 176-177,178-179 Boniface, Saint, 29 Bosch, Hieronymus, 123 Bosnia, 132, 163, 166, 208, 393, 497, 513 Brahe, Tycho, 235, 236 Brand, Max, 440—441 Brandenburg, 75, 89, 91, 98, 203, 286, 294, 295,317,319 Brandt, Willy, 489 Brecht, Bertolt, 440, 442, 443 Brezhnev, Leonid, 482, 492 brothels, 99, 100, 196, 414 Brožek, Artur, 406 Bruegel, Pieter, the Elder, 123 Brumowski, Godwin von, 422 Buda palace, 178-180 Bulgaria, 36, 41, 43, 45, 52, 208, 277, 423, 424, 431 bureaucracy communism, 473-474 Croatia and, 397 government and, 286, 287-288, 293, 299, 311 growth of, 7, 168, 285, 297, 299, 310 Index Staatenkunde and, 293 world wars and, 426, 429, 461^464 See also Cameralism; Hanover; Seckendorff; Weber, Max; World War I Burgkmair, Hans, 157 Burke, Edmund, 324, 495 Burns, Robert, 323 Byzantine Empire, 33, 36, 38-39, 43, 46, 54-55, 58, 78 C Cabaret (film), 446 Cabinet ofDr. Caligari, The, 443 calendar (Julian-Gregorian) conflict, 238-240 Calvinism, 210-211, 221, 224, 225, 226, 246, 258, 295 Calvin, John, 210 Cameralism Banat, 271-273, 274-280 ideas, 268, 269-270, 278 privileges of nobility and, 270, 274, 278 regulation and, 270, ЦЅ-ТП Work ofInstauration, 274, 275, 276, 278 Čapek, Karel, 443—444 Carantania, 39 Carinthia, 55, 69, 110, 158, 227, 237 Carloman, 27, 28 Carniola, 55, 76, 227, 237, 245,
292, 293, 381. See ako Valvasor, Johann Weichard von Carniolan (Slovene) literature, 335, 336 Carolingian Renaissance, 34
Index Carolus, mayor of the palace (Charles the Hammer, Charles Martel), 27, 28-29 Casimir, John, King of Poland, 295 Casimir the Great (Casimir IV) of Poland, 112, 141, 144, 176 Catherine the Great, 315, 316, 319, 320, 322 Catholicism Latin language and, 42, 46 New World and, 241 rivalry with Orthodox Christianity, 42-47 Catholicism, recovery, and Counter-Reformation beginnings (1560s), 236—237 changes, 240-241 diets and, 244, 245, 246, 248 education of clergy, 240—241 rulers and, 244-248 Thirty Years’ War and, 248, 250-253 See also calendar (JulianGregorian) conflict; Uniate Church Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 479, 494 Celtis, Conrad, 187 censorship Communist, 481-483, 487 eighteenth century, 306—307, 309, 327 following World War I, 437 French Revolutionary Wars and, 326, ЪИ nineteenth century, 344—346, 359, 373 Central Europe becoming more Western, 20, 80, 82-88 593 boundaries (by tenth century), 60-61 commercial trade routes (BalticBlack Sea, ninth/tenth century), 55-56 definitions, 4-5, 491-492 descriptions, 14, 77-80, 414 1810, ЪТӀ (map) first international partition, 41 history (overview), 3—4, 6—7, 509-515 legends and, 21-22 location, 2 1945, 470 (map) 1914, 415 (map) political boundaries, changing (summary), 5 population, 37, 260-261 western law codes and, 86 Central Europe post-communism corruption, 506-507 discrimination, 506—507 economy, 501-506 elections and, 507 music, 496-501 Western capitalism and, 495-496 Central Europe, western vs. eastern parts capital and, 159 cities and population density (around 1500), 159 colonial dependency, 160 law and government, 126—130
Chagall, Marc, 263 Chamberlain, Neville, 449—450 Charlemagne animal gnawing at, 35 biographies, 336
594 Charlemagne (continued.) brother and, 29 Christianity and, 32 Courtiers, praise for, 32, 35 cultural legacy, 34 description, 29-30, 32, 35, 94, 335 empire of, 31 (map) Franks, Saxons, Italy and, 34 name, origins and, 29 papal coronation, 33—34, 58 reputation 29, 32, 33, 35, 58, 59, 68,91,94, 124, 151,205 Roman Empire and, 33-34, 35 Slavonic lands and, 73 successors of, 41, 49, 50, 51, 53 tomb, 34, 59 wars, 29—30, 31 (map), 32—33, 34 Charles, Duke of Styria, 227, 244-245 Charles IV, King of Bohemia crowns, 93, 98 Golden Bull (1356), 96, 112 Prague brothels and, 99-100 relics and, 93-94, 98 Slavonic connection, 94—95 successors, 101—103, 161 territorial expansion, 96, 98, 174 Charles the Hammer (Carolus, Charles Martel), 27, 28-29 Charles V, Emperor, 195, 197-198, 203,205-206 Charles VI, Emperor, 273, 298 Charles XII, King of Sweden, 313 child sculptures, Polish, 184, 185 Childeric, King, 24 Childers, Erskine, 416 Childrens and Household Tales (Grimm brothers), 352 Index Chlodwig (Clovis), 24-25, 26 Chopin, Fryderyk, 377, 379 Chronicle ofthe Bohemians (Marignolli), 95-96 Chronicle ofthe Ninety-Five Lords, 170-171 Church and state (Middle Ages), 63-67 Churchill, John, Duke of Marlborough, 272 Churchill, Winston, 450-451 Chytilová, Vera, 481 Cimino, Michael, 381 cinema, early, 417 Cisleithania, 389—390, 391—392, 400-401,402-403, 426 Clovis (Chlodwig), 24-25, 26 Columbanus, Saint, 25, 26 Common Market, 490, 492. See aho European Union communism bureaucracy, 473-474 in Central Europe, 464-468, 473, 474-479, 480-483, 484-495, 510-511 fall of Berlin Wall and, 493, 495 party
loyalists and, 473—474 post-communist Central Europe, 496-508 Soviet economic model and Central Europe, 472-474 Confederation of Bar, 316, 319 Confederation of the Rhine, 329, 330, 331,336, 341 Congress Poland, 342, 343-344, 346 Conrad I, King of Germany, East Francia, 54 Conrad IV, King of Germany, 71, 90
Index Conradin, son of Conrad IV, 71 Conrad of Masovia (Polish duke), 134,135 Copernicus, heliocentric universe, 188, 234, 235,236, 320 Cornwall, Richard of, German king, 90 Corvin, John, 180 Cosmographie (Münster), 201 Cossacks, 219-222, 242-243, 266—267, 316, 512. See also Khmelnytsky, Bohdan; Wild Plain; Zaporizhzhian Sich councils Church, 66, 101, 144, 145, 165, 203, 240, 509 city, 86, 99, 117, 118, 149, 181, 202, 285 Cossack, 220 Frisian, 124 Jewish, 265 local, 125-127, 362 royal, 104, 105, 107, 108, 110, 113,288,290 Cranach, Lucas, 184, 196, 199, 199-200 craniometry, 405, 409, 452, 513 Crimea, 3, 81, 215-218, 261, 515 Croatia bureaucracy, 397 Christianity, 146 expansion, 55 Hungary and, 393—394, 397 language, 393—394 Nagodba, 393 population (1860), 392 Sabor (parliament), 389, 394-396 World War II and, 457, 459 595 Yugoslavia, 497, 513 See also Khuen-Héderváry, Charles; Strossmayer, Josip crusades, 74-75, 132, 133-136, 145-146, 205 Cumans, 80-81, 88, 134-135 Cyrillic alphabet, 45, 137, 395 Cyril, Saint, 43-44, 45, 51 Czartoryski, Adam, 330, 343—344 Czartoryski family, 315-316 Czartoryski, Joseph, 266 Czechs, Czechoslovakia antisemitism, 455 censorship and, 481, 482—483, 484 communism, 468-469, 480-483, 484, 493-494 interwar period, 432, 433, 436-437 ‘Prague Spring’, 484 split of Czechoslovakia, 497 Western pop culture in Communist Czechoslovakia, 480-481 World War II and, 449, 450, 455 See also Bohemia; Moravia; Lusatia; Silesia Czech Brethren, 225, 227 D Dadaism, 440 Daisies (Chytilová), 481 Danse Macabre, 184 Dante, 92 Dantiscus (Jan Dantyszek), 228 Darwin and
‘Darwinism’, 403-404, 408,418 Dávid, Ferenc, 226
596 Deák, Ferenc, 363, 389 Dee, John, 232 Deer Hunter, The (film), 381 ‘Deluge’, Polish (1650s), 313 Dialogue ofPolicarp with Death, 184-185 Dietrich, Marlene, 445-446 diets committees and. 111, 284, 292 decline, 248, 264, 283, 284, 288, 292, 297, 306,311,389 descriptions, 108-111, 113-114, 116-117 Hanseatic, 150, 151 imperial diets, 110-113, 197, 205,208 origins, 104—108 purpose of, 108-109, 113, 116, 283 religion and, 197, 224, 227, 245 taxation, 109, 227, 283 Disraeli, Benjamin, 386 Dix, Otto, 434, 439 dogmen idea, 1-4, 18, 515 Dominican friars, 194 Dracula, 164 Dragon, Order of the, 162, 164, 165,172 Dubček, Alexander, 482, 483 Dürer, Albrecht, 157, 171, 182-183, 184 dynasties overview, 89-90, 103 See also Arpád; Babenberg family; Habsburgs; Luxembourg dynasty; Hohenstaufen dynasty; Hohenzollerns; Piast dynasty; Přemyslid dynasty; Wittelsbachs Index E East Germany, 490, 493, 502-503 Eastern Question, 273. See also Ottoman Turks, Turkey Economics (Aristotle), 281 economy books on economics (before 1750), 281 Central Europe second half of seventeenth century, 269 post-communism Central Europe, 501-506 See also Cameralism; feudal, feudalism; merchants; mining; peasantry; railways; serfs; Varga, Eugen Eden, Anthony, 449 Edict of Restitution (1629), 250, 251 Eichmann, Adolf, 463 Enlightenment descriptions, 300 machine state and, 303-306, 310 Natural Law and, 300, 301, 512 Poland-Lithuania (1770s onward) and, 320 state-subject relationship and, 301-303 See also freemasonry; Frederick II; Joseph II; Justi, J. H. G.; Kant, Immanuel; Maria Theresa; Montesquieu; Rousseau, Jean-
