Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis: Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia
This paper estimates the effectiveness of government support to the private sector during the COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador and Georgia using firm-level data collected before and during the pandemic. The two countries are selected because eligibility criteria for support involved pre-pandemic fea...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, D.C
The World Bank
2022
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Zusammenfassung: | This paper estimates the effectiveness of government support to the private sector during the COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador and Georgia using firm-level data collected before and during the pandemic. The two countries are selected because eligibility criteria for support involved pre-pandemic features of firms, as opposed to more prevalent criteria directly linked to firms' experiences during the pandemic and that greatly exacerbate concerns about selection bias in estimation. Four outcome variables are studied relating to firms' workforce, hours of operations, and expectations. Matching and panel estimation techniques are used on full and restricted samples, with the latter aimed at reducing selection bias. Government support appears to have helped firms avoid a reduction in operations in El Salvador, mainly through cash transfers, which also helped in terms of permanent workers, with the latter effect counteracted by wage subsidies. Smaller firms in Georgia appear to have benefited more from government support, mostly through fiscal relief, which was partially counteracted by wage subsidies that benefited larger firms more. The finding that smaller firms have benefited more helps raise confidence in the analysis as strong negative selection bias is expected in this context. Manufacturers of textiles and garments in El Salvador and hotels and restaurants in Georgia appear to have benefited from government support, but the patterns in other sectors are mixed and country-specific, highlighting potential complexities of attempting to target sectors |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (69 Seiten) |
| DOI: | 10.1596/1813-9450-9980 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nmm a22000001c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV049080403 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 007 | cr|uuu---uuuuu | ||
| 008 | 230731s2022 xxu|||| o||u| ||||||eng d | ||
| 024 | 7 | |a 10.1596/1813-9450-9980 |2 doi | |
| 035 | |a (ZDB-1-WBA)077917952 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1392147336 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)KEP077917952 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a xxu |c XD-US | ||
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-521 |a DE-573 |a DE-523 |a DE-Re13 |a DE-19 |a DE-355 |a DE-703 |a DE-91 |a DE-706 |a DE-29 |a DE-M347 |a DE-473 |a DE-824 |a DE-20 |a DE-739 |a DE-1043 |a DE-863 |a DE-862 | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Karalashvili, Nona |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis |b Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia |c Nona Karalashvili |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington, D.C |b The World Bank |c 2022 | |
| 300 | |a 1 Online-Ressource (69 Seiten) | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 520 | 3 | |a This paper estimates the effectiveness of government support to the private sector during the COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador and Georgia using firm-level data collected before and during the pandemic. The two countries are selected because eligibility criteria for support involved pre-pandemic features of firms, as opposed to more prevalent criteria directly linked to firms' experiences during the pandemic and that greatly exacerbate concerns about selection bias in estimation. Four outcome variables are studied relating to firms' workforce, hours of operations, and expectations. Matching and panel estimation techniques are used on full and restricted samples, with the latter aimed at reducing selection bias. Government support appears to have helped firms avoid a reduction in operations in El Salvador, mainly through cash transfers, which also helped in terms of permanent workers, with the latter effect counteracted by wage subsidies. Smaller firms in Georgia appear to have benefited more from government support, mostly through fiscal relief, which was partially counteracted by wage subsidies that benefited larger firms more. The finding that smaller firms have benefited more helps raise confidence in the analysis as strong negative selection bias is expected in this context. Manufacturers of textiles and garments in El Salvador and hotels and restaurants in Georgia appear to have benefited from government support, but the patterns in other sectors are mixed and country-specific, highlighting potential complexities of attempting to target sectors | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cash Transfers | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Covid Relief Eligibility | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Covid Support Effectiveness | |
| 650 | 4 | |a COVID-19 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Economic Assistance | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Economic Stabilization | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Export | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Government Support To Firms | |
| 650 | 4 | |a High-Frequency Data | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Macroeconomics and Economic Growth | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pandemic | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Poverty Reduction | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Private Sector Covid Relief Effectiveness | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Resilience | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Rural Poverty Reduction | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Social Protections and Labor | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Vulnerability | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wage Subsidies | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wages, Compensation and Benefits | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Tamkoc, M. Nazim |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |u https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9980 |x Verlag |z kostenfrei |3 Volltext |
| 912 | |a ZDB-1-WBA | ||
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034342294 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1812671838942134272 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | |
| adam_txt | |
| any_adam_object | |
| any_adam_object_boolean | |
| author | Karalashvili, Nona |
| author_facet | Karalashvili, Nona |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Karalashvili, Nona |
| author_variant | n k nk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV049080403 |
| collection | ZDB-1-WBA |
| ctrlnum | (ZDB-1-WBA)077917952 (OCoLC)1392147336 (DE-599)KEP077917952 |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1596/1813-9450-9980 |