Jacques; Stanislaw I Poniatowski; Voltaire; Wolff, Christian Erasmus, 145, 229 Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, 346-352, 354, 387
Index Ernst-August Stollen, 349 Ernst, Duke of Saxe-Gotha, 281, 282-283, 284-285, 287 Eroica (Beethoven), 337 Eugene of Savoy, 272, 273-274, 275, 276 eugenics, 406-407 European Union, 490, 492, 501, 503, 505-506, 514. See abo Common Market Eyck, Jan van, 182 F Ferdinand I, Emperor and Archduke of Austria, 197, 201, 209-210, 225, 227, 235, 244, 370 Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, 361—362, 363 Ferdinand II, Emperor becoming emperor, 246 Bohemia and, 246, 247-248 Catholicism and, 245, 246, 247-248, 250, 253 description, 245, 246 Protestant coup of 1618, 246—247 Roman Law and, 245, 247-248, 250 sovereign rights and, 245, 247-248,250,253 Thirty Years’ War, 248, 250, 251, 252 Ferdinand III, Emperor, 252—253, 271 Ferdinand of Styria. See Ferdinand II, Emperor feudal, feudalism, 84, 87, 109, 511. See also vassalage Fiddler on the Roof, 267 Fiorentino, Francesco, 181 597 Firemens Ball, The (Forman), 481 Foolish Sage, The (Gnapheus), 188 forgeries, literary, 337 Forman, Miloš, 481 Forster, Georg, 323-324 Fosse, Bob, 446 Four Seasons and Four Elements (Arcimboldo), 232 Francis II (I), Emperor, and Napoleon, 325, 326 Francis Stephen of Lorraine, Emperor, 316 Franconia, 28, 42, 53, 63, 69, 71, 72, 102, 111, 187, 244, 254, 263, 264 Frankenstein, Count, 362 Frank, Hans, 453, 456 Franks, Frankish Empire Bulgarians, 36 descriptions, 24, 50 disintegration, 49-51, 53-55, 56-57, 58-61 Hungarians and, 53, 54 Huns and, 19 Irish monks and, 28-29 kings as sacred beings, 24, 26—27 language divisions, 50 mayors of the palace, Carolingians, 27—30, 32—35 Merovingian rulers, 24, 26—27, 33 origins, 18,
20, 24 paganism, 23, 24 partible inheritance, 26, 50, 53-54 Franz Ferdinand, murder of, 418 Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria/ Austria-Hungary, 370—371, 372-373, 382, 386, 387, 388-389, 394
598 Franz Karl, Archduke, 370 Frederick I Barbarossa (‘Red Beard’), Emperor, 70-71 Frederick I, King of Prussia, 294 Frederick II (‘the Great’), King of Prussia Catherine the Great and, 315 on machine metaphor, 305 philosophers and, 300-301, 304 Poland-Lithuania, 317, 319, 322 on predecessors, 295, 298 Silesia, 298-299 Frederick II, Emperor, 71, 81, 90, 92, 105-106, 135 Frederick III, Emperor AEIOU acrostic, 170, 171 background, 167 death, 171 description, 167 Habsburg dynasty, mystique of, 168, 170-171, 174-175, 206 Holy Roman Empire and, 167 Matthias Corvinus and, 176, 177 private feuding and, 168-169 Frederick V of the Palatinate, 246, 247 Frederick the Wise of Saxony, 193-194, 195, 199 Frederick William I, Prussia, 264, 295-296, 298. See also grenadiers, giant Frederick William II, Prussia, 327 Frederick William III, Prussia, 327, 345 Frederick William IV, Prussia, 358-359,365, 369-370 freemasons, 308-310, 327, 328 Free Voice, A (Leszczyński), 315 Index French Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789), 391 French Revolution, 322, 495, 510 Freud, Sigmund, 444, 445 Friedrich, Caspar David, 354 Frisia, Frisians, 23, 27, 36, 123-125, 127-128, 188, 224, 263, 381. See ako gallows wheels Fugger family, 154-156, 157, 264 Fugger, Jacob, 157-159 G Galicia insurrection (1846), 355, 356-357 origin as kingdom, 319, 330, 343 World War I, 421,423, 428 gallows wheels, 123—124 Gall, Saint, 25, 26 Garden Party, The (Havel), 482 Genghis Khan, 80, 81 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (Loos), 7 George I, King of Great Britain (Elector Georg Ludwig of Hanover), 347 George III, King of Great Britain,
346-347 George V, King of Hanover, 387 German Confederation, 343, 344, 352, 354, 358, 359, 365, 367, 382, 384, 385, 387 German dictionary (Grimm brothers), 353 German Navy League, 416-417 German Peasants War (1525), 196, 257 German Princely State (Seckendorf!), 281-282
Index German tribes Arianism, 23 descriptions, 13, 14-15 language, 14-15 Roman Empire and, 13, 14 Germany assimilation of Poles, 399-400 birth rate (late 1800s/early 1900s), 416 changes with unification, 416-417 colonialism, 408-409, 413, 416, 513 culture and identity, 352-354 ethnography, 405 Germanization (late 1800s/early 1900s), 400 government (nineteenth century), 389-390 interwar period, 433-434 language, 353 police notices, 391-392 postwar, 488, 489. 490, 501-503 Reichstag (parliament), 390 socialism, 429—430 unity, Bismarck and, 387—388 Versailles, Peace of, and, 432-433 Weimar Germany, 431-446 World War I, 419-420, 421-423, 424-427, 431 World War II, 448-450, 451-454, 456-458, 459-464 Géza, Hungarian Prince, 57 Gierek, Edward, 487—488 Gilbert, Lizzie (Montez, Lola), 360, 377 Glagolitic language, 44, 45, 94-95 599 Glory ofthe Duchy ofCarniola, The (Valvasor), 293, 335 Gnapheus, Gulielmus (Willem van de Voldersgraft), 188, 190 Goebbels, Josef, 446, 447, 451, 489 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 308, 331,351,353 Gog and Magog (Old Testament), 3, 16, 53 Golden Bull (1356), 96, 112 Golden Bull of Rimini (1226), 135 Golden Fleece, Order of, 172 Golden Liberty, 290, 291, 312, 316, 498 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 492, 493 Gorgoryos, Abba, 282-283 Gospel Book of Otto III, 60, 509, 515 Goths, 4, 16, 17, 18-19, 23, 37, 258, 323,515 Göttingen Seven, 351-352, 366 government, power of Amt, Amtmann, 286 armies and, 287-288 bureaucracy, growth of, 286, 287-288, 293, 299,311 censorship, 306—307 civil service idea and, 285 Enlightenment and, 306 nobility absorbed by government, 286, 306,311,512
public sphere development and, 306-310 Saxe-Gotha vs. Poland-Lithuania, 291 ‘state’ idea and, 282, 285 state regulation, 301—302 ‘territorial sovereignty’ idea, 282
600 government, power of {continued) variations in, 292-293 See abo bureaucracy, Cameralism; Enlightenment; feudal and feudalism; law; vassalage Great Northern War, 313 Great Ravensburg Company, 149 Green Cadres, 428, 429 Gregorian calendar, 238-240 Greiser, Arthur, 456-457 grenadiers, giant, 264, 296 Grien, Hans Baldung, 183—184 Grimm brothers (Jacob and Wilhelm), 351-353 Grimm, Jacob, 128, 331, 353, 366 Grosz, Georg, 434, 439 guilds, 117, 119, 149, 263, 271, 334, 414. See also Society of the Holy Trinity Gül Baba, 210 Gullivers Travels (Swift), 326 Gypsies, 258, 259, 260, 261, 270, 406-407, 452-453. See abo Holocaust H Habsburg Europe (1550), 204 (map) Habsburgs, dynasty competition and, 7, 91, 271-273 empire and, 175 females as successors, 298 music, 307, 377 myth-making and, 169-172, 174-175 as new dynasty, 90, 103 revenues, 212 ‘Haidamaky’ (Shevchenko), 221-222 Index Halifax, Lord, 449, 450 Handó, George, library, 180-181 Hanka, Vaclav, 337 Hanover Britain, rulers and, 347-348 Court and State Handbook for the Kingdom ofHanover (1846), 350, 352 following Napoleons defeat, 348 See also, Ernest Augustus; ErnstAugust Stollen Hanseatic League, 149-152, 154 Hasidism, 267, 410 Hassel, Georg, 4 Havel, Václav, 475-476, 482, 484, 494 Haydn, Joseph, 377 heliocentrism, 235—236 Henlein, Konrad, 449 Henry II, Emperor, 63 Henry III, Emperor, 64-66, 105 Henry IV, Emperor, 65—66, 67, 69 Henry IV, King of England (Henry Bolingbroke), 138, 140, 144 Henry V, Emperor, 66 Henry V, King of England, 165 Henry VI, Emperor, 71 Henry VII, German King, 105-106 Henry VII, of Luxembourg, Emperor,
91-92 Henry of Saxony, German King, 54 Henry of Valois, King of Poland, 290 Henry the Lion, 69, 70 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 306, 336, 352 Herero people, 408 heretics, heresies, 23, 100, 122, 193-194,211,225, 235,242, 509
Index Hermann von Salza, 135 Herzl, Theodor, 412-413 Hevellian Slavs, 75 Heydrich, Reinhard, 456 Himmler, Heinrich, 457, 458, 459, 461-462 Hindenburg, Paul von, 420, 427, 436 Hitler, Adolf chancellor, 436, 449, 453-454 World War II and, 449, 450, 451, 452, 459, 469, 471 Hoffmann, E. T. A, 340, 351 Hohenstaufen dynasty, 69, 70, 71, 90 Hohenzollerns, dynasty, 202, 294, 295, 512. See abo Germany; Prussia Holbein, Hans (the Younger), 184 Holocaust, 456—464, 469, 513; Roma Holocaust {Porajmos), 453 Holy Roman Empire coronation, 33, 54, 58, 62, 65, 91, 174 courts, 169, 172, 252 dissolution (1806), 96, 326 extent in Middle Ages, 92, 169 fragmentation in Middle Ages, 69, 71, 72, 76 ‘Holy’ addition, 35, 65 imperial office, meaning of, 35, 96, 165, 166, 174, 205, 206, 245, 253 See abo Austria; Bavaria; Brandenburg; Charlemagne; diets; Golden Bull of 1356; Mecklenburg; Palatinate; Peace of Westphalia; Pomerania; SaxeGotha; Saxony; Thuringia 601 Honecker, Erich, 493 Hörnigk, Philip von, 269 Horthy, Miklós, 434-435, 459 humanists, humanism, 186-189, 195, 228-229, 232, 236. See abo Bonfini, Antonio; Dantiscus; Erasmus Humbert of Romans, 509—510 Hume, David, 323 Hungary antisemitism, 455, 469 Bavarian chieftains, feasting with, 53 calendar conflict, 239 Christianity, 54-55, 57, 60, 146 communism, 465-468, 474-475, 476-478, 484, 493 counties, 121, 257, 280, 288, 373,462 Czechs and Slovaks (1919), 431 descriptions, 52-53, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84 dietsand, 108, 110, 114, 122, 154, 176, 209, 369, 372 effects on Central Europe, 55 following World War I, 433 government descriptions (nineteenth
century), 389-390 Gypsies, 261 Huns, 52-53 immigration, 82-83, 85 interwar period, 434-435 language, 51—52, 364—365, 398-399 law, 105, 107, 108, 114 Magyarization, 398-399, 403-404 mining, 152-154, 157-159
602 Hungary {continued) minorities, national, 371, 372, 398-399, 403-404, 405 modernization, 373 Mongol-Tatars destruction, 81—84 nobility, 83, 87-88, 288-289 origins, 51 Reformation effects, 210-211 religion, 54—55, 57, 60, 146, 246, 365 Revolution of 1956, 477-478 revolutions of 1848, 357, 363-364, 369, 371-373 serfdom, 79, 363, 369, 373 succession problems, 176, 180, 209-210 World War II, 450, 455, 457, 459-461 See also April Laws; AustriaHungary; Transylvania Huns, 15-16, 17-18, 19, 20-22, 61 Hunyadi family, Transylvania, 121 Hunyadi, John, 176 Hus, Jan (John), 101-102, 193-194, 201 Hussitism, Hussites, 102-103, 122, 161,210, 225, 235. See aho Utraquism I Ignjatovič, Jakov, 375-376 Illuminati, 308, 310 indulgences, 194 Innocent III, Pope, 132 Invasion of 1910, The (Le Queux), 416 Isherwood, Christopher, 445 Ivan III, Tsar, 216 Ivan IV, ‘the Terrible’, 217, 223 Index J Jacobins, 326, 328, 346 Jadwiga, Queen of Poland, 142, 143 Jagiellon dynasty, 103, 173-174, 290 Janáček, Leoš, 45 Jaquet-Droz, Pierre, 304 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, General, 488, 492-493 Jedwabne, 455 Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah), 409-410 Jews Berehove, 8, 9, 460 Cabbala, 230 Cossacks and, 221, 222, 266-267, 316 court Jews, 264 emigration, 413 expulsions, 263-264, 309 finances and, 262, 264 integration and, 409, 410, 411 merchants, 56, 73, 262, 263, 266 population, 262, 410 poverty, 267—268 situation in Central Europe (1800s), 409-411 vulnerability, 263-265 work, 262, 263, 266, 410, 454 See aho antisemitism; Hasidism; Holocaust; Jewish Enlightenment; numerus clausus Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania/ King of
Poland, 142, 143-144, 173, 290 John, Archduke, as regent, 366 John I Zápolya, King of Hungary, 209,210
Index John II Sigismund, King of Hungary, 210 John of England, King, 90, 132 John of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia, 92, 93, 138 John Paul II, Pope, 485, 488 Joseph II, Emperor, 302, 309, 409 Julian calendar, 238-240 Julius Caesar, 14, 77, 169-170, 238 Junker, Junkerdom, terms, 297, 384, 417 Justi, J. H. G., 305 Justinian, Byzantine Emperor, 189 К Kádár, János, 478, 480, 483 Kant, Immanuel, ЗОЇ, 307—308, 353, 402-403, 463 Kara Mustafa, 271—272 Karinthy, Frigyes, 443 Karl, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 430 Karlstadt, Andreas, 196 Karl Theodor of the Palatinate, 302 Károlyi, Michael, 430, 431 Kehrrad, 158, 159 Kepler, Johannes, 235 Kertész, Mihály (Michael Curtiz), 443 Khmelnytsky, Bohdan, 220—221, 222,266-267, 317 Khrushchev, Nikita, 476 Khuen-Héderváry, Charles, 394—397 Kielce, 469 Kiesinger, Kurt, 489 Klapka, George, 388 Kohl, Helmut, 501 Kornyilova, Feodora, 466—467 Korsakov, General, 332 603 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 322 Kosovo, 279, 497, 514 Kossuth, Louis, 345-346, 357, 363, 364-365, 371-372, 373, 379 Kun, Béla, 465 Kundera, Milan, 491 Kuroń, Jacek, 486 L Laibach (Neue Slowenische Kunst), 498-501, 508 La Mettrie, Julien OiFray de, 304 Lang, Fritz, 441 language census and, 380-382 nationalism and, 379—382, 393-394, 398-399 significance, 336, 352-354, 365, 367 law charters of liberty, 105-107 citizenship, 117-118 communal government and law making, 116—130, 511—512 confusion of the law, 114, 115 consent, 106 copying by hand, 114 customary law, 114, 126, 127, 128, 226, 248, 254 descriptions, 104-105, 108, 115 Habsburg dynasty and, 169, 172-173 nose of wax, 105 ordinances and
decrees, 7, 96, 106, 115, 191,207, 248, 297, 301,302,311,391,392, 395, 426, 436, 512 presumption of the law, 390, 391, 395-397,512
604 law {continued) Roman Law, 189, 190, 191, 207, 226, 245, 248, 250, 255, 282, 512 Schöffen, 118, 126 self-government in western vs. eastern Central Europe, 126-130 village headman and, 126—127 Weistiimer, 128-130, 191, 254, 255 written rights, 105-107 See aho councils; diets lawofLiibeck, 118 law of Magdeburg, 118 League of Nations, 448-449 leagues, 117-119 Leopold I, Emperor, 271-272, 278-279 Leopold II, King of Belgium, 417 leprosy, 40 Le Queux, William, 416 Leszczyński, Stanislaw, 314, 315 L’Homme-Machine (La Mettrie), 304 liberalism, 339, 341 libraries, 26, 34, 170, 178-181, 233, 302, 336, 400, 458 Linguistic Map ofthe Prussian State based on the 1861 Census, 381-382 Liszt, Franz, 377, 379 Lithuania crusades, 140-141, 143, 144 descriptions, 132, 137-138 Gypsies, 260 Jagiellon rulers, 103 Jews, 262-263, 267 Livonia, 217 Index religion, 137—138 Russia, 216, 221, 241 Teutonic Knights and, 137-144 World War II, 455,460 See also Poland-Lithuania Livonia, 132, 217, 317, 319 Locarno treaties (1925), 448 Lombards, 25, 34, 62 Loos, Anita, 7 Lothar I, 50 Lothar II, 50 Louise Dorothea, Duchess of SaxeGotha-Altenburg, 287 Louis I, Hungary, 142-143, 162 Louis II, Hungary, 174, 209, 210 Louis-Philippe, King of the French, 357 Louis the German, 50 Louis the Pious, 41, 49-50 Louis VII, King of France, 78 Louis XIV, King of France, 271, 285, 295, 338,510 Louis XV, King of France, 314, 315 Louvre, 286—287, 332 Ludendorff, Erich, 420, 430 Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, 360, 377 Lusatia, 112, 177, 251 Lutheranism, 194, 197, 198, 200, 202, 207,210,211,224, 226, 227, 282, 294, 383 popularity,
196-197, 198, 226, 227 Luther, Martin background, 193 Cranach and, 199-200 description, 198, 199-200, 511 Erasmus and, 229 literacy and, 198 music, 195-196
Index stagedabduction, 192—194, 195 support of princes, 193, 197, 207 theology, 192-194, 198 usury and, 281 writings, 194, 198—201 Luxembourg, duchy, 91, 387 Luxembourg dynasty, 90, 91, 92-96, 98-103 Μ Machiavelli, Niccolò, 145 machines (interwar years), 440—441, 442-444. See also robots machine state and Enlightenment, 303-306, 310 Mackensen, August von, 422-424 Macpherson, James, 337 Magdeburg law, 86, 118, 136 Malmström, Cecilia, 506 Man Equals Man (Brecht), 442 Marcomanni, 15 Maria Anna of Bavaria, 244-245 Maria Theresa, Empress Enlightenment, 309 family, 316 Frederick II and, 298, 316 freemasonry and, 308-309, 310 intolerance, 309 territorial changes, 280, 316, 317, 319,343 regulation and decrees, 299, 301-302, 307 succession and Pragmatic Sanction, 298, 316 Marignolli, Giovanni de’, 95-96 Marlborough. See Churchill, John Marmont, Auguste de, 335 Martel, Charles (Carolus, Charles the Hammer), 27, 28-29 605 Mary, Queen of Hungary, 162 Masaryk, Tomáš, 436 Maschinist Hopkins (Brand), 440-441 Master ofthe World (Piel), 443 Matthias Corvinus (‘Matthias the Raven), 121, 176, 177-179, 180-181. See also Buda palace Matthias, Emperor, 236, 245—246 Mauro, Fra, 151-152 Maximilian I, Emperor, 168, 171-175, 197, 206 Maximilian II, 214, 227, 232, 244, 290 Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria, 247 Maximilian II, Duke of Bavaria, 360 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 492-493 Medici family, Florence, 152, 154 Melancthon, Philip, 200 Memorandum, The (Havel), 482 Mendel, Gregor, 403 Mendelssohn, Moses, 409 Mennonites, 228 merchants alliances and guilds, 149-152 mining products and, 152—154, 156,157-159 of