| format | Electronic eBook |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nmm a22000001c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV049080403</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr|uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">230731s2022 xxu|||| o||u| ||||||eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1596/1813-9450-9980</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(ZDB-1-WBA)077917952</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1392147336</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)KEP077917952</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxu</subfield><subfield code="c">XD-US</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-521</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-573</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-523</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Re13</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-91</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-706</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-M347</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-824</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-1043</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-863</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-862</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Karalashvili, Nona</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis</subfield><subfield code="b">Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia</subfield><subfield code="c">Nona Karalashvili</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Washington, D.C</subfield><subfield code="b">The World Bank</subfield><subfield code="c">2022</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource (69 Seiten)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">This paper estimates the effectiveness of government support to the private sector during the COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador and Georgia using firm-level data collected before and during the pandemic. The two countries are selected because eligibility criteria for support involved pre-pandemic features of firms, as opposed to more prevalent criteria directly linked to firms' experiences during the pandemic and that greatly exacerbate concerns about selection bias in estimation. Four outcome variables are studied relating to firms' workforce, hours of operations, and expectations. Matching and panel estimation techniques are used on full and restricted samples, with the latter aimed at reducing selection bias. Government support appears to have helped firms avoid a reduction in operations in El Salvador, mainly through cash transfers, which also helped in terms of permanent workers, with the latter effect counteracted by wage subsidies. Smaller firms in Georgia appear to have benefited more from government support, mostly through fiscal relief, which was partially counteracted by wage subsidies that benefited larger firms more. The finding that smaller firms have benefited more helps raise confidence in the analysis as strong negative selection bias is expected in this context. Manufacturers of textiles and garments in El Salvador and hotels and restaurants in Georgia appear to have benefited from government support, but the patterns in other sectors are mixed and country-specific, highlighting potential complexities of attempting to target sectors</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Cash Transfers</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Covid Relief Eligibility</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Covid Support Effectiveness</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">COVID-19</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Economic Assistance</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Economic Stabilization</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Export</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Government Support To Firms</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">High-Frequency Data</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Macroeconomics and Economic Growth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Pandemic</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Poverty Reduction</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Private Sector Covid Relief Effectiveness</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Resilience</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Rural Poverty Reduction</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Social Protections and Labor</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Vulnerability</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Wage Subsidies</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Wages, Compensation and Benefits</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Tamkoc, M. Nazim</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9980</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="z">kostenfrei</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-1-WBA</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034342294</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| id | DE-604.BV049080403 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T22:27:57Z |
| indexdate | 2024-10-12T04:02:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-034342294 |
| oclc_num | 1392147336 |
| open_access_boolean | 1 |
| owner | DE-12 DE-521 DE-573 DE-523 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-706 DE-29 DE-M347 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-824 DE-20 DE-739 DE-1043 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-521 DE-573 DE-523 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-706 DE-29 DE-M347 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-824 DE-20 DE-739 DE-1043 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-862 DE-BY-FWS |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (69 Seiten) |
| psigel | ZDB-1-WBA |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | The World Bank |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Karalashvili, Nona Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Cash Transfers Covid Relief Eligibility Covid Support Effectiveness COVID-19 Economic Assistance Economic Stabilization Export Government Support To Firms High-Frequency Data Macroeconomics and Economic Growth Pandemic Poverty Reduction Private Sector Covid Relief Effectiveness Resilience Rural Poverty Reduction Social Protections and Labor Vulnerability Wage Subsidies Wages, Compensation and Benefits |
| title | Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia |
| title_auth | Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia |
| title_exact_search | Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia |
| title_full | Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia Nona Karalashvili |
| title_fullStr | Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia Nona Karalashvili |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia Nona Karalashvili |
| title_short | Effectiveness of Government Support for the Private Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis |
| title_sort | effectiveness of government support for the private sector during the covid 19 crisis evidence from el salvador and georgia |
| title_sub | Evidence from El Salvador and Georgia |
| topic | Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Cash Transfers Covid Relief Eligibility Covid Support Effectiveness COVID-19 Economic Assistance Economic Stabilization Export Government Support To Firms High-Frequency Data Macroeconomics and Economic Growth Pandemic Poverty Reduction Private Sector Covid Relief Effectiveness Resilience Rural Poverty Reduction Social Protections and Labor Vulnerability Wage Subsidies Wages, Compensation and Benefits |
| topic_facet | Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies Cash Transfers Covid Relief Eligibility Covid Support Effectiveness COVID-19 Economic Assistance Economic Stabilization Export Government Support To Firms High-Frequency Data Macroeconomics and Economic Growth Pandemic Poverty Reduction Private Sector Covid Relief Effectiveness Resilience Rural Poverty Reduction Social Protections and Labor Vulnerability Wage Subsidies Wages, Compensation and Benefits |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9980 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT karalashvilinona effectivenessofgovernmentsupportfortheprivatesectorduringthecovid19crisisevidencefromelsalvadorandgeorgia AT tamkocmnazim effectivenessofgovernmentsupportfortheprivatesectorduringthecovid19crisisevidencefromelsalvadorandgeorgia |