Nuremberg, 152-153, 154 robbery of, 147 serfs and, 160 tolls and, 148-149 See also Fuggers; Hanseatic League; Great Ravensberg Company; Jews; Medici family; Nuremberg merchant cartel; Rhineland League; Society of the Holy Trinity; Swabian League
Index 606 Mercy, Comte de (Florimund, Claude, Comte de Mercy), 274, 275, 276, 277, 279 Merkel, Angela, 490 Methodius, 43, 44-45, 57 Metropolis (Dix), 439 Metropolis (Lang), 441 Metternich, Austrian chancellor, 342-343, 344, 345-346, 356, 361 Michael I, King of Romania, 459 Michael II Apafi, Prince of Transylvania, 272 Michael III, Emperor (Constantinople), 43 Michelangelo, 185 Mickiewicz, Adam, 376 Mieszko, dynasty of, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 89 Milič, Jan, 99-100, 101 Military Frontier Cossacks, 218, 219-220 dissolution, 392, 393 Habsburg policy, 214, 512 Napoleon, 334 troops, 212-214 Turks, 215, 217-218, 271 See also Wild Plain; Zaporizhzhian Sich mining copper liquation, 153-154, 158 flooding of mine shafts and, 152, 158-159, 303 merchants, 152-154, 156, 157-159 See also Fuggers; Kehrrad; merchants; Newcomen engine ministerials, 68-69, 71 Minnelli, Liza, 446 Mirabeau, Comte de, 305 Mojmir, 42-43 Moltke, Helmut von (the elder), 387 Moltke, Helmut von (the younger), 419 Monas Hieroglyphica (Dee), 232 Mongol-Tatars, 2-3, 80-88, 137, 141, 144 Monitor, The (newspaper), 320 Monte, Herkus, 136 Montesquieu, 311, 320—321 Montez, Lola, 360, 377 Moravia, 41, 43, 44, 52, 55, 57, 112, 118, 177, 225, 246, 247, 367, 369, 380, 381,403, 428, 450 Moryson, Fynes, 227, 261 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 377 Münster, Sebastian, 201 music, 34, 307, 323, 331, 376-379, 410, 438, 440, 480-482, 484, 496-500. See aho Bach, J. S.; Bartók, Béla; Beethoven, Ludwig v.; Chopin, Fryderyk; Haydn, Joseph; Janáček, Leoš; Laibach; Liszt, Franz; Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus; Plastic People of the Universe; Reed, Dean;
Schumann, Robert; Smetana, Bedřich N Nagy, Imre, 476, 477, 493 Nagodba, Croatian (1868), 393 Napoleon attitudes towards, 337—338 cultural recruitment and, 331, 332
Index effects on Central Europe, 329, 330-339, 510,513 exile, 339 Frenchification and, 332-335 Habsburgs and, 325-326 ideas as contributing to liberalism, 339 Illyrian Provinces, 333-334, 335, 337 language and, 333-336 Napoleonic Code, 330—331 Napoleonic Wars, 325-326, 329, 330, 331,332 plunder, 331-332 relatives, 329-330, 338 Russia, 324, 330, 332, 515 troops and, 330, 331, 337 Warsaw, Duchy of, 330, 331, 342 Westphalia, Kingdom of, 329, 330, 332-333, 337, 342 Napoleon III, French Emperor, 385, 387 Napoleon Museum, 332 nationalism assimilation, 403-404 choice, 379—380 ‘Darwinism’, 403—404 eugenics, 406-407 following revolutions of 1848, 374-382 identity, 374-382 language, 379—382, 393—394, 398-399 Napoleon and, 337-338, 339 nationalist parties, 402 past and, 374-375 race, 407-409 Natural Law and Enlightenment, 300, 301, 512 607 Nazis Brownshirts, 434 German culture and, 446-447 Jews and Holocaust, 8, 447, 453-459, 460-464, 513 See also Eichmann, Adolf; Goebbels, Josef; Heydrich, Reinhard; Himmler, Heinrich; Hitler, Adolf; World War II Nepomuk, John, Saint, 279 Nero, Emperor,169—170 Nevsky, Alexander, 137 Newcomen engine, 159 Newton, Isaac, Sir, 230—231 Nibelungenlied, 21—22, 169, 336-337, 378 Nightwatches (Bonaventura), 304-305 nobility adapting to the big state, 287-288 decline, 292-293 origins, 68, 83, 84, 86, 87 provincial landscape, 293 state consuming, 288 taking over state, 290—291 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 514 Nuremberg merchant cartel, 152, 153, 154 numerus clausus, 455 О Occult learning. See alchemy Oecolampadius, Johannes, 225 Ogedei, Khan, 80
Olbracht, Jan, King of Poland, 181 Old Prussia, 132-133, 135-136. See also Monte, Herkus Omurtag, Bulgarian Khan, 41
608 Onogurs (Turkic tribe), 51 On the Three Ways ofBookkeeping (Schwarz), 155, 156 Origin ofSpecies, The (Darwin), 403 Orthodox Christianity Catholicism rivalry, 42—47 intellectual tradition, 46-47 Ottoman invasion and, 211 Russia, 216, 241 Transylvania, 226 See ako Uniate Church Ossian (Macpherson), 337 Ostrogoths, 18-20, 21, 40 Ottakar IV of Styria, 105 Otto, Bishop of Bamberg, 74 Otto I, 54, 57, 58, 61 Otto II, 58-59 Otto III, 58—60, 63, 509. See also Gospel Book Ottoman Turks, Turkey, 3, 4, 120, 122, 146, 163, 176-178, 208-216, 271-273, 279-280, 418, 423, 424, 431 Otto of Freising, Bishop, 77, 78-79 Ovid, 10, 14, 34, 187 P Paine, Thomas, 495 Palacký, Frantisek, 367 Palatinate, 67, 91, 98, 102, 203, 224, 246, 247, 250, 302, 370 Palmerston, Lord, 324 Pannonia, 13, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 52, 55, 57 Pan-Slav Congress, Prague, 367, 369 Pan Tadeusz (Mickiewicz), 376 Index paramilitaries, 434, 497, 507. See aho Green Cadres Pavelič, Ante, 459 Peace of Augsburg (1555), 223-224, 226, 245, 250 Peace of Prague (1635), 251 Peace of Westphalia (1648), 253 peasantry descriptions, 257, 258 Jews and, 266-267 landlords and, 129, 255-257 See also serfs Peasants, The (Reymont), 127 Persian Letters (Montesquieu), 320 Peter the Great of Russia, 313 Petőfi, Sándor, 379 Piast dynasty, 55 Pictures ofDeath (Hans Holbein), 184 PidderLiing, 124 Pied Piper, 82-83 Piel, Harry, 443 Pilgrims Progress (Bunyan), 326 Pilsudski, Józef, 432 Pippin, King of the Franks, 27-28, 29 pirates, 118, 124, 147 Plastic People of the Universe, 498 Plato, 306 Pliverić, Josip, 395-396 Poincaré, President of France,
418 Poland agriculture, 254 beginnings, 55 communism, resistance and, 468, 473, 475, 484-490, 492-493 consolidation (thirteenth century), 111-113
Index descriptions, 77-78 dukedoms, 111-112 duke of Cracow, 104 interwar period, 435 Jagiellon rulers of Lithuania and, 103 Jews, 262-263, 265, 266, 268, 455, 469 law, 104, 107, 108, 112, 115 LGBT discrimination, 508 Mongol-Tatars, 81 ‘organic work’, 400, 458, 485 Ottoman Turks and, 215 population movements, 260-262 Reformation, 201-202 religion, 57, 74, 144-145, 201-202, 227-228, 485, 488 Russia, 221, 241, 317, 424-425, 432 Sejm and Sejmiks (diets), 112, 115,216,217, 227, 265,290 serfdom, 79 succession, 84-85, 141-142 Ukraine, 217, 432, 435 West Germany, 488-490 World War II, 448-449, 450-451,453, 458,460 See abo Kuroń, Jacek; Mazowiecki, Tadeusz; Solidarity; Wałęsa, Lech Poland-Lithuania constitution, 311 constitution and separation of powers (1791), 321-322 Golden Age, 319-320 government as not keeping up, 311-312 Henrician Articles (first constitution), 291, 312 609 Krėva agreement (1385), 142, 143 Lublin union (1569), 217, 219 Montesquieu and Rousseau, 321, 322 nobility, power of, 290-291, 311-313,316 partitions, 317, 318 (map), 319-324, 512 peasantry, serfs and, 219, 322 Sarmatianism, 289-290 Sejm and, 311-314, 322 veto, liberum veto, 312-313, 315 Pomerania, 73, 74, 75, 76, 102, 111, 129, 147, 156, 169, 203, 255,286,383,471 Pomeranian dog, 73, 344 population, 37, 63, 81, 82, 86, 100, 137, 159,211,220, 260-262, 267, 269, 275, 285, 297, 313, 364, 381,392, 407, 433, 435, 458, 469, 472, 485 Porajmos. Se ? Holocaust Porsche, Ferdinand, 422 Pragmatic Sanction (1713), 298 Prague Orgy, The (Roth), 465 Přemyslid dynasty, 55, 89, 90, 92, 94 presumption of the law Britain,
France, United States (nineteenth century), 390-391 in Central Europe, 391, 512 Croatia and, 395-397 police notices, 392 Pribina, 42—43 Pribislaw, 75 printing press, 182-183, 198-199
610 Prodigal Student (Gnapheus), 188 Promise, The, 474-475 Protestantism conflict between branches of, 224, 241 origin of name, 197 early popularity, 198, 226, 227 See also Calvinism; Czech Brethren; Lutheranism; Peace of Augsburg; toleration; Unitarianism; Utraquism Prussia Brandenburg and Prussia, 294-295 civilian administration, 297-298 diets, 384 economic rise, 385-386 Habsburgs, conflict with, 298 military conscription, 296, 297 other rulers imitating, 299-300 Poland-Lithuania, 300, 317, 318 (map), 319 revolutions of 1848 and, 360 Silesia, invasion of, 298-299, 316 unification of Germany, 365-368, 383-388 See also Bismarck; Brandenburg; grenadiers; Hohenzollerns; Old Prussia Ptolemy, 13 Putin, Vladimir, 507 Puttkamer, Johanna von, 383-384 R race colonialism, 408-409 ‘Darwinism’ and, 408 Index hierarchy, 408-409 Rasse, meanings, 407-408 See also antisemitism; Gypsies; Herero people railways, 153, 349, 351, 385, 461, 491 Rákóczi, Ferenc, Prince of Transylvania, 272 Rákosi, Mátyás background, 465—466 communism, 465—468, 472, 473, 474-475, 476-477, 478 ‘praise’ for, 474-475 rampart, antemurale, idea of nation as, 145, 146 Rastislav, 43, 44 Rathenau, Walter, 431 Reed, Dean, 496 Reformation early phases of, 196—198 German princes as winners, 206-207 ordinances on morals, 207 spread of, 201-203, 210 See also Calvin, John; Calvinism; Luther, Martin; Lutheranism; Oecolampadius, Johannes; Protestantism; Unitarianism; Vadian, Joachim; Zwingli, Ulrich Renaissance in Central Europe architecture and hybridization of styles, 157, 181-182, 511 art and literature, 182—188 death
imagery, 183—185 humanists, 186-189, 195 libraries, 178-179, 180-181 magnifies the ruler, 190-191
Index religious and spiritual themes, 185-186 Roman law and, 188-191 worldly vs. divine literature, 186-187 See also, Altdorfer, Albrecht; Cranach, Lucas; Dürer, Albrecht; Antwerp School; Arcimboldo, Giuseppe; Bakócz Chapel; Bosch, Hieronymus; Bruegel, Pieter; Buda palace; Celtis, Conrad; Danse Macabre; Eyck, Jan van; Grien, Hans Baldung; Holbein, Hans; humanism; Michelangelo; Vitéz, John; Weyden, Rogier van der Renan, Ernest, 374 revolutions of 1848 (Central Europe) April Laws, 363-364, 370, 371, 372,388-389 course of events, 355—373 demonstrations, 358 economics and, 357-358, 359-360 ideas behind, 355, 357—60, 363-365 insurrections planned (1846), 355-356 publications and political cartoons, 359 ‘revenge’ following, 369-374 Reymont, Władysław, 127 Rhineland League, 118 Richter, J. P. E (Jean Paul), 304, 305 Riddle ofthe Sands (Childers), 416 Riemenschneider, Tilman, 182 611 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 442 Ring cycle (Wagner), 336—337, 378 robots, 443-444 Rökk, Marika, 446 Roma. See Gypsies Roman Empire Celtic populations, 11 Central Europe and, 11 East/West division and capitals, 17 extent, 10-11, 15 Huns and, 15—19 religion, 23, 24 Roman Law. See law Romania communism, 468, 493, 494 interwar period, 433, 435 world wars and, 421, 424, 450, 455,457, 459, 471 See also Transylvania Romanticism descriptions, 340-341, 351 language and, 353—354 See also Arndt, Ernst Moritz; Friedrich, Caspar David; Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von; Grimm Brothers; Grimm, Jacob; Herder, Johann Gottfried; Hoffmann, E. T. A.; Macpherson, James; music; Ossian՛, Tomcat Murr Roosevelt, Eleanor, 472 Roth, Philip,
475 Rothschild, Anselm, 388 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 307, 316, 322 Rudolfil, Emperor, 214, 232—236, 245-246
612 Rudolf of Habsburg, 90, 91, 106 Rudolphine Tables, The (Kepler), 235 Rugila, Hun, 17-18 R.U.R. (Čapek), 443-444 Russia Cossacks, 221 Franz Joseph, 372—373 Livonia, 217, 317, 319 Poland-Lithuania, 317, 318 (map), 319, 324,515 Revolution and civil war (1917), 427,466 as threat in Central Europe, 514-515 tsars, Orthodoxy and, 216 uprising against ruler (1830), 343-344 World War I, 418, 420, 421, 423, 424 Ruthenia, 112, 143, 144, 436 Ruttmann, Walther, 440, 441 s Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, 356 Sachs, Hans, 201 Saint Gallen, abbey Charlemagne, 32-33, 39-40 Charles IV, 93-94 descriptions, 25-26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 40 Saladin, Sultan, 75 ‘Salians’, 63 Sand, George (Amantine Dupin), 377 Sarmatianism, 289, 323 Sarmatian people, 10, 13, 14, 15 as lizards, 14, 289 Index Savonarola, 193 Saxe-Gotha, 281-288, 291, 297, 307 Saxons Charlemagne, 29-30, 32, 33, 34, 36 end of Saxon dynasty, 63, 70, 71 paganism, 23, 32 rebellion, 65-66 See abo Transylvania Saxony, 33, 53, 54, 63, 65, 69,70, 72, 91, 129, 193, 199, 203, 284, 307,314, 330, 342, 385 Sayn-Wittgenstein, Carolyne zu, ЪП Schulz, Bruno, 441—442 Schumann, Robert, 378 Schwarz, Matthäus, 155—156, 157 Schwendi, Lazarus von, 228, 229 science, scientific advancements (Central Europe), 402-406. See also alchemy; bacteriology; Darwin and ‘Darwinism’; eugenics; mining; nationalism; race Scots, 261, 262 Seckendorff, Veit Ludwig von, 281-282, 284-286, 288, 293 secret societies, 307—308, 310, 326, 328. See also freemasons; Illuminati Seklers, 120—121, 122 Serbia, 418, 423, 424, 497, 513, 514 serfs, 6-7, 79, 129, 160, 191, 219-220, 255-256,
269-270, 278, 322, 363, 369, 373,511 Settlement, Austria-Hungary (1867), 389
Index Shakespeare, William, 236, 275 Shevchenko, Taras, 221-222 Sigismund Hall, Buda, 178 Sigismund I, King of Poland, 183, 202-203 Sigismund II, King of PolandLithuania, 217, 290 Sigismund, Emperor, 102, 103, 161-167, 174, 178 Sigismund of the Tyrol, 156—157 Sigismund, Saint, 94 Silesia, 4, 86, 87, 96, 112, 141, 177, 252-253, 298-299, 316, 432, 471 Simmel, Georg, 438—439 slave trade, 3, 38, 56-57, 60-61, 218 Slavs, early area occupied by, 36, 37, 73 Avars and, 41, 42—43 chroniclers on, 73 conversions, 73-74, 75-76 descriptions, 37—38 groups/statelets (around 900), 41-42 origins, 36—37 Pripet Marshes, 37 Samo, 38 ‘slave’ term and, 38 See ako Abodrites; Carantania; Hevellian Slavs; Pomerania; Wends Slezkine, Yuri, 262 Slovakia, 2, 37, 43, 153, 157, 201, 212, 259,317, 432, 436, 450, 454, 457, 459, 460, 504, 505, 506 Slovenia, 5, 11, 38, 39, 146, 162, 292, 401,468, 497, 498,499 613 Smetana, Bedřich, 378 Smith, John, adventurer, 212 Sobieski, Jan, King of PolandLithuania, 313, 314 Society of the Holy Trinity, Lübeck, 149 Solidarity, Poland, 487—488, 492, 498 Sophie, Archduchess, Austria, 361, 370 Sorrows of Young Werther, The (Goethe), 340 Soviet Union labour camps, 471 World War II, 451, 452, 459, 466 See aho Brezhnev, Leonid; Gorbachev, Mikhail; Khrushchev, Nikita; Stalin, Joseph Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 320-321 Stalin, Joseph, 451, 466, 467, 468, 476, 513 Stangl, Franz, 463 Stanislaw I Poniatowski, King of Poland-Lithuania, 308, 315-316, 320, 321-322 Statute in Favour of the Princes, 105-106 steam power, 159, 303, 351, 385. See also Newcomen engine Steelyard,
London, 150 Steiner, George, 495 Stephen, Saint, King of Hungary, 57, 60, 89, 107 Stier, Walter, 462 Stone, Norman, 502 Stresemann, Gustav von, 448
614 Strossmayer, Josip, 393 Sturm and Drang movement, 340 Styria, 70, 105, 177, 214, 227, 237, 245, 380, 402 Styrian Magna Carta (Georgenberg Privilege, 1186), 105 Suleiman, Sultan, 209 Svatopluk, 44 Swabia, 53, 69, 70, 71, 72, 90, 111, 149, 254,256,263, 264 Swabian League, 118 Sweden, 238—239 Switzerland, 25, 90, 92, 119, 120, 225, 226, 239-240, 329, 332, 357, Á59, 5^2- See abo Saint Gallen; Vadian, Joachim; Zwingli, Ulrich Swordbrothers (Brothers of the Knighthood of Christ in Livonia), 134, 136-137, 217 Széchenyi, Stephen, 363-364, 375 szlachta, Polish, 290 T Tacitus, 13, 14 Tempest, The (Shakespeare), 236 Teutonic Knights end of order, 294 foundation, 134 full name, 134 Hanseatic League and, 152 Lithuania and, 137, 138, 140-141, 143, 144 Poland and, 142, 143, 202, 317 Russian principalities and, 137 See also Swordbrothers Theodosius, Emperor, 17 Theophanu, Empress, 58 Thirty Years’ War Index consequences, 250-253 geographic areas involved, 248, 250 religion and, 248, 250-253 rulers’ tax raising powers following, 285 See also Edict of Restitution Three Men on the Bummel (Jerome), 392 Threepenny Opera, The (Brecht), 440 Thuringia, Thuringians, 28, 36, 52, 158, 192, 194, 281. See abo Saxe-Gotha Thurzó, George, 159 Thurzó, John, 157—159 Tilea, Viorel, 450 Tiso, Jozef, 459 toleration, religious, 6, 223, 225-228, 232, 236, 246, 272, 279, 309, 322, 511 Toleration, Edict of (1781), 309 Tomcat Murr (Hoffmann), 341—342, 344-345, 346, 354 Tomislav, Croatian king, 55 Török, Aurél, 405 Transnistria, 514 Transylvania anticommunist insurgents, 468 antisemitism, 455 Avars and
Bulgarians, 38, 41 Csík Chronicle, ЪЪТ deportation of Germans, 471 diet, 121, 122, 211,226 fortified churches, 120 freemasonry, 310 German settlers (Saxons), 82, 83, 120, 122,189 Gypsies, 260 government, 120
Index Habsburg takeover, 272 merger with Hungary, 365 religion, 121, 122, 211, 226, 239, 243,272, 278 Romanians, 121-122, 261, 371 Teutonic Knights, 134, 135 Thirty Years’ War, 246 Treaty of Trianon, 433 underground kingdoms, 78 uprising (1437) and treaty (1459), 122 voivode, 120, 121, 209 Travels ofSir John Mandeville, The, 131,146 Treaty of Karlowitz, 272, 273 Trismegistus, Hermes, 230-231, 234 Trithemius, Abbot of Sponheim, 231 Turbofolk, 497-498 Turner, William, 350 Twelfth Night (Shakespeare), 275 Tyrol, 105, 109, 148, 154, 156, 157, 326, 334,414 U Ugoleto, Taddeo, 180 Ukraine agriculture, 254 Cossacks, 220, 221—222, 242, 266-267 Jews, 262, 265, 266-267 religion, 222, 228, 242-243 Russia, 221,222, 243,515 Uniate Church, 242-243 world wars and, 427, 455, 460 See also Cossacks; Crimea; ‘Haidamaky ; Shevchenko, Taras; Wild Plain; Zaporizhzhian Sich 615 Ulfila (Little Wolf), 23-24 Uniate Church, 242-243, 253, 266, 316, 365 Unitarianism, 211, 226, 228, 241. See also Dávid, Ferenc Utraquism, 225, 227 V Vadian, Joachim, 225—226 Vajk. See Stephen, Saint, King of Hungary Valvasor, Johann Weichard von, 292-293, 335 vampires, 164, 406, 443, 444 Varga, Eugen, 467 Vasaris, Liudas, 441 vassalage, 109—111, 113, 116, 290 Venus in Furs (Sacher-Masoch), 356 Victoria, Queen of England, 347-348 village assemblies, 6, 119, 124, 125, 511 Virgil, 16, 187, 229 Visigoths, 17, 19—20 Vitéz, John, 178, 179, 180 Vlad III, the ‘Impaler’, Romanian Prince, 164 Vodnik, Valentin, 335-336 Vogelweide, Walther von der, 86-87 Vogt, 67—69 voivodes, 120, 121, 122, 209, 260 Voltaire, 292, 307, 323 W Wagner,
Richard, 336—337, 378 Wałęsa, Lech, 487 Walpole, Horace, 323 Wartislaw, ruler of Pomerania, 74, 76
616 Wassermann, Jakob, 411 water, hot running water, 19, 178 watermills, 128, 148, 303 Weber, Max, 429 Weistümer, 128-129, 191, 254, 255 Wellington, Duke of, 347 Wenceslas IV (‘the Idle’), King of Bohemia, 101, 102, 161 Wends, 33, 37, 76, 381, 509 West Germany, 501, 503 Weyden, Rogier van der, 182 Wild Plain, 2,215,217-220 Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany, 417,418, 422, 430 William I, King of Prussia, 386, 387 William of Holland, Count, 90 William Pitt the Younger, 329 Wilson, Woodrow, 432 Wittelsbachs, Bavaria, 70, 90, 92, 103, 244 Wittenberg Nightingale, The (Sachs), 201 Wladislas II Jagiellon, King of Bohemia and Hungary, 112, 177, 180 Władysław IV, King of Poland, 220 Władysław the Elbow-High, 111, 141 Wolff, Christian, 300-301 Wolkenstein, Oswald von, 168 women Enlightenment, 306 holy women, 26, 29 interwar anxieties, 441, 444-447 Jewish, 263, 266, 410, 411, 456 nationalism and, 375, 376, 399, 404, 407 prostitutes, 99, 100, 117, 406, 407, 442-445 Index slaves, 29, 57 Turbofolk, 497 World War Two, 456, 469 Wordsworth, William, 340, 495 Work ofInstauration, 274, 275, 276, 278 World War I aftermath, 428-430 authoritarian politics following, 437-438 background, 416-418 descriptions, 418-429 desertion, 428^129 as ‘first literate war’, 427-428 Green Cadres, 428, 429 Hindenburg Line, 420, 427 Russian Poland and, 424-425 Somme, battle, 420 surrender and, 431 Versailles, Peace of, 432—434 World War II background, 448-450 bureaucracy, 461-464 Central Europe borders, 469, 470 (map), 471 General Government (Poland), 451-452, 453, 456, 457-458 ghettoes and extermination camps,
456-457,458,460^64,467 Holocaust, 8, 453-459, 460-464, 467, 513 local antisemitism, 455—456, 460-464 population movements following, 471-472,513 Sudetenland, 449-450 Württemberg, 203, 244, 292, 326, 342, 359, 409 Wyszyński, Cardinal, 485
Index 617 Y Z Yiddish language, 262, 263, 267, 380, 381,410-411 Yugoslavia disintegration in 1990s, 497, 499, 513-514 twentieth century development, 432, 433, 448, 457, 468, 471-472 Zápolya, John, 209-210 Zaporizhzhian Sich, 220, 221 Zimmermann, Johann Christian, 349, 350 Žižek, Slavoj, 499, 500-501, 508 Žižka, Jan, 102 Zwingli, Ulrich, 225-226 |
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| author | Rady, Martyn C. 1955- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1055807381 |
| author_facet | Rady, Martyn C. 1955- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Rady, Martyn C. 1955- |
| author_variant | m c r mc mcr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049085008 |
| contents | Introduction: Central Europe, the Dogmen, and the Oak Woods of Berehove -- The Roman Empire, the Huns, and the Nibelungenlied -- The Franks and Charlemagne: The View from Lake Constance -- Avars and Slavs: Destruction and Conversion -- The Return of the Huns, Slave States, and the Shaping of Central Europe -- The Making of the Holy Roman Empire and Central Europe's Wild East -- The Mongol-Tatars, New Cities, and New Knights -- Dynastic Change, Charles IV of Bohemia, the the Prophets of the Antichrist -- Councils, Diets, and the Confusion of the Laws -- Cities, Villages, and Freedoms: From Frisia to Transylvania -- Old Prussia, the Adventures of Henry Bolingbroke, and the Union of Poland and Lithuania -- Merchants, the Hanseatic League, and the Fuggers -- The Dragon in the China Shop and the Habsurg Imagination -- Central Europe's Renaissance, Roman Law, and the Library of the Raven King -- Luther's Reformation, the Badlands of Thuringia, and the Court Painter of Saxony -- The Ottoman Turks and Central Europe's Long Frontier -- Toleration, the Magus, and the Alchemist as Emperor -- Calendars, the Catholic Recovery, and Central Europe's Thirty Years' Civil War -- The Condition of the Countryside: Peasants, Gypsies, Jews, and Others -- Cameralism, Ottoman Endgame, and the Human Laboratory Bureaucrats, Sarmatians, and Little Landscapes -- The Prussian Way: Cemetery Marionettes and the Machine State -- Dissecting Europe's Orang-utan: The Partitions of Poland and Lithuania -- Napoleon and the Map of Central Europe -- The Gallant World of Tomcat Murr: Romanticism, the Grimms, and the Hanover Handbook -- 1848 and the Coming of Revolution -- The Revenge of the Generals and the Making of Nations -- Bismarck, Khuen-Hedervary's Croatia, and the Presumption of the Law -- Assimilation, Biology, and the Skull Measurers -- 1914-1918: The War Against Central Europe -- Violence, the City, and 'The Blue Angel' -- The Second World War, Ordinary Central Europeans, and Industrial Murder -- Matyas Rakosi, Stalinist Central Europe, and Its Discontents -- Communist Central Europe and Its Collapse -- Post-Communism: Slavoj Zizek and the Lesson of Laibach |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1337413871 (DE-599)BVBBV049085008 |
| edition | First edition |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">HIST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rady, Martyn C.</subfield><subfield code="d">1955-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1055807381</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The middle kingdoms</subfield><subfield code="b">a new history of Central Europe</subfield><subfield code="c">Martyn Rady</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">First edition</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York, NY</subfield><subfield code="b">Basic Books</subfield><subfield code="c">2023</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xi, 617 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">10 Karten</subfield><subfield code="c">24,3 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Introduction: Central Europe, the Dogmen, and the Oak Woods of Berehove -- The Roman Empire, the Huns, and the Nibelungenlied -- The Franks and Charlemagne: The View from Lake Constance -- Avars and Slavs: Destruction and Conversion -- The Return of the Huns, Slave States, and the Shaping of Central Europe -- The Making of the Holy Roman Empire and Central Europe's Wild East -- The Mongol-Tatars, New Cities, and New Knights -- Dynastic Change, Charles IV of Bohemia, the the Prophets of the Antichrist -- Councils, Diets, and the Confusion of the Laws -- Cities, Villages, and Freedoms: From Frisia to Transylvania -- Old Prussia, the Adventures of Henry Bolingbroke, and the Union of Poland and Lithuania -- Merchants, the Hanseatic League, and the Fuggers -- The Dragon in the China Shop and the Habsurg Imagination -- Central Europe's Renaissance, Roman Law, and the Library of the Raven King -- Luther's Reformation, the Badlands of Thuringia, and the Court Painter of Saxony -- The Ottoman Turks and Central Europe's Long Frontier -- Toleration, the Magus, and the Alchemist as Emperor -- Calendars, the Catholic Recovery, and Central Europe's Thirty Years' Civil War -- The Condition of the Countryside: Peasants, Gypsies, Jews, and Others -- Cameralism, Ottoman Endgame, and the Human Laboratory</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bureaucrats, Sarmatians, and Little Landscapes -- The Prussian Way: Cemetery Marionettes and the Machine State -- Dissecting Europe's Orang-utan: The Partitions of Poland and Lithuania -- Napoleon and the Map of Central Europe -- The Gallant World of Tomcat Murr: Romanticism, the Grimms, and the Hanover Handbook -- 1848 and the Coming of Revolution -- The Revenge of the Generals and the Making of Nations -- Bismarck, Khuen-Hedervary's Croatia, and the Presumption of the Law -- Assimilation, Biology, and the Skull Measurers -- 1914-1918: The War Against Central Europe -- Violence, the City, and 'The Blue Angel' -- The Second World War, Ordinary Central Europeans, and Industrial Murder -- Matyas Rakosi, Stalinist Central Europe, and Its Discontents -- Communist Central Europe and Its Collapse -- Post-Communism: Slavoj Zizek and the Lesson of Laibach</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"Central Europe has long been infamous as a region beset by war, a place where, historically, empires clashed and sieges from the east toppled kingdoms and enslaved peoples. Many view the region-comprising present-day Germany, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Slovenia, and Romania, among other countries-as united only by the shared experience of invasions launched by foreign powers, from the Huns of the fourth century, to the Swedes of the seventeenth, to the Russians of the twentieth and twenty-first. Sandwiched between hostile neighbors, Central Europeans have indeed contended with conquest for centuries. But the full story of region encompasses far more than its battles. In The Middle Kingdoms, Martin Rady offers the definitive history of Central Europe, highlighting how the region's preoccupation with invasion has led not only violent conflicts but also tremendous accomplishments in politics, society, and culture. </subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">In the Middle Ages, Central Europe was distinguished by its assemblies of noblemen, self-governing cities, and strong village communities. The region's peoples viewed their land as the home of knightly chivalry and great Gothic cities, vigilantly protecting Europe from alien incursion. In the early modern period, dynasties of ambitious rulers such as the Austrian Habsburgs crushed these communities in their quest to assemble sprawling empires. Eager to conquer external foes, they turned duchies, lordships, and kingdoms into family possessions, and for much of the modern era Central Europe served as the seat of European empire. Fierce rivalries over land and power made the region's experience of nation-building intense and often violent, from the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars to the atrocities of the Third Reich. But even as Central Europe engaged in hostilities with its neighbors, it reshaped trends from surrounding nations and exported its own. </subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Central Europeans launched the Reformation, developed the philosophy of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, originated the Romantic movement, and advanced some of the twentieth century's most important trends in art and cinema, from Expressionism to absurdist drama. More than simply the faultline between Western and Eastern Europe, the region has long possessed a cohesive identity of its own, even as its nations have remained diverse and enduringly distinct from each other. Sweeping in scope, The Middle Kingdoms draws on a lifetime of research and scholarship to tell as never before the panoramic and captivating story of Central Europe's rich, complex past and its enduring influence on world affairs"--</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Mitteleuropa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039677-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europe, Central / History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europe, Central / Civilization</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europe, Central / Politics and government</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europe, Central / History, Military</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Europe, Central / Foreign relations</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">HISTORY / Europe / General</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Civilization</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Diplomatic relations</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Politics and government</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Central Europe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="6"><subfield code="a">History</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="6"><subfield code="a">Military history</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Mitteleuropa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039677-0</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Geschichte</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Online-Ausgabe, EPUB</subfield><subfield code="z">978-1-5416-1977-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034346874&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034346874&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Register // Gemischte Register</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">DHB</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">BSB_NED_20231004</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">DHB_BSB_FID</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034346874</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">900</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="g">496</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">900</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="g">436</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">900</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="g">437</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">900</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="g">43</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Mitteleuropa (DE-588)4039677-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Mitteleuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV049085008 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:28:25Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:54:54Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781541619784 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034346874 |
| oclc_num | 1337413871 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xi, 617 Seiten 10 Karten 24,3 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20231004 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Basic Books |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rady, Martyn C. 1955- Verfasser (DE-588)1055807381 aut The middle kingdoms a new history of Central Europe Martyn Rady First edition New York, NY Basic Books 2023 xi, 617 Seiten 10 Karten 24,3 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Introduction: Central Europe, the Dogmen, and the Oak Woods of Berehove -- The Roman Empire, the Huns, and the Nibelungenlied -- The Franks and Charlemagne: The View from Lake Constance -- Avars and Slavs: Destruction and Conversion -- The Return of the Huns, Slave States, and the Shaping of Central Europe -- The Making of the Holy Roman Empire and Central Europe's Wild East -- The Mongol-Tatars, New Cities, and New Knights -- Dynastic Change, Charles IV of Bohemia, the the Prophets of the Antichrist -- Councils, Diets, and the Confusion of the Laws -- Cities, Villages, and Freedoms: From Frisia to Transylvania -- Old Prussia, the Adventures of Henry Bolingbroke, and the Union of Poland and Lithuania -- Merchants, the Hanseatic League, and the Fuggers -- The Dragon in the China Shop and the Habsurg Imagination -- Central Europe's Renaissance, Roman Law, and the Library of the Raven King -- Luther's Reformation, the Badlands of Thuringia, and the Court Painter of Saxony -- The Ottoman Turks and Central Europe's Long Frontier -- Toleration, the Magus, and the Alchemist as Emperor -- Calendars, the Catholic Recovery, and Central Europe's Thirty Years' Civil War -- The Condition of the Countryside: Peasants, Gypsies, Jews, and Others -- Cameralism, Ottoman Endgame, and the Human Laboratory Bureaucrats, Sarmatians, and Little Landscapes -- The Prussian Way: Cemetery Marionettes and the Machine State -- Dissecting Europe's Orang-utan: The Partitions of Poland and Lithuania -- Napoleon and the Map of Central Europe -- The Gallant World of Tomcat Murr: Romanticism, the Grimms, and the Hanover Handbook -- 1848 and the Coming of Revolution -- The Revenge of the Generals and the Making of Nations -- Bismarck, Khuen-Hedervary's Croatia, and the Presumption of the Law -- Assimilation, Biology, and the Skull Measurers -- 1914-1918: The War Against Central Europe -- Violence, the City, and 'The Blue Angel' -- The Second World War, Ordinary Central Europeans, and Industrial Murder -- Matyas Rakosi, Stalinist Central Europe, and Its Discontents -- Communist Central Europe and Its Collapse -- Post-Communism: Slavoj Zizek and the Lesson of Laibach "Central Europe has long been infamous as a region beset by war, a place where, historically, empires clashed and sieges from the east toppled kingdoms and enslaved peoples. Many view the region-comprising present-day Germany, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Slovenia, and Romania, among other countries-as united only by the shared experience of invasions launched by foreign powers, from the Huns of the fourth century, to the Swedes of the seventeenth, to the Russians of the twentieth and twenty-first. Sandwiched between hostile neighbors, Central Europeans have indeed contended with conquest for centuries. But the full story of region encompasses far more than its battles. In The Middle Kingdoms, Martin Rady offers the definitive history of Central Europe, highlighting how the region's preoccupation with invasion has led not only violent conflicts but also tremendous accomplishments in politics, society, and culture. In the Middle Ages, Central Europe was distinguished by its assemblies of noblemen, self-governing cities, and strong village communities. The region's peoples viewed their land as the home of knightly chivalry and great Gothic cities, vigilantly protecting Europe from alien incursion. In the early modern period, dynasties of ambitious rulers such as the Austrian Habsburgs crushed these communities in their quest to assemble sprawling empires. Eager to conquer external foes, they turned duchies, lordships, and kingdoms into family possessions, and for much of the modern era Central Europe served as the seat of European empire. Fierce rivalries over land and power made the region's experience of nation-building intense and often violent, from the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars to the atrocities of the Third Reich. But even as Central Europe engaged in hostilities with its neighbors, it reshaped trends from surrounding nations and exported its own. Central Europeans launched the Reformation, developed the philosophy of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, originated the Romantic movement, and advanced some of the twentieth century's most important trends in art and cinema, from Expressionism to absurdist drama. More than simply the faultline between Western and Eastern Europe, the region has long possessed a cohesive identity of its own, even as its nations have remained diverse and enduringly distinct from each other. Sweeping in scope, The Middle Kingdoms draws on a lifetime of research and scholarship to tell as never before the panoramic and captivating story of Central Europe's rich, complex past and its enduring influence on world affairs"-- Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Mitteleuropa (DE-588)4039677-0 gnd rswk-swf Europe, Central / History Europe, Central / Civilization Europe, Central / Politics and government Europe, Central / History, Military Europe, Central / Foreign relations HISTORY / Europe / General Civilization Diplomatic relations Politics and government Central Europe History Military history Mitteleuropa (DE-588)4039677-0 g Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-5416-1977-7 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034346874&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034346874&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Rady, Martyn C. 1955- The middle kingdoms a new history of Central Europe Introduction: Central Europe, the Dogmen, and the Oak Woods of Berehove -- The Roman Empire, the Huns, and the Nibelungenlied -- The Franks and Charlemagne: The View from Lake Constance -- Avars and Slavs: Destruction and Conversion -- The Return of the Huns, Slave States, and the Shaping of Central Europe -- The Making of the Holy Roman Empire and Central Europe's Wild East -- The Mongol-Tatars, New Cities, and New Knights -- Dynastic Change, Charles IV of Bohemia, the the Prophets of the Antichrist -- Councils, Diets, and the Confusion of the Laws -- Cities, Villages, and Freedoms: From Frisia to Transylvania -- Old Prussia, the Adventures of Henry Bolingbroke, and the Union of Poland and Lithuania -- Merchants, the Hanseatic League, and the Fuggers -- The Dragon in the China Shop and the Habsurg Imagination -- Central Europe's Renaissance, Roman Law, and the Library of the Raven King -- Luther's Reformation, the Badlands of Thuringia, and the Court Painter of Saxony -- The Ottoman Turks and Central Europe's Long Frontier -- Toleration, the Magus, and the Alchemist as Emperor -- Calendars, the Catholic Recovery, and Central Europe's Thirty Years' Civil War -- The Condition of the Countryside: Peasants, Gypsies, Jews, and Others -- Cameralism, Ottoman Endgame, and the Human Laboratory Bureaucrats, Sarmatians, and Little Landscapes -- The Prussian Way: Cemetery Marionettes and the Machine State -- Dissecting Europe's Orang-utan: The Partitions of Poland and Lithuania -- Napoleon and the Map of Central Europe -- The Gallant World of Tomcat Murr: Romanticism, the Grimms, and the Hanover Handbook -- 1848 and the Coming of Revolution -- The Revenge of the Generals and the Making of Nations -- Bismarck, Khuen-Hedervary's Croatia, and the Presumption of the Law -- Assimilation, Biology, and the Skull Measurers -- 1914-1918: The War Against Central Europe -- Violence, the City, and 'The Blue Angel' -- The Second World War, Ordinary Central Europeans, and Industrial Murder -- Matyas Rakosi, Stalinist Central Europe, and Its Discontents -- Communist Central Europe and Its Collapse -- Post-Communism: Slavoj Zizek and the Lesson of Laibach |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4039677-0 |
| title | The middle kingdoms a new history of Central Europe |
| title_auth | The middle kingdoms a new history of Central Europe |
| title_exact_search | The middle kingdoms a new history of Central Europe |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The middle kingdoms a new history of Central Europe |
| title_full | The middle kingdoms a new history of Central Europe Martyn Rady |
| title_fullStr | The middle kingdoms a new history of Central Europe Martyn Rady |
| title_full_unstemmed | The middle kingdoms a new history of Central Europe Martyn Rady |
| title_short | The middle kingdoms |
| title_sort | the middle kingdoms a new history of central europe |
| title_sub | a new history of Central Europe |
| topic_facet | Mitteleuropa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034346874&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=034346874&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT radymartync themiddlekingdomsanewhistoryofcentraleurope